Government by algorithm

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law. It's a regulation." "OK. Show me the regulation." "Well, it isn't really a regulation. It's a policy that was put in place by Mr. Somebody twenty years ago." "Great. We can change that!" Laws should specify goals, rights, outcomes, authorities, and limits. If specified broadly, those laws can stand the test of time. Regulations, which specify how to execute those laws in much more detail, should be regarded in much the same way that programmers regard their code and algorithms, that is, as a constantly updated toolset to achieve the outcomes specified in the laws. It's time for government to enter the age of big data. Algorithmic regulation is an idea whose time has come.

996: 781: 591: 599: 863: 837:. Similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $ 100 million and to would have taken about 10 years to develop. With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development. 66: 579: 833:(population 4,104) for $ 170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $ 4,600,000,000. Cryptocurrency will be allowed for payments. Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring 3493: 1880:

United Kingdom, and Sweden largely oppose the idea. The survey results exhibit significant generational differences. Over 60% of Europeans aged 25-34 and 56% of those aged 34-44 support the measure, while a majority of respondents over the age of 55 are against it. International perspectives also vary: 75% of Chinese respondents support the proposal, whereas 60% of Americans are opposed.

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Sometimes the "rules" aren't really even rules. Gordon Bruce, the former CIO of the city of Honolulu, explained to me that when he entered government from the private sector and tried to make changes, he was told, "That's against the law." His reply was "OK. Show me the law." "Well, it isn't really a

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is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance. In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for

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is applied to regulations, law enforcement, and generally any aspect of everyday life such as transportation or land registration. The term "government by algorithm" has appeared in academic literature as an alternative for "algorithmic governance" in 2013. A related term, algorithmic regulation, is

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which is used to keep citizens safe. This system generates a QR code in one of three colors (green, yellow, or red) after users fill in a form on Alipay with personal details. A green code enables the holder to move around unrestricted. A yellow code requires the user to stay at home for seven days

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called "close-contact-detector". Users are asked to enter their name and ID number. The app is able to detect "close contact" using surveillance data (i.e. using public transport records, including trains and flights) and therefore a potential risk of infection. Every user can also check the status

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In Costa Rica, the possible digitalization of public procurement activities (i.e. tenders for public works, ...) has been investigated. The paper discussing this possibility mentions that the use of ICT in procurement has several benefits such as increasing transparency, facilitating digital access

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Cellphone data is used to locate infected patients in South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and other countries. In March 2020, the Israeli government enabled security agencies to track mobile phone data of people supposed to have coronavirus. The measure was taken to enforce quarantine and protect those

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to make it more automated and seamless. A virtual assistant will guide citizens through any interactions they have with the government. Automated and proactive services "push" services to citizens at key events of their lives (including births, bereavements, unemployment, ...). One example is the

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Researchers found some evidence that when citizens perceive their political leaders or security providers to be untrustworthy, disappointing, or immoral, they prefer to replace them by artificial agents, whom they consider to be more reliable. The evidence is established by survey experiments on

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indicates that 51% of Europeans are in favor of reducing the number of national parliamentarians and reallocating these seats to an algorithm. This proposal has garnered substantial support in Spain (66%), Italy (59%), and Estonia (56%). Conversely, the citizens of Germany, the Netherlands, the

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is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms. A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.

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as tools for rationalization and evaluation of administrative behavior. The automation of rule-based processes was an ambition of tax agencies over many decades resulting in varying success. Early work from this period includes Thorne McCarty's influential TAXMAN project in the US and Ronald

1792:'s Center for the Governance of Change in Spain found that 25% of citizens from selected European countries were somewhat or totally in favor of letting an artificial intelligence make important decisions about how their country is run. The following table lists the results by country: 1635:

are now improving alongside the development of AI technology through measuring seismic data and implementing complex algorithms to improve detection and prediction rates. Earthquake monitoring, phase picking, and seismic signal detection have developed through AI algorithms of

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combined in algorithmic regulation can outperform traditional regulations. For instance, once taxi-drivers are rated by passengers, the quality of their services will improve automatically and "drivers who provide poor service are eliminated". O'Reilly's suggestion is based on

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he invisible hand of cyberspace is building an architecture that is quite the opposite of its architecture at its birth. This invisible hand, pushed by government and by commerce, is constructing an architecture that will perfect control and make highly efficient regulation

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developed the concept of algocracy — information technologies constrain human participation in public decision making. Aneesh differentiated algocratic systems from bureaucratic systems (legal-rational regulation) as well as market-based systems (price-based regulation).

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as an AI avatar named "AI Steve", saying that constituents could interact with AI Steve to shape policy. Endacott stated that he would only attend Parliament to vote based on policies which had garnered at least 50% support. AI Steve placed last with 179 votes.

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can perform tasks that are typically done by paralegals or young associates at law firms. One such technology used by US law firms to assist in legal research is from ROSS Intelligence, and others vary in sophistication and dependence on scripted

2716:"Organisations: Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute): Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow, Russia" 620:, published an article in the journal "Communist" about a computer network for processing information and control of the economy. In fact, he proposed to make a network like the modern Internet for the needs of algorithmic governance (Project 1668:

estimated in 2017, automation of US government work could save 96.7 million federal hours annually, with a potential savings of $ 3.3 billion; at the high end, this rises to 1.2 billion hours and potential annual savings of $ 41.1 billion.

5064: 1627:(i.e. through satellite data, aerial imagery, and GPS phone personnel position) and can help in the evacuation of people during wildfires, to investigate how householders responded in wildfires and spotting wildfire in real time using 1160:. Medical records serve as the central repository for planning patient care and documenting communication among patient and health care provider and professionals contributing to the patient's care. In the EU, work is ongoing on a 1708:, the conflict between democracy and dictatorship is seen as a conflict of two different data-processing systems—AI and algorithms may swing the advantage toward the latter by processing enormous amounts of information centrally. 766:

technology to ensure transparency and hinder corruption in governmental transactions. "Government by Algorithm?" was the central theme introduced at Data for Policy 2017 conference held on 6–7 September 2017 in London.

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Algorithmic regulation is supposed to be a system of governance where more exact data, collected from citizens via their smart devices and computers, is used to more efficiently organize human life as a collective. As

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AI teaching assistants are being developed and used for education (e.g., Georgia Tech's Jill Watson) and there is also an ongoing debate on whether perhaps teachers can be entirely replaced by AI systems (e.g., in

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represented by smart contracts that is transparent, controlled by shareholders and not influenced by a central government. Smart contracts have been discussed for use in such applications as use in (temporary)

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Stainforth, Elizabeth and Jo Lindsay Walton. "Computing Utopia: The Horizons of Computational Economies in History and Science Fiction." Science Fiction Studies, vol. 46 no. 3, 2019, p. 471-489. Project MUSE,

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of an actual female judge. She "will help the court's judges complete repetitive basic work, including litigation reception, thus enabling professional practitioners to focus better on their trial work". Also

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to be carried out where needed). The algorithms used by the monitoring software can be incorporated into existing surveillance systems in public spaces (hospitals, stations, airports, shopping centres, ...)

1542:. The close contact detector can be accessed via popular mobile apps including Alipay. If a potential risk is detected, the app not only recommends self-quarantine, it also alerts local health officials. 1226:

to public tenders, reducing direct interaction between procurement officials and companies at moments of high integrity risk, increasing outreach and competition, and easier detection of irregularities.

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during the COVID-19 pandemic. The system does not store identifying data, but rather allows to alert city authorities and police where breaches of the mask and mask wearing rules are spotted (allowing

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often employs similar technology, but is differentiated from the fact that it does use a central bank. It is soon to be employed by major unions and governments such as the European Union and China.

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to generate various three-digit "risk scores" for prescriptions of medications and an overall "Overdose Risk Score", collectively referred to as Narx Scores, in a process that potentially includes

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was said to be a mass surveillance effort with a centralized numerical score for each citizen given for their actions, though newer reports say that this is a widespread misconception.

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SAM participated in the discussions on social media connected to an electoral race in New Zealand. The creator of SAM, Nick Gerritsen, believes SAM will be advanced enough to run as a

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Senator, Ted E.; Wong, Raphael W.H.; Marrone, Michael P.; Llamas, Winston M.; Klinger, Christina D.; Khan, A.F. Umar; Cottini, Matthew A.; Goldberg, Henry G.; Wooton, Jerry.

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Model of cybernetic thinking about organisation. On the one hand in reality a system is determined. On the other hand, cybernetic factory can be modeled as a control system.

630:"by 1970 the USSR may have a radically new production technology, involving total enterprises or complexes of industries, managed by closed-loop, feedback control employing 4554: 2770:. Information and technology: Moscow: Publishing House "Nauka", 1973. - Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of information transmission problems. pp. 495–508. 1420: 910:, so that rational agents would be motivated to increase their score by adapting their behaviour. Several ethical aspects of that technology are still being discussed. 952:, whose objectives are the reduction of need in trusted governmental intermediators, arbitrations and enforcement costs. A decentralized autonomous organization is an 5220: 4870: 4582: 4256: 2785: 3952: 5299:

Ferretti, Luca; Wymant, Chris; Kendall, Michelle; Zhao, Lele; Nurtay, Anel; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Parker, Michael; Bonsall, David; Fraser, Christophe (8 May 2020).

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in courts. According to the statement of Beijing Internet Court, China is the first country to create an internet court or cyber court. The Chinese AI judge is a

3625: 1007:, 45% of the studied US federal agencies have experimented with AI and related machine learning (ML) tools up to 2020. US federal agencies counted the number of 6464: 6911: 2501:

Veale, Michael; Brass, Irina (2019). "Administration by Algorithm? Public Management Meets Public Sector Machine Learning". Social Science Research Network.

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are mentioned as means to replace traditional ways of governance. Cryptocurrencies are currencies, which are enabled by algorithms without a governmental

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applications, which are listed below. 53% of these applications were produced by in-house experts. Commercial providers of residual applications include

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and red means a two-week quarantine. In some cities such as Hangzhou, it has become nearly impossible to get around without showing one's Alipay code.

1483:" hopes to be the first AI-powered officeholder in Japan in November 2023. This candidacy is said to be supported by a group led by Michihito Matsuda 655:

to improve the management of the national economy. Elements of the project were used in 1972 to successfully overcome the traffic collapse caused by a

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In 2018, the Netherlands employed an algorithmic system SyRI (Systeem Risico Indicatie) to detect citizens perceived being high risk for committing

1175:. It scanned more than 16.5 million of records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124,000 of them for manual analysis and review by 566:

and Teresa Scantamburlo argued that the combination of a human society and certain regulation algorithms (such as reputation-based scoring) forms a

6955: 3362: 1715:, which quietly flagged thousands of people to investigators. This caused a public protest. The district court of Hague shut down SyRI referencing 562:

that rules by the effective use of information, with algorithmic governance, although algorithms are not the only means of processing information.

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and by not pretending to be an objective candidate. This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.

6002: 5122: 1049: 5177:"A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines" 5945:

Banna, Md. Hasan Al; Taher, Kazi Abu; Kaiser, M. Shamim; Mahmud, Mufti; Rahman, Md. Sazzadur; Hosen, A. S. M. Sanwar; Cho, Gi Hwan (2020).

5485: 3469:"Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth" 1777: 1737: 1681:, a lack of transparency in how an algorithm may make decisions, and the accountability for any such decisions. According to a 2016's book 1246: 1590:

said that "40% of people are continuing to move around anyway", as he has been informed by mobile phone operators. In USA, Europe and UK,

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defined as setting the standard, monitoring and modifying behaviour by means of computational algorithms – automation of

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Sodemann, Angela A.; Ross, Matthew P.; Borghetti, Brett J. (November 2012). "A Review of Anomaly Detection in Automated Surveillance".

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and Teresa Scantamburlo, where the reputation-credit scoring system is modeled as an incentive given to the citizens and computed by a

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Zhao, Xilei; Xu, Yiming; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Kuligowski, Erica; Nilsson, Daniel; Cova, Thomas J.; Wu, Alex; Yan, Xiang (2022-06-01).

1099: 6324: 4944: 3285: 2980: 2286:"DERECOM. Derecho de la Comunicación. - An approach to the algorithmic legal order and to its civil, trade and financial projection" 6247: 1156:

National health administration entities and organisations such as AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association) hold

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of reputation enforce desired behavior. The usage of feed-loops for the management of social systems is already been suggested in

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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, in-person final exams were impossible for thousands of students. The public high school

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will also be rebuilt to include even more privacy control and accountability into the way the government uses citizen's data.

6855: 6733: 6554: 6142: 4142: 3925: 3777: 3177: 3022: 990: 933: 359: 166: 96: 81: 4803: 4177: 1183:. There were flagged due to potential fraud, public safety and national security issues. Some of the scanned data came from 6882: 6216: 5252: 4592: 4555:"A computer program used for bail and sentencing decisions was labeled biased against blacks. It's actually not that clear" 4097:"The FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System: Identifying Potential Money Laundering from Reports of Large Cash Transactions" 3439: 2793: 1487: 1150: 486: 5871:"California has 33 million acres of forest. This company is training artificial intelligence to scour it all for wildfire" 4896: 3938: 3721: 5655: 2069: 1250: 617: 4777: 2040: 6490: 6092:

Gómez, Diego; Salvador, Pablo; Sanz, Julia; Casanova, Carlos; Taratiel, Daniel; Casanova, Jose Luis (August 15, 2018).

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of three other users. To make this inquiry users scan a Quick Response (QR) code on their smartphones using apps like

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See section on smart contracts; this is possible by means of a digital birth certificate, triggering a smart contract

3842: 2912: 2104:"Algorithmic Government: Automating Public Services and Supporting Civil Servants in using Data Science Technologies" 1957: 1644:

breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help to stop locust swarms in an early phase.

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Singh, Saurabh; Sharma, Pradip Kumar; Yoon, Byungun; Shojafar, Mohammad; Cho, Gi Hwan; Ra, In-Ho (1 December 2020).

3273: 6995: 6950: 6908: 4411: 3561: 1962: 415: 159: 101: 49: 5578: 5448: 5277: 6839: 6029:"Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking" 5629: 5511: 4735: 2876: 1168: 1069: 126: 6027:

Mousavi, S. Mostafa; Ellsworth, William L.; Zhu, Weiqiang; Chuang, Lindsay Y.; Beroza, Gregory C. (2020-08-07).

7010: 6652: 4522: 2715: 1089: 648: 334: 6349: 3222: 2363: 6931: 4971: 1345: 969:). Some countries such as Georgia and Sweden have already launched blockchain programs focusing on property ( 941: 755: 701:

published a paper in 1998, where he expressed optimism that the then-available computer technologies such as

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Cristianini, Nello; Scantamburlo, Teresa (8 October 2019). "On social machines for algorithmic regulation".

6970: 6786: 4381: 3388: 1701: 1184: 1079: 1059: 5947:"Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Earthquakes: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges" 4718:"ROSS Intelligence Lands Another Law Firm Client." The American Lawyer. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. < 3308: 6387: 4837:"A professor built an AI teaching assistant for his courses — and it could shape the future of education" 4587: 2547: 1682: 1411:

trained using Tama city datasets. The project was backed by high-profile executives Tetsuzo Matsumoto of

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could evolve to computer systems, which will strongly affect the practice of courts. In 2006, attorney

354: 121: 106: 6925: 5802: 4203:"Cuccinelli Announces USCIS' FY 2019 Accomplishments and Efforts to Implement President Trump's Goals" 1365:

Besides use in grading, software systems like AI were used in preparation for college entrance exams.

6975: 6877: 6868: 6516:"OASI, the first search engine to find the algorithms that governments and companies use on citizens" 4507:

Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '95

3309:"Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city" 1632: 1583: 625: 17: 6412:

Rinta-Kahila, Tapani; Someh, Ida; Gillespie, Nicole; Indulska, Marta; Gregor, Shirley (4 May 2022).

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The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes

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Freeman Engstrom, David; Ho, Daniel E.; Sharkey, Catherine M.; Cuéllar, Mariano-Florentino (2020).

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under the banner "Fuck the algorithm." This protest was successful and the grades were taken back.

1530: 1355: 1293: 603:"Blockchain and the future of governance. Let's overcome the hype and understand what can be done." 479: 435: 384: 329: 225: 31: 6465:"Fuck the Algorithm - Jugendproteste in Großbritannien gegen maschinelle Notenvergabe erfolgreich" 2768:

Theory of information. The identification of the images. Selected works in three volumes. Volume 3

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

7000: 6990: 6094:"Machine learning approach to locate desert locust breeding areas based on ESA CCI soil moisture" 4122: 1504: 1392: 1008: 995: 689: 652: 4642: 4000: 1273:

Some government agencies provide track and trace systems for services they offer. An example is

780: 7015: 6960: 5630:"Palantir provides COVID-19 tracking software to CDC and NHS, pitches European health agencies" 3913:"A Blockchain-Based Decentralized System for Proper Handling of Temporary Employment Contracts" 1982: 1901: 1612: 1254: 892: 845: 684: 631: 405: 339: 245: 6491:"U.S. Government Is Using an Algorithm to Flag American Citizens for Denaturalization: Report" 5851: 4720:

http://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202769384977/ROSS-Intelligence-Lands-Another-Law-Firm-Client

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assert that it will be monitored by AI to improve life by using data and predictive modeling.

6965: 6760:"Prescription-Drug Policing: The Right To Health Information Privacy Pre- and Post-Carpenter" 5688:"How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Fight Climate Change-Driven Wildfires and Save Lives" 5154: 4261: 1889: 1677:

There are potential risks associated with the use of algorithms in government. Those include

1591: 1579: 1281: 1012: 834: 698: 680: 379: 369: 324: 5301:"Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing" 4393: 2231: 6897: 6864: 6546: 6414:"Algorithmic decision-making and system destructiveness: A case of automatic debt recovery" 6105: 6040: 5958: 5901: 2673: 2406: 1992: 1912:

imagines an algorithm supposedly based on "fairness" recreating a premodern rural economy.

1773: 1697: 1658: 1603: 1508: 1439: 914: 309: 6570: 5065:"Meet SAM, world's first AI politician that hopes to run for New Zealand election in 2020" 8: 6859: 6850: 5803:"Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data" 5040:"World's First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand" 4670:"AI shock: China unveils 'cyber court' complete with AI judges and verdicts via chat app" 4559: 4364: 4123:"The FinCEN AI System: Finding Financial Crimes in a Large Database of Cash Transactions" 4056:"Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology" 2522:"Cyberocracy, Cyberspace, and Cyberology:Political Effects of the Information Revolution" 1461: 1317:

plans to employ artificial intelligence to decide small-claim cases of less than €7,000.

1135: 1004: 958: 702: 472: 314: 304: 190: 131: 6276:"Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy" 6109: 6044: 5962: 5905: 4096: 2677: 2410: 2311: 6903: 6886: 6445: 6305: 6123: 6069: 6028: 5984: 5927: 5814: 5783: 5760:

Zhao, Xilei; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Kuligowski, Erica; Nilsson, Daniel (April 15, 2020).

5728: 5333: 5300: 5020: 4752: 4528: 3783: 3739: 3336: 3148: 3102: 3055: 2697: 2663: 2483: 2212: 2164: 1905: 1723: 1546: 1454: 798: 759: 344: 299: 250: 4330:"Enhancing the use of competitive tendering in Costa Rica's Public Procurement System" 4158: 3692: 2364:"Decoding identity: Reprogramming pedagogic identities through algorithmic governance" 1726:

expressed apprehension of "infinitely stable dictatorships" created by government AI.

6928:, An introduction on the Blockchain's usage in the public sector by Vasileios Yfantis 6813: 6796: 6773: 6750: 6739: 6729: 6631: 6550: 6449: 6309: 6297: 6074: 6056: 5988: 5976: 5931: 5919: 5832: 5787: 5746: 5732: 5673: 5338: 5320: 5228: 5024: 5012: 4518: 4138: 3912: 3894: 3863: 3838: 3773: 3541: 3340: 3328: 3173: 3152: 3094: 3090: 3040:

IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part C: Applications and Reviews

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Reflections on" Taxman: An Experiment in Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning.

2908: 2870:"Government by Algorithm: Artificial Intelligence in Federal Administrative Agencies" 2701: 2689: 2577: 2502: 2487: 2475: 2434: 2344: 2259: 2216: 2168: 2156: 1977: 1754:

In 2021, Eticas Foundation has launched a database of governmental algorithms called

1705: 1693: 1558: 1301: 966: 903: 888: 884: 871: 822: 563: 277: 86: 6759: 6127: 4532: 3743: 3412: 3201:(2013). "Open Data and Algorithmic Regulation". In Goldstein, B.; Dyson, L. (eds.). 3059: 2819: 1700:, regulated parties might try to manipulate their outcome in own favor and even use 612:

In 1962, the director of the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the

6791: 6764: 6621: 6611: 6542: 6435: 6425: 6287: 6143:"A brief exchange with Tim O'Reilly about "algorithmic regulation" | Tim McCormick" 6113: 6064: 6048: 5966: 5909: 5824: 5773: 5718: 5328: 5312: 5194: 5002: 4552: 4510: 4502: 4130: 3886: 3883:"The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts, and Disruption of Traditional Work Arrangements" 3729: 3320: 3140: 3086: 3047: 2850: 2681: 2465: 2424: 2414: 2251: 2243: 2202: 2148: 2115: 2084: 1932: 1927: 1767: 1744: 1678: 1575: 1263: 1203: 1180: 929: 663: 644: 583: 349: 272: 91: 6935: 6833: 6430: 6413: 5890:"STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI" 5723: 5706: 4991:"Collaborative е-Rulemaking, Democratic Bots, and the Future of Digital Democracy" 3363:"Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits" 3247: 2623:"'Far more than surveillance' is happening and could change how government is run" 1267: 1198:

is a US software, which combines data from the prescription registries of various

6915: 6846: 5466: 5100: 4739: 4134: 3985:"The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Blockchain Pilot" 3832: 3198: 3010: 1997: 1952: 1922: 1730: 1628: 1473: 1424: 1404: 1274: 945: 829:

by tech firms in 2021. Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km) in Nevada's rural

742: 706: 694: 374: 364: 319: 235: 136: 5971: 5946: 5914: 5889: 5098:[Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence]. 3967:"Silent Notary - Blockchain Notary Service 100% events falsification protection" 3167: 590: 6052: 5778: 5761: 5707:"Predictive modeling of wildfires: A new dataset and machine learning approach" 5530: 5403: 5356: 4904: 3747: 3051: 2900: 2685: 2002: 1947: 1729:

Due to public criticism, the Australian government announced the suspension of

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Mousavi, S. Mostafa; Sheng, Yixiao; Zhu, Weiqiang; Beroza, Gregory C. (2019).

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Sayad, Younes Oulad; Mousannif, Hajar; Al Moatassime, Hassan (March 1, 2019).

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Sam Corbett-Davies; Emma Pierson; Avi Feller; Sharad Goel (October 17, 2016).

3324: 3144: 2152: 6944: 6800: 6777: 6743: 6635: 6301: 6292: 6275: 6060: 5980: 5923: 5836: 5557:"German telecom giant shares private data with government amid privacy fears" 5324: 5232: 5016: 3533: 3332: 3098: 2693: 2479: 2263: 2160: 1876: 1789: 1733:

key functions in 2019, and a review of all debts raised using the programme.

1712: 1637: 1624: 1512: 1435: 1370: 1309: 1234: 896: 830: 559: 6118: 6093: 5316: 4822:"Could Artificial Intelligence Replace Our Teachers? | Education World" 2120: 2103: 1776:. Software code can be looked into and improvements can be proposed through 1582:, in order to research and prevent the spread of the virus. Russia deployed 6078: 5762:"Using Artificial Intelligence for Safe and Effective Wildfire Evacuations" 5342: 3882: 3787: 2854: 2470: 2453: 2438: 2419: 2394: 2088: 1896: 1748: 1465: 1443: 1428: 1400: 1230: 1214: 1172: 970: 953: 937: 862: 857: 841: 551: 550:

Government by algorithm raises new challenges that are not captured in the

531: 230: 35: 6248:"Unleashing the potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector" 4972:"Robot to run for mayor in Japan promising 'fairness and balance' for all" 4514: 1698:

transparency is brought into the decision making by algorithmic governance

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literature and the practice of public administration. Some sources equate

5579:"Moscow deploys facial recognition technology for coronavirus quarantine" 5449:"In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags" 3890: 2247: 1967: 1388: 1260: 1242: 1238: 974: 962: 802: 555: 39: 6373:

Rechtbank Den Haag 5 February 2020, C-09-550982-HA ZA 18-388 (English),

4856:"The Future of Homeschooling: How Robots are Changing In-Home Education" 4257:"Walmart Will Implement New Opioid Prescription Limits By End Of Summer" 3734: 3494:"Saudi Arabia is planning a 100-mile line of car-free smart communities" 3128: 3106: 3074: 2255: 1553:

In Cannes, France, monitoring software has been used on footage shot by

1233:(construction of buildings, roads, ...), e-tenders can also be used for 65: 6440: 4503:"Levels of reasoning as the basis for a formalisation of argumentation" 4453: 3717: 2429: 2207: 2190: 1689:

are suspected to increase inequality due to opacity, scale and damage.

1597: 1526: 1479:

In 2023, In the Japanese town of Manazuru, a mayoral candidate called "

1305: 1199: 793: 763: 606: 527: 198: 141: 6926:

New development: Blockchain—a revolutionary tool for the public sector

6856:

A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency

6626: 5253:"Meet AI Steve, the avatar standing as a candidate in the UK election" 4732: 4030:"Leaked Palantir Doc Reveals Uses, Specific Functions And Key Clients" 3440:"Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County" 3413:"Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government" 1574:

who may come into contact with infected citizens. Also in March 2020,

1277:

for applications done by citizens (i.e. driving license procurement).

693:, where they claim to demonstrate the possibility of a democratically 578: 5127: 5123:"Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics?" 4871:"POLITICS 2028: WHY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WILL REPLACE POLITICIANS" 4178:"Little-Known Federal Software Can Trigger Revocation of Citizenship" 3562:"China's social credit score – untangling myth from reality | Merics" 1937: 1472:. Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a 1460:

In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for

1325: 1153:

employs the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) since 1995.

734: 624:). This created a serious concern among CIA analysts. In particular, 540: 535: 6723: 6616: 6599: 5467:"Coronavirus France: Cameras to monitor masks and social distancing" 5007: 4990: 4429: 3966: 2841:

Medina, Eden (1 January 2015). "Rethinking algorithmic regulation".

1586:

to detect quarantine breakers. Italian regional health commissioner

1395:

program. While election posters and campaign material used the term

6003:"How Location Intelligence Can Help Protect Lives During Disasters" 5819: 5221:"Brighton general election candidate aims to be UK's first 'AI MP'" 3722:"View of Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks" 2668: 2371: 1987: 1942: 1686: 1665: 1620: 1616: 1423:. Organisers claimed that the 'AI mayor' was programmed to analyze 1412: 1359: 1333: 1195: 1134:

started a collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of

949: 880: 543:

is in its scope. In the context of blockchain, it is also known as

6411: 5605:"Italians scolded for flouting lockdown as death toll nears 3,000" 5512:"Coronavirus mobile apps are surging in popularity in South Korea" 4731:

CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <

4618:"Beijing Internet Court launches online litigation service center" 4412:"Track progress of a reported road fault or issue | nidirect" 3588:"Far From a Panopticon, Social Credit Focuses on Legal Violations" 2452:

Lumineau, Fabrice; Wang, Wenqian; Schilke, Oliver (1 March 2021).

1578:

shared private cellphone data with the federal government agency,

1419:. Michihito Matsuda came third in the election, being defeated by 1387:

In 2018, an activist named Michihito Matsuda ran for mayor in the

5096:"Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens" 4382:

Audit app: an effective tool for government procurement assurance

3953:"Blockchain and AI are coming to kill these 4 business verticals" 3203:

Beyond Transparency: open Data and the Future of Civic Innovation

1608: 1490:, a businessman named Steve Endacott ran for the constituency of 1450: 1329: 1314: 1297: 810: 4897:"There's an AI Running for the Mayoral Role of Tama City, Tokyo" 4365:"Best Government Audit Software - 2023 Reviews & Comparison" 3129:"The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation" 2867: 2741:"Machine of communism. Why the USSR did not create the Internet" 2137:"The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation" 1904:

describe a fictional scenario of global algorithmic regulation.

999:

Team Rubicon in the Rockaways Nov 12, 2012 - Palantir screenshot

4757:"Opinion | When Algorithms Give Real Students Imaginary Grades" 3860:

The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues

2905:

Information technology in government : Britain and America

2454:"Blockchain Governance—A New Way of Organizing Collaborations?" 2011: 1972: 1641: 1539: 1535: 1468:

parliamentary election, and was built by the artist collective

1416: 1358:

also employed a statistical calculus to assign final grades in

1320: 1266:

can also be used. Audits are performed in some countries after

826: 5759: 5386:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact detector' platform" 5195:"Danskere vil ind den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens" 4778:"Skewed Grading Algorithms Fuel Backlash Beyond the Classroom" 1457:

by late 2020, when New Zealand has its next general election.

1218:

automated registering of babies when they are born. Estonia's

977:

ownership) Ukraine is also looking at other areas too such as

6217:"Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government" 3223:"Ukraine launches big blockchain deal with tech firm Bitfury" 1736:

In 2020, algorithms assigning exam grades to students in the

1176: 672: 640: 6350:"Europe Limits Government by Algorithm. The US, Not So Much" 6164:"Why the internet of things could destroy the welfare state" 5447:

Mozur, Paul; Zhong, Raymond; Krolik, Aaron (March 2, 2020).

5423:"China's coronavirus app could have unintended consequences" 4926: 1751:, sparked uproar from activists and Amazon's own employees. 697:

built on modern computer technology. The Honourable Justice

605:

with Andrea Bauer, Boris Moshkovits und Shermin Voshmgir at

6883:

Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government

5704: 4583:"Are Algorithms Building the New Infrastructure of Racism?" 4316:"Exclusive: Estonia's vision for an 'invisible government'" 3463: 3461: 3459: 1554: 1469: 1131: 722:

Since the 2000s, algorithms have been designed and used to

621: 146: 111: 4226: 4224: 3205:. San Francisco: Code for America Press. pp. 289–300. 2230:

Katzenbach, Christian; Ulbricht, Lena (29 November 2019).

1594:

is taken in charge to provide COVID-19 tracking services.

1431:

in a more 'fair and balanced' way than human politicians.

6091: 6026: 5807:

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

5800: 5404:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact detector' app" 5298: 5197:[AI Mayer run to the election in Manazuru Town]. 4509:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 333–339. 4082:"300 Californian Cities Secretly Have Access to Palantir" 2312:"Rule by Algorithm? Big Data and the Threat of Algocracy" 1296:

in case of determining the percentage of a split after a

785: 4127:

Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets

3456: 5674:"Artificially Intelligent Tsunami Early Warning System" 5509: 4501:

Stranieri, Andrew; Zeleznikow, John (2 December 1995).

4236: 4221: 3881:

Oranburg, Seth; Palagashvili, Liya (October 22, 2018).

3618:"China's Social Credit System: Speculation vs. Reality" 3538:

Platform for change : a message from Stafford Beer

3306: 2653: 1557:

cameras, allowing to monitor their compliance to local

961:

and automatic transfership of funds and property (i.e.

651:. This project was aimed at constructing a distributed 6189:

Eggers, illiam D.; Schatsky, David; Viechnick, Peter.

5944: 4647:

RADII | Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China

4477: 3802:"What is DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations" 3272:

Brauneis, Robert; Goodman, Ellen P. (1 January 2018).

2786:"How the Computer Got Its Revenge on the Soviet Union" 1772:

An initial approach towards transparency included the

1142:) used by police agencies (such as the NCRIC) include 6598:

Spatola, Nicolas; Macdorman, Karl F. (11 July 2021).

5887: 5656:"How AI will help us better understand tsunami risks" 3037: 2334: 2332: 1442:. In an augumented democracy, legislation is done by 1138:. Besides Palantir's Gotham software, other similar ( 6600:"Why Real Citizens Would Turn to Artificial Leaders" 6245: 6191:"Demystifying artificial intelligence in government" 5747:"Artificial intelligence for forest fire prediction" 4804:"The Machines Are Learning, and So Are the Students" 4772: 4770: 4695:"Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So" 4287: 4275: 4094: 4013:"Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Land Titles" 3880: 3667:"Do digital currencies spell the end of capitalism?" 2572:

Ronfeldt, David; Varda, Danielle (1 December 2008),

2341:

The Siren Song: Algorithmic Governance By Blockchain

1761: 1717:

Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights

1598:

Prevention and management of environmental disasters

1292:

Judges' decisions in Australia are supported by the

1210:

and criminal justice data as well as court records.

984: 821:

millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of

657:

CIA-sponsored strike of forty thousand truck drivers

6909:

How Blockchain can transform India: Jaspreet Bindra

6188: 4500: 3169:

Virtual Migration: the Programming of Globalization

2451: 2368:

British Educational Research Association Conference

1213:In Estonia, artificial intelligence is used in its 675:project in the UK. In 1993, the computer scientist 5531:"Coronavirus: Israel enables emergency spy powers" 4580: 3216: 3214: 3212: 2816:"IU professor analyzes Chile's 'Project Cybersyn'" 2329: 2229: 2191:"Algorithmic regulation: A critical interrogation" 4970:O'Leary, Abigail; Verdon, Anna (April 17, 2018). 4969: 4767: 2597:"Transparency in governance, through cyberocracy" 2041:"Government by Algorithm: A Review and an Agenda" 1521:A schematic of app-based COVID-19 contact tracing 27:Alternative form of government or social ordering 6942: 6597: 5446: 5357:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact' app" 4612: 4610: 3926:How blockchain technology could change our lives 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 1696:by the regulated parties might occur, once more 6715: 5486:"Coronavirus tests Europe's resolve on privacy" 4120: 3271: 3220: 3209: 2102:Engin, Zeynep; Treleaven, Philip (March 2019). 5510:Ivan Watson; Sophie Jeong (28 February 2020). 4176:Biddle, Sam; Saleh, Maryam (August 25, 2021). 3579: 2779: 2777: 2545: 2519: 2101: 1304:software is used in USA to assess the risk of 1171:has employed the software ATLAS, which run on 741:In 2013, algorithmic regulation was coined by 5150:"This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI" 4607: 3610: 3274:"Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City" 3193: 3191: 3189: 2766:Kharkevich, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1973). 2640: 2571: 1050:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 870:Tim O'Reilly suggested that data sources and 480: 167: 3937:Official, Illuminates (September 11, 2019). 3901:– via Social Science Research Network. 3767: 2395:"Algorithmic regulation and the rule of law" 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 1756:Observatory of Algorithms with Social Impact 1625:Wildfire detection is possible by AI systems 6539:Transparency: The Key to Better Governance? 5849: 4175: 3438:Independent, Daniel Rothberg | The Nevada. 3221:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (17 April 2017). 2774: 2392: 1354:employed algorithms to assign grades. UK's 6807: 6647: 6645: 5483: 4430:"Senate Tracker Help – The Florida Senate" 3186: 2944:The Computer Journal 20.2 (1977): 102-108. 2942:The LEGOL 1 prototype system and language. 2765: 2500: 2361: 1498: 1339: 745:, founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media Inc.: 683:and the economist Allin Cottrell from the 487: 473: 174: 160: 6784: 6625: 6615: 6604:Digital Government: Research and Practice 6439: 6429: 6291: 6140: 6117: 6068: 5970: 5913: 5852:"How AI is helping spot wildfires faster" 5818: 5777: 5722: 5332: 5093: 5006: 4995:Digital Government: Research and Practice 4751: 4478:"GovTrack.us: Tracking the U.S. Congress" 4242: 4230: 4163:European Commission - European Commission 3733: 3407: 3405: 3403: 2981:"The Future of Courts - Do They Have One" 2953: 2934: 2899: 2783: 2667: 2574:The Prospects for Cyberocracy (Revisited) 2469: 2428: 2418: 2206: 2119: 2024: 1722:The contributors of the 2019 documentary 1100:United States Patent and Trademark Office 724:automatically analyze surveillance videos 6571:"European Tech Insights (2019) | IE CGC" 6280:Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 5380: 5378: 5278:"Results - General Election 4 July 2024" 5218: 4894: 4581:Aaron M. Bornstein (December 21, 2017). 4394:"Track your driving licence application" 4121:Goldberg, H. G.; Senator, T. E. (1998). 3936: 3632: 3197: 3009: 2063: 2061: 1516: 994: 861: 779: 616:in Moscow (later Kharkevich Institute), 597: 589: 577: 6956:Applications of artificial intelligence 6642: 6418:European Journal of Information Systems 5174: 5120: 4868: 4079: 4053: 3761: 3641:"Transforming India through blockchain" 3437: 3126: 3079:Political and Legal Anthropology Review 2921: 2393:Hildebrandt, Mireille (6 August 2018). 2338: 2134: 1679:algorithms becoming susceptible to bias 1619:can also be detected using AI systems. 1287: 1164:which supports the use of health data. 1149:In the fight against money laundering, 14: 6943: 6867:by Zeynep Engin and Philip Treleaven, 6721: 6462: 6241: 6239: 5037: 3857: 3830: 3768:Fries, Martin; P. Paal, Boris (2019). 3638: 3400: 3386: 3165: 2985:Journal of Law and Information Science 2840: 2620: 2067: 1640:, analysis, and computational models. 6757: 6536: 6385: 6273: 5653: 5484:Manancourt, Vincent (10 March 2020). 5375: 5147: 5038:Sarmah, Harshajit (28 January 2019). 4988: 4945:"Werden Bots die besseren Politiker?" 4853: 4802:Smith, Craig S. (December 18, 2019). 4801: 4293: 4281: 4169: 4047: 3716: 3072: 3017:(Version 2.0 ed.). Basic Books. 2978: 2188: 2058: 1883: 1692:There is also a serious concern that 1253:plans in order to reach the national 991:Artificial intelligence in government 934:decentralized autonomous organization 851: 6808:Yeung, Karen; Lodge, Martin (2019). 6547:10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.003.0002 6214: 5654:Osumi, Magdalena (August 16, 2019). 5528: 4667: 4347:"Procurement at Forestry Commission" 4254: 3939:"Business inheritance in blockchain" 3858:Chohan, Usman W. (4 December 2017), 3837:. Birmingham, UK: Packt. p. 9. 3664: 3585: 3532: 3278:Yale Journal of Law & Technology 2594: 2339:Werbach, Kevin (24 September 2018), 2182: 2095: 1872:university students of all genders. 1783: 1743:In 2020, the US government software 1488:2024 United Kingdom general election 1229:Besides using e-tenders for regular 6578:Center for the Governance of Change 6236: 6208: 6141:McCormick, Tim (15 February 2014). 4895:Johnston, Lachlan (12 April 2018). 4869:Matsuda, Michihito (14 July 2018). 4854:Robot, Roybi (September 23, 2018). 4834: 4733:https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ 4080:Haskins, Caroline (July 12, 2019). 3862:, Social Science Research Network, 3628:from the original on 30 March 2021. 3554: 3522:. English Universities Press. 1959. 3360: 2931:Harvard Law Review (1977): 837–893. 2595:Shah, Bimal Pratap (July 4, 2019). 2576:, Social Science Research Network, 2343:, Social Science Research Network, 2070:"Rethinking algorithmic regulation" 1623:can be predicted using AI systems. 1525:In February 2020, China launched a 1251:nationally determined contributions 24: 6932:A bold idea to replace politicians 6836:by Data for Policy 2017 Conference 6680: 6322: 5868: 5554: 5280:. Brighton & Hove City Council 5175:Hearing, Alice (14 October 2022). 5071:. 26 November 2017. Archived from 3639:Bindra, Jaspreet (30 March 2018). 2958:. Nottingham, England: Spokesman. 2135:Danaher, John (1 September 2016). 1120:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 1040:Securities and Exchange Commission 920: 902:These connections are explored by 25: 7027: 6827: 6463:Reuter, Markus (17 August 2020). 6098:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 5094:Sternberg, Sarah (20 June 2022). 4643:"China Now Has AI-Powered Judges" 4054:Winston, Ali (27 February 2018). 3690: 2784:Gerovitch, Slava (9 April 2015). 2283: 1958:Distributed ledger technology law 1762:Algorithmic bias and transparency 1376: 1284:to keep track of ongoing issues. 1189:National Crime Information Center 985:Algorithms in government agencies 411:Sustainable Governance Indicators 6921:Can An AI Design Our Tax Policy? 6876:by Prof. Philip C. 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Springer. pp. 283–302. 3313:Sustainable Cities and Society 2818:. UI News Room. Archived from 2304: 2277: 2223: 2189:Yeung, Karen (December 2018). 2128: 1778:source-code-hosting facilities 1449:In 2019, AI-powered messenger 1090:Social Security Administration 649:presidency of Salvador Allende 13: 1: 6981:Social information processing 6653:"EUROPEAN TECH INSIGHTS 2021" 6431:10.1080/0960085X.2021.1960905 6323:Harari, Story by Yuval Noah. 6246:Capgemini Consulting (2017). 5724:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.006 4668:Fish, Tom (6 December 2019). 4591:. No. 55. 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Another legal technology 1140:numerical analysis software 807:Intelligent street lighting 770: 639:Between 1971 and 1973, the 614:Russian Academy of Sciences 459:Market governance mechanism 442:Governance, risk management 10: 7032: 6708:doi:10.1353/sfs.2019.0084. 6683:"Understanding the Daemon" 6215:Mehr, Hila (August 2017). 6053:10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w 5779:10.1007/s10694-020-00979-x 4927:"AI党 | 多摩市議会議員選挙2019" 3665:Finn, Ed (10 April 2017). 3052:10.1109/TSMCC.2012.2215319 2686:10.1007/s00146-019-00917-8 1765: 1656: 1601: 1502: 1409:machine learning algorithm 1380: 1343: 1162:European Health Data Space 1110:Bureau of Labor Statistics 1030:Office of Justice Programs 988: 855: 573: 558:, which is a hypothetical 451:Environmental, social, and 107:IT-backed authoritarianism 29: 6878:University College London 6869:University College London 6728:. New York: Basic Books. 6722:Lessig, Lawrence (2006). 5829:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277 3520:Cybernetic and Management 3325:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 3172:. Duke University Press. 3145:10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1 2153:10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1 1788:A 2019 poll conducted by 965:, upon registration of a 626:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 7006:Technological utopianism 6834:Government by Algorithm? 6293:10.1177/0256090919853933 5858:. Video by John General. 5390:South China Morning Post 5044:Analytics India Magazine 4931:AI党 | 多摩市議会議員選挙2019 4810:– via NYTimes.com. 3387:Morrow, Garrett (2022). 3284:(1): 103. Archived from 2284:Abril, Rubén Rodríguez. 2232:"Algorithmic governance" 1446:of every single person. 1391:as a human proxy for an 1356:Department for Education 1003:According to a study of 508:regulation by algorithms 436:Chief governance officer 32:Regulation of algorithms 30:Not to be confused with 6996:Sociology of technology 6951:Government by algorithm 6902:(Documentary, 2019) by 6840:Government by Algorithm 6388:"'iHuman': IDFA Review" 6375:ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2020:1878 6119:10.1117/1.JRS.12.036011 5609:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5317:10.1126/science.abb6936 2979:Kirby, Michael (1998). 2956:Towards a new socialism 2907:. New York: Routledge. 2548:"Cyberocracy is Coming" 2546:David Ronfeldt (1992). 2520:David Ronfeldt (1991). 1738:UK sparked open protest 1613:Tsunami warning systems 1505:Digital contact tracing 1499:Management of infection 1393:artificial intelligence 1389:Tama city area of Tokyo 1383:Chatbot § Politics 1362:, due to the pandemic. 1340:Algorithms in education 1009:artificial intelligence 805:smart city ecosystems. 709:, known for the slogan 690:Towards a New Socialism 653:decision support system 643:government carried out 632:self-teaching computers 520:algorithmic legal order 500:Government by algorithm 6874:Algorithmic Government 6865:Algorithmic Government 6810:Algorithmic Regulation 3693:"Blockchain Explained" 3473:The Nevada Independent 3248:"Data for Policy 2017" 2855:10.1108/K-02-2015-0052 2471:10.1287/orsc.2020.1379 2420:10.1098/rsta.2017.0355 2236:Internet Policy Review 2089:10.1108/K-02-2015-0052 1983:Management cybernetics 1522: 1438:presented the idea of 1415:and Norio Murakami of 1241:restoration projects. 1000: 893:management cybernetics 867: 789: 752: 720: 685:Wake Forest University 609: 595: 587: 512:algorithmic governance 504:algorithmic regulation 406:World Governance Index 7011:Technology in society 6033:Nature Communications 5660:www.preventionweb.net 5427:MIT Technology Review 4515:10.1145/221270.221608 3396:– via ProQuest. 2292:(in European Spanish) 2121:10.1093/comjnl/bxy082 2068:Medina, Eden (2015). 1592:Palantir Technologies 1580:Robert Koch Institute 1520: 1344:Further information: 1282:issue tracking system 1255:Paris agreement goals 1245:restoration projects 1013:Palantir Technologies 998: 865: 788:for home care systems 783: 747: 715: 681:University of Glasgow 601: 593: 581: 545:blockchain governance 516:algocratic governance 6787:"The Pain Algorithm" 5410:. February 11, 2020. 5392:. February 12, 2020. 5075:on November 26, 2017 4755:(8 September 2020). 3891:10.2139/ssrn.3270867 2927:McCarty, L. Thorne. 2822:on 10 September 2009 2796:on 22 September 2021 2458:Organization Science 2248:10.14763/2019.4.1424 2108:The Computer Journal 1993:Predictive analytics 1659:Techno-progressivism 1604:Early warning system 1545:Alipay also has the 1531:Coronavirus outbreak 1509:Disease surveillance 1440:augumented democracy 1288:Justice by algorithm 1024:Number of Use Cases 959:employment contracts 948:are self-executable 915:Social Credit System 784:Architecture of the 618:Alexander Kharkevich 453:corporate governance 6971:Information society 6860:European Parliament 6851:Stanford University 6748:Knowledge article: 6541:. British Academy. 6110:2018JARS...12c6011G 6045:2020NatCo..11.3952M 5963:2020IEEEA...8s2880B 5906:2019IEEEA...7q9464M 5875:The Washington Post 5711:Fire Safety Journal 4753:Broussard, Meredith 4560:The Washington Post 4416:www.nidirect.gov.uk 3735:10.5210/fm.v2i9.548 3252:Data for Policy CIC 3166:Aneesh, A. (2006). 2940:Stamper, Ronald K. 2678:2019arXiv190413316C 2411:2018RSPTA.37670355H 2045:Stanford Law School 1611:can be detected by 1464:to run in the 2022 1462:The Synthetic Party 1427:put forward to the 1294:"Split Up" software 1237:projects and other 1179:officers regarding 1136:predictive policing 1005:Stanford University 760:government auctions 756:Ministry of Justice 754:In 2017, Ukraine's 729:In his 2006's book 703:legal expert system 687:published the book 132:Predictive policing 6914:2021-06-28 at the 6904:Tonje Hessen Schei 6887:Harvard University 6845:2022-08-15 at the 6795:. pp. 36–47. 6386:Wilkinson, Amber. 5585:. 21 February 2020 5453:The New York Times 5363:. 11 February 2020 5311:(6491): eabb6936. 4907:on 5 December 2021 4808:The New York Times 4761:The New York Times 4738:2022-03-31 at the 4595:on January 3, 2018 3568:. 11 February 2022 3475:. 12 February 2021 3361:Gardner, Allison. 2849:(6/7): 1005–1019. 2601:The Kathmandu Post 2553:. RAND Corporation 2527:. RAND Corporation 2405:(2128): 20170355. 2208:10.1111/rego.12158 2083:(6/7): 1005–1019. 1906:Matthew De Abaitua 1884:In popular culture 1547:Alipay Health Code 1523: 1310:virtual recreation 1001: 872:reputation systems 868: 852:Reputation systems 844:, the planners of 790: 610: 596: 594:LEGOL Group (1977) 588: 560:form of government 6892:The OASI Register 6751:Code: Version 2.0 6735:978-0-465-03914-2 6725:Code: Version 2.0 6610:(3): 26:1–26:24. 6556:978-0-19-726383-9 6255:www.capgemini.com 6195:Deloitte Insights 6007:EHS Daily Advisor 5957:: 192880–192923. 5900:: 179464–179476. 5155:Vice: Motherboard 4318:. March 20, 2019. 4209:. 16 October 2019 4144:978-3-642-08344-0 3779:978-3-16-156911-1 3288:on 15 August 2022 3179:978-0-8223-3669-3 3024:978-0-465-03914-2 1978:Legal informatics 1869: 1868: 1784:Public acceptance 1685:, algorithms and 1559:social distancing 1529:to deal with the 1492:Brighton Pavilion 1425:citizen petitions 1128: 1127: 967:death certificate 904:Nello Cristianini 877:control-theoreric 823:local governments 758:ran experimental 731:Virtual Migration 564:Nello Cristianini 497: 496: 184: 183: 16:(Redirected from 7023: 6976:Social influence 6885:by Hila Mehr of 6823: 6804: 6781: 6765:Duke Law Journal 6747: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6657: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6629: 6619: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6575: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6443: 6433: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6295: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6221: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5974: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5917: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5822: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5336: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5010: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4903:. Archived from 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4841:Business Insider 4832: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4749: 4743: 4729: 4723: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4649:. 16 August 2019 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4390: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4009: 4003: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3971:silentnotary.com 3963: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3808:. Archived from 3798: 3792: 3791: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3746:. Archived from 3737: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3409: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3367:The Conversation 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3207: 3206: 3195: 3184: 3183: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3046:(6): 1257–1272. 3035: 3029: 3028: 3011:Lawrence, Lessig 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2951: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2901:Margretts, Helen 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2875:. Archived from 2874: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2792:. Archived from 2781: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2671: 2656:AI & Society 2651: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2552: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2473: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2432: 2422: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2370:. Archived from 2359: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2210: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2037: 1933:Code for America 1928:Civic technology 1795: 1794: 1768:Algorithmic bias 1576:Deutsche Telekom 1399:, and displayed 1352:Westminster High 1204:machine learning 1181:denaturalization 1018: 1017: 930:cryptocurrencies 664:Herbert A. Simon 645:Project Cybersyn 584:Project Cybersyn 489: 482: 475: 335:Higher education 241:Multistakeholder 186: 185: 176: 169: 162: 82:AI in government 68: 45: 44: 21: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7020: 6986:Social networks 6941: 6940: 6916:Wayback Machine 6847:Wayback Machine 6830: 6820: 6736: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6681:Rieger, Frank. 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6643: 6617:10.1145/3447954 6596: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6518:(Press release) 6514: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6469:netzpolitik.org 6461: 6457: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6321: 6317: 6272: 6268: 6259: 6257: 6250: 6244: 6237: 6228: 6226: 6224:ash.harvard.edu 6219: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6090: 6086: 6025: 6021: 6012: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5943: 5939: 5886: 5882: 5869:Holley, Peter. 5867: 5863: 5848: 5844: 5799: 5795: 5766:Fire Technology 5758: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5703: 5699: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5555:Paksoy, Yunus. 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5527: 5523: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5482: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5419: 5415: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5237: 5235: 5217: 5213: 5204: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5146: 5142: 5133: 5131: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5104: 5101:Jyllands-Posten 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5069:Hindustan Times 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5036: 5032: 5008:10.1145/3352463 4987: 4983: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4867: 4863: 4852: 4848: 4835:Leopold, Todd. 4833: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4768: 4750: 4746: 4740:Wayback Machine 4730: 4726: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4615: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4499: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4418:. May 18, 2018. 4410: 4409: 4405: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4369:sourceforge.net 4363: 4362: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4174: 4170: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4093: 4089: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3879: 3875: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3780: 3770:Smart Contracts 3766: 3762: 3753: 3751: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3691:Reiff, Nathan. 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3637: 3633: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3419:. 18 March 2021 3411: 3410: 3401: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3219: 3210: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3164: 3160: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3075:"Explaining IT" 3071: 3067: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2952: 2948: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2782: 2775: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2652: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2593: 2589: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2499: 2495: 2450: 2446: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2374:on 24 June 2021 2360: 2356: 2337: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2290:www.derecom.com 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2228: 2224: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2133: 2129: 2100: 2096: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2008:Algorithmocracy 1998:Sharing economy 1953:Digital Nations 1923:Anti-corruption 1918: 1886: 1875:A 2021 poll by 1786: 1770: 1764: 1747:, which run on 1731:Robodebt scheme 1704:. According to 1675: 1661: 1655: 1650: 1629:computer vision 1606: 1600: 1515: 1501: 1474:political party 1385: 1379: 1348: 1342: 1332:application is 1290: 1275:track and trace 1249:be part of the 1158:medical records 993: 987: 979:state registers 946:Smart contracts 926:Smart contracts 923: 921:Smart contracts 889:disimprovements 860: 854: 778: 773: 707:Lawrence Lessig 695:planned economy 586:operations room 576: 532:social ordering 502:(also known as 493: 464: 463: 455: 452: 446: 443: 431: 430: 421: 420: 401: 400: 391: 390: 389: 360:Security sector 355:Political party 294: 293: 284: 283: 282: 267: 266: 257: 256: 255: 210: 209: 180: 151: 137:Robodebt scheme 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7029: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 7001:Sustainability 6998: 6993: 6991:Social systems 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6939: 6938: 6929: 6923: 6918: 6906: 6895: 6889: 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6837: 6829: 6828:External links 6826: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6805: 6782: 6772:(4): 775–853. 6755: 6734: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6700: 6673: 6641: 6590: 6562: 6555: 6529: 6507: 6482: 6455: 6424:(3): 313–338. 6404: 6378: 6366: 6341: 6315: 6266: 6235: 6207: 6181: 6170:. 19 July 2014 6155: 6133: 6084: 6019: 5994: 5937: 5880: 5861: 5842: 5793: 5772:(2): 483–485. 5752: 5738: 5697: 5679: 5665: 5646: 5621: 5596: 5570: 5547: 5521: 5502: 5476: 5473:. May 4, 2020. 5458: 5439: 5421:Chen, Angela. 5413: 5395: 5374: 5348: 5291: 5269: 5244: 5211: 5186: 5167: 5140: 5113: 5086: 5056: 5030: 4981: 4962: 4936: 4918: 4887: 4861: 4846: 4827: 4813: 4794: 4766: 4744: 4724: 4711: 4686: 4660: 4634: 4606: 4573: 4545: 4523: 4493: 4469: 4445: 4421: 4403: 4385: 4374: 4356: 4338: 4321: 4307: 4298: 4296:, p. 848. 4286: 4284:, p. 847. 4274: 4247: 4243:Szalavitz 2021 4235: 4231:Szalavitz 2021 4220: 4194: 4168: 4159:"Press corner" 4150: 4143: 4113: 4087: 4072: 4046: 4021: 4004: 3993: 3976: 3958: 3944: 3929: 3918: 3904: 3873: 3850: 3843: 3823: 3812:on 24 May 2020 3793: 3778: 3760: 3709: 3683: 3657: 3631: 3609: 3578: 3553: 3547:978-0471948407 3546: 3534:Beer, Stafford 3525: 3510: 3485: 3455: 3430: 3399: 3379: 3353: 3299: 3264: 3239: 3208: 3185: 3178: 3158: 3139:(3): 245–268. 3119: 3085:(1): 156–160. 3065: 3030: 3023: 3002: 2971: 2965:978-0851245454 2964: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2913: 2892: 2860: 2833: 2807: 2773: 2758: 2732: 2720:www.mathnet.ru 2707: 2662:(3): 645–662. 2639: 2613: 2587: 2564: 2538: 2512: 2493: 2464:(2): 500–521. 2444: 2385: 2354: 2328: 2303: 2276: 2222: 2201:(4): 505–523. 2181: 2147:(3): 245–268. 2127: 2114:(3): 448–460. 2094: 2057: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2005: 2003:Smart contract 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1948:Digital divide 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1885: 1882: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1785: 1782: 1766:Main article: 1763: 1760: 1674: 1671: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1599: 1596: 1588:Giulio Gallera 1500: 1497: 1403:of a feminine 1378: 1377:AI politicians 1375: 1341: 1338: 1289: 1286: 1264:audit software 1126: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1022: 986: 983: 922: 919: 908:social machine 881:feed-back loop 853: 850: 819:cryptocurrency 777: 774: 772: 769: 677:Paul Cockshott 668:expert systems 575: 572: 568:social machine 495: 494: 492: 491: 484: 477: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 456: 449: 447: 444:and compliance 440: 438: 432: 429:Related topics 428: 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 413: 408: 402: 398: 397: 396: 393: 392: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 325:Ecclesiastical 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 296: 295: 291: 290: 289: 286: 285: 281: 280: 275: 269: 268: 264: 263: 262: 259: 258: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 212: 211: 207: 206: 205: 202: 201: 195: 194: 182: 181: 179: 178: 171: 164: 156: 153: 152: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 75: 74: 70: 69: 61: 60: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7028: 7017: 7016:Transhumanism 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961:Collaboration 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6937: 6936:César Hidalgo 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6821: 6819:9780198838494 6815: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6661: 6660:IE University 6654: 6648: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6579: 6572: 6566: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6517: 6511: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6240: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6104:(3). 036011. 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5558: 5551: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5279: 5273: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5103: 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2082: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:Daniel Suarez 1899: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1881: 1878: 1877:IE University 1873: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1790:IE University 1781: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1713:welfare fraud 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638:deep-learning 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1514: 1513:COVID-19 apps 1510: 1506: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1470:Computer Lars 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1444:digital twins 1441: 1437: 1436:Cesar Hidalgo 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1371:homeschooling 1366: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:reforestation 1232: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1220:X-Road system 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 997: 992: 982: 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