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allergic diseases. Allergic reactions may generally be divided into two components; the early phase reaction, and the late phase reaction. While the contribution to the development of symptoms from each of the phases varies greatly between diseases, both are usually present and provide us a
118:
The late phase of a Type 1 reaction (which develops 8–12 hours and is mediated by mast cells) should not be confused with delayed hypersensitivity Type IV allergic reaction (which takes 48–72 hours to develop and is mediated by T cells). The products of the early phase reaction include
213:
59:
exposure and is also commonly referred to as the immediate allergic reaction or as a Type I allergic reaction. The reaction is caused by the release of
139:
from the blood into the site of the allergic reaction. Typically, the infiltrating cells observed in allergic reactions contain a high proportion of
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isotype switching to IgE which will bind to the mast cell FcεRI receptors and prime the individual for further allergic responses.
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Hansen I, Klimek L, Mösges R, Hörmann K (2004). "Mediators of inflammation in the early and the late phase of allergic rhinitis".
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variety and the cytokines they produce lead to further recruitment of mast cells and eosinophils, and in
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The early phase of the allergic reaction typically occurs within minutes, or even seconds, following
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cells causing contraction (leading to the airway narrowing seen in allergic asthma),
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and molecules that act on endothelial cells and cause them to express
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147:. The recruited eosinophils will degranulate releasing a number of
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88:
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83:, by mast cells following the cross-linking of allergen specific
36:
135:), which together result in the recruitment and activation of
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323:"Ocular allergy: implications for the clinical immunologist"
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Rothenberg ME; Rothenberg, Marc E. (1998). "Eosinophilia".
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243:
Leung DY (1998). "Molecular basis of allergic diseases".
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84:
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Trocme SD, Sra KK (2002). "Spectrum of ocular allergy".
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Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease
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is an important pathophysiological feature of several
159:) as well as produce a number of cytokines such as
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52:framework for understanding allergic disease.
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20:Tissues affected in allergic inflammation.
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214:"Understanding asthma pathophysiology"
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434:"Hypersensitivity Reactions, Delayed"
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67:granule proteins by a process called
432:Hinshaw WD, Neyman GP, Olmstead SM.
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373:(5th ed.). New York: Garland.
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91:receptors. These mediators affect
13:
14:
509:
411:10.1097/00130832-200210000-00010
297:10.1097/00130832-200406000-00004
129:vascular cell adhesion molecule
125:Intercellular adhesion molecule
71:, as well as the production of
399:Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol
285:Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol
103:causing mucus production, and
1:
340:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61656-0
195:
87:molecules bound to mast cell
7:
465:10.1056/NEJM199805283382206
327:Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol
178:
10:
514:
365:Janeway, Charles (2001).
257:10.1006/mgme.1998.2682
21:
321:Katelaris CH (2003).
167:are typically of the
157:eosinophil peroxidase
151:molecules (including
143:, and especially, of
25:Allergic inflammation
19:
333:(6 Suppl 3): 23–7.
218:Allergy Asthma Proc
153:Major Basic Protein
35:including allergic
212:Fireman P (2003).
33:medical conditions
22:
245:Mol. Genet. Metab
163:. The recruited
95:causing itching,
41:atopic dermatitis
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477:
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459:(22): 1592–600.
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498:Skin physiology
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453:N. Engl. J. Med
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109:vasodilatation
107:cells causing
77:prostaglandins
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6:
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2:
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380:0-8153-3642-X
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291:(3): 159–63.
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251:(3): 157–67.
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97:smooth muscle
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69:degranulation
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18:
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405:(5): 423–7.
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330:
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288:
284:
248:
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224:(2): 79–83.
221:
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190:Inflammation
117:
101:goblet cells
73:leukotrienes
54:
47:and several
29:disabilities
24:
23:
493:Allergology
173:plasma cell
145:eosinophils
141:lymphocytes
105:endothelial
93:nerve cells
43:, allergic
487:Categories
196:References
137:leukocytes
121:chemokines
438:EMedicine
149:cytotoxic
133:selectins
127:(such as
81:cytokines
65:mast cell
61:histamine
419:12582327
349:12839109
305:15126935
230:12776439
179:See also
57:allergen
45:rhinitis
473:9603798
265:9608537
185:Allergy
165:T-cells
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417:
377:
347:
303:
263:
228:
49:ocular
37:asthma
113:edema
89:FcεRI
469:PMID
415:PMID
375:ISBN
345:PMID
301:PMID
261:PMID
226:PMID
161:IL-5
155:and
131:and
111:and
79:and
63:and
461:doi
457:338
407:doi
335:doi
293:doi
253:doi
169:Th2
85:IgE
31:or
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389:^
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331:90
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204:^
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289:4
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232:.
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