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of 1956, an informal gathering of researchers who were interested in simulating intelligence with machines. The conference, now widely considered the "birth of artificial intelligence", was enormously influential and those who attended became the leaders of AI research for the next two decades,
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Station to study organizational processes in flight crews. They received funding from the Air Force in 1952 to build a simulator that would enable them to examine and analyze the interactions in the cockpit related to decision-making and information-handling. From these studies, Newell came to
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Afterwards, Newell "turned to the design and conduct of laboratory experiments on decision making in small groups" (Simon). He was dissatisfied, however, with the accuracy and validity of their findings produced from small-scale laboratory experiments. He joined with fellow RAND teammates John
364:"described a running computer program that learned to recognize letters and other patterns" (Simon). This was when Allen came to believe that systems may be created and contain intelligence and have the ability to adapt. With this in mind, Allen, after a couple of months, wrote in 1955
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1171:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Newell discusses his entry into computer science, funding for computer science departments and research, the development of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University, including the work of
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Logic theorist is usually considered the first true AI program, although Arthur Samuel's checkers program was released earlier. Christopher
Strachey also wrote a checkers program in 1951
1136:
Logic theorist is usually considered the first true AI program, although Arthur Samuel's checkers program was released earlier. Christopher
Strachey also wrote a checkers program in 1951
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led to the creation of two theories: A Model for
Organization Theory and Formulating Precise Concepts in Organization Theory. Newell eventually earned his PhD from the now
937:
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and the experiences from the study of mathematics, he was convinced that he would prefer a combination of experimental and theoretical research to pure mathematics.
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1179:, and the growth of the computer science and artificial intelligence research communities. Compares computer science programs at Stanford, MIT, and Carnegie Mellon.
435:, the controversial philosophical assertion that all intelligent behavior could be reduced to the kind of symbol manipulation that Newell's programs demonstrated.
474:
461:). The field of cognitive architectures, that he initiated, is still active in both the artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science communities.
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Corporation in Santa Monica where he worked for "a group that was studying logistics problems of the Air Force" (Simon). His work with
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and produced a series of important programs and theoretical insights throughout the late fifties and sixties. This work included the
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1979 — Alexander C. Williams Jr. Award (with
William C. Biel, Robert Chapman and John L. Kennedy), Human Factors Society
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from 1949 to 1950, where he studied mathematics. Due to his early exposure to an unknown field known as
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Newell and Simon formed a lasting partnership. They founded an artificial intelligence laboratory at
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in 1975 for their contributions to artificial intelligence and the psychology of human cognition.
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Herbert A. Simon, "Allen Newell", Biographical
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1997)
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Machines who think: a personal inquiry into the history and prospects of artificial intelligence
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1989 — Award for
Research Excellence, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
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APA Distinguished
Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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391:. Newell's work on the program laid the foundations of the field. His inventions included:
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761:"40 years of cognitive architectures: core cognitive abilities and practical applications"
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Presidents of the
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
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1056:"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details Allen Newell"
233:
366:
The Chess
Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation
5633:
Fellows of the
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
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His work came to the attention of economist (and future nobel laureate)
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1582:
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368:, which "outlined an imaginative design for a computer program to play
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2432:
1820:
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248:(March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was an American researcher in
4120:
1109:
AI: the tumultuous history of the search for artificial intelligence
1824:
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1280:
313:
1235:
558:
1989 — Doctor in the Behavioral and Social Sciences (Honorary),
399:
to general reasoning (or "reasoning as search"); and the use of
37:
339:
at Carnegie Mellon with Herbert Simon serving as his advisor.
1164:
710:. An A K Peters book. Boca Raton London New York: CRC Press.
369:
5618:
Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences alumni
1078:"Franklin Laureate Database - Louis E. Levy Medal Laureates"
328:
585:
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
5608:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1048:
673:
21:
multiple researchers in related fields named Alan Newell
655:"Allen Newell, 65; Scientist Founded A Computing Field"
565:
1989 — William James Fellow Award (charter recipient),
475:
American Federation of Information Processing Societies
312:
Newell completed his bachelor's degree in physics from
360:
In September 1954, Newell enrolled in a seminar where
272:, and Department of Psychology. He contributed to the
736:
AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence
540:
1985 — Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award,
343:
Kennedy, Bob Chapman, and Bill Biel at an Air Force
1070:
647:
470:
1971 — John Danz Lecturer, University of Washington
1836:
552:1987 — William James Lectures, Harvard University
438:Newell's work culminated in the development of a
5603:American consciousness researchers and theorists
5549:
4121:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
1276:
1183:Full-text digital archive of Allen Newell papers
1000:"IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize Paper Award Recipients"
758:
526:American Association for Artificial Intelligence
1806:
1262:
917:United States National Academy of Engineering
520:United States National Academy of Engineering
803:. United States National Academy of Sciences
738:. New York, NY: BasicBooks. pp. 49–51.
679:
1215:in New Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
1813:
1799:
1269:
1255:
913:"NAE Members Directory - Dr. Allen Newell"
686:United States National Academy of Sciences
616:Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science
481:United States National Academy of Sciences
355:
352:is the central activity in organizations.
327:In 1950, he left Princeton and joined the
36:
5623:Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni
886:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
776:
705:
511:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
427:, a highly influential implementation of
3530:
1165:Oral history interview with Allen Newell
968:"IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients"
902:Search for Newell between 1976 and 1977.
2100:
1822:United States National Medal of Science
1106:
824:"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter N"
730:
5550:
1197:online Artificial Intelligence exhibit
316:in 1949. He was a graduate student at
4650:
4649:
4119:
3529:
3043:
2099:
1835:
1794:
1250:
938:"Computer Pioneer Charter Recipients"
831:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
546:1986 — Doctor of Science (Honorary),
487:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
414:
682:"Allen Newell, Biographical Memoirs"
628:List of pioneers in computer science
464:
5628:20th-century American psychologists
5583:National Medal of Science laureates
905:
856:Association for Computing Machinery
816:
759:Kotseruba, I.; Tsotsos, JK (2020).
579:IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize Paper Award
501:Association for Computing Machinery
473:1971 — Harry Goode Memorial Award,
141:IJCAI Award for Research Excellence
13:
5568:Carnegie Mellon University faculty
1143:
542:American Psychological Association
433:physical symbol systems hypothesis
406:They presented the program at the
14:
5649:
1223:
1130:
5598:Tepper School of Business alumni
5573:American cognitive psychologists
1234:
1058:. US National Science Foundation
813:Search with Newell as last name.
530:1981 — Charter recipient of the
518:1980 — Elected to member of the
485:1972 — Elected to Fellow of the
479:1972 — Elected to member of the
452:one of the last Newell's letters
383:, they developed the first true
379:, and, together with programmer
307:
1100:
1024:
992:
960:
930:
276:(1956) and two of the earliest
274:Information Processing Language
106:Information Processing Language
874:
844:
793:
765:Artificial Intelligence Review
752:
724:
699:
567:American Psychological Society
372:in humanoid fashion" (Simon).
1:
3044:
1837:Behavioral and social science
1154:Mathematics Genealogy Project
801:"Search Deceased Member Data"
641:
618:was also named in his honor.
612:Award for Research Excellence
610:was named in his honor. The
608:ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award
123:Unified Theories of Cognition
1201:Publications by Allen Newell
1161:at the AI Genealogy Project.
16:American cognitive scientist
7:
5593:Princeton University alumni
5578:Computational psychologists
1203:from Interaction-Design.org
621:
573:IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
448:unified theory of cognition
403:to limit the search space.
148:IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
10:
5654:
4725:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
706:McCorduck, Pamela (2018).
548:University of Pennsylvania
421:Carnegie Mellon University
266:School of Computer Science
262:Carnegie Mellon University
196:Carnegie Mellon University
96:Carnegie Mellon University
18:
5487:
5336:
5185:
5006:
4812:
4660:
4656:
4645:
4579:
4481:
4370:
4281:
4202:
4130:
4126:
4115:
4072:
3981:
3873:
3764:
3700:William Hayward Pickering
3645:
3540:
3536:
3525:
3451:
3343:
3197:
3073:
3054:
3050:
3039:
2950:
2759:
2573:
2391:
2247:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2052:
1993:
1905:
1865:
1846:
1842:
1831:
1749:
1654:
1559:
1480:
1401:
1322:
1287:
1169:Charles Babbage Institute
1111:. New York: Basic books.
778:10.1007/s10462-018-9646-y
591:National Medal of Science
337:Tepper School of Business
270:Tepper School of Business
239:
213:
201:
191:
177:
170:
155:National Medal of Science
129:
101:
83:
65:
59:San Francisco, California
44:
35:
28:
5149:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
4595:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2226:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1107:Crevier, Daniel (1993).
633:
524:1980 — First President,
387:program(see notes), the
77:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
19:Not to be confused with
4460:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2378:George Ledyard Stebbins
2299:James Augustine Shannon
560:University of Groningen
385:artificial intelligence
356:Artificial intelligence
5588:Turing Award laureates
4917:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4904:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3860:Harry George Drickamer
3806:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
3480:M. Frederick Hawthorne
3354:John D. Baldeschwieler
2594:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
2276:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1301:Maurice Vincent Wilkes
1239:Quotations related to
1032:"Elected AAAI Fellows"
1005:. IEEE. Archived from
973:. IEEE. Archived from
597:The Franklin Institute
532:Computer Pioneer Award
440:cognitive architecture
425:General Problem Solver
350:information processing
292:). He was awarded the
286:General Problem Solver
114:General Problem Solver
5508:Sylvester James Gates
4894:William Alfred Fowler
4876:Robert Rathbun Wilson
4689:Robert Burns Woodward
3501:Geraldine L. Richmond
3249:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
2532:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
2461:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2317:Sterling B. Hendricks
2134:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2129:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1977:William Julius Wilson
942:IEEE Computer Society
583:1990 — Fellow of the
536:IEEE Computer Society
507:Guggenheim Fellowship
5479:Warren M. Washington
5443:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
5352:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
5297:Martin Schwarzschild
5078:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
5070:J. Robert Schrieffer
5040:E. Margaret Burbidge
4884:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4861:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
4740:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4492:John Griggs Thompson
4415:Martin David Kruskal
4255:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
3728:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
3682:Ralph Brazelton Peck
3637:Jack St. Clair Kilby
3564:John Robinson Pierce
3531:Engineering sciences
3462:Jacqueline K. Barton
3317:George M. Whitesides
3236:Dudley R. Herschbach
3174:Richard B. Bernstein
3143:Walter H. Stockmayer
2691:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2622:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
2512:Stanley Norman Cohen
2499:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2335:Keith Roberts Porter
2198:Alfred H. Sturtevant
2193:Michael Heidelberger
2165:Fritz Albert Lipmann
852:"A. M. Turing Award"
408:Dartmouth conference
318:Princeton University
254:cognitive psychology
186:Cognitive psychology
92:Princeton University
5529:Shirley Ann Jackson
5448:Charles P. Slichter
5292:Marshall Rosenbluth
5284:Wallace S. Broecker
5237:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4998:Victor F. Weisskopf
4945:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4927:Edgar Bright Wilson
4768:George Kistiakowsky
4386:Stephen Cole Kleene
3897:George H. Heilmeier
3884:Mildred Dresselhaus
3775:Edward H. Heinemann
3705:Frederick E. Terman
3669:Richard T. Whitcomb
3590:Clarence L. Johnson
3551:Theodore von Kármán
3438:Stephen J. Benkovic
3417:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
3404:Marvin H. Caruthers
3359:Ralph F. Hirschmann
3299:Darleane C. Hoffman
3189:Harden M. McConnell
3130:Frank H. Westheimer
2942:Stanley B. Prusiner
2906:Robert J. Lefkowitz
2665:Howard Martin Temin
2522:Maurice R. Hilleman
2517:Joseph L. Goldstein
2456:Donald A. Henderson
2373:Earl Reece Stadtman
2358:Elizabeth C. Crosby
2322:Orville Alvin Vogel
2152:Donald D. Van Slyke
2101:Biological sciences
1690:Michael Stonebraker
1488:Fernando J. Corbató
1213:Gualtiero Piccinini
601:Louis E. Levy Medal
429:means–ends analysis
397:means-ends analysis
162:Louis E. Levy Medal
88:Stanford University
5401:G. Brent Dalrymple
5219:Arthur L. Schawlow
5126:James A. Van Allen
5017:Philip W. Anderson
4973:Richard P. Feynman
4899:Linus Carl Pauling
4534:Dennis P. Sullivan
4091:John B. Goodenough
4024:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3992:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3973:Kenneth N. Stevens
3741:Raymond D. Mindlin
3664:Harold E. Edgerton
3509:A. Paul Alivisatos
3388:Stephen J. Lippard
3367:Ernest R. Davidson
3304:Harold S. Johnston
3138:William S. Johnson
3102:George C. Pimentel
2937:Susan L. Lindquist
2919:Francis S. Collins
2813:Victor A. McKusick
2788:Francisco J. Ayala
2770:Nancy C. Andreasen
2720:Robert A. Weinberg
2494:Har Gobind Khorana
2479:Michael E. DeBakey
2466:George Emil Palade
2438:Wendell L. Roelofs
2428:Howard L. Bachrach
2258:Barbara McClintock
2160:Edward F. Knipling
1645:Charles P. Thacker
1510:Richard E. Stearns
1392:Kenneth E. Iverson
1342:Edsger W. Dijkstra
1330:James H. Wilkinson
1278:A. M. Turing Award
1082:Franklin Institute
680:Herbert A. Simon.
659:The New York Times
493:A. M. Turing Award
457:2011-05-14 at the
415:Later achievements
5545:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5474:Esther M. Conwell
5414:Robert N. Clayton
5406:Riccardo Giacconi
5370:Raymond Davis Jr.
5258:Albert Overhauser
5201:Edwin M. McMillan
5162:Arnold O. Beckman
5139:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
5116:Paul C. Lauterbur
5093:Robert Hofstadter
5045:Maurice Goldhaber
5032:Charles H. Townes
4983:Edward M. Purcell
4950:Frederick Rossini
4804:Wolfgang Panofsky
4735:John H. Van Vleck
4651:Physical sciences
4641:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4603:Solomon W. Golomb
4563:Andrew J. Viterbi
4558:Leonard Kleinrock
4505:Calyampudi R. Rao
4473:Ronald R. Coifman
4381:George F. Carrier
4362:Donald C. Spencer
4357:Saunders Mac Lane
4292:Marshall H. Stone
4242:Shiing-Shen Chern
4149:Solomon Lefschetz
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4048:David J. Wineland
4016:John M. Prausnitz
3957:C. Kumar N. Patel
3952:James L. Flanagan
3920:John Roy Whinnery
3907:H. Guyford Stever
3889:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3852:George W. Housner
3847:Willis M. Hawkins
3842:Daniel C. Drucker
3824:Robert Byron Bird
3816:Bernard M. Oliver
3723:Peter C. Goldmark
3710:Wernher von Braun
3656:George E. Mueller
3629:Nathan M. Newmark
3624:J. Presper Eckert
3603:Claude E. Shannon
3572:Charles S. Draper
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3488:Judith P. Klinman
3372:Gábor A. Somorjai
3283:Isabella L. Karle
3270:George S. Hammond
3231:Gertrude B. Elion
3184:Rudolph A. Marcus
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
2961:Ralph L. Brinster
2880:Torsten N. Wiesel
2857:Norman E. Borlaug
2844:Solomon H. Snyder
2839:J. Michael Bishop
2798:Mario R. Capecchi
2678:Salome G. Waelsch
2609:E. Donnall Thomas
2484:Theodor O. Diener
2383:Paul Alfred Weiss
2211:Bernard B. Brodie
2147:George G. Simpson
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2036:Michael I. Posner
1937:Eleanor J. Gibson
1889:George J. Stigler
1857:Neal Elgar Miller
1788:
1787:
1662:Leslie G. Valiant
1538:Douglas Engelbart
1516:Edward Feigenbaum
1118:978-0-465-02997-6
1012:on April 25, 2011
717:978-1-56881-205-2
562:, The Netherlands
465:Awards and honors
411:Newell included.
298:A.M. Turing Award
243:
242:
214:Doctoral students
172:Scientific career
134:A.M. Turing Award
5645:
5357:Gilbert F. White
5302:George Wetherill
5196:Allan M. Cormack
5154:Jack Steinberger
5134:D. Allan Bromley
5083:H. Richard Crane
5060:Frederick Reines
5050:Helmut Landsberg
4965:George Uhlenbeck
4866:Vladimir Haensel
4828:Allan R. Sandage
4799:Herbert C. Brown
4781:Herbert Friedman
4707:Leon M. Lederman
4679:Julian Schwinger
4658:
4657:
4647:
4646:
4616:Alexandre Chorin
4590:Richard A. Tapia
4571:David B. Mumford
4399:Alberto Calderón
4344:Joseph B. Keller
4331:Michael Freedman
4300:Herman Goldstine
4154:H. Marston Morse
4128:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4056:Rudolf E. Kálmán
4040:Robert S. Langer
4032:Jan D. Achenbach
3865:Herbert E. Grier
3616:Igor I. Sikorsky
3577:Othmar H. Ammann
3538:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3493:Jerrold Meinwald
3262:Norman Hackerman
3241:Glenn T. Seaborg
3156:William O. Baker
3084:F. Albert Cotton
3052:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3018:Mary-Claire King
2911:Bert W. O'Malley
2867:Thomas E. Starzl
2862:Phillip A. Sharp
2849:Charles Yanofsky
2831:Evelyn M. Witkin
2826:James E. Darnell
2652:Paul C. Zamecnik
2617:Mary Ellen Avery
2589:Herbert W. Boyer
2584:Baruj Benacerraf
2555:Joshua Lederberg
2545:Viktor Hamburger
2507:Michael S. Brown
2353:Robert H. Burris
2108:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2044:Mortimer Mishkin
1969:William K. Estes
1953:Roger N. Shepard
1945:Robert K. Merton
1929:George A. Miller
1876:Herbert A. Simon
1844:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1712:John L. Hennessy
1700:Whitfield Diffie
1674:Shafi Goldwasser
1629:E. Allen Emerson
1625:Edmund M. Clarke
1370:Michael O. Rabin
1364:Herbert A. Simon
1271:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1137:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1088:on June 29, 2011
1084:. Archived from
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
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1004:
996:
990:
989:
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985:
979:
972:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
944:. Archived from
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
909:
903:
901:
899:
897:
888:. Archived from
882:"Search Fellows"
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
858:. Archived from
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
828:
820:
814:
812:
810:
808:
797:
791:
790:
780:
756:
750:
749:
728:
722:
721:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
677:
671:
670:
668:
666:
651:
497:Herbert A. Simon
377:Herbert A. Simon
362:Oliver Selfridge
302:Herbert A. Simon
290:Herbert A. Simon
258:RAND Corporation
250:computer science
208:Herbert A. Simon
203:Doctoral advisor
182:Computer science
166:
159:
152:
145:
138:
72:
54:
52:
40:
26:
25:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5533:
5521:Sean C. Solomon
5483:
5435:Daniel Kleppner
5427:Lonnie Thompson
5422:Ralph A. Alpher
5388:W. Jason Morgan
5375:Charles Keeling
5365:Marvin L. Cohen
5332:
5315:John N. Bahcall
5310:Don L. Anderson
5276:Peter Goldreich
5229:Steven Weinberg
5181:
5111:Walter Elsasser
5088:Herman Feshbach
5002:
4940:Samuel Goudsmit
4932:Chien-Shiung Wu
4871:Frederick Seitz
4838:John A. Wheeler
4823:Robert H. Dicke
4808:
4671:Luis W. Alvarez
4652:
4633:
4621:David Blackwell
4575:
4526:Carl R. de Boor
4497:Karen Uhlenbeck
4477:
4431:Louis Nirenberg
4366:
4339:Ralph E. Gomory
4277:
4273:Donald E. Knuth
4260:Hassler Whitney
4198:
4122:
4103:
4068:
4000:Andreas Acrivos
3977:
3965:Eli Ruckenstein
3944:Hermann A. Haus
3915:Calvin F. Quate
3902:Luna B. Leopold
3869:
3760:
3746:Robert N. Noyce
3736:Emmett N. Leith
3695:Manson Benedict
3677:Rudolf Kompfner
3641:
3595:Warren K. Lewis
3532:
3513:
3447:
3409:Peter B. Dervan
3380:John I. Brauman
3339:
3291:Norman Davidson
3218:John D. Roberts
3193:
3161:Konrad E. Bloch
3107:Richard N. Zare
3069:
3046:
3027:
2984:Sallie Chisholm
2966:Rudolf Jaenisch
2946:
2929:J. Craig Venter
2888:Rita R. Colwell
2755:
2741:David Baltimore
2632:Robert W. Kates
2604:David G. Nathan
2599:Edward B. Lewis
2569:
2565:Harland G. Wood
2560:Roger W. Sperry
2415:Glenn W. Burton
2387:
2363:Arthur Kornberg
2330:Roger Guillemin
2307:Hallowell Davis
2271:Daniel I. Arnon
2263:Albert B. Sabin
2243:
2216:Detlev W. Bronk
2188:Harry F. Harlow
2183:Kenneth S. Cole
2170:William C. Rose
2142:Francis P. Rous
2102:
2083:
2048:
2028:Gordon H. Bower
1989:
1985:Robert M. Solow
1901:
1897:Milton Friedman
1861:
1838:
1827:
1819:
1789:
1784:
1773:Robert Metcalfe
1745:
1726:Geoffrey Hinton
1716:David Patterson
1706:Tim Berners-Lee
1650:
1591:Leonard Adleman
1577:Kristen Nygaard
1555:
1506:Juris Hartmanis
1476:
1465:Ivan Sutherland
1397:
1386:Robert W. Floyd
1348:Charles Bachman
1318:
1307:Richard Hamming
1283:
1275:
1226:
1146:
1144:Further reading
1141:
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757:
753:
746:
732:Crevier, Daniel
729:
725:
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704:
700:
690:
688:
678:
674:
664:
662:
661:. July 20, 1992
653:
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467:
459:Wayback Machine
417:
393:list processing
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5523:
5518:
5516:Burton Richter
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5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5489:
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5484:
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5469:Yakir Aharonov
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5383:Richard Garwin
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5106:Philip Abelson
5103:
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5098:Chen-Ning Yang
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5065:Bruno B. Rossi
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5029:
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5022:Yoichiro Nambu
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4770:
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4755:
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4742:
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4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:Jacob Bjerknes
4717:
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4518:James G. Glimm
4515:
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4510:Elias M. Stein
4507:
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4452:Shing-Tung Yau
4449:
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4315:
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4305:Isadore Singer
4302:
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4279:
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4268:Joseph L. Doob
4265:
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4249:
4247:George Dantzig
4244:
4239:
4237:John W. Backus
4234:
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4218:
4215:
4213:Richard Brauer
4210:
4206:
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4146:
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4141:Norbert Wiener
4138:
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4112:
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3467:Peter J. Stang
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3443:Marye Anne Fox
3440:
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3396:Tobin J. Marks
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2063:Anne Treisman
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2020:Kenneth Arrow
2018:
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1471:William Kahan
1469:
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1453:Robert Tarjan
1450:
1449:John Hopcroft
1447:
1444:
1441:
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1437:Niklaus Wirth
1435:
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1415:Edgar F. Codd
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1336:John McCarthy
1334:
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1313:Marvin Minsky
1311:
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1103:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
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1051:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1008:
1001:
995:
980:on 2010-11-24
976:
969:
963:
948:on 2013-07-21
947:
943:
939:
933:
918:
914:
908:
892:on 2012-09-23
891:
887:
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862:on 2009-12-12
861:
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745:0-465-02997-3
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353:
351:
348:believe that
346:
345:Early Warning
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
308:Early studies
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:(1957) (with
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
238:
235:
231:
227:
226:John E. Laird
223:
219:
218:Hans Berliner
216:
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93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
69:July 19, 1992
68:
64:
60:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
5503:Sandra Faber
5498:Sidney Drell
5328:Leo Kadanoff
5323:James Cronin
5271:Hans Dehmelt
5206:Robert Pound
5172:Robert Sharp
4988:John Sinfelt
4955:Verner Suomi
4922:Lewis Sarett
4786:Lars Onsager
4730:Henry Eyring
4697:John Bardeen
4439:Richard Karp
4407:Allen Newell
4406:
4186:Jerzy Neyman
3811:Tung-Yen Lin
3788:Bill Hewlett
3718:Morris Cohen
3312:John W. Cahn
3213:Karl Folkers
2974:Lucy Shapiro
2924:Elaine Fuchs
2803:Ann Graybiel
2733:Janet Rowley
2715:James Watson
2707:Ruth Patrick
2550:Philip Leder
2420:Mildred Cohn
2368:Severo Ochoa
2345:E. O. Wilson
1740:Pat Hanrahan
1494:Robin Milner
1443:Richard Karp
1427:Ken Thompson
1421:Stephen Cook
1360:Allen Newell
1359:
1354:Donald Knuth
1243:at Wikiquote
1241:Allen Newell
1217:Thomson Gale
1208:Allen Newell
1207:
1159:Allen Newell
1150:Allen Newell
1132:
1108:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1072:
1062:November 28,
1060:. Retrieved
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:
1026:
1016:November 28,
1014:. Retrieved
1007:the original
994:
984:December 30,
982:. Retrieved
975:the original
962:
950:. Retrieved
946:the original
932:
920:. Retrieved
907:
894:. Retrieved
890:the original
876:
866:February 10,
864:. Retrieved
860:the original
846:
834:. Retrieved
818:
805:. Retrieved
795:
771:(1): 17–94.
768:
764:
754:
735:
726:
707:
701:
691:November 28,
689:. Retrieved
675:
665:November 28,
663:. Retrieved
658:
649:
637:
605:
589:1992 — U.S.
437:
418:
405:
374:
365:
359:
341:
326:
311:
246:Allen Newell
245:
244:
234:Milind Tambe
230:Frank Ritter
192:Institutions
171:
121:
71:(1992-07-19)
30:Allen Newell
5563:1992 deaths
5558:1927 births
5456:Berni Alder
5263:Frank Press
5144:Walter Kohn
5121:George Pake
5055:Walter Munk
4978:Herman Mark
4960:Henry Taube
4748:Jesse Beams
4702:Peter Debye
4684:Harold Urey
4608:Barry Mazur
4170:John Milnor
4064:Amnon Yariv
4008:Leo Beranek
3834:Ernst Weber
3687:Abel Wolman
3278:Thomas Cech
3208:Elkan Blout
3148:Max Tishler
3065:Roger Adams
3023:Simon Levin
2489:Harry Eagle
2312:Paul Gyorgy
2004:Gary Becker
1668:Judea Pearl
1550:Fred Brooks
1532:Amir Pnueli
1526:Manuel Blum
1380:John Backus
1295:Alan Perlis
1195:Mind Models
1173:Alan Perlis
1092:January 22,
922:January 22,
322:game theory
300:along with
222:Stuart Card
5552:Categories
5250:Vera Rubin
4889:Paul Flory
4550:Hyman Bass
4423:John Cocke
4326:Raoul Bott
4229:Kurt Gödel
4221:John Tukey
4178:Paul Cohen
3793:George Low
3756:Simon Ramo
2979:Leroy Hood
2780:Carl Woese
2728:Bruce Ames
2239:Ernst Mayr
1757:Alfred Aho
1736:Ed Catmull
1730:Yann LeCun
1613:Peter Naur
1587:Adi Shamir
1583:Ron Rivest
1567:Andrew Yao
1459:John Cocke
1409:Tony Hoare
1374:Dana Scott
1041:2023-12-31
642:References
505:1976–77 —
431:, and the
401:heuristics
381:J. C. Shaw
51:1927-03-19
5245:Val Fitch
4313:Peter Lax
4083:Shu Chien
3330:John Ross
3045:Chemistry
2433:Paul Berg
1825:laureates
1603:Vint Cerf
1520:Raj Reddy
1281:laureates
1188:Biography
1177:Raj Reddy
534:from the
442:known as
5224:Ed Stone
2221:Jay Lush
1607:Bob Kahn
1597:Alan Kay
1544:Jim Gray
952:July 16,
896:July 18,
836:July 16,
807:July 16,
787:51888132
734:(1993).
622:See also
455:Archived
446:and his
314:Stanford
1152:at the
614:of the
595:1992 —
577:1990 —
571:1990 —
491:1975 —
260:and at
256:at the
1781:(2023)
1775:(2022)
1769:(2021)
1763:(2020)
1742:(2019)
1732:(2018)
1718:(2017)
1708:(2016)
1702:(2015)
1692:(2014)
1686:(2013)
1680:(2012)
1670:(2011)
1664:(2010)
1647:(2009)
1641:(2008)
1635:(2007)
1621:(2006)
1615:(2005)
1609:(2004)
1599:(2003)
1593:(2002)
1579:(2001)
1569:(2000)
1552:(1999)
1546:(1998)
1540:(1997)
1534:(1996)
1528:(1995)
1522:(1994)
1512:(1993)
1502:(1992)
1496:(1991)
1490:(1990)
1473:(1989)
1467:(1988)
1461:(1987)
1455:(1986)
1445:(1985)
1439:(1984)
1433:(1983)
1423:(1982)
1417:(1981)
1411:(1980)
1394:(1979)
1388:(1978)
1382:(1977)
1376:(1976)
1366:(1975)
1356:(1974)
1350:(1973)
1344:(1972)
1338:(1971)
1332:(1970)
1315:(1969)
1309:(1968)
1303:(1967)
1297:(1966)
1115:
785:
742:
714:
495:(with
178:Fields
165:(1992)
158:(1992)
151:(1990)
144:(1989)
137:(1975)
130:Awards
5488:2010s
5337:2000s
5186:1990s
5007:1980s
4813:1970s
4661:1960s
4580:2010s
4482:2000s
4371:1990s
4282:1980s
4203:1970s
4131:1960s
4073:2010s
3982:2000s
3874:1990s
3765:1980s
3646:1970s
3541:1960s
3452:2010s
3344:2000s
3198:1990s
3074:1980s
3055:1960s
2951:2010s
2760:2000s
2574:1990s
2392:1980s
2248:1970s
2111:1960s
2053:2010s
1994:2000s
1906:1990s
1866:1980s
1847:1960s
1750:2020s
1655:2010s
1560:2000s
1481:1990s
1402:1980s
1323:1970s
1288:1960s
1219:, ed.
1010:(PDF)
1003:(PDF)
978:(PDF)
971:(PDF)
827:(PDF)
783:S2CID
634:Notes
370:chess
5525:2014
5512:2012
5494:2011
5465:2009
5452:2008
5439:2007
5431:2006
5418:2005
5410:2004
5397:2003
5379:2002
5361:2001
5343:2000
5319:1999
5306:1998
5288:1997
5280:1996
5267:1995
5254:1994
5241:1993
5233:1992
5215:1991
5192:1990
5158:1989
5130:1988
5102:1987
5074:1986
5036:1983
5013:1982
4969:1979
4936:1976
4908:1975
4880:1974
4847:1973
4819:1970
4795:1969
4772:1968
4744:1967
4716:1966
4693:1965
4675:1964
4667:1963
4625:2013
4612:2012
4599:2011
4586:2010
4567:2009
4554:2007
4546:2006
4538:2005
4530:2004
4522:2003
4514:2002
4501:2001
4488:2000
4464:1999
4456:1998
4448:1997
4435:1996
4427:1995
4419:1994
4411:1993
4403:1992
4395:1991
4377:1990
4348:1989
4335:1988
4322:1987
4309:1986
4296:1983
4288:1982
4264:1979
4251:1976
4233:1975
4225:1974
4217:1973
4209:1970
4190:1969
4182:1968
4174:1967
4166:1966
4158:1965
4145:1964
4137:1963
4095:2012
4087:2011
4079:2010
4060:2009
4052:2008
4044:2007
4036:2006
4028:2005
4020:2004
4012:2003
4004:2002
3996:2001
3988:2000
3969:1999
3961:1998
3948:1996
3940:1995
3932:1994
3924:1993
3911:1992
3893:1991
3880:1990
3856:1989
3838:1988
3820:1987
3802:1986
3784:1983
3771:1982
3732:1979
3714:1976
3691:1975
3673:1974
3660:1973
3652:1970
3633:1969
3620:1968
3607:1967
3599:1966
3581:1965
3568:1964
3555:1963
3547:1962
3505:2014
3497:2013
3484:2012
3471:2011
3458:2010
3434:2009
3421:2008
3413:2007
3400:2006
3392:2005
3384:2004
3376:2002
3363:2001
3350:2000
3321:1999
3308:1998
3295:1997
3287:1996
3274:1995
3266:1994
3253:1993
3245:1992
3222:1991
3204:1990
3170:1989
3152:1988
3134:1987
3111:1986
3093:1983
3080:1982
3061:1964
3009:2014
3001:2013
2988:2012
2970:2011
2957:2010
2933:2009
2915:2008
2902:2007
2884:2006
2871:2005
2853:2004
2835:2003
2822:2002
2784:2001
2766:2000
2737:1999
2724:1998
2711:1997
2703:1996
2695:1995
2682:1994
2669:1993
2656:1992
2613:1991
2580:1990
2536:1989
2503:1988
2475:1987
2447:1986
2424:1983
2406:1982
2398:1981
2349:1979
2326:1976
2303:1975
2280:1974
2267:1973
2254:1970
2230:1969
2202:1968
2179:1967
2156:1966
2138:1965
2125:1964
2117:1963
2075:2015
2067:2014
2059:2011
2040:2009
2032:2008
2024:2005
2016:2004
2008:2003
2000:2000
1981:1999
1973:1998
1965:1997
1957:1996
1949:1995
1941:1994
1933:1992
1925:1991
1912:1990
1893:1988
1880:1987
1872:1986
1853:1964
1175:and
1113:ISBN
1094:2011
1064:2010
1036:AAAI
1018:2010
986:2010
954:2011
924:2011
898:2011
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