353:(2013), and the Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research, the Lucien Howe Medal of the American Ophthalmological Society, the Laureate Award of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (2011), the Duke Elder and Gonin Medals of the International Council of Ophthalmology, the Pollin Prize in Pediatric Research (Columbia University), the E.H. Christopherson Lectureship (American Academy of Pediatrics), the Prince Mahidol Award (from the King of Thailand), and the Warren Alpert Research Prize from Harvard Medical School in 2003, among other honors. The 2005 PBS documentary
312:
mortality rate of these
Vitamin A deficient children by as much as 34 percent. He also conducted studies in which he supplemented Nepalese women of childbearing age with Vitamin A/beta-carotene and observed a 45% reduction in the maternal mortality rate. Sommer and his colleagues conducted further trials on the impact of dosing newborn children in populations that were vitamin A deficient vitamin A supplementation in newborns, repeatedly demonstrating that it reduced newborn mortality by 10-20%.
249:, and moved overseas with his family to work in the Cholera Research Laboratory in Dhaka, Bangladesh (then known as East Pakistan), where he conducted the first formal epidemiologic investigation of a major disaster: the 1970 cyclone that washed away a quarter of a million people in a single night. He assisted Bangladeshis in their Liberation War and, in 2013, the Bangladesh government bestowed upon him the “Friends of Liberation War Honour” for his contributions during the revolution.
334:
31:
321:
high risk of dying from malnutrition; that the easily assessed appearance of the nerve fiber layer in the retina is an early, accurate predictor of glaucomatous optic nerve damage indicating the need to initiate glaucoma therapy; and that vaccination for smallpox as long as 6 days after infection can prevent the disease, an observation that forestalled mass vaccination of primary responders following
562:
499:
303:
the
University of Padjadjaran in Indonesia. Sommer conducted a sequence of observational and intervention trials in Indonesia, and subsequently elsewhere, that led to his discovery that Vitamin A deficiency reduces immune responsiveness, and therefore resistance to deadly infectious diseases, especially diarrhea and measles.
273:. While serving as the dean of the Bloomberg School, Sommer expanded both the faculty and student bodies and raised hundreds of millions of dollars to renovate and dramatically expand the School's physical plant and its research and educational programs. Sommer's efforts helped the school attain the #1 spot on the
387:
in honor of Dr. Sommer. The programs aims to "recruit the next generation of public health leaders to devise new, effective interventions to improve global health." Additionally, as a consequence of gifts from other supporters, the
Bloomberg School's Department of Molecular Microbiology is chaired by
306:
Sommer was forced to repeat his experiments multiple times before convincing the scientific community of the importance of
Vitamin A deficiency in contributing to the death and blindness of nearly a million children every year, and the effectiveness of one large oral dose of vitamin A, twice a year,
302:
Sommer initiated his research on the causes and effects of vitamin A deficiency while still a resident at the Wilmer
Institute. After completing his residency, Sommer moved his family to Indonesia for three years to continue this work in depth. He was appointed Visiting Professor of Ophthalmology at
268:
Following his training at the Wilmer Eye
Institute, Sommer and his family moved to Indonesia, where he began his groundbreaking work on vitamin A deficiency. Following that, he moved to London as a visiting professor at the Institute of Ophthalmology. Then, in 1980, he returned to the Johns Hopkins
320:
Sommer made a number of other discoveries that have led to major advances in global health care and policies, including demonstrating that measurement of mid-arm-circumference (MUAC) is a simple and effective tool for conducting nutritional surveillance and identifying children and populations at
311:
center for study in
Bellagio, Italy. The scientists at the conference concluded that almost any intervention that substantially improved children's vitamin A status, including the use of twice yearly large dose capsules, which was the focus of Sommer's research, was shown to reduce the child
256:(which became known as the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2000). Upon completing his Master of Health Sciences degree in epidemiology there, Sommer spent three years as a resident and fellow in ophthalmology at the Wilmer Eye Institute (associated with the
281:
until 2005, when he returned to work as a professor and researcher of both epidemiology and ophthalmology. Sommer is currently a Johns
Hopkins University Distinguished Service Professor, inaugural Gilman Scholar, and Dean Emeritus of the Bloomberg School of Public Health.
374:
Sommer's current research interests include the diagnosis and management of glaucoma, improved child survival and blindness prevention strategies, and micronutrient interventions, in addition to other projects in both epidemiology and ophthalmology.
357:
featured Sommer as a "global health champion." Several institutions around the world have bestowed honorary doctoral degrees to Dr. Sommer, including Johns
Hopkins University and McGill University. Sommer is an elected member of both the
201:. His research on vitamin A in the 1970s and 1980s revealed that dosing even mildly vitamin A deficient children with an inexpensive, large dose vitamin A capsule twice a year reduces child mortality by as much as 34 percent. The
1651:
388:
the "Alfred and Jill Sommer
Professor"; the "Dana Center of the Wilmer Eye Institute is led by the "Alfred Sommer Professor of Ophthalmology"; and the main auditorium of the Bloomberg School is named "Sommer Hall."
1752:
285:
In the mid-1980s, Sommer initiated and led the development of one of the first, and still rigorously updated, clinical guidelines of any medical specialty: the "Preferred Practice Patterns" of the
410:
Sommer, A; Tarwotjo, I; Djunaedi, E; West, KP Jr; Loeden, AA; Tilden, R; Mele, L (1986). "Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality. A randomised controlled community trial".
1587:
1747:
1742:
1643:
230:
in Schenectady, New York and graduated summa cum laude in 1963. At Union College, Sommer received a Bachelor of Science in biology, with a minor in history. Sommer attended
269:
Wilmer Eye Institute as the founding director of the Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology. He held this position until 1990 when he assumed the position of dean of the
790:
959:"Double blind, cluster randomised trial of low dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 Study Group"
811:
541:
1172:
Sommer, A. (April 1974). "The 1972 smallpox outbreak in Khulna Municipality, Bangladesh. II. Effectiveness of surveillance and containment in urban epidemic control".
1680:
1264:
734:
1762:
383:
In 2004, Michael Bloomberg, former chair of the Johns Hopkins University's board of trustees, donated $ 22 million to establish the Sommer Scholars Program at the
1337:
1627:
1772:
587:
524:
1014:
Klemm, Rolf D. W.; Labrique, Alain B.; Christian, Parul; Rashid, Mahbubur; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Katz, Joanne; Sommer, Alfred; West, Keith P. (2008-07-01).
1567:
682:
1329:
342:
645:
1607:
1584:
858:
Sommer, Alfred (1976). "Assessment of xerophthalmia and the mass vitamin A prophylaxis program in El Salvador (September 1973 - December 1974)".
384:
278:
270:
253:
198:
87:
957:
West, K. P.; Katz, J.; Khatry, S. K.; LeClerq, S. C.; Pradhan, E. K.; Shrestha, S. R.; Connor, P. B.; Dali, S. M.; Christian, P. (1999-02-27).
139:
1468:
1424:
1129:
Sommer, A.; Miller, N. R.; Pollack, I.; Maumenee, A. E.; George, T. (December 1977). "The nerve fiber layer in the diagnosis of glaucoma".
1506:
1387:
712:
246:
114:
1059:
1717:
1244:
1366:
476:
1737:
346:
601:
Sommer, A.; Mosley, W. H. (1972-05-13). "East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970. Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment".
1757:
307:
in preventing these outcomes. Sommer solidified scientific support by organizing an international conference on the issue at the
1289:
782:
1732:
1312:
771:
538:
1543:
235:
1672:
1767:
1727:
1261:
742:
893:
277:
Graduate Schools of Public Health ranking, a prestigious title it still holds to this day. Sommer served as dean of the
1722:
333:
286:
1624:
257:
1216:
1585:
https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/mcgills-honorary-degree-recipients-spring-convocation-2019-296322
1564:
823:
Sommer, Alfred; Abbott, Richard L.; Lum, Flora; Hoskins, H. Dunbar (2008). "PPPs-Twenty Years and Counting".
674:
363:
359:
146:
132:
274:
1492:
337:
Book written by Alfred Sommer in 1980 to teach other Ophthalmologist how to do better clinical research
1604:
653:
209:
list vitamin A supplementation as one of the most cost-effective health interventions in the world.
1445:
1416:
1644:"Alfred and Jill Sommer Professorship and Chairmanship in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"
234:
and obtained his MD in 1967. He served as a medical intern and resident at Harvard University's
1712:
1514:
1388:"International Council of Ophthalmology : About the ICO : Award and Medal Recipients"
308:
231:
80:
1486:
1395:
242:
704:
1707:
1015:
922:
Sommer, A (1992). "Vitamin A deficiency and childhood mortality (Conference at Bellagio)".
322:
206:
174:
100:
1358:
1241:
539:
https://www.union.edu/news/stories/2014/05/supportive-teachers-make-all-the-difference.php
8:
1142:
473:
1185:
1051:
939:
437:
1262:
http://www.danoneinstitute.org/danone_institute_prize_for_nutrition/awardees/index.php
614:
425:
1460:
1281:
1197:
1189:
1154:
1146:
1111:
1103:
1043:
1035:
996:
991:
978:
958:
935:
875:
840:
626:
618:
581:
518:
429:
104:
1055:
943:
1181:
1138:
1093:
1027:
986:
970:
931:
867:
832:
610:
441:
421:
61:
1309:
1631:
1625:
http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/press_releases/PR_2004/Sommer_Scholars.html
1611:
1591:
1571:
1316:
1268:
1248:
836:
545:
480:
350:
252:
In 1972, Sommer returned to the United States and continued his education at the
190:
1603:
Johns Hopkins announces seven honorary degree recipients for 2022 Commencement.
1535:
1016:"Newborn Vitamin A Supplementation Reduced Infant Mortality in Rural Bangladesh"
194:
1082:"Nutritional status and mortality: a prospective validation of the QUAC stick"
871:
1701:
1464:
1193:
1150:
1107:
1039:
982:
974:
622:
227:
223:
166:
73:
57:
1098:
1081:
901:
1047:
1031:
1000:
844:
341:
Alfred Sommer has received multiple awards for his research, including the
170:
1565:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/rxforsurvival/series/champions/alfred_sommer.html
1359:"2011 Laureate Alfred Sommer, MD, MHS - American Academy of Ophthalmology"
1201:
1115:
879:
770:
Alfred Sommer Biography, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
675:"Our History | the Dana Center at Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute"
630:
433:
1158:
460:
412:
202:
297:
1605:
https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/05/06/johns-hopkins-honorary-degrees-2022/
378:
1583:
McGill’s Honorary Degree recipients for Spring Convocation 2019.
1753:
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
1623:
New Scholarship to Recruit Public Health Leaders of The Future.
30:
646:"Sommer Named a "Foreign Friend" by Government of Bangladesh"
1013:
1507:"Prince Mahidol Award Foundation under the Royal Patronage"
1128:
409:
1748:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
245:
as an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officer at the
1242:
http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1997clinical.htm
1743:
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health alumni
822:
705:"Klag Named Dean of Bloomberg School of Public Health"
474:
http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Default.aspx?ID=953
956:
1217:"Modeling responses to anthrax and smallpox attacks"
238:(formerly Beth Israel Hospital) from 1967 to 1969.
1459:(6). American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000-12-01.
1079:
783:"University Distinguished Service Professorships"
343:Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research
298:Vitamin A-deficiency and child mortality research
254:Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health
1699:
1417:"ALFRED SOMMER AWARDED PRESTIGIOUS POLLIN PRIZE"
586:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
523:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1763:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1421:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1240:Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award.
650:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
385:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
379:Sommer Scholars and other Named Honors at JHSPH
315:
279:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
271:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
199:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
88:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1673:"Alfred Sommer Professorship in Ophthalmology"
140:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
1080:Sommer, A.; Loewenstein, M. S. (March 1975).
560:
369:
600:
1773:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
217:
122:American Academy of Ophthalmology Laureate
1563:Rx for Survival: Global Health Champions.
1086:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
569:. Archived from the original on 2017-10-27
506:. Archived from the original on 2017-10-27
247:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
115:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1097:
990:
497:
405:
403:
401:
347:Danone International Prize for Nutrition
332:
1310:Alfred Sommer - Helen Keller Foundation
643:
567:The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives
504:The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives
222:Sommer was born on October 2, 1942, in
127:Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research
1700:
1260:Danone Institute Prize for Nutrition.
1214:
1171:
921:
857:
766:
764:
762:
760:
189:(born October 2, 1942) is an American
1536:"Prize Recipients | warrenalpert.org"
537:Union College Magazine. Spring 2014.
455:
453:
451:
398:
16:American ophthalmologist and academic
1143:10.1001/archopht.1977.04450120055003
715:from the original on 11 October 2016
702:
556:
554:
493:
491:
489:
236:Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
757:
13:
1186:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121615
1007:
448:
117:Fries Prize for Improving Health
14:
1784:
551:
486:
287:American Academy of Ophthalmology
1718:Johns Hopkins University faculty
1174:American Journal of Epidemiology
258:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
29:
1738:Union College (New York) alumni
1683:from the original on 2017-05-03
1665:
1654:from the original on 2017-05-03
1636:
1617:
1597:
1577:
1557:
1546:from the original on 2017-06-29
1528:
1499:
1474:from the original on 2024-07-01
1438:
1427:from the original on 2020-05-14
1409:
1380:
1369:from the original on 2016-04-20
1351:
1340:from the original on 2024-07-01
1322:
1303:
1292:from the original on 2023-11-28
1274:
1254:
1234:
1208:
1165:
1122:
1073:
1062:from the original on 2017-08-14
950:
915:
886:
851:
816:
804:
793:from the original on 2017-05-03
775:
727:
696:
685:from the original on 2020-08-15
459:World Development Report 1993.
1758:American public health doctors
1330:"Lucian Howe Medal Recipients"
667:
637:
594:
563:"Sommer, Alfred - c.1980-1990"
531:
500:"Sommer, Alfred - c.1980-1990"
466:
328:
1:
1733:Harvard Medical School alumni
735:"Best Public Health Programs"
703:Shea, Dennis (May 16, 2005).
615:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)91218-4
561:McCollum, Elmer (1980–1990).
426:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91157-8
391:
936:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90298-h
837:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.09.032
739:U.S. News & World Report
364:National Academy of Medicine
360:National Academy of Sciences
316:Other pioneering discoveries
275:U.S. News & World Report
212:
147:National Academy of Medicine
133:National Academy of Sciences
7:
963:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
810:JHU Gazette March 11, 2011
472:Copenhagen Consensus 2008.
292:
241:In 1969, Sommer joined the
10:
1789:
1768:21st-century American Jews
1728:Jewish American scientists
1511:www.princemahidolaward.org
1224:Lincoln Laboratory Journal
860:Environmental Child Health
370:Current research interests
1723:American ophthalmologists
1215:Jamrog, Diane C. (2007).
1131:Archives of Ophthalmology
263:
180:
162:
155:
110:
96:
69:
40:
28:
21:
975:10.1136/bmj.318.7183.570
498:Day, Harry (1980–1990).
218:Early life and education
1614:Accessed on 2022-11-08.
1594:Accessed on 2022-11-08.
1574:Accessed on 2009-03-19.
872:10.1093/tropej/22.3.135
679:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
548:Accessed on 2017-05-15.
483:Accessed on 2009-03-19.
1677:professorships.jhu.edu
1648:professorships.jhu.edu
1491:: CS1 maint: others (
1271:Accessed on 2009-03-19
1251:Accessed on 2009-03-19
1032:10.1542/peds.2007-3448
787:professorships.jhu.edu
741:. 2015. Archived from
711:. JHU Press Releases.
644:Wood-Wright, Natalie.
338:
309:Rockefeller Foundation
232:Harvard Medical School
81:Harvard Medical School
1099:10.1093/ajcn/28.3.287
336:
260:) from 1973 to 1976.
243:Public Health Service
1540:www.warrenalpert.org
1423:. 17 December 2004.
207:Copenhagen Consensus
175:International Health
105:Blindness prevention
101:Vitamin A deficiency
1679:. 17 October 2016.
1288:. 9 November 2021.
894:"A bridge too near"
813:Accessed 2017-05-15
609:(7759): 1029–1036.
420:(8491): 1169–1173.
1630:2010-02-18 at the
1610:2022-11-08 at the
1590:2021-11-20 at the
1570:2017-10-05 at the
1315:2016-09-20 at the
1267:2009-03-16 at the
1247:2009-04-23 at the
789:. 7 October 2016.
544:2017-10-27 at the
479:2013-12-03 at the
339:
187:Alfred (Al) Sommer
1334:www.aosonline.org
1137:(12): 2149–2156.
969:(7183): 570–575.
831:(12): 2125–2126.
709:Headlines@Hopkins
184:
183:
157:Scientific career
151:
144:
137:
130:
125:
120:
92:
85:
78:
1780:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1669:
1663:
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1660:
1659:
1650:. 16 June 2016.
1640:
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1615:
1601:
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1581:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
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1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1513:. Archived from
1503:
1497:
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1479:
1473:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
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1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1394:. Archived from
1384:
1378:
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1355:
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1345:
1326:
1320:
1307:
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1120:
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1026:(1): e242–e250.
1011:
1005:
1004:
994:
954:
948:
947:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
900:. Archived from
890:
884:
883:
855:
849:
848:
820:
814:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
779:
773:
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725:
724:
722:
720:
700:
694:
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691:
690:
671:
665:
664:
662:
661:
652:. Archived from
641:
635:
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598:
592:
591:
585:
577:
575:
574:
558:
549:
535:
529:
528:
522:
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457:
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407:
149:
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90:
83:
76:
54:
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
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1632:Wayback Machine
1622:
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1612:Wayback Machine
1602:
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1592:Wayback Machine
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1572:Wayback Machine
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1415:
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1410:
1401:
1399:
1386:
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1352:
1343:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1317:Wayback Machine
1308:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1286:Dan David Prize
1282:"Alfred Sommer"
1280:
1279:
1275:
1269:Wayback Machine
1259:
1255:
1249:Wayback Machine
1239:
1235:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1170:
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1123:
1078:
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1065:
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1008:
955:
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920:
916:
907:
905:
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887:
856:
852:
821:
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809:
805:
796:
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733:
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697:
688:
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673:
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659:
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642:
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579:
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546:Wayback Machine
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496:
487:
481:Wayback Machine
471:
467:
458:
449:
408:
399:
394:
381:
372:
355:Rx for Survival
351:Dan David Prize
331:
318:
300:
295:
266:
220:
215:
191:ophthalmologist
173:
169:
145:
138:
131:
126:
121:
103:
86:
79:
70:Alma mater
65:
55:
52:
51:October 2, 1942
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1786:
1776:
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1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
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1635:
1616:
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1576:
1556:
1527:
1498:
1437:
1408:
1379:
1350:
1321:
1302:
1273:
1253:
1233:
1207:
1180:(4): 303–313.
1164:
1121:
1092:(3): 287–292.
1072:
1006:
949:
914:
898:www.unicef.org
885:
866:(3): 135–148.
850:
815:
803:
774:
756:
726:
695:
666:
636:
593:
550:
530:
485:
465:
447:
396:
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171:Epidemiology
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1708:1942 births
1363:www.aao.org
329:Recognition
1702:Categories
1687:2017-05-15
1658:2017-05-15
1550:2017-07-05
1521:2017-07-05
1478:2017-07-05
1431:2017-07-05
1402:2017-07-05
1373:2017-05-15
1344:2017-07-05
1296:2023-10-11
1066:2017-05-05
1020:Pediatrics
908:2017-07-05
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719:10 October
689:2017-05-15
660:2017-07-05
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510:2017-04-28
461:World Bank
392:References
203:World Bank
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111:Awards
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