Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner

551: 2483:"I am a Nationalist and not a cosmopolitan .... I am a British (indeed primarily an English) Nationalist. If I am also an Imperialist, it is because the destiny of the English race, owing to its insular position and long supremacy at sea, has been to strike roots in different parts of the world. I am an Imperialist and not a Little Englander because I am a British Race Patriot ... The British State must follow the race, must comprehend it, wherever it settles in appreciable numbers as an independent community. If the swarms constantly being thrown off by the parent hive are lost to the State, the State is irreparably weakened. We cannot afford to part with so much of our best blood. We have already parted with much of it, to form the millions of another separate but fortunately friendly State. We cannot suffer a repetition of the process." 1404:

mines, and labour was in short supply. Milner put a plan into place that he called "Lift and Overspill". This two-phase process called for economic resources to be used to fill government coffers, and then for government spending and economic growth to be used to spread prosperity. The need for labour was essential if this plan was to work, and with help from Parliament, a Labour Ordinance was passed to permit the advertising and importation of Chinese labourers to fill that task. The workers were hired, they were shipped to South Africa, they lived in work camps close to the mines, and after their three-year contracts expired, they were sent home. This was accepted practice in the British Empire, and in the United States as well, where Chinese coolies were imported to build the

2250: 2175:, Milner travelled back and forth to France as a Paris Peace Plan Delegate. From February 1919 until the treaty signing, he made five trips to Versailles, each lasting on average one to two weeks. On 10 May 1919, he flew to Paris for the first time. The trip took two-and-a-half hours, halving the time it took by train, boat, and car. As part of the British Empire Delegation (over 500 members of Britain's colonies and Dominions travelled to Paris), the Prime Minister asked Milner and Arthur Balfour to stand in for him whenever he returned to England for political business. As Secretary of State for the Colonies, Milner was appointed to head up the Mandates Commission by the Big Four, which would decide the fate of the 2183: 1992:, to its left. Within a day, they opened a gap 50 miles wide and penetrated seven miles deep. Within a week, they were almost halfway to Paris. The allied generals were paralyzed. On 25 March, Field Marshal Haig of the B.E.F. communicated an order to the French that he was slowly withdrawing to the Channel Ports, and he requested 20 French divisions to cover his right flank, to prevent German encirclement. General Pétain, a day earlier, ordered his Army to fall back and cover Paris. The lack of an allied leader, and the lack of reserves to plug the gap caused the generals to look out for their separate interests. As a result, the hole in the front widened, and the Germans were about to pour in. 1349:

reside, but which has no government, no Parliament, no press even, to explain to them where its interests lie, or what its policy should be. Of speeches and writings about the Empire there is no end. But who has time to select what is worth reading from the multitude of newspapers and reviews? Most people have no access to the best among them, and such as have are haunted by the fear that what they read is coloured by some local party issue in which they have no concern. No one can travel through the Empire without being profoundly impressed by the ignorance which prevails in every part, not only about the affairs of the other parts, but about the fortunes of the whole.

2489:"The Dutch can never form a perfect allegiance merely to Great Britain. The British can never, without moral injury, accept allegiance to any body politic which excludes their motherland. But British and Dutch alike could, without moral injury, without any sacrifice to their several traditions, unite in loyal devotion to an empire-state, in which Great Britain and South Africa would be partners, and could work cordially together for the good of South Africa as a member of that great whole. And so you see the true Imperialist is also the best South African." From the Introduction to, 'The Times' History of the war in South Africa, Vol VI (1909). 5764: 1210: 6033: 2052:

General Pétain. Milner preferred Foch, he was firm about it, and Clemenceau agreed. He then said to Amery, "I hope I was right. You and Henry have always told me Foch is the only big soldier." Henry was General Henry Wilson, Lord Milner's recently installed Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), who, like Milner, was in France to assess the military situation. Although Prime Minister Clemenceau tried to set up a meeting that afternoon to finalise things, the British generals were too far away, and the meeting was postponed until the next morning, at the town hall of Doullens, France.

5818: 6057: 6045: 2221:, former Boer leaders during that war, but now Dominion leaders. On the anniversary of the signing of the South African peace treaty, Prime Minister Botha of South Africa put his hand on Lord Milner's shoulder and said: "Seventeen years ago my friend and I made peace in Vereeniging...It was a hard peace for us to accept, but as I know it now, when time has shown us the truth, it was not unjust - it was a generous peace that the British people made with us, and this is why we stand with them today side by side in the cause which has brought us all together." 2459: 2322:"Things have got into a very bad condition here. This is no secret ... a part of the British Cabinet is up in arms." "A remark was made to me last night that just as it was Lord Milner who came in at the critical point in the War and forced through the Single Command, it may be Milner who will save the situation again. In any case, whatever comes of it, this meeting of the British Cabinet is of great historical importance. Just how the Conference will develop now is hard to say. We may conceivably have an entirely new peace conference." 1713: 1106: 1947: 2258: 1939: 6069: 5208: 1202: 2210:, thought otherwise. Benevolence prevailed, and a firm and lasting peace was made. Even when a new administration in Britain returned the government to the Boers, the Afrikaners remained firm allies with Great Britain in the First World War. To quote Lloyd George: "In Paris, Milner joined with his former antagonists in resistance to that spirit of relentlessness which would humiliate the vanquished foe and keep them down in the dust into which they had been cast..." 1721: 4155: 1781:. The Imperial War Cabinet was an extension of Lord Milner's imperial vision of Britain, whereby the Dominions (her major colonies) all had an equal say in the conduct of the running of the war. The problems of Imperial federation were encapsulated here, whereby if all of Britain's colonies were elevated to the same status as the mother country, her say was diluted by foreigners with different points of view. In the closing days of the 3222: 1399:

deflect in the smallest degree the policy of the day. Having been for many years, or at least for many months, the arbiter of the fortunes of men who are 'rich beyond the dreams of avarice', he is today poor, and honourably poor. After twenty years of exhausting service under the Crown he is today a retired Civil Servant, without pension or gratuity of any kind whatever... Lord Milner has ceased to be a factor in public life.

2507:, 1922 edition: "it was largely owing to his influence that Gen. Foch was appointed Generalissimo of the Allied forces in France. It being vital to have a man of unusual capacity and vigour at the War Office in this critical spring of 1918, he was given the seals of Secretary of State for War on April 19; and it was he who presided over the Army Council during the succeeding months of the year which ended with victory." 94: 1408:. Problems that occurred related to a lack of amenities, confinement in the work area, and insubordination. The Chinese workers in South Africa were no exception. They were known to run away, and to strike for higher wages. Flogging was used to deal with insubordination, and whether he knew about it at the time or not, Lord Milner accepted full responsibility for what happened, and said it was a bad practice. 2064:

that every one was by that time in favour of the step being taken, but even if that were so-and it had by no means been made clear to Downing Street-to Lord Milner belongs the credit of having given it the final push. At the Doullens Conference it was he who took out Haig and then Clemenceau and got their assent, one by one, so preparing the ground for final and unanimous adoption of the proposal.

3136: 1301: 1289: 1283: 1277: 915:. He feared that if the whole of South Africa were not quickly brought under British control, the newly wealthy Transvaal, controlled by Afrikaners, could unite with Cape Afrikaners and jeopardise the entire British position in South Africa. Milner also realised—as was shown by the triumphant re-election of Paul Kruger to the presidency of the Transvaal in February 1898—that the 958:. Milner and Violet began a secret affair that lasted until her departure for England in late 1900. She had a noticeable effect on his disposition; Milner himself wrote in his diary that he was feeling "very low indeed". Edward Cecil learned of this affair and pushed for a commission to Egypt after Violet pushed to return to South Africa. Milner later married Violet Cecil. 5161: 2275:

the third group of delegates to sign, after the Germans and Americans, and Lord Milner was the 8th signatory to the Treaty of Versailles. He recalls the experience thus: "Though the occasion was such a solemn one and there was a great crowd, I thought it all singularly unimpressive." Marshal Foch commented, "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for Twenty Years."

1080:", as he expressed it, was undermining the prestige of Britain throughout South Africa, and he called for "some striking proof" of the intention of the British government not to be ousted from its predominant position. This dispatch was telegraphed to London, and was intended for immediate publication; but it was kept private for a time by the home government. 2024:. The front had broken wide open in front of us, threatening Paris. There was confusion in the ranks as to what to do, and who was in charge. I immediately took the generals aside, and using the powers entrusted with me as the Prime Minister's representative, I deputised General Foch, making him the Allied Commander at the front, and told him to make a stand. 1047: 2232:, Britain would not take part in an occupation of Germany, nor would its navy resume its blockade of Germany if it failed to sign the treaty. However, President Wilson was tired from all the hard work he had put into the original draft (all decisions and work were made at the top by the Big Four), and Prime Minister Clemenceau refused to budge on the 1121:'s phrase "one whose courage never faltered". In February 1901, he was called upon to undertake the administration of the two Boer states, both now annexed to the British Empire, though the war was still in progress. He thereupon resigned the governorship of Cape Colony but retained the post of high commissioner. During this period, numerous 1150:. Speaking next day at a luncheon given in his honour, he answered critics who alleged that with more time and patience on the part of Britain, war might have been avoided, by asserting that what they were asked to "conciliate" was "panoplied hatred, insensate ambition, invincible ignorance". In late July Milner received the 2104:. It ended with the Germans requesting an armistice. This occurred at 11:00 am, on the morning of November 11, 1918. Finally, the war was over. Lord Milner's decision is best summed up by an inscription at the front of Doullens Town Hall that reads ..."This decision saved France and the freedom of the world." 1068:. "It may seem a paradox", he wrote, "but it is true that the only way for protecting our subjects is to help them to cease to be our subjects". The policy of leaving things alone only led from bad to worse, and "the case for intervention is overwhelming". Milner felt that only the enfranchisement of the 820:. The appointment was avowedly made in order that an acceptable British statesman, in whom public confidence was reposed, might go to South Africa to consider all the circumstances and to formulate a policy which should combine the upholding of British interests with the attempt to deal justly with the 5076: 1970:

in the east, by rail, to France. It was thought that Germany had in place over 200 divisions on the Western Front by the spring of 1918 (compared to France's 100, and England's 57). When the Germans struck on March 21, they concentrated their manpower and hit the allies at their weakest point, at the

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an amendment was moved, stating that 'This House, while recording its condemnation of the flogging of Chinese coolies in breach of the law, desires, in the interests of peace and conciliation in South Africa, to refrain from passing censure upon individuals'. The amendment was carried by 355 votes to

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on the eve of his departure, he recommended to all concerned the promotion of the material prosperity of the country and the treatment of Afrikaners and British on an absolute equality. Having referred to his share in the war, he added: "What I should prefer to be remembered by is a tremendous effort

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stronghold in the British Cape Colony, Milner outlined his determination to secure freedom and equality for British subjects in the Transvaal, and he urged the Boers to induce the Pretoria government to assimilate its institutions, and the temper and spirit of its administration, to those of the free

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With Lord Milner's strong personal rapport with Georges Clemenceau, perhaps the two of them could have persuaded President Wilson to bring the peace treaty closer in line with the President's own 14 Points. Certainly, there were those in England who thought that the Prime Minister should have stayed

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signing the treaty. Lord Milner, for his part, spent the morning in session with his mandates committee (colonial possessions were resolved after the treaty signing), and motored to the Hall of Mirrors after lunch. He arrived slightly after 2 pm, and he signed the treaty early. The British were

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On 16 June, the Allies gave an ultimatum to Germany and fixed the date of the treaty signing for 28 June. This caused a collapse of the conservative government in Germany on 21 June, and a rise of a liberal one. Two delegates were then rushed to Versailles, arriving on 27 June. When the peace treaty

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to cover a 28-mile longer line on the front, 2) the lack of a central reserve of soldiers that the civilian leadership had ordered, but which the military had ignored, 3) the pre-deployment of British and French divisional reserves to the north and south of the line, opposite from where they were to

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who described the old cabinet as an "assembling of twenty three gentlemen without any idea of what they were going to talk about, eventually dispersing for lunch without any idea of what they had really discussed or decided, and certainly without any recollection on either point three months later".

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Lord Milner has gone from South Africa, probably forever. The public service knows him no more. Having exercised great authority he now exercises no authority. Having held high employment he now has no employment. Having disposed of events which have shaped the course of history, he is now unable to

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Experience in South Africa had shown him that underlying the difficulties of the situation there was the wider problem of imperial unity. In his farewell speech at Johannesburg he concluded with a reference to the subject: "When we who call ourselves Imperialists talk of the British Empire, we think

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If humanity is to be saved from the nightmare of another Armageddon it will only be by the creation of a new world-order. These million-odd words of the Peace Treaty, with all its seals and signatures, will mean nothing if there is not a change in heart, not only in Germany, but in all nations. The

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In the years after the First World War, Lord Milner was unhappy with what he saw as Labour inheriting the Liberal "indifference, not to say hostility to the Empire". It would have to rid itself of this if it was to ever become a "great National party". For example, while Labour was enthusiastic for

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The appointment of Ferdinand Foch had immediate consequences. Before the Doullens meeting broke up, he ordered the Allied generals to make a stand, and to reconnect the front. Whatever panic that might have been underway ended. Both General Petain's and Field Marshal Haig's orders were nullified by

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No better selection could have been made as British representative when the time came to bring about unity of command in France. He never got the recognition due to the part he played in the proceedings at Doullens when General Foch was appointed Generalissimo of the Allied Forces. It has been said

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in December 1916, was to keep the Russians holding down at least the forces now opposite them, to boost Russian morale and see what equipment they needed with a view to coordinating attacks. However, a feeling of doom prevailed over the meetings once it was discovered that Russia had huge equipment

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He left South Africa while the economic crisis was still acute, and at a time when the voice of the critic was audible everywhere – but, in the words of the colonial secretary Alfred Lyttelton, he had in the eight eventful years of his administration laid deep and strong the foundation upon which a

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In the latter part of 1904 and the early months of 1905, Milner was engaged in the elaboration of a plan to provide the Transvaal with a system of representative government, a half-way house between Crown colony administration and that of self-government. Letters patent providing for representative

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According to Colin Newbury: "An influential public servant for three decades, Milner was a visionary exponent of imperial unity at a time when imperialism was beginning to be called into question. His reputation exceeded his achievements: Office and honours were heaped upon him despite his lack of

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The problem confronting South Africa after the Boer War was that it needed to rebuild. The country was devastated by war, its biggest natural resource were its gold mines, and reconstruction would have to come from within. The quickest and easiest way to rebuild would be with revenue from its gold

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In addition to war matters, all domestic related issues pertaining to the war fell in his lap, such as negotiating contracts with miners, agriculture, and food rationing. Considering his background, as a former High Commissioner in South Africa, and a Tory intellectual leader, these other matters

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at home and delegated the detailed task of peacemaking to subordinates. Of the Allies, the French were the main obstacle to a fairer peace, so the likes of Lord Milner in charge could have been the catalyst for a permanent peace, one that would have avoided the start, just three months later, of

2310:"The day was spent mostly on the German negotiations; a hard day's work drafting the reply. I got the reparations committee to take up again the question of opening the Austrian archives, and spent some of the rest of the day on the text of the reply to the Germans, which is to be discussed with 1670:

With the exception of Bonar Law, the members of the War Cabinet were all Ministers Without Portfolio. The theory was that they were to devote all their time and energy to the central direction of the British war effort, on which the whole of the energies of the nation were to be concentrated. To

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With the government's principal internal critic, Lloyd George, now occupied with the duties of Secretary of State for War, Lord Milner was now the government's most forceful critic outside of government, and behind the scenes. The ginger group tried to convince the members of Asquith's coalition

2032:, a town with a critical railway station, that, if taken, could have divided the Allies in half, driving the British into the sea, and leaving Paris and the rest of France open for defeat. When Milner returned to London, the War Cabinet gave him its official thanks. On 19 April he was appointed 1318:

of a group of states bound, not in an alliance or alliances that can be made and unmade but in a permanent organic union. Of such a union the dominions of the sovereign as they exist to-day are only the raw material". That thesis he further developed in a magazine article written in view of the

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establishing the system of Crown colony government in the Transvaal and Orange River Colonies and changing his title of administrator to that of governor. The reconstructive work necessary after the ravages of the war was enormous. He provided a steady revenue by the levying of a 10% tax on the

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According to the Biographical Dictionary of World War I: "Milner, on March 24, 1918 crossed the Channel and two days later at Doullens convinced Premier Georges Clemenceau, an old friend, that Marshal Ferdinand Foch be appointed commander in chief of the Allied armies in France." Today, at the

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and to drive him to Paris. He did this, and the next morning, 25 March, drove Milner to meet Prime Minister Clemenceau. Amery waited outside Clemenceau's office. When Milner reappeared 30 minutes later, he told Amery what had happened. Clemenceau had pressed for a single command, but preferred

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Milner became Lloyd George's firefighter in many crises and one of the most powerful voices in the conduct of the war. He also gradually became disenchanted with the military leaders whose offensives generated large casualties for little apparent result, but who still enjoyed support from many

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It is a common complaint, both in Great Britain and in the Dominions, that it is well-nigh impossible to understand how things are going with the British Empire. People feel that they belong to an organism which is greater than the particular portion of the King's dominion where they happen to

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problems, and that Britain's ally operated way behind that of the west, which negated its manpower advantage. Instead of helping its ally, British assistance was reduced to intervening with a task force to prevent allied stockpiles from falling into the hands of revolutionaries at the port of

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was chosen for the Colonial Office. As of December 1903, Milner was back in Johannesburg, pondering the crisis in the gold-mining industry caused by the shortage of native labour. Reluctantly he agreed, with the assent of the home government, to a proposal by mineowners to import Chinese

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be needed, in the middle, 4) the lack of an overall Allied leader, which, in a time of crisis, caused the military leaders to look out for their own national interests, and not that of the whole, 5) the intense retraining of German infantry divisions into new forms of soldiers called "

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to form a ministry, though aware that such a ministry would be opposed to any direct intervention of Great Britain in the Transvaal. Convinced that the existing state of affairs, if continued, would end in the loss of South Africa by Britain, Milner visited England in November 1898.

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could only be carried on to a limited extent while operations continued in the field. Milner therefore returned to England to spend a "hard-begged holiday," which was, however, mainly occupied in work at the Colonial Office. He reached London on 24 May 1901, had an audience with

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a businessman and old friend of Milner's as special trade commissioner to South Africa with the task of preparing a Blue Book on trade prospects in the aftermath of the war. To aid him in his task, Milner recruited a team of gifted young lawyers and administrators, most of them

2003:, who was present, said, the "War Cabinet (was) in a panic and talking of arrangement for falling back on the Channel ports and evacuating our troops to England." Meanwhile, an all-out effort was made to get as much manpower to the front as fast as possible. Lord Milner wrote, 981:

In order to anglicise the Transvaal area during the Anglo-Boer war, Milner set out to influence British education in the area for the English-speaking populations. He founded a series of schools known as the "Milner Schools" in South Africa. These schools include modern-day

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Foch's appointment. The front slowly came back together. By late July 1918, the situation had so improved that General Foch ordered an offensive. The Germans were slowly pushed back at first, until momentum gave way to the allies. This part of the war became known as the

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Right until the end of his life, Lord Milner would call himself a "British race patriot" with grand dreams of a global Imperial parliament, headquartered in London, seating delegates of British descent from Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Following the

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Alfred Milner remained at the Board of Inland Revenue until 1897. He was regarded as one of the clearest-headed and most judicious officials in the British service, and his position as a man of moderate Liberal Unionist views, who had been so closely associated with

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between England and the native Dutch settlers of South Africa. The costly conflict concluded with the complete surrender of the Boer foe. Recognizing this, Milner, the High Commissioner of South Africa, wanted tough terms. However, his military advisor, General

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annual net produce of the gold mines, and devoted special attention to the repatriation of the Boers, land settlement by British colonists, education, justice, the constabulary, and the development of railways. At Milner's suggestion the British government sent

1618:) and Lloyd George. He insisted that he himself must chair the war committee, causing Lloyd George to resign from the government. Asquith demanded the resignations of his ministers, with a view to reconstructing his government. After the leading Conservatives 1531:. Although weak on a social platform, the National Party emphasised imperial unity and citizen service. Empowered by the ginger group, the National Party got off to a slow start in 1916, running just one candidate, but it eventually ran 23 candidates in the 1696:, "He picked out the most important points at once", and, "Milner and I stand for the same things. He is a poor man and so am I. He does not represent the landed or capitalist classes any more than I do. He is keen on social reform and so am I." To fill in 1322:

in London. He advocated the creation of a permanent deliberative imperial council, favoured preferential trade relations between the United Kingdom and the other members of the empire and in later years took an active part in advocating the causes of

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and Philip Kerr. It is this connection that gave rise to rumours in quarters of the liberal press of a sinister side to Lord Milner, with long-lived rumours of behind-the-scenes "Milnerite penetration" influencing crucial government decision-making.

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He returned to Cape Colony in February 1899, fully assured of Joseph Chamberlain's support, though the government still clung to the hope that the moderate section of the Cape and Orange Free State Dutch would induce Kruger to give the vote to the

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The next day, Lloyd George met Prime Minister Asquith, and a reconciliation deal was thought to have been reached, one that would have created a small war committee headed by Lloyd George, but still reporting to Prime Minister Asquith. However,

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subsequent to the war not only to repair the ravages of that calamity but to re-start the colonies on a higher plane of civilization than they have ever previously attained". In all, Lord Milner made three farewell speeches, in the Transvaal on

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On March 23rd, my birthday, I received a call from the Prime Minister who wanted me to go over to France and report personally on the position of affairs there. I left the next day. On March 26th, at 8 in the morning, I drove to a meeting at

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on 6 December 1916. The King immediately asked Bonar Law to form a government, but he declined, for Asquith refused to serve under him. The King then turned to David Lloyd George, who was up to the task, and who took office the same day.

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the League of Nations, why had the League of British Nations found no support? He attributed anti-national bias to "superior persons" more interested in eradicating working class patriotism and substituting it with class-consciousness.

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Milner was referring to the situation in the Transvaal where, in the aftermath of the discovery of gold, thousands of fortune seekers had flocked from all over Europe, but mostly Britain. This influx of foreigners, referred to as

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over the Aliens' Law had been patched up, he was free to make himself personally acquainted with the country and peoples before deciding on the lines of policy to be adopted. Between August 1897 and May 1898 he travelled through

1250:. He declined the offer on 30 September 1903, considering it more important to complete his work in South Africa, where economic depression was becoming pronounced. With Milner promising to stay one final year in South Africa, 601:

who played a very important role in the formulation of British foreign and domestic policy between the mid-1890s and early 1920s. From December 1916 to November 1918, he was one of the most important members of Prime Minister

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Lord Milner's speech in the House of Lords on 19 April 1916 strengthened the new law conscripting married men, "making all men of military age liable of being called up to service until the war ends." With the sinking of the

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and huge financial reparations, which in 2020 dollars amounted to close to $ 250 billion (and were not part of the 14 Points). In the end, minor territorial concessions were made, the most important being a reduction in the

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the vote, the use of English in the Transvaal parliament and for all laws of the parliament to be vetted and approved by the British Parliament. Realising the untenability of his position, Kruger left the meeting in tears.

816:, selected Milner as Lord Rosmead's successor. The choice was cordially approved by the leaders of the Liberal party and warmly recognised at a farewell dinner on 28 March 1897 presided over by the future prime minister 2085:

Perhaps the most striking of all his exercises ... and certainly one of the most fruitful of good, was when as a member of the War Cabinet in 1918 he signed Foch into the supreme command, as it were between lunch and

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published an editorial on 4 December 1916, "Reconstruction", critical of Asquith and announcing a reforming of the coalition government, and the enhanced position of Lloyd George. Asquith blamed this news release on

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between the high commissioner and Transvaal President Kruger. Milner made three demands, which he knew could not be accepted by Kruger: the enactment by the Transvaal of a franchise law that would at once give the

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The artillery barrage commenced at 4:45 am, it lasted four hours, and when it ended, the German infantry advanced through no man's land and right up to the trenches without being seen. They easily routed the

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On at least one occasion the conservative Milner came to the aid of people from the other end of the political spectrum. He was an old family friend of Margaret Hobhouse, the mother of imprisoned peace activist

900:, a conflict that had emboldened them and resulted in a peace treaty which, lacking a highly convincing pretext, made it very difficult for Britain to justify diplomatically another annexation of the Transvaal. 1178:, the Commander-in-Chief in South Africa, who ultimately won out. However, Milner drafted the terms of surrender, signed in Pretoria on 31 May 1902. In recognition of his services he was, on 15 July 1902, made 1585:

government to resign; with this, they had no luck. They then tried to take down the Asquith coalition in a dual approach, with Lord Milner making speeches in the House of Lords, and Sir Edward Carson, who was

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For some time, he had been suffering health difficulties from the incessant strain of work, and determined a need to retire, leaving Pretoria on 2 April and sailing for Europe the following day. Speaking in

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out of Cape Colony, which was done in order to live beyond the reach of the British colonial administration in South Africa. They had already successfully defended the Transvaal's annexation by the

748:. Milner remained in Egypt for four years, his period of office coinciding with the first great reforms, after the danger of bankruptcy had been avoided. Returning to England in 1892, he published 550: 872:

Afrikaans. He came to the conclusion that there could be no hope of peace and progress in South Africa while there remained the "permanent subjection of British to Dutch in one of the Republics".

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in the Transvaal would give stability to the South African situation. He had not based his case against the Transvaal on the letter of the Conventions and regarded the employment of the word "

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a national holiday on 24 May 1916. In October 1919, it was Lord Milner's suggestion, from Leo Amery, that a two-minute moment of silence be heard on every anniversary of the armistice.

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leaders liked Kruger, they were ready to support him whether or not he granted reforms, and contrived to make Milner's position untenable. His difficulties were increased when, at the

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freed from prison, Milner discreetly helped, intervening with high government officials. As a result, in December 1917 more than 300 COs were released from prison on medical grounds.

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at a time when it did not exist (it did not come into effect until 1 January 1916), Milner pressed for universal conscription. His strong position forced a meeting with the King at

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Leader Bonar Law, but both Milner and Carson had contacts with Lloyd George, the leading member of the cabinet, so they focused on him. On 2 December 1916, Lord Milner dined with

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Upon conclusion of the first war cabinet meeting on 9 December 1916, which lasted seven hours, Lloyd George got along very well with Lord Milner. He told his press contact,

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communities of South Africa. The effect of this pronouncement was great and it alarmed the Afrikaners who, at this time, viewed with apprehension the virtual resumption by

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politicians. He backed Lloyd George, who was even more disenchanted with the military, in successful moves to remove the civilian and military heads of the Army and Navy.

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of British forces in France) a biting description of the members of the War Cabinet, who he said were all frightened of Lloyd George—he described Milner as "a tired and

582: 76: 1174:. However, it was unsuccessful, and in August Milner returned to South Africa, plunging into the herculean task of remodelling the administration. He bitterly fought 4179: 2397:, soon after returning from South Africa. His viscountcy, lacking heirs, died with him. His body was buried in the graveyard of the Church of St Mary the Virgin, in 2498:

entrance to Doullens Town Hall stand two plaques, one written in French, the other in English, that say, "This decision saved France and the freedom of the world."

1766:

were to be toppled—which in fact happened just 13 days after Milner's return—Russia would remain in the war and that they would solve their "administrative chaos".

2270:, Lloyd George was unsure if they would sign or not, so he had them sign the document first, at 3:12 pm. The entire ceremony took an hour, with a total of 68 789:

while at the Inland Revenue, marked him as one in whom all parties might have confidence. The moment for testing his capacity in the highest degree had now come.

6185: 1883:

offensive in 1917 when the initial targets were not reached and indeed spent little time discussing the matter—around this time the CIGS General Robertson sent

1700:(junior positions at 11 Downing Street that assisted the war cabinet), Lloyd George turned to Lord Milner, who filled vacancies with capable men from his past: 965:

advocating war with the Boer republics to secure British control over the region. After meeting Milner for the first time, Boer soldier (and future politician)

1871:

of 1917, which he initially opposed, along with Bonar Law and Lloyd George. Lloyd George spent much of 1917 proposing plans to send British troops and guns to

1507:, speaking in the House of Lords on 14 October 1915 and 8 November 1915, and suggesting a withdrawal. Starting on 17 January 1916, the ginger group attendees ( 2353:, he undertook the Milner Mission, which eventually issued a report recommending some independence for Egypt. He retired in February 1921 and was appointed a 1750: 1310:

united South Africa would arise to become one of the great states of the empire. Upon returning home, his university bestowed upon him the honorary degree of

6150: 5730: 1441:

mining company, though he remained active in the campaign for imperial free trade. In 1906 he became a director of the Joint Stock Bank, a precursor of the

1242:

and Joseph Chamberlain's surprise resignation on 18 September 1903 due to ill health. Milner, who was then spending a brief holiday in Europe, was urged by

5552: 4484: 5547: 5501: 1076:" merely as an "etymological question", but he realised keenly that the spectacle of thousands of British subjects in the Transvaal in the condition of " 3609: 2287:

League of Nations by which we set so much store will be reduced to impotence if it is not backed by the moral forces of an enlightened public opinion...

1980:", 6) dry weather that made otherwise swampy ground hard, 7) intense fog on the morning of the first two days of the assault, and 8) complete surprise. 5745: 1503:

and an advocate of conscription, attended one of these meetings. The two established close relations. Lord Milner was also an outspoken critic of the

1499:

meetings, Lord Milner held small meetings at his home on 17 Great College Street to discuss the war. On 30 September 1915, Lloyd George, at that time

1344:

sought to bring greater awareness of imperial issues to the British public. The introduction to the journal, first published in November 1910, reads:

5415: 1995:

In London, the British War Cabinet was unaware of the seriousness of the problem. On the third day of the battle, an officer from the front, Colonel

1785:

in 1917, the Imperial War Cabinet decided to postpone the writing of an Imperial Constitution until after the war. This was a task it never took up.

1848:(head of the Army) early in 1918 due to his inability to agree to an allied command structure set up in Versailles, France. Milner himself replaced 1824:

had lost the confidence of the government over his reluctance to organize ships into convoys to reduce the threat from submarines. In July 1917 Sir

6105: 4670: 1217:

On 21 June, immediately following the conclusion of signatory and ceremonial developments surrounding the end of hostilities, Milner published the

682:. He wrote a paper in support of his theories of social work and, in 1895, twelve years after Toynbee's death at the age of 30, penning a tribute, 1650:

Since Milner was the Briton who had the most experience in civil direction of a war, Lloyd George turned to him on 9 December 1916 when he formed

1064:

in which he insisted that the remedy for the unrest in the Transvaal was to strike at the root of the evil—the political impotence of the injured

622:. Their son, Charles Milner, who was educated in Hesse and England, established himself as a physician with a practice in London and later became 5959: 3851: 1896: 1619: 6225: 1685:

were not ideally suited for him. However, he remained one of Prime Minister Lloyd George's closest advisers throughout the war, second only to

6215: 6205: 5738: 3828: 1415:....it cannot in the opinion of His Majesty's Government be classified as slavery in the extreme acceptance of the word without some risk of 6180: 3673: 6210: 5194: 1578: 6175: 907:" ambitions, and Milner realised that, with the discovery of gold in the Transvaal, the balance of power in South Africa had shifted from 2429: 2224:

In a last minute attempt to improve the conditions imposed on Germany, Lloyd George went back to Prime Minister Clemenceau and President

1950:

The Stained Glass at Doullens Town Hall, commemorating the Doullens Conference and the Unity of Command. Lord Milner is standing, centre.

1845: 1817: 1659: 1611: 671: 575: 69: 6073: 5174: 4170: 3412: 1903:", wanting more effort on other fronts. As an experienced member of the War Cabinet, Milner was a leading delegate at the November 1917 6230: 6135: 1671:

enable them to keep their minds on this central problem they were freed entirely from departmental and administrative responsibilities.

6195: 5912: 3687: 2194:, Lloyd George's flat in Paris, on 1 June 1919, when the Empire Delegation discussed Germany's counterproposals to the peace treaty. 1972: 1586: 880:", was received negatively in the republic, and Transvaal's President Kruger refused to give the "Uitlanders" the right to vote. The 2518:, Milner "firmly believed in racial hierarchy." Milner advanced ideas of British superiority and state-directed social engineering. 1942:"Statesmen of World War I", depicting the low point of the war. Lord Milner is seated between PM Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. 6049: 321: 6165: 6140: 5942: 4544: 3363: 2233: 1895:

old man". By the end of the year Milner had become certain that a decisive victory on the Western Front was unlikely, writing to

1010: 782: 333: 1634:

On 8 December 1916, Lord Milner received a letter from Prime Minister Lloyd George, asking him to meet him, and to join the new

1125:

were established to intern the Boer civilian population, and as such the work of reconstructing the civil administration in the

6125: 6120: 5635: 3907: 3715: 2000: 5760: 3451: 2249: 1437:

Upon his return from South Africa, Milner occupied himself mainly with business interests in London, becoming chairman of the

1013:

in Cape Colony, the Bond obtained a majority. In October 1898, acting strictly in a constitutional manner, Milner called upon

6110: 6002: 5794: 5408: 5277: 4705: 4645: 4392: 4360: 4339: 4041: 2207: 1797: 1520: 1175: 995: 797: 679: 362: 1577:. However, Milner had previously committed himself to supervising the government's three coal committees, at the request of 1365:

On 20 March 1906, a motion censuring Lord Milner for an infraction of the Chinese labour ordinance, in not forbidding light

1170:, even characterised as "a lost mind". A violent agitation for his recall was organised, joined by the Liberal Party leader 6190: 5984: 5948: 5703: 5287: 5266: 5225: 4570: 2116: 1601:, where he was asked to draft a letter describing the war committee he envisioned. This letter was then sent to Bonar Law. 1532: 1528: 1182:, of Saint James's in the County of London and of Cape Town in the Cape Colony. Around this time he became a member of the 793: 786: 774: 737: 261: 6115: 5393: 5375: 2120: 1867:

Milner was involved in every major policy decision taken by Prime Minister George's Government in the war, including the

1247: 1122: 1118: 813: 105: 2253:

William Orpen's famous painting of the signing of The Treaty of Versailles. Lord Milner is seated, third from the right.

1971:

junction between the English and French lines. They were helped by a number of factors: 1) a recent redeployment of the

5583: 5341: 4845: 4799: 3377: 2311: 2056: 2037: 1849: 1841: 1598: 1485: 1151: 999: 753: 192: 4834: 1926:

arguing that "there is more widespread desolation being caused there (than) we have been familiar with in the case of

6061: 4520: 4452: 2553: 2447: 1958:. For the first three days of the offensive, the War Cabinet was uncertain of the seriousness of the threat. General 1927: 1693: 1662:, Milner's responsibilities varied according to the wishes of the Prime Minister. According to War Cabinet Secretary 1516: 1117:

broke out in October 1899, Milner rendered the military authorities "unfailing support and wise counsels", being, in

947: 778: 568: 508: 62: 5401: 1977: 1821: 1663: 962: 832: 5189: 5036: 4616: 4350: 4217: 5195:

NEXUS: A Short History of the Round Table – Extracted from Nexus Magazine, Volume 12, Number 3 (April – May 2005)

4779: 1923: 1405: 940: 678:, leaving, however, for London in 1879. At Oxford he formed a close friendship with the young economic historian 5768: 3477: 2725: 2228:

to ask for revisions. He told them that without substantial changes to bring the treaty closer in line with the

1875:

to assist in an Italian offensive (this did not happen in the end until reinforcements had to be sent after the

6145: 5802: 5368: 5247: 5184: 4936: 4815: 4510: 4305: 4138: 3994: 2675: 2300:

In May 1919, shortly after the Germans replied to the peace treaty proposals, American Peace Plan Delegate Dr.

1899:(17 October) opposing the policy of "Hammer, Hammer, Hammer on the Western Front", and had become a convinced " 1378: 1139: 1084: 1052: 983: 589: 427: 128: 83: 5295: 4687: 3595: 1508: 1162:

Meanwhile, the diplomacy of 1899 and the conduct of the war had caused a great change in the attitude of the

618:

Milner had partial German ancestry. His German paternal grandmother married an Englishman who settled in the

17: 2182: 6200: 5883: 5784: 2124: 1523:

among others), discussed the setup of a new, small war cabinet. Lord Milner, thinking that the Liberal-led

1366: 4803: 3919: 5221: 5055: 5051:

Porter, A. N. "Sir Alfred Milner and the Press, 1897–1899." The Historical Journal 16.02 (1973): 323–339.

4770: 4716: 4195: 3701: 3570: 3177: 2607: 2350: 2238: 1989: 1985: 1900: 1884: 1837: 1829: 1417: 1383: 741: 356: 4990: 4979: 4968: 4957: 4856: 4825:. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 946. 4735: 4581: 4403: 4294: 4078: 2616: 2480:, republished as a pamphlet, and distributed to schools and other public institutions to great acclaim: 2047:

Captain Leo Amery, who was stationed in Paris at the time, was ordered to pick Milner up at the Port of

1034:, who acted as high commissioner in Milner's absence, had allowed the inference that he did not support 6037: 5972: 5661: 5588: 5568: 5522: 5348: 5230: 4849: 4838: 4375: 2798: 2033: 1860:

and was Stephen's proxy godfather. In 1917, when Margaret was working to get her son and other British

1566: 1524: 1183: 991: 147: 5598: 4946: 4821: 4144: 4000: 2745: 2503: 1238:

While this work of reconstruction was in progress, domestic politics in England were convulsed by the

5990: 5573: 5480: 4230:(1997). "Colonial nationalism, the Milner kindergarten and the rise of 'South Africanism', 1902–10". 2838:"President" in this context means "President of the Council of Ministers", the official title of the 1759: 1527:

could be defeated, also envisioned a new political party composed of trade workers, to be called the

1411:

Churchill, in the House of Commons on 22 February 1906, said the about the Chinese labour ordinance:

1336: 1209: 987: 841: 414: 299: 631: 627: 520: 4873: 4792: 3425: 3391: 2839: 2443: 1840:

early in 1918). Infamously, Admiral Jellicoe was finally dismissed on Christmas Eve, 1917. General

1739:

as chief military representative and including a banker and two munitions experts) on a mission to

1374: 1319: 1232: 1171: 845: 729: 721: 659: 524: 42: 5239: 5133: 4881: 4259: 3791: 2655: 4830: 2755: 2394: 1868: 1861: 1782: 1590: 1477: 801: 663: 528: 5092: 4442: 4206: 2665: 1434:

in South Africa, he was appointed a trustee to Rhodes' will, upon Rhodes's death in March 1902.

744:

and, two years later, used his influence to have Milner appointed under-secretary of finance in

6008: 5978: 5593: 5425: 5140: 5129: 5118: 4893: 4761: 2176: 2101: 1857: 1574: 1083:

Its tenor was known, however, to the leading politicians at the Cape, and at the insistence of

1031: 904: 857: 821: 733: 623: 598: 538: 4865: 4635: 2695: 2645: 2628: 6032: 5894: 5834: 4909: 4117: 2804: 2773: 2198: 1880: 1793: 1763: 1651: 1594: 1500: 1148:

of St James's in the County of London and of Cape Town in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope

961:

Milner held hostile views towards the Afrikaners, and became the most prominent voice in the

670:. Having won the Hertford, Craven, Eldon and Derby scholarships, he graduated in 1877 with a 31: 6056: 5817: 3888: 3091: 3071: 3024: 3004: 1382:

135. As a result of this left-handed censure, a counter-demonstration was organised, led by

6100: 6095: 5966: 5918: 5868: 5853: 5682: 5614: 4657:

Forgotten Patriot: a life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St James's and Cape Town, 1854-1925

4600: 4553: 2984: 2354: 2148: 2128: 1770: 1754: 1729: 1549: 1239: 1228: 713: 643: 619: 460: 327: 53: 5423: 4914: 2442:

He was lionised, along with other members of the British War Cabinet, in an oil painting,

2147:") for its war effort which highly contributed to pushing German troops out of the future 1911:. He also attended all subsequent follow up meetings in Versailles to coordinate the war. 8: 5935: 5863: 5273: 5178: 4810: 4191: 2843: 2576: 2374: 2041: 2009: 1967: 1915: 1908: 1876: 1774: 1744: 1736: 1655: 1626:

declined to serve under him again, he submitted his resignation as Prime Minister to the

1328: 1311: 1130: 675: 639: 6044: 5144: 5122: 4538: 2705: 2458: 5929: 5873: 5840: 5578: 5485: 5110: 5101: 4927: 4664: 4605: 4463: 4316: 4271: 4247: 3893: 3096: 3076: 3029: 3009: 2989: 2597: 2366: 2021: 1904: 1888: 1623: 1504: 1450: 1446: 1163: 1046: 970: 809: 745: 717: 603: 395: 180: 5044:

Porter, Andrew. "The South African War (1899–1902): context and motive reconsidered."

4814: 4414: 4137: 4106: 4092: 3993: 1959: 1213:

Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain & Lord Milner in South Africa, January 1903.

5789: 5542: 5517: 5475: 5443: 5385: 5358: 5203: 5068: 4877: 4741: 4722: 4701: 4641: 4516: 4448: 4388: 4356: 4335: 4037: 2792: 2685: 2531: 2406: 2362: 2301: 2271: 2156: 1955: 1697: 1581:. His report, which addressed coal production problems, was submitted on November 6. 1391: 1223: 1014: 951: 861: 825: 761: 704: 399: 315: 140: 1712: 1105: 1026:. He found the situation more critical than when he had left, ten weeks previously. 5429: 5212: 5190:

Catalogue of the additional papers of Alfred Milner at the Bodleian Library, Oxford

5166: 4489: 4239: 3608:

Gilbert, Martin, "Winston S. Churchill, Vol. IV, 1916–1922, 'The Stricken World'",

2847: 2413: 2378: 2266:

ceremonies commenced at 3 pm on 28 June, and the German delegates entered the

2152: 2078: 2017: 1872: 1639: 1251: 1167: 1126: 969:

predicted that he would be "more dangerous than Rhodes" and would become "a second

955: 4501: 2127:, where, on behalf of the United Kingdom, he became one of the signatories of the 5953: 5888: 5878: 5324: 5308: 5217: 4557: 4328: 4031: 2515: 2370: 2267: 2229: 2202: 2172: 1946: 1789: 1481: 1373:

for minor offenses in lieu of imprisonment, was moved by a Radical member of the

1114: 1061: 1006: 923:. This gave Milner the pretext to use the "Uitlander" question to his advantage. 695: 667: 2801:- Lord Milner was elected an Honorary Governor of the London School of Economics 5906: 5847: 5199: 4889: 4787: 4493: 4281: 2463: 2225: 2144: 2113: 2013: 1919: 1740: 1489: 1454: 1453:

and the subsequent attempt of the Liberal government to curb the powers of the

1438: 1243: 1218: 1187: 931: 897: 893: 865: 831:

Milner reached the Cape in May 1897 and by August, after the difficulties with

757: 287: 5006:

Marks, Shula, and Stanley Trapido. "Lord Milner and the South African State."

4827:

This describes Milner's post-1906 career in business, politics, and diplomacy.

2012:, France, arriving there at 12:05pm. Immediately I met Generals Haig, Petain, 1892: 6089: 6013: 5996: 4745: 4726: 4243: 4174:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 476–478. 4161: 3808:. University of California Current History (1920) 11_Part-2 (3). 1 March 1920 2425: 2358: 2279: 2140: 1825: 1812:. It is said that without the aid, Britain may not have met its food crisis. 1804:

for the ploughing and planting of grasslands, and communicated directly with

1705: 1512: 1387: 1324: 1260: 1195: 927: 817: 740:(also a Liberal Unionist), Milner rose in rank when, in 1887, Goschen became 38: 4148:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 2377:

tariff. His work, however, proved unsuccessful when, following an election,

1589:, making speeches in the House of Commons. The group knew nothing about the 752:

which, at once, became the authoritative account of the work done since the

5924: 5763: 5656: 4074: 2337: 2257: 2040:, who had been a staunch ally of Field-Marshal Haig, and presided over the 1996: 1938: 1735:

on 5 June 1916, on 20 January 1917 Milner led the British delegation (with

1496: 1442: 1431: 1272: 1088: 1027: 936: 919:

government would never on its own initiative redress the grievances of the

912: 805: 716:. In 1885, he abandoned journalism for a potential political career as the 699: 6068: 3877:. Cambridge Histories Online: Cambridge University Press. p. 249-250. 1963: 1337:

The Round Table – A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Empire

1201: 756:. Later that year, he received an appointment as chairman of the Board of 5900: 5719: 5677: 5651: 5619: 5063: 3829:"100 years ago: 'Egypt is declared to be an independent sovereign State'" 2715: 2402: 2390: 2214: 1833: 1724:

The Imperial War Cabinet in 1917. Milner is seated, second from the left.

1635: 1191: 837: 709: 647: 607: 477: 456: 6221:

Ambassadors and High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to South Africa

5185:

Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Milner at the Bodleian Library, Oxford

4296:

Proconsul in Politics: a Study of Lord Milner in Opposition and in Power

4097:. Vol. 1, England Before the Storm 1896 - 1914. London: Hutchinson. 1538:

The need for a change in the administration of the war was summed up by

1259:, each on a three-year contract. The first batch of workers reached the 655: 5011: 4267: 4251: 4227: 2682:

The Nation and the Empire; Being a collection of speeches and addresses

1805: 1720: 1562: 1166:

in England towards Lord Milner, whom a prominent Member of Parliament,

1135: 1073: 889: 853: 849: 635: 594: 515: 235: 4913: 4772:

Britain and the Boers: Who is Responsible for the War in South Africa?

4482:

Newbury, Colin (2008). "Milner, Alfred, Viscount Milner (1854–1925)".

1154:, and gave another speech in which he defended the government policy. 4102: 4088: 2436: 2398: 2218: 2191: 2186:

Rue Nitot: England objects to the Treaty of Versailles, June 1, 1919.

1809: 1796:'s attempt to starve Britain in early 1917, Lord Milner assisted the 1701: 1686: 1570: 1539: 1472: 1296: 966: 954:. Edward Cecil was commissioned to South Africa after serving in the 908: 881: 877: 869: 725: 489: 4116:

Amery, Leopold Stennett; Williams, Basil; Childers, Erskine (1900).

1962:

was waiting and expecting the main assault to come in his sector of

452: 3962: 3432: 2048: 1778: 1627: 916: 168: 4637:

Managing the South African War, 1899-1902: Politicians V. Generals

2389:

Seven weeks past his 71st birthday, Milner died at Great Wigsell,

1753:) and Italians. The object of the mission, stressed at the second 1087:, a peace conference was held (31 May – 5 June) at 4903:

Constitution Hill: Thomas Pakenham, the Boer War and the Old Fort

2136: 1801: 1370: 651: 650:. Their only son, Alfred Milner, was born in the Hessian town of 2029: 1642:), Lord Milner was paid a salary of £5,000 (£350,000 in 2020). 1256: 1077: 4763:

My Political Life, Volume 3, The Unforgiving Years 1929 - 1940

4692:, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 17 January 1921 2201:(pronounced "ver-eni-gang"), signed on 31 May 1902, ended the 1879:

in November). The War Cabinet did not insist on a halt to the

1355:

The Round Table: Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs

93: 4286:

Winston S. Churchill, Vol, IV, "The Stricken World" 1917-1922

4111:. Vol. 2, War and Peace 1914 - 1929. London: Hutchinson. 2952: 2950: 2948: 2472: 1852:

as Secretary of State for War (Army minister) in April 1918.

1836:(Carson was promoted to the war cabinet, only to resign over 1561:

supported Lord Milner's replacement of Lord Kitchener at the

885: 6156:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

5218:

Newspaper clippings about Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner

4330:

To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918

2807:- Viscount Milner was Honorary Member of its leading Council 689: 5112:

Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing, Vol. II

4603:(1966). Hancock, William Keith; Van Der Poel, Jean (eds.). 4425: 3974: 3700:

Lloyd George, "The Truth About The Peace Treaties, Vol I",

3577: 3535: 3116: 3052: 2132: 1300:

also paid a great tribute to Lord Milner's achievements on

5103:

Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing, Vol. I

4050: 3641: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 2945: 2902: 1749:. There were 51 delegates in all including French (led by 1445:. In the period 1909–1911 he was a strong opponent of the 268:

Administrator of the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony

3852:"After the First World War: the 1919 Egyptian Revolution" 3629: 3508: 3330: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2795:- Lord Milner was elected Chancellor of Oxford University 2357:(KG) on 16 February 1921. On 26 February 1921 he married 1041: 728:

but lost in the general election. In 1886 Milner opposed

250:

as Administrator of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony

5145:

The Reconstruction of the New Colonies Under Lord Milner

5134:

The Reconstruction of the New Colonies Under Lord Milner

5086:

A Wider Patriotism: Alfred Milner and the British Empire

5030:

The War for South Africa: The Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902)

4426:"Hommage à Pierre Orts (3 novembre 1872 – 12 juin 1958)" 3547: 3525: 3523: 3347: 3345: 27:

British statesman and colonial administrator (1854–1925)

4119:

The Times History of the War in South Africa, 1899-1902

3938: 3759: 3318: 3282: 3234: 3148: 1777:, which comprised the heads of government of Britain's 1353:

The journal, still in publication, was renamed in 1966

30:"Lord Milner" redirects here. For the Labour peer, see 6131:

Emigrants from the German Empire to the United Kingdom

5148:

Volume II (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1913).

4607:

Selections from the Smuts Papers: June 1886 – May 1902

3747: 3306: 3294: 2914: 2873: 2381:

assumed the office of Prime Minister in January 1924.

2261:

The Treaty of Versailles, with Lord Milner's signature

903:

The Transvaal Republic stood in the way of Britain's "

5137:

Volume I (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench Trubner, 1913).

4115: 3968: 3950: 3926: 3735: 3520: 3458: 3342: 3202: 1762:. The official report in March said that even if the 888:, had established the Transvaal Republic after their 808:

was one of the greatest delicacy and difficulty, and

5209:

Works by or about Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner

5156: 3270: 3190: 1060:

On 4 May, Milner penned a memorable dispatch to the

350:

As Governor of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony

4472: 4385:

Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier

4033:

Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire

4008: 3484: 3048:. No. 36515. London. 24 July 1901. p. 12. 2511:identification with either major political party." 2373:, the chairmanship of a committee to examine a new 2369:, while accepting, at the behest of Prime Minister 6161:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 5081:, The Historical Journal, Vol I, 1962, pgs. 47–60. 4604: 4327: 3624:War Cabinet Minutes, CAB 23-5, pgs. 5 & 6 of 9 3496: 3221: 3135: 2962: 2662:Speeches Delivered in Canada in the Autumn of 1908 1476:on 27 May 1915, Lord Milner was asked to head the 3476:Hall, H., "The British Commonwealth of Nations", 3365:Parliament Debate, 13 February 1917, pgs. 479-485 3104: 2890: 2190:Milner was present at an important meeting at 23 1138:on the same day, received the GCB and was made a 6171:People educated at King's College School, London 6087: 4572:The last will and testament of Cecil John Rhodes 2565:: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – 2278:On thoughts of a sustainable peace, author John 852:. To better understand the point of view of the 694:Although authorised to practise law after being 4700:. Westport, Connecticut & London: Praeger. 2143:territories to reward the Belgo-African army (" 1390:, and amended by a young parliamentarian named 674:in classics and was elected to a fellowship at 6186:Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom 5232:Legislation Affecting Natives in the Transvaal 5028:(1999), 320pp a major scholarly history; also 4618:The Last Will and Testament of Cecil J. Rhodes 4184:The Lost Historian: A Memoir of Sir Sidney Low 4178: 4083:. Vol. Six, 1903–1968. London: MacMillan. 2543:: Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath – 2424:Lord Milner is seated third from the right in 1751:Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau 864:, Milner also during this period learned both 6038:State President of the South African Republic 5746: 5409: 5175:Biographical entry for Alfred Viscount Milner 4858:Imperial Marriage: an Edwardian War and Peace 4208:The Forsaken Idea: A Study of Viscount Milner 2782:(2016), London: Pushkin Press, OCLC 949989454 2618:A speech given in Cape Town on April 12, 1900 1728:Following the death of Lord Kitchener aboard 6151:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 4988: 4977: 4966: 4955: 4944: 4669:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4488:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4412: 4401: 4348: 3980: 3583: 2742:Report of the Wireless Telegraphy Commission 1999:, was flown in to brief them. Major General 593:(23 March 1854 – 13 May 1925) was a British 5200:Works by Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner 4737:Alfred Lord Milner: The Man of No Illusions 4529: 4475:The National Review, Vol. CXV, "Clemenceau" 4349:Herwig, Holger H.; Heyman, Neil M. (1982). 4056: 2637:. Speech at the House of Lords 31 July 1906 736:. Holding the post of private secretary to 666:, studying under the classicist theologian 634:. His wife was a daughter of Major General 613: 118:10 January 1919 – 13 February 1921 5753: 5739: 5416: 5402: 5021:(London: John Murray, 1951). (a biography) 4325: 4190: 3514: 3427:CAB 24-3, G-130 & 131, pgs. 300 to 311 2956: 1933: 1922:. He was a highly outspoken critic of the 1654:. He was made a member of the five-person 1186:of social reformers set up in 1902 by the 92: 4569:Rhodes, Cecil (1902). W. T. Stead (ed.). 4215: 4204: 3753: 3567:War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, Vol. V 2979: 2977: 2772:ed by Cecil Headlam (London 1933, vol 2) 2770:The Milner Papers: South Africa 1899-1905 2763:The Milner Papers: South Africa 1897-1899 2365:, and remained active in the work of the 2123:and, in that capacity, attended the 1919 2091: 1267:government were issued on 31 March 1905. 926:In a speech delivered on 3 March 1898 at 690:Journalism, politics and service in Egypt 6050:State President of the Orange Free State 4922:. London: John Murray. pp. 478–520. 4806:, London: MacMillan, 1919, pgs. 237–249. 4804:Political and Literary Essays, 1908-1913 4695: 4654: 4633: 4590: 4552: 4508: 4160: 3944: 3887: 3765: 3541: 3324: 3288: 3163: 3122: 3090: 3070: 3058: 3023: 3003: 2983: 2939: 2908: 2884: 2765:ed by Cecil Headlam (London 1931, vol 1) 2735:Great Britain's Special Mission to Eqypt 2457: 2327: 2256: 2248: 2181: 1945: 1937: 1918:, although it was issued in the name of 1820:(professional head of the Navy) Admiral 1719: 1711: 1208: 1200: 1104: 1045: 322:State President of the Orange Free State 160:18 April 1918 – 10 January 1919 6106:Chairmen of the Board of Inland Revenue 4973:. Vol. III. Boston: Little, Brown. 4908: 4816:"Milner, Alfred Milner, Viscount" 4579: 4485:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4481: 4440: 4423: 4382: 4280: 4139:"Milner, Alfred Milner, Viscount" 4014: 3995:"Milner, Alfred Milner, Viscount" 3881: 3827:Desplat, Dr. Juliette (17 March 2022). 3826: 3647: 3438: 3312: 3300: 3214: 3128: 3084: 3064: 3017: 2724:(1919) (summary of, pgs. 197–198, 352: 2439:, South Africa is named in his honour. 2405:. There is a memorial tablet to him at 334:President of the South African Republic 14: 6088: 6020:Those in italics were Acting Governors 5252:to Lord Alfred Milner's facebook Page" 5115:, College Station: Texas A&M, 1977 5106:, College Station: Texas A&M, 1977 4995:. Vol. VI. Boston: Little, Brown. 4984:. Vol. IV. Boston: Little, Brown. 4962:. Vol. II. Boston: Little, Brown. 4809: 4733: 4714: 4568: 4461: 4352:Biographical Dictionary of World War I 4314: 4292: 4135: 4126: 4101: 4087: 4029: 3956: 3932: 3849: 3741: 3635: 3529: 3351: 3336: 3276: 3240: 3208: 3196: 2997: 2974: 2896: 2292: 2213:Present at the Rue Nitot meeting were 2069: 2020:, their staff officers, and President 1914:Milner was also a chief author of the 1676: 1152:Honorary Freedom of the City of London 1042:Protection for Uitlanders in Transvaal 662:and from 1872 to 1876 as a scholar of 279:4 January 1901 – 23 June 1902 6226:Secretaries of State for the Colonies 5734: 5397: 5278:High Commissioner for Southern Africa 4951:. Vol. I. Boston: Little, Brown. 4624: 4599: 4408:. Vol. V. Boston: Little, Brown. 4334:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 4321:. Vol. II. London: George Allen. 4226: 4073: 4025: 4023: 3553: 3464: 3376:Hochschild, Adam, "To End All Wars", 3110: 2968: 2409:which was unveiled on 26 March 1930. 2244: 996:King Edward VII School (Johannesburg) 798:High Commissioner for Southern Africa 767: 363:High Commissioner for Southern Africa 6216:Infectious disease deaths in England 6206:People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse 5017:Milner, Violet (Viscountess Milner) 4870:, London: Thornton Butterworth, 1937 4790:. "The War That Made South Africa", 4441:Marlowe, John (a pseudonym) (1976). 4369: 4303: 4266: 3872: 3502: 3490: 2829:Bill passed by Parliament 4 May 1916 2470:Found among Milner's papers was his 1529:National Democratic and Labour Party 702:in 1881, he joined the staff of the 262:William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne 227:23 June 1902 – 1 April 1905 6211:Deaths from African trypanosomiasis 5376:Secretary of State for the Colonies 4740:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 4698:Field Marshal Sir William Robertson 4680:War Cabinet and X Committee Minutes 4575:. London: Review of Reviews Office. 4564:. Vol. 1. Frederick A. Stokes. 4387:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4307:The British Commonwealth of Nations 3969:Amery, Williams & Childers 1900 3175: 2870:New College Bulletin, November 2008 2241:by the allies from 20 to 15 years. 2171:Due to his responsibilities at the 2166: 2121:Secretary of State for the Colonies 1846:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1645: 1573:then asked Lord Milner to head the 1248:Secretary of State for the Colonies 1142:, and was raised to the peerage as 804:. The situation resulting from the 106:Secretary of State for the Colonies 24: 5123:Lord Milner's Work in South Africa 4800:Baring, Evelyn, 1st Earl of Cromer 4754: 4430:Bulletin des Séances de l'A.R.S.C. 4416:The Truth About The Peace Treaties 4020: 3169: 1850:Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby 1769:It was Milner's idea to create an 1599:Chairman of the Conservative Party 1460: 1100: 1000:Potchefstroom High School for Boys 564:Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner 375:5 May 1897 – 6 March 1901 193:Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby 25: 6242: 6231:Secretaries of State for War (UK) 6136:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford 6062:Prime Minister of the Cape Colony 5152: 4992:War Memoirs of David Lloyd George 4981:War Memoirs of David Lloyd George 4970:War Memoirs of David Lloyd George 4959:War Memoirs of David Lloyd George 4948:War Memoirs of David Lloyd George 4634:Surridge, Keith Terrance (1998). 4621:, London: Review of Reviews, 1902 4512:King George V: His Life and Reign 4405:War Memoirs of David Lloyd George 3897:. 18 February 1921. p. 1367. 3875:The British Occupation, 1882–1922 2850:who was also present at Doullens. 2780:Life in a Bustle: Advice to Youth 2554:Order of St Michael and St George 2448:National Portrait Gallery, London 1360: 1109:Photograph of Lord Milner in 1902 976: 6196:German people of English descent 6181:Fellows of King's College London 6067: 6055: 6043: 6031: 5816: 5762: 5536:Chairmen of the United Volksraad 5159: 5060:, New York: Books in Focus, 1981 5057:The Anglo-American Establishment 5003:, (London, S.W. Partridge, 1901) 4855:Cecil, Hugh and Cecil, Mirabel, 4775:, London: Simkin, Marshall, 1899 4419:. Vol. I. London: Gollancz. 4153: 3850:Slight, John (18 January 2019). 2846:. The latter office was held by 1907:in Italy that created an Allied 1231:graduates, who became known as " 549: 6176:Alumni of King's College London 5041:, Durham: Duke University, 1968 5026:The South African War 1899–1902 5019:My Picture Gallery: 1886 - 1901 4898:, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1951 4846:Field-Marshall Sir Henry Wilson 4835:Field-Marshall Sir Henry Wilson 4629:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 4586:. Vol. I. London: Collins. 4562:My experiences in the world war 4166:Milner, Alfred Milner, Viscount 4066: 4036:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 82. 3986: 3918:Parliament Debate Transcripts, 3912: 3901: 3866: 3843: 3820: 3798: 3784: 3771: 3722: 3708: 3694: 3680: 3666: 3653: 3616: 3602: 3589: 3559: 3470: 3444: 3419: 3405: 3384: 3370: 3357: 3258: 3246: 3037: 2832: 2823: 2135:-Milner Agreement" allowing to 1716:Lord Milner's mission to Russia 1406:First transcontinental railroad 712:, becoming assistant editor to 6166:Presidents of the Oxford Union 6141:Fellows of New College, Oxford 5046:The Journal of African History 4844:Callwell, Major General C.E. " 4796:(6 December 1979), p. 12. 4477:. London: The National Review. 4197:Grandeur and Misery of Victory 4080:The Life of Joseph Chamberlain 3806:"Egypt and the Milner Mission" 3597:US Senate Document #354, pg. 7 2993:. 8 January 1901. p. 157. 2864: 2672:A Unionist Agricultural Policy 2604:Arnold Toynbee: A Reminiscence 2412:He was instrumental in making 2355:Knight Companion of the Garter 2059:noted this about Lord Milner: 2044:for the remainder of the war. 1924:Austro-Hungarian war in Serbia 1425: 984:Pretoria High School for Girls 684:Arnold Toynbee: a Reminiscence 488:Saint Mary the Virgin Church, 428:Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson 13: 1: 6126:British people of World War I 6121:People of the Second Boer War 5296:Peerage of the United Kingdom 5241:Rise to Power of Adolf Hitler 4718:Geoffrey Dawson and Our Times 4593:At the Paris Peace Conference 4540:Parliament Debate Transcripts 4216:Churchill, Winston S (1948). 4136:Buckle, George Earle (1922). 3793:Rise to Power of Adolf Hitler 3100:. 29 July 1902. p. 4834. 3080:. 18 July 1902. p. 4586. 3013:. 26 July 1901. p. 4919. 2811: 2492: 2419: 2343: 1877:Italian disaster at Caporetto 1002:and Hamilton Primary School. 6111:Governors of the Cape Colony 5769:Governors of the Cape Colony 4989:Lloyd George, David (1937). 4978:Lloyd George, David (1934). 4967:Lloyd George, David (1934). 4956:Lloyd George, David (1933). 4945:Lloyd George, David (1933). 4938:Lord Milner and South Africa 4932:, London: Odhams Press, 1952 4831:Callwell, Major General C.E. 4734:Wrench, John Evelyn (1958). 4715:Wrench, John Evelyn (1955). 4640:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 4502:UK public library membership 4473:Milner, Viscountess (1940). 4413:Lloyd George, David (1938). 4402:Lloyd George, David (1936). 4129:From Workshop to War Cabinet 3441:, pp. 182–183, 184–187. 3033:. 28 May 1901. p. 3634. 2857: 2552:: Knight Grand Cross of the 2119:, Lord Milner was appointed 1050:A caricature of Milner from 939:of leadership of the Cape's 783:Hicks-Beach (Lord St Aldwyn) 732:and supported the breakaway 7: 6191:Peers created by Edward VII 5424:Heads of Government of the 5222:20th Century Press Archives 5097:, London: John Murray, 1917 4895:With Milner in South Africa 4861:, London, John Murray, 2002 4819:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 4696:Woodward, David R. (1998). 4591:Shotwell, James T. (1937). 4447:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 4222:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 4142:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 3044:"Lord Milner in the City". 2786: 2625:Speeches of Viscount Milner 2351:Egyptian Revolution of 1919 2239:occupation of the Rhineland 2055:British War Cabinet member 1830:First Lord of the Admiralty 1484:. As an advocacy group for 1470:From a letter published in 1465: 1430:Having worked closely with 1418:terminological inexactitude 1246:to take the vacant post of 941:Progressive (British) Party 742:Chancellor of the Exchequer 357:Governor of the Cape Colony 10: 6247: 6116:Governors of the Transvaal 5349:Secretary of State for War 4935:Iwan-Müller, Ernst Bruce, 4929:Lord Milner and the Empire 4920:The Empire and the century 4766:, London: Hutchinson, 1955 4376:Wilfrid Laurier University 4211:. London: Longmans, Green. 4205:Crankshaw, Edward (1952). 4131:. London: Herbert Jenkins. 4127:Barnes, George N. (1924). 3230:. London. 31 January 1904. 2799:London School of Economics 2692:Life of Joseph Chamberlain 2575:: Knight Companion of the 2521: 2486:On the South African War: 2446:, on display today at the 2107: 2034:Secretary of State for War 1798:Royal Agricultural Society 1660:Minister Without Portfolio 1567:Secretary of State for War 1525:Asquith coalition ministry 1334:Milner was the founder of 992:Jeppe High School for Boys 946:Later in 1899, Milner met 148:Secretary of State for War 36: 29: 6027: 5991:William Howley Goodenough 5825: 5814: 5775: 5712: 5691: 5670: 5644: 5628: 5607: 5561: 5535: 5510: 5494: 5468: 5452: 5436: 5382: 5373: 5365: 5355: 5346: 5338: 5333: 5322: 5315: 5306: 5301: 5294: 5284: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5238:Encyclopædia Britannica, 4941:, London: Heinemann, 1902 4915:"Rhodes and Milner" 4686:US Senate Document #354, 4659:. Cranbury, NJ: Rosemont. 4655:Thompson, J, Lee (2007). 4580:Roskill, Stephen (1970). 4530:O'Brien, Terence (1979). 4509:Nicolson, Harold (1979). 4444:Milner: Apostle of Empire 4326:Hochschild, Adam (2011). 4258:Encyclopædia Britannica, 4030:Elkins, Caroline (2022). 3790:Encyclopædia Britannica, 2844:President of the Republic 2758:('Credo' in 1925 edition) 2642:Sweated Industries Speech 2569:– New Year's honours list 2476:, which was published in 2462:The Lord Milner hotel in 1773:, similar to that of the 1288:, and in Johannesburg on 988:Pretoria Boys High School 842:Bechuanaland Protectorate 557: 545: 534: 514: 504: 496: 484: 466: 442: 437: 433: 420: 415:William Howley Goodenough 407: 389: 379: 368: 355: 341: 305: 300:Hamilton John Goold-Adams 295: 283: 272: 267: 255: 241: 231: 220: 211:Governor of the Transvaal 208: 198: 186: 174: 164: 153: 146: 134: 122: 111: 104: 100: 91: 51: 5584:W. C. Janse van Rensburg 5511:Potchefstroom-Rustenburg 4886:, London: Jarrolds, 1918 4793:New York Review of Books 4543:, 2 February 1917, pgs. 4468:. London: Edward Arnold. 4424:Louwers, Octave (1958). 4315:Hankey, Maurice (1961). 4304:Hall, H. Duncan (1920). 4232:History Workshop Journal 3981:Herwig & Heyman 1982 3781:, July 1940, pgs. 41-46. 3179:The Round Table, 1910-66 3144:. London. 31 March 1905. 2840:Prime Minister of France 2816: 2722:The British Commonwealth 2652:Constructive Imperialism 2586: 2453: 2444:Statesmen of World War I 2430:Hall of Mirrors painting 2384: 2314:at dinner this evening." 2028:That stand was taken at 1622:, Lord Robert Cecil and 1587:Leader of the Opposition 1320:1907 Imperial Conference 1184:Coefficients dining club 1172:Henry Campbell-Bannerman 1157: 1030:was in a ferment, while 856:and the burghers of the 614:Early life and education 6074:Prime Minister of Natal 5274:Governor of Cape Colony 5094:The Land and the Empire 5066:, "Sir Alfred Milner", 5048:31#1, 1990, pgs. 43–57. 5032:(expanded 2nd ed. 2011) 4864:Churchill, Winston S., 4850:Charles Scribner's Sons 4848:" Volume II, New York: 4839:Charles Scribner's Sons 4822:Encyclopædia Britannica 4784:, London: Cassell, 1921 4781:Makers of the New World 4627:The Balfour Declaration 4625:Stein, Leonard (1961). 4462:Milner, Alfred (1894). 4383:Jeffery, Keith (2006). 4370:Hunt, Barry D. (1982). 4293:Gollin, Alfred (1964). 4200:. London: George Harrp. 4180:Chapman-Huston, Desmond 4171:Encyclopædia Britannica 4145:Encyclopædia Britannica 4122:. Sampson Low, Marston. 4001:Encyclopædia Britannica 3831:. U.K. National Archive 3392:"UK National Archives, 3176:May, Alexander (1995). 2514:According to historian 2504:Encyclopædia Britannica 2151:, as in the victorious 1934:The Doullens Conference 1862:conscientious objectors 1783:Imperial War Conference 1652:his national government 1478:National Service League 802:Governor of Cape Colony 787:William Vernon Harcourt 664:Balliol College, Oxford 529:Balliol College, Oxford 6009:Walter Hely-Hutchinson 5979:William Gordon Cameron 5426:South African Republic 4837:" Volume I, New York: 4721:. London: Hutchinson. 4595:. New York: MacMillan. 4583:Hankey: Man of Secrets 4494:10.1093/ref:odnb/35037 4299:. London: Garden City. 4261:current online edition 4244:10.1093/hwj/1997.43.53 4186:. London: John Murray. 4004:(12th ed.). 1922. 3267:, 31 August 1915, p. 9 3255:, 20 August 1915, p. 7 2712:Fighting For Our Lives 2635:Transvaal Constitution 2467: 2333: 2298: 2262: 2254: 2187: 2177:German colonial empire 2139:the administration of 2125:Paris Peace Conference 2097: 2075: 2026: 1951: 1943: 1858:Stephen Henry Hobhouse 1725: 1717: 1682: 1575:Dardanelles Commission 1569:went to Lloyd George. 1565:, although the job of 1557:(8 June 1916) and the 1423: 1401: 1351: 1240:tariff reform movement 1214: 1206: 1110: 1057: 1032:William Francis Butler 868:and the South African 796:resigned his posts of 760:. In 1894 he was made 734:Liberal Unionist Party 654:and educated first at 632:Kingdom of Württemberg 628:University of Tübingen 599:colonial administrator 539:Colonial administrator 521:University of Tübingen 492:, East Sussex, England 6146:Knights of the Garter 5895:Charles Henry Darling 5091:Turnor, Christopher. 4677:UK National Archives, 4601:Smuts, Jan Christiaan 4554:Pershing, John Joseph 4515:. London: Constable. 3565:Lloyd George, David, 3394:CAB 23-1, pg.5 of 593 2805:Pro-Jerusalem Society 2752:Questions of the Hour 2461: 2306: 2284: 2260: 2252: 2199:Treaty of Vereeniging 2185: 2083: 2061: 2005: 1949: 1941: 1881:Third Battle of Ypres 1775:War Cabinet in London 1723: 1715: 1668: 1595:Arthur Steel-Maitland 1553:on 5 June 1916, both 1533:1918 general election 1501:Minister of Munitions 1413: 1396: 1346: 1233:Milner's Kindergarten 1212: 1205:Milner's Kindergarten 1204: 1108: 1049: 660:King's College School 525:King's College London 43:Milner's Kindergarten 32:Baron Milner of Leeds 5967:Henry Augustus Smyth 5919:Charles Craufurd Hay 5869:George Thomas Napier 5854:Galbraith Lowry Cole 5288:The Earl of Selborne 4926:Halperin, Vladimir, 4867:Great Contemporaries 4811:Buckle, George Earle 4534:. London: Constable. 3873:Daly, M. W. (1988). 3777:Viscountess Milner, 3611:pgs. 77-80 (esp. 80) 3184:University of Oxford 2304:noted in his diary: 2149:Tanganyika Territory 2129:Treaty of Versailles 1956:the Germans attacked 1771:Imperial War Cabinet 1755:Chantilly Conference 950:, the wife of Major 714:William Thomas Stead 644:Prince Edward Island 620:Grand Duchy of Hesse 461:Grand Duchy of Hesse 328:Schalk Willem Burger 54:The Right Honourable 6201:People from Giessen 5936:Henry Hugh Clifford 5859:Thomas Francis Wade 5437:Commandants-General 5259:Government offices 5179:New College, Oxford 5109:Vandiver, Frank E. 5100:Vandiver, Frank E. 4611:. University Press. 4355:. Greenwood Press. 4318:The Supreme Command 4219:The Gathering Storm 4192:Clemenceau, Georges 3779:The National Review 3650:, pp. 909–920. 3638:, pp. 146–147. 3556:, pp. 310–311. 3544:, pp. 148–149. 3339:, pp. 140–141. 3125:, pp. 477–478. 3061:, pp. 112–154. 2911:, pp. 476–477. 2577:Order of the Garter 2530:: Companion of the 2375:Imperial Preference 1916:Balfour Declaration 1909:Supreme War Council 1832:(navy minister) by 1800:in procuring 5,000 1492:on 28 August 1915. 1377:. On behalf of the 1367:corporal punishment 1329:Imperial Preference 1131:Orange River Colony 1123:concentration camps 1085:Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr 640:Lieutenant Governor 215:Orange River Colony 58:The Viscount Milner 5930:Henry Bartle Frere 5874:Peregrine Maitland 5841:Rufane Shaw Donkin 5776:British occupation 5334:Political offices 5088:(Routledge, 2015). 5084:Thompson, J. Lee. 5054:Quigley, Carroll. 5038:Milner's Young Men 4910:Garrett, F. Edmund 4310:. London: Methuen. 3894:The London Gazette 3730:The Lost Historian 3661:A Wider Patriotism 3659:Thompson, J. Lee, 3401:. 9 December 1916. 3223:"Labour Ordinance" 3097:The London Gazette 3077:The London Gazette 3030:The London Gazette 3010:The London Gazette 2990:The London Gazette 2716:trove subscription 2468: 2340:'s rise to power. 2263: 2255: 2245:The treaty signing 2188: 2102:100 Days Offensive 2072:, pp. 177–178 1988:, and part of the 1986:British Fifth Army 1952: 1944: 1905:Rapallo Conference 1869:Flanders Offensive 1838:Irish Conscription 1726: 1718: 1624:Austen Chamberlain 1505:Gallipoli campaign 1451:David Lloyd George 1379:Liberal government 1215: 1207: 1111: 1058: 963:British government 884:farmers, known as 814:Colonial Secretary 810:Joseph Chamberlain 768:In Southern Africa 754:British occupation 720:candidate for the 626:in English at the 604:David Lloyd George 403:John Gordon Sprigg 396:John Gordon Sprigg 312:Office Established 181:David Lloyd George 6083: 6082: 5985:Hercules Robinson 5949:Hercules Robinson 5799:Henry George Grey 5790:Henry George Grey 5728: 5727: 5531: 5530: 5392: 5391: 5386:Winston Churchill 5383:Succeeded by 5359:Winston Churchill 5356:Succeeded by 5342:The Earl of Derby 5285:Succeeded by 5204:Project Gutenberg 5069:Review of Reviews 5035:Nimocks, Walter. 4883:Pillars of Empire 4769:Appleton, Louis, 4707:978-0-275-95422-2 4647:978-0-86193-238-2 4500:(Subscription or 4465:England and Egypt 4394:978-0-19-820358-2 4362:978-0-313-21356-4 4341:978-0-618-75828-9 4108:My Political Life 4094:My Political Life 4043:978-0-593-32008-2 3854:. Open University 3584:Lloyd George 1936 3243:, pp. 48–49. 2959:, pp. 28–32. 2793:Oxford University 2702:Cotton Contraband 2532:Order of the Bath 2501:According to the 2407:Westminster Abbey 2401:in the county of 2395:sleeping sickness 2363:Lord Edward Cecil 2359:Lady Violet Cecil 2302:James T. Shotwell 2272:plenipotentiaries 2131:, including the " 2001:Frederick Maurice 1954:On 21 March 1918 1842:William Robertson 1704:, Waldorf Astor, 1698:the Garden Suburb 1579:Lord Robert Cecil 1392:Winston Churchill 1282:, in Pretoria on 1224:Henry Birchenough 1015:William Schreiner 1005:Although not all 952:Lord Edward Cecil 862:Orange Free State 826:Orange Free State 777:at the Treasury, 764:and in 1895 KCB. 750:England and Egypt 705:Pall Mall Gazette 696:called to the bar 561: 560: 400:William Schreiner 351: 337: 325: 316:Christiaan de Wet 251: 204:Winston Churchill 141:Winston Churchill 16:(Redirected from 6238: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6035: 5913:Philip Wodehouse 5864:Benjamin D'Urban 5835:Charles Somerset 5820: 5795:Du Pre Alexander 5767: 5766: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5671:State Presidents 5562:State Presidents 5450: 5449: 5430:Transvaal Colony 5418: 5411: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5366:Preceded by 5339:Preceded by 5267:The Lord Rosmead 5264:Preceded by 5256: 5255: 5213:Internet Archive 5181:College Archives 5169: 5167:Biography portal 5164: 5163: 5162: 5072:, vol. xx., 1899 5008:History Workshop 4996: 4985: 4974: 4963: 4952: 4923: 4917: 4901:Davie, Lucille. 4826: 4818: 4749: 4730: 4711: 4674: 4668: 4660: 4651: 4630: 4612: 4610: 4596: 4587: 4576: 4565: 4535: 4526: 4505: 4497: 4478: 4469: 4458: 4437: 4420: 4409: 4398: 4379: 4366: 4345: 4333: 4322: 4311: 4300: 4289: 4277: 4273:My Life and Work 4255: 4223: 4212: 4201: 4187: 4175: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4112: 4098: 4084: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4027: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3802: 3796: 3788: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3728:Chapman-Huston, 3726: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3388: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3137:"Letters Patent" 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2981: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2943: 2937: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2871: 2868: 2851: 2848:Raymond Poincare 2836: 2830: 2827: 2594:England in Egypt 2379:Ramsay MacDonald 2331: 2296: 2234:war guilt clause 2167:The peace treaty 2117:of December 1918 2095: 2079:Edward Crankshaw 2073: 2036:in place of the 1828:was replaced as 1802:Fordson tractors 1680: 1646:Wartime minister 1640:Arthur Henderson 1612:Lord Northcliffe 1511:, Lloyd George, 1384:Sir Bartle Frere 1375:House of Commons 1252:Alfred Lyttelton 1168:Leonard Courtney 1140:privy councillor 1011:general election 956:Grenadier Guards 833:President Kruger 592: 587: 580: 573: 553: 473: 438:Personal details 423: 410: 392: 373: 349: 344: 331: 319: 308: 277: 258: 249: 244: 225: 201: 189: 177: 158: 137: 125: 116: 96: 86: 81: 74: 67: 49: 48: 21: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6023: 6022: 5954:Leicester Smyth 5889:George Cathcart 5879:Henry Pottinger 5827: 5821: 5812: 5777: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5729: 5724: 5708: 5687: 5678:S. J. P. Kruger 5666: 5652:S. J. P. Kruger 5640: 5624: 5603: 5589:M. W. Pretorius 5569:M. W. Pretorius 5557: 5527: 5523:M. W. Pretorius 5506: 5490: 5481:P. J. Potgieter 5476:A. H. Potgieter 5464: 5448: 5432: 5422: 5388: 5379: 5371: 5361: 5352: 5344: 5328: 5312: 5309:Viscount Milner 5290: 5281: 5269: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5141:Worsfold, W. B. 5130:Worsfold, W, B. 5119:Worsfold, W. B. 4878:Courtney, J. E. 4788:Ascherson, Neal 4757: 4755:Further reading 4752: 4708: 4662: 4661: 4648: 4523: 4499: 4455: 4395: 4363: 4342: 4282:Gilbert, Martin 4164:, ed. (1911). " 4154: 4152: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4009: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3521: 3515:Hochschild 2011 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3471: 3467:, p. 1001. 3463: 3459: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3149: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3022: 3018: 3002: 2998: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2957:Hochschild 2011 2955: 2946: 2938: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2789: 2778:Alfred Milner, 2768:Alfred Milner, 2761:Alfred Milner, 2750:Alfred Milner, 2720:Alfred Milner, 2710:Alfred Milner, 2700:Alfred Milner, 2690:Alfred Milner, 2680:Alfred Milner, 2660:Alfred Milner, 2650:Alfred Milner, 2640:Alfred Milner, 2633:Alfred Milner, 2623:Alfred Milner, 2612:Alfred Milner, 2602:Alfred Milner, 2592:Alfred Milner, 2589: 2524: 2516:Caroline Elkins 2495: 2456: 2422: 2387: 2371:Stanley Baldwin 2346: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2312:(George) Barnes 2309: 2297: 2291: 2268:Hall of Mirrors 2247: 2230:Fourteen Points 2203:Second Boer War 2173:Colonial Office 2169: 2110: 2096: 2090: 2074: 2068: 1960:Philippe Pétain 1936: 1844:was removed as 1790:U-boat campaign 1746:Kildonan Castle 1681: 1675: 1648: 1482:First World War 1468: 1463: 1461:First World War 1447:People's Budget 1428: 1363: 1342:The Round Table 1180:Viscount Milner 1160: 1115:Second Boer War 1103: 1101:Second Boer War 1062:Colonial Office 1044: 1007:Afrikander Bond 979: 770: 730:Irish Home Rule 692: 668:Benjamin Jowett 616: 585: 578: 571: 567: 527: 523: 476:Great Wigsell, 475: 471: 451: 449: 448: 421: 408: 402: 398: 390: 384: 374: 369: 361: 359: 348: 342: 330: 326: 318: 314: 306: 290: 278: 273: 256: 248: 242: 226: 221: 199: 187: 175: 159: 154: 135: 123: 117: 112: 87: 79: 72: 65: 61: 59: 56: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6244: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6003:William Butler 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5943:George Strahan 5939: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5910: 5907:Robert Wynyard 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5848:Richard Bourke 5844: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5826:British colony 5823: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5713:Prime Minister 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5662:M.W. Pretorius 5659: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5608:Administrators 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5447: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5381: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5171: 5170: 5154: 5153:External links 5151: 5150: 5149: 5138: 5127: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5082: 5075:Stokes, Eric, 5073: 5061: 5052: 5049: 5042: 5033: 5024:Nasson, Bill. 5022: 5015: 5004: 4997: 4986: 4975: 4964: 4953: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4906: 4899: 4890:Curtis, Lionel 4887: 4874:Courtney, W. L 4871: 4862: 4853: 4842: 4828: 4807: 4797: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4731: 4712: 4706: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4652: 4646: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4597: 4588: 4577: 4566: 4550: 4536: 4527: 4521: 4506: 4479: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4438: 4421: 4410: 4399: 4393: 4380: 4372:Sailor-Scholar 4367: 4361: 4346: 4340: 4323: 4312: 4301: 4290: 4278: 4264: 4256: 4224: 4213: 4202: 4188: 4176: 4162:Chisholm, Hugh 4150: 4133: 4124: 4113: 4099: 4085: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059:, p. 375. 4049: 4042: 4019: 4007: 3985: 3983:, p. 255. 3973: 3961: 3959:, p. 129. 3949: 3947:, p. 343. 3937: 3935:, p. 173. 3925: 3911: 3900: 3880: 3865: 3842: 3819: 3797: 3783: 3770: 3768:, p. 334. 3758: 3754:Churchill 1948 3746: 3744:, p. 360. 3734: 3721: 3707: 3693: 3679: 3665: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3615: 3601: 3588: 3586:, p. 389. 3576: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3532:, p. 448. 3519: 3517:, p. 328. 3507: 3495: 3493:, p. 198. 3483: 3469: 3457: 3443: 3431: 3418: 3404: 3383: 3369: 3356: 3354:, p. 317. 3341: 3329: 3327:, p. 329. 3317: 3315:, p. 246. 3305: 3303:, p. 250. 3293: 3291:, p. 327. 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3213: 3211:, p. 174. 3201: 3189: 3168: 3166:, p. 478. 3147: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3083: 3063: 3051: 3036: 3016: 2996: 2973: 2961: 2944: 2942:, p. 477. 2913: 2901: 2889: 2887:, p. 476. 2872: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2831: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2766: 2759: 2748: 2738: 2731: 2718: 2708: 2698: 2688: 2678: 2668: 2658: 2648: 2638: 2631: 2621: 2610: 2600: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2570: 2567:1 January 1901 2560: 2547: 2538: 2523: 2520: 2494: 2491: 2466:, South Africa 2464:Matjiesfontein 2455: 2452: 2421: 2418: 2386: 2383: 2345: 2342: 2324: 2289: 2246: 2243: 2226:Woodrow Wilson 2168: 2165: 2145:Force publique 2114:khaki election 2112:Following the 2109: 2106: 2092:Crankshaw 1952 2088: 2066: 1935: 1932: 1920:Arthur Balfour 1818:First Sea Lord 1694:George Riddell 1673: 1664:Maurice Hankey 1647: 1644: 1490:Windsor Castle 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1455:House of Lords 1439:Rio Tinto Zinc 1427: 1424: 1362: 1361:Censure motion 1359: 1263:in June 1904. 1244:Arthur Balfour 1219:Letters patent 1188:Fabian Society 1176:Lord Kitchener 1159: 1156: 1102: 1099: 1043: 1040: 978: 977:Milner Schools 975: 932:Afrikaner Bond 898:First Boer War 894:British Empire 769: 766: 758:Inland Revenue 738:George Goschen 691: 688: 680:Arnold Toynbee 646:and later the 615: 612: 559: 558: 555: 554: 547: 543: 542: 536: 532: 531: 518: 512: 511: 506: 502: 501: 498: 494: 493: 486: 482: 481: 474:(aged 71) 468: 464: 463: 446: 444: 440: 439: 435: 434: 431: 430: 424: 418: 417: 411: 405: 404: 393: 391:Prime Minister 387: 386: 383:Queen Victoria 381: 377: 376: 366: 365: 353: 352: 345: 339: 338: 309: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 288:Queen Victoria 285: 281: 280: 270: 269: 265: 264: 259: 253: 252: 245: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 218: 217: 206: 205: 202: 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 178: 176:Prime Minister 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 151: 150: 144: 143: 138: 132: 131: 126: 120: 119: 109: 108: 102: 101: 98: 97: 89: 88: 60: 57: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6243: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6014:Harry Scobell 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5997:Alfred Milner 5995: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5960:Henry Torrens 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5819: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657:P. J. Joubert 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5574:J. H. Grobler 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548:W. Jacobszoon 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5460:W. F. Joubert 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5311: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5246:A Reference " 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5157: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5126:London, 1906. 5125: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4885: 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4283: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238:(43): 53–85. 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4075:Amery, Julian 4072: 4071: 4058: 4053: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3971:, p. 19. 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3945:Nicolson 1979 3941: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3876: 3869: 3853: 3846: 3830: 3823: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3767: 3766:Thompson 2007 3762: 3755: 3750: 3743: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3714:Wrench 1958, 3711: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3542:Woodward 1998 3538: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3511: 3505:, p. 70. 3504: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3411:Hoschschild, 3408: 3397: 3395: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3325:Thompson 2007 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3289:Thompson 2007 3285: 3279:, p. 93. 3278: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3199:, p. 84. 3198: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3165: 3164:Chisholm 1911 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3123:Chisholm 1911 3119: 3112: 3107: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3059:Surridge 1998 3055: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2971:, p. 95. 2970: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2940:Chisholm 1911 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2909:Chisholm 1911 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2885:Chisholm 1911 2881: 2879: 2877: 2867: 2863: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2465: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2426:William Orpen 2417: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2341: 2339: 2330:, p. 347 2329: 2328:Shotwell 1937 2323: 2320: 2318:June 1, 1919: 2316: 2313: 2308:May 31, 1919: 2305: 2303: 2295:, p. 360 2294: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2280:Evelyn Wrench 2276: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2251: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Ruanda-Urundi 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2093: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2057:George Barnes 2053: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2038:Earl of Derby 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1978:stormtroopers 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826:Edward Carson 1823: 1822:John Jellicoe 1819: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706:Lionel Curtis 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1679:, p. 579 1678: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:Waldorf Astor 1514: 1513:Edward Carson 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495:Known as the 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1394:, who added: 1393: 1389: 1388:William Byles 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1325:tariff reform 1321: 1315: 1313: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1291:31 March 1905 1287: 1286: 1285:22 March 1905 1281: 1280: 1279:15 March 1905 1274: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1196:Beatrice Webb 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:Liberal Party 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 974: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 933: 929: 928:Graaff Reinet 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905:Cape to Cairo 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 829: 828:governments. 827: 823: 819: 818:H. H. Asquith 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 781:in Egypt and 780: 776: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706: 701: 697: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 611: 609: 605: 600: 596: 591: 584: 577: 570: 565: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 537: 533: 530: 526: 522: 519: 517: 513: 510: 509:Violet Milner 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 485:Resting place 483: 479: 469: 465: 462: 458: 454: 450:23 March 1854 447:Alfred Milner 445: 441: 436: 432: 429: 425: 419: 416: 412: 406: 401: 397: 394: 388: 382: 378: 372: 367: 364: 358: 354: 346: 340: 336:(31 May 1902) 335: 329: 324:(31 May 1902) 323: 317: 313: 310: 304: 301: 298: 294: 289: 286: 282: 276: 271: 266: 263: 260: 254: 246: 240: 237: 234: 230: 224: 219: 216: 212: 207: 203: 197: 194: 191: 185: 182: 179: 173: 170: 167: 163: 157: 152: 149: 145: 142: 139: 133: 130: 127: 121: 115: 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 85: 78: 71: 64: 55: 50: 47: 44: 40: 39:Violet Milner 33: 19: 18:Alfred Milner 6072: 6060: 6048: 6036: 6019: 6001: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5958: 5941: 5934: 5925:Henry Barkly 5917: 5905: 5893: 5858: 5846: 5839: 5808:Robert Meade 5807: 5803:John Cradock 5698: 5683:S. W. Burger 5615:T. Shepstone 5599:T.F. Burgers 5594:D.J. Erasmus 5553:H. Pretorius 5543:A. Pretorius 5518:A. Pretorius 5502:J. A. Enslin 5469:Zoutpansberg 5444:A. Pretorius 5374: 5347: 5325:Baron Milner 5323: 5316: 5307: 5303:New creation 5302: 5272: 5248: 5240: 5231: 5143: 5132: 5121: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5085: 5077: 5067: 5064:Stead, W. T. 5056: 5045: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5007: 5000: 4991: 4980: 4969: 4958: 4947: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4902: 4894: 4882: 4866: 4857: 4820: 4791: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4760:Amery, Leo, 4736: 4717: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4656: 4636: 4626: 4617: 4606: 4592: 4582: 4571: 4561: 4545: 4539: 4531: 4511: 4483: 4474: 4464: 4443: 4433: 4429: 4415: 4404: 4384: 4371: 4351: 4329: 4317: 4306: 4295: 4288:. Heinemann. 4285: 4276:. Doubleday. 4272: 4260: 4235: 4231: 4218: 4207: 4196: 4183: 4169: 4143: 4128: 4118: 4107: 4093: 4079: 4067:Bibliography 4057:O'Brien 1979 4052: 4032: 4015:Newbury 2008 4010: 3999: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3921:4 April 1916 3920: 3914: 3903: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3856:. Retrieved 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3822: 3810:. Retrieved 3800: 3792: 3786: 3778: 3773: 3761: 3756:, p. 7. 3749: 3737: 3729: 3724: 3716: 3710: 3703:pgs. 256-257 3702: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3660: 3655: 3648:Louwers 1958 3643: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3579: 3572:pgs. 387-388 3571: 3566: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3479:pgs. 274-279 3478: 3472: 3460: 3453:pgs. 311,312 3452: 3446: 3439:Jeffery 2006 3434: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3407: 3393: 3386: 3379:pgs. 245-246 3378: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3332: 3320: 3313:Marlowe 1976 3308: 3301:Marlowe 1976 3296: 3284: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3236: 3227: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3141: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3095: 3086: 3075: 3066: 3054: 3045: 3039: 3028: 3019: 3008: 2999: 2988: 2964: 2904: 2892: 2866: 2834: 2825: 2779: 2769: 2762: 2751: 2741: 2740:Government, 2734: 2733:Government, 2726: 2721: 2711: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2670:Government, 2661: 2651: 2641: 2634: 2624: 2617: 2614:Never Again: 2613: 2603: 2593: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2527: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2441: 2435:The town of 2434: 2423: 2411: 2388: 2367:Rhodes Trust 2347: 2338:Adolf Hitler 2334: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2299: 2285: 2277: 2264: 2223: 2212: 2196: 2189: 2170: 2161: 2111: 2098: 2094:, p. 11 2084: 2076: 2062: 2054: 2046: 2042:Army Council 2027: 2006: 1997:Walter Kirke 1994: 1982: 1953: 1913: 1866: 1854: 1814: 1787: 1768: 1745: 1737:Henry Wilson 1731: 1727: 1691: 1683: 1669: 1649: 1633: 1615: 1606: 1603: 1591:Conservative 1583: 1559:Morning Post 1558: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1537: 1509:Henry Wilson 1497:Ginger group 1494: 1486:conscription 1471: 1469: 1443:Midland Bank 1436: 1432:Cecil Rhodes 1429: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1397: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1316: 1308: 1303:4 April 1905 1302: 1295: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1273:Johannesburg 1269: 1265: 1237: 1216: 1190:campaigners 1179: 1161: 1147: 1144:Baron Milner 1143: 1119:Lord Roberts 1112: 1093: 1089:Bloemfontein 1082: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1051: 1038:grievances. 1035: 1028:Johannesburg 1023: 1020: 1004: 980: 971:Bartle Frere 960: 948:Violet Cecil 945: 937:Cecil Rhodes 925: 920: 913:Johannesburg 902: 874: 830: 806:Jameson Raid 794:Lord Rosmead 791: 771: 749: 724:division of 703: 700:Inner Temple 693: 683: 617: 563: 562: 472:(1925-05-13) 422:Succeeded by 370: 343:Succeeded by 311: 274: 257:Succeeded by 222: 200:Succeeded by 155: 136:Succeeded by 113: 46: 6101:1925 deaths 6096:1854 births 5901:George Grey 5884:Harry Smith 5785:David Baird 5645:Triumvirate 5636:G. Wolseley 5579:S. Schoeman 5486:S. Schoeman 5369:Walter Long 5001:Lord Milner 4999:Luke, W.B. 4778:Anonymous, 4268:Ford, Henry 4228:Dubow, Saul 3957:Gollin 1964 3933:Amery 1953b 3889:"No. 32232" 3742:Wrench 1958 3636:Amery 1953b 3530:Gollin 1964 3352:Wrench 1958 3337:Wrench 1955 3277:Amery 1953b 3241:Rhodes 1902 3209:Amery 1953a 3197:Gollin 1964 3092:"No. 27459" 3072:"No. 27455" 3025:"No. 27318" 3005:"No. 27338" 2985:"No. 27264" 2897:Milner 1894 2774:free online 2756:online free 2746:online free 2706:online free 2696:online free 2686:online free 2676:online free 2666:online free 2656:online free 2646:online free 2629:online free 2608:online free 2598:online free 2403:East Sussex 2391:East Sussex 2361:, widow of 2293:Wrench 1958 2215:Louis Botha 2070:Barnes 1924 1897:Lord Curzon 1834:Eric Geddes 1788:Due to the 1743:aboard the 1677:Hankey 1961 1656:War Cabinet 1636:war cabinet 1620:Lord Curzon 1521:Philip Kerr 1480:during the 1426:Businessman 1053:Vanity Fair 896:during the 838:Cape Colony 710:John Morley 676:New College 672:first class 648:Isle of Man 638:, a former 608:War cabinet 541:, statesman 497:Nationality 478:East Sussex 470:13 May 1925 457:Upper Hesse 409:Preceded by 307:Preceded by 243:Preceded by 188:Preceded by 129:Walter Long 124:Preceded by 6090:Categories 5973:Henry Loch 5453:Lijdenburg 5380:1919–1921 5353:1918–1919 5329:1901–1925 5313:1902–1925 5282:1897–1901 4504:required.) 4103:Amery, Leo 4089:Amery, Leo 3554:Stein 1961 3465:Amery 1969 3111:Dubow 1997 2969:Smuts 1966 2842:, not the 2812:References 2493:Evaluation 2428:'s famous 2420:Depictions 2414:Empire Day 2344:Last years 2197:The Peace 2077:Historian 2022:Clemenceau 1990:Third Army 1806:Henry Ford 1563:War Office 1136:Edward VII 1094:Uitlanders 1074:suzerainty 1070:Uitlanders 1066:Uitlanders 1024:Uitlanders 921:Uitlanders 890:Great Trek 878:Uitlanders 854:Cape Dutch 850:Basutoland 792:In April, 658:, then at 636:John Ready 535:Occupation 516:Alma mater 385:Edward VII 296:Lieutenant 291:Edward VII 236:Edward VII 37:See also: 5828:1814–1910 5778:1806–1814 5704:W. Palmer 5699:A. Milner 5692:Governors 5620:O. Lanyon 5078:Milnerism 4746:906140794 4727:639648891 4665:cite book 4105:(1953b). 4091:(1953a). 3672:Marlowe, 3503:Hunt 1982 3491:Ford 1923 3265:The Times 3253:The Times 3228:The Times 3186:(Thesis). 3142:The Times 3046:The Times 2858:Citations 2478:The Times 2437:Milnerton 2399:Salehurst 2219:Jan Smuts 2208:Kitchener 2192:Rue Nitot 2159:battles. 2081:sums up: 1968:divisions 1964:Compiègne 1901:Easterner 1893:dispeptic 1810:telegraph 1779:dominions 1760:Archangel 1732:Hampshire 1702:Leo Amery 1687:Bonar Law 1616:The Times 1607:The Times 1571:Bonar Law 1555:The Times 1550:Hampshire 1540:Leo Amery 1473:The Times 1297:The Times 1127:Transvaal 1113:When the 1036:Uitlander 967:Jan Smuts 909:Cape Town 882:Afrikaner 858:Transvaal 822:Transvaal 726:Middlesex 595:statesman 546:Signature 490:Salehurst 480:, England 371:In office 275:In office 223:In office 156:In office 114:In office 5720:L. Botha 5629:Governor 5317:Extinct 5012:in JSTOR 4912:(1905). 4813:(1922). 4558:"Ch XXX" 4556:(1931). 4284:(1975). 4270:(1923). 4194:(1930). 4182:(1936). 4077:(1969). 3732:, p. 291 3686:Gollin, 3663:, p. 199 3450:Wrench, 2787:See also 2325:— 2290:— 2089:— 2067:— 2049:Boulogne 2018:Pershing 2010:Doullens 1792:and the 1674:— 1466:Politics 917:Pretoria 846:Rhodesia 785:and Sir 656:Tübingen 380:Monarchs 284:Monarchs 169:George V 5224:of the 5220:in the 5211:at the 5010:(1979) 4546:479-517 4252:4289491 3717:pg. 238 3689:pg. 585 3414:pg. 254 2754:(1923) 2744:(1922) 2714:(1918) 2704:(1915) 2694:(1914) 2684:(1913) 2674:(1913) 2664:(1909) 2654:(1908) 2644:(1907) 2627:(1905) 2606:(1895) 2596:(1894) 2522:Honours 2282:wrote: 2157:Mahenge 2137:Belgium 2108:Postwar 1928:Belgium 1658:. As a 1371:coolies 1257:coolies 1056:in 1897 775:Goschen 718:Liberal 698:at the 652:Giessen 630:in the 500:British 347:Himself 247:Himself 232:Monarch 165:Monarch 5495:Marico 5235:, 1902 4905:(2004) 4876:& 4852:, 1927 4841:, 1927 4744: 4725: 4704: 4644: 4532:Milner 4519: 4498: 4451: 4391: 4378:Press. 4359: 4338: 4250: 4158: 4040: 3858:2 June 3835:2 June 3812:2 June 3675:p. 327 2737:(1920) 2153:Tabora 2030:Amiens 1973:B.E.F. 1794:Kaiser 1741:Russia 1519:, and 1229:Oxford 1192:Sidney 1078:helots 870:"Taal" 848:, and 840:, the 812:, now 779:Cromer 722:Harrow 708:under 624:Reader 505:Spouse 453:Gießen 4689:pg. 7 4248:JSTOR 3399:(PDF) 2817:Notes 2587:Works 2473:Credo 2454:Credo 2393:, of 2385:Death 1873:Italy 1158:Peace 930:, an 886:Boers 866:Dutch 746:Egypt 588: 586:, 581: 579:, 574: 572:, 82: 80:, 75: 73:, 68: 66:, 5428:and 5276:and 5249:Link 4742:OCLC 4723:OCLC 4702:ISBN 4671:link 4642:ISBN 4517:ISBN 4449:ISBN 4436:(4). 4389:ISBN 4357:ISBN 4336:ISBN 4038:ISBN 3908:Link 3860:2024 3837:2024 3814:2024 2727:Link 2581:1921 2558:1897 2550:GCMG 2545:1895 2536:1894 2217:and 2155:and 2133:Orts 2086:tea. 2014:Foch 1889:CinC 1885:Haig 1764:Tsar 1730:HMS 1628:King 1614:(of 1327:and 1261:Rand 1194:and 1129:and 860:and 824:and 800:and 597:and 583:GCMG 467:Died 443:Born 426:Sir 413:Sir 213:and 209:1st 77:GCMG 41:and 5226:ZBW 5202:at 5177:at 4490:doi 4240:doi 4168:". 2563:GCB 2541:KCB 1930:". 1808:by 1449:of 1369:of 1312:DCL 1235:". 973:". 911:to 642:of 606:'s 576:GCB 360:and 332:As 320:As 70:GCB 6092:: 4918:. 4892:, 4880:, 4802:, 4667:}} 4663:{{ 4560:. 4434:58 4428:. 4374:. 4246:. 4236:43 4234:. 4022:^ 3998:. 3891:. 3569:, 3522:^ 3344:^ 3226:. 3182:. 3150:^ 3140:. 3094:. 3074:. 3027:. 3007:. 2987:. 2976:^ 2947:^ 2916:^ 2875:^ 2579:– 2573:KG 2556:– 2534:– 2528:CB 2450:. 2432:. 2179:. 2016:, 1689:. 1666:: 1597:, 1535:. 1515:, 1457:. 1357:. 1331:. 1314:. 1306:. 1294:. 1198:. 1146:, 998:, 994:, 990:, 986:, 943:. 844:, 762:CB 686:. 610:. 590:PC 569:KG 566:, 459:, 455:, 84:PC 63:KG 5754:e 5747:t 5740:v 5417:e 5410:t 5403:v 5014:. 4833:" 4748:. 4729:. 4710:. 4683:. 4673:) 4650:. 4549:. 4525:. 4496:. 4492:: 4457:. 4397:. 4365:. 4344:. 4254:. 4242:: 4046:. 4017:. 3862:. 3839:. 3816:. 3396:" 3113:. 2899:. 2730:) 1887:( 1421:. 876:" 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner

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