3268:
3519:
3510:
families as legacies of an oppressive, property-rights-based, and individualistic past in which women were simultaneously subjected to both wage labour outside the home and unpaid maternal and domestic labour within it. Kollontai admonished men and women to discard their nostalgia for traditional family life. "The worker-mother must learn not to differentiate between yours and mine; she must remember that there are only our children, the children of Russia's communist workers." Under
Communism, both men and women would work for, and be supported by, society, not their families. Similarly, their children would be wards of society, raised in common. However, she also praised parental attachment: "Communist society will take upon itself all the duties involved in the education of the child, but the joys of parenthood will not be taken away from those who are capable of appreciating them."
2838:
3082:, recommended the "unrepentant" three be purged from the party. In her defensive speech before the Congress, Kollontai emphasized her loyalty to the party and her devotion to giving the leading role in the party and outside it to the working class, she proclaimed her full observance of the previous year's decree on party unity, and concluded: "If there is no place for this in our party, then exclude me. But even outside the ranks of our party, I will live, work and fight for the Communist party." Eventually, a resolution was passed allowing the three to remain in the party unless they committed further violations of its discipline.
4161:, apart from Stalin and Kollontai, there were 19 full members in the Central Committee at the time of the Bolshevik Revolution: two of them were killed by counter-revolutionaries; five, including Lenin, died for other causes before Stalin's accession to power; the 12 members left fell all victims of Stalinist repression, including Trotsky who was assassinated in Mexico . However, Matvei Muranov too came unharmed through purges, outliving all his former colleagues until 1959: the exact number of those who fell victims of Stalin must thus be calculated as 11. For the list and dates of death of the full members of the
2733:, she soon abandoned this for other revolutionary projects. Marxism, with its emphasis on the class consciousness of factory workers, the revolutionary seizure of power, and the construction of modern industrial society, attracted Kollontai and many of her peers in Russia's radical intelligentsia. Kollontai's first activities were timid and modest, helping out a few hours a week with her sister Zhenia at a library that supported Sunday classes in basic literacy for urban workers, sneaking a few socialist ideas into the lessons. Through this library Kollontai met
2856:. The couple appeared quite oddly assorted: she was a Menshevik intellectual, of noble origins, thirteen years older than him; he was a self-taught metalworker from provincial Russia and a Bolshevik leading exponent of some prominence. Their romantic relationship came to an end in July 1916, but evolved thereafter into a long-lasting friendship as they wound up sharing many of the same general political views. They were still in contact in the early 1930s when Kollontai lived abroad in a sort of diplomatic exile, and Shliapnikov was going to be executed during
3444:. However, this does not mean that she advocated casual sexual encounters; indeed, she believed that due to the inequality between men and women that persisted under socialism, such encounters would lead to women being exploited, and being left to raise children alone. Instead she believed that true socialism could not be achieved without a radical change in attitudes to sexuality, so that it might be freed from the oppressive norms that she saw as a continuation of bourgeois ideas about property. A common myth describes her as a proponent of the
3006:: it expounded her personal views on the subjects under discussion, was intended to be distributed only to the delegates and has since remained probably her most famous work. "Kollontai's propositions for reform mostly repeated those enumerated by the Workers' Opposition, but she placed a greater emphasis on reducing 'bureaucratisation'," and denouncing petty-bourgeois or non-proletarian influences on Soviet institutions and on the party. Her language "conveyed much harsher criticism of the party and
3387:
3496:
all the dangers of this environment. The woman who is wife, mother and worker has to expend every ounce of energy to fulfil these roles. She has to work the same hours as her husband in some factory, printing-house or commercial establishment and then on top of that she has to find the time to attend to her household and look after her children. Capitalism has placed a crushing burden on woman's shoulders: it has made her a wage-worker without having reduced her cares as housekeeper or mother.
3091:
2938:
2630:
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the general interests of women. But once the barrier is down and the bourgeois women have received access to political activity, the recent defenders of the "rights of all women" become enthusiastic defenders of the privileges of their class, content to leave the younger sisters with no rights at all. Thus, when the feminists talk to working women about the need for a common struggle to realise some "general women's" principle, women of the working class are naturally distrustful.
2698:
2872:". After leaving Germany, Kollontai traveled to Denmark, only to discover that the Danish social democrats also supported the war. The next place where Kollontai tried to speak and write against the war was Sweden, but the Swedish government imprisoned her for her activities. After her release, Kollontai traveled to Norway, where she at last found a socialist community that was receptive to her ideas. Kollontai stayed primarily in Norway until 1917. She travelled twice to the
550:
268:
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81:
3120:, asking to be sent on a mission abroad. Stalin granted her request and, starting from October 1922, she began to be entrusted with diplomatic appointments abroad and was thus prevented from playing any further political role at home. At first she hoped it was just a passing phase in her life and that she would soon return to her political work in the Zhenotdel, but eventually she had to realize that the diplomatic assignment had become a sort of exile.
3728:
2654:
3237:
regime.' Yet, it could also be argued that she had just internalized for good the lesson
Trotsky had taught her at the aforementioned 1922 meeting of the Comintern, when he had tamed her last remnants of recalcitrance, forcing her into bowing to party discipline. Kollontai had, as it were, countered in advance, in her 1927 article through which she finally aligned herself, once and for all, with the Stalinists:
479:
3479:
Formerly every girl would learn to knit stockings. Nowa- days, what working woman would think of making her own? In the first place she doesn't have the time. Time is money, and no one wants to waste time in an unproductive and useless manner. Few working women would start to pickle cucumbers or make other preserves when all these things can be bought in the shop. – Alexandra
Kollontai (1920),
2642:
4185:'Misha' Kollontai managed to live most of his time in the United States where he worked as an engineer; meanwhile his mother raised her grandson Vladimir Mikhailovich in Sweden (Clements, p. 251). Misha, however, died during the Second World War, probably in Stockholm, where he had sought his mother's nursing because he had fallen ill with heart disease (Clements, pp. 265 e 270).
3267:
3023:, on the last day the congress passed, among others, two secret resolutions: one, specially aimed at the Workers' Opposition, condemned 'Anarcho-syndicalist deviation' within the party; the other ('On party unity') simply banned all factions. Thus, the Workers' Opposition was forcibly dissolved, and Kollontai was practically sidelined.
3229:
personal nature that might be regarded as forms of self-celebration. On asking the publisher to make the changes requested, Kollontai apologized with obvious embarrassment, inviting repeatedly to debit her all expenses and writing twice that, under current circumstances, it was not absolutely possible "to do otherwise".
4215:
On the other hand, Kollontai is rather unlikely to have ever been so quiet and safe during the Terror. Jenny
Morrison writes that "she lived the last 20 years of her life in constant fear of assassination or imprisonment". Barbara Allen learnt from Kollontai's grandson of a family tradition (based on
3834:
was assassinated two weeks later by less sophisticated means when he changed his ordinary route through the streets, but
Mravinskii was arrested when the dynamite tunnel was discovered, charged with misleading the police. Alexandra's mother persuaded her second husband to use his influence to aid her
3509:
Kollontai's views on the role of marriage and the family under
Communism were arguably more influential than her advocacy of "free love". Kollontai believed that, like the state, the family unit would wither away once the second stage of communism became a reality. She viewed marriage and traditional
3490:
movement. While proponents of Wages for
Housework argue that the domestic labour is productive labour worthy of monetary compensation, Kollontai devalued "women's work", believing it to be an antiquated vestige of the past. Unlike supporters of Wages for Housework who advocated for the integration of
3279:
It is a well-known fact that the Soviet Union has achieved exceptional successes in drawing women into the active construction of the state. This generally accepted truth is not disputed even by our enemies. The Soviet woman is a full and equal citizen of her country. In opening up to women access to
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The followers of the faction among the delegates, however, remained quite few and proved to be declining during the proceedings, when Lenin did not even hesitate to draw snickers from delegates by hinting at the amatory past of the
Kollontai-Shliapnikov couple. Although Kollontai and her comrades had
3426:
Class instinct – whatever the feminists say – always shows itself to be more powerful than the noble enthusiasms of "above-class" politics. So long as the bourgeois women and their "younger sisters" are equal in their inequality, the former can, with complete sincerity, make great efforts to defend
3107:
later recounted that, on his departure from Moscow in 1922, Kollontai jokingly warned him not to believe any news of her being arrested for stealing
Kremlin silverware, for such news could only mean that she was "not entirely in agreement with about some little problem of agricultural or industrial
519:
In 1890 or 1891, Alexandra, aged around 19, met her cousin and future husband, Vladimir
Ludvigovich Kollontai (9 July 1867 – July/August 1917), an engineering student of modest means enrolled at a military institute. Alexandra's mother objected bitterly to the potential union since the young man was
3825:
melodrama, the first husband of Alexandra Kollontai's mother, an engineer named Mravinskii, was enlisted by the Tsar's secret police in 1881 to help ferret out a plot to kill the Tsar with dynamite placed under the street in a tunnel. Mravinskii helped police agents check for secret tunnels made by
3495:
What kind of "family life" can there be if the wife and mother is out at work for at least eight hours and, counting the travelling, is away from home for ten hours a day? Her home is neglected; the children grow up without any maternal care, spending most of the time out on the streets, exposed to
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All that was formerly produced in the bosom of the family is now being manufactured on a mass scale in workshops and factories. The machine has superseded the wife. What house- keeper would now bother to make candles, spin wool or weave cloth? All these products can be bought in the shop next door.
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The workers' state needs new relations between the sexes, just as the narrow and exclusive affection of the mother for her own children must expand until it extends to all the children of the great, proletarian family, the indissoluble marriage based on the servitude of women is replaced by a free
3410:, which she saw as bourgeois. At the same time, Kollontai was a champion of women's liberation, believing that it "could take place only as the result of the victory of a new social order and a different economic system". She criticized bourgeois feminists for prioritizing political goals, such as
524:
You work! You, who can't even make up your own bed to look neat and tidy! You, who never picked up a needle! You, who go marching through the house like a princess and never help the servants with their work! You, who are just like your father, going around dreaming and leaving your books on every
4220:
official responsible was arrested. Kollontai left Moscow for Scandinavia before a new official could be assigned to the case" and it was later closed somehow or other. According to Allen, moreover, neither Kollontai nor Shliapnikov (nor even other major exponents of the Workers' Opposition) would
3010:
than did Shlyapnikov's language" in the official faction platform. Lenin was very upset about Kollontai joining the Workers' Opposition and, when he was given a copy of her pamphlet, he just 'leafed through' it and immediately castigated Kollontai. He stated she had written 'the platform of a new
4194:
Another of Kollontai's half-nephews (the son of her eldest half-sister Adèle and also her own cousin), who was an out-and-out Bolshevik from 1917, committed suicide in 1931. "They overdid vigilance," bitterly wrote Kollontai in her diary, as she prepared, "trembling", to tell her half-sister the
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Kollontai's saw domestic labour as an impediment to her ideal of the "universal family". Rather than viewing the tasks that were traditionally reserved for women as productive labour, Kollontai believed that housework stood in the way of industrialization and modernization and that under a fully
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was contemptuously critical of Kollontai's political attitude, writing that 'In Russia, Kolontay took from the very first an ultra-left stand, not only toward me but toward Lenin as well. She waged many a battle against the "Lenin-Trotsky" regime, only to bow most movingly later on to the Stalin
3102:
After the Eleventh Congress, Kollontai became a political outcast. She was badly shaken by having teetered dangerously close to expulsion, and regarded the idea of being excluded from the 'revolutionary community of the elect' as a dreadful "nightmare". She even speculated she might be arrested.
454:
peasant who had made a fortune selling wood. Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina became known as Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina-Mravinskaya after her marriage to her first husband, Konstantin Iosipovich Mravinsky (originally spelled Mrovinsky) (1829–1921). Her marriage to Mravinsky was an arranged
3228:
publisher Helga Kern, she deemed it necessary to completely revise the first draft of her work she had handed over to the publisher, by deleting practically all references to 'dangerous' topics, as well as the parts mentioning or just hinting at her former critical positions and those having a
399:
in 1920, but was eventually defeated and sidelined, narrowly avoiding her own expulsion from the party altogether. From 1922 on, she was appointed to various diplomatic posts abroad, serving in Norway, Mexico and Sweden. In 1943, she was promoted to the title of ambassador to Sweden. Kollontai
3460:
Though Kollontai believed in the eventual obsolescence of the traditional family, she held that institution marriage could survive if it underwent a radical transformation. She advocated for a transformed marriage that would be compatible with many other social relations, such as friendship.
3337:
The resurgence of radicalism in the 1960s and the growth of the feminist movement in the 1970s spurred a new interest in the life and writings of Alexandra Kollontai all around the world. A spate of books and pamphlets by and about Kollontai were subsequently published, including full-length
2998:
over factories and generally over "the management of the national economy", on the grounds that the construction of a communist society could only be carried out by the industrial proletariat through its class work in history and through the intelligence it would acquire in concrete economic
3241:
The masses do not believe in the opposition. They greet every statement of the opposition with smiles. Is it possible that the opposition thinks the masses' memory is so short? If they come across defects in the party, in the political line, who, if not the famous members of the opposition,
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3466:
union of two equal members of the workers' state who are united by love and mutual respect. In place of the individual and egoistic family, a great universal family of workers will develop, in which all the workers, men and women, will above all be comrades. – Alexandra Kollontai (1920),
3026:
Nevertheless, despite subsequent misunderstandings with the former leaders of the Workers' Opposition and Kollontai's own resentment at their having renounced the pamphlet she had written to support the faction, on 5 July 1921 she tried again "to help by speaking on their behalf to the
503:
Alexandra was a good student growing up, sharing her father's interest in history, and mastering a range of languages. She spoke French with her mother and sisters, English with her nanny, Finnish with the peasants at a family estate inherited from her maternal grandfather in Kuusa (in
2867:
in 1914, Kollontai left Germany due to the German social democrats' support of the war. Kollontai was strongly opposed to the war and very outspoken against it, and in June 1915 she broke with the Mensheviks and officially joined the Bolsheviks, "those who most consistently fought
3461:
Kollontai felt that by liberating women and men from their traditionally hierarchical roles, communism would free marriage from the "conjugal slavery of the past", allowing spouses to thrive in egalitarian marriages grounded in mutual love and trust. As Kollontai wrote in 1920:
3193:
exile for over twenty years, Kollontai gave up "her fight for reform and for women, retreating into relative obscurity" and bowing to the new political climate. She discarded her feminist concerns and "offered no objection to the patriarchal legislation of 1926 and the
3904:
According to John Simkin, on 27 February trade unionists supporting the Workers' Opposition published a proclamation calling for 'freedom of speech, press and assembly for all who labour', and for the 'liberation of all arrested Socialists and non-partisan workers.'
516:, and that impressionable youngsters encountered too many dangerous radical ideas at universities. Instead, Alexandra was to be allowed to take an exam to gain certification as a school teacher before making her way into society to find a husband, as was the custom.
498:
My mother and the English nanny who reared me were demanding. There was order in everything: to tidy up toys myself, to lay my underwear on a little chair at night, to wash neatly, to study my lessons on time, to treat the servants with respect. Mama demanded this.
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3958:
On 13 March Kollontai boasted before the congress "that it was members of the Workers' Opposition faction who had been 'the first' to volunteer 'for Konstadt' and thus 'to fulfil our duty in the name of Communism and the international workers' revolution'."
3448:
of sexuality. The quote "...the satisfaction of one's sexual desires should be as simple as getting a glass of water" is often mistakenly attributed to her. This is likely a distortion of the moment in her short story "Three Generations" when a young female
2740:
Years later, she wrote about her marriage, "We separated although we were in love because I felt trapped. I was detached, , because of the revolutionary upsettings rooted in Russia." In 1898 she left little Mikhail with her parents to study economics in
2712:
in the hope that she would forget Vladimir, but the pair remained committed to one another despite it all and married in 1893. Alexandra became pregnant soon after her marriage and bore a son, Mikhail, in 1894. She devoted her time to reading radical
2914:, she was arrested along with many other Bolshevik leaders, but was given again her full freedom of movement in September: she was then a member of the party's Central Committee and as such she voted for the policy of armed uprising that led to the
2876:
to speak about war and politics, and to renew her relationship with her son Mikhail; in 1916, she had arranged for him to avoid conscription by going to the United States to work on Russian orders from U.S. factories. In 1917, upon hearing of the
3329:
residence". Notwithstanding, it should also be pointed out that, even so, Kollontai did not enjoy a full liberty of action and had to worry about the possible fates of her family. It might not have been pure chance if both her only son and her
494:. "Shura", as she was called growing up, was close to her father, with whom she shared an analytical bent and an interest in history and politics. Her relationship with her mother, for whom she was named, was more complex. She later recalled:
5905:
Novikova, N., Ghodsee, K. (2023). Alexandra Kollontai (1872–1952): Communism as the Only Way Toward Women's Liberation. In: de Haan, F. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
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She went into exile, to Germany, in 1908 after publishing "Finland and Socialism", which called on the Finnish people to rise up against oppression within the Russian Empire. She traveled across western Europe and became acquainted with
4333:
In the first Soviet government, formed in the fall of 1917, Kollontai was appointed people's commissar (minister) for social welfare. She was the only woman in the cabinet but also the first woman in history who became a member of the
3111:
During this time, Kollontai was also in the process of a painful divorce from her second husband, Pavel Dybenko, which made her want a change of scenery. In the latter half of 1922 she wrote a "personal letter" to the newly appointed
3221:: "Everything's changed so much. What can I do about this? One cannot go against the 'apparatus'. For my part, I have put my principles aside in a corner of my conscience and I pursue as best I can the policies they dictate to me".
3941:. At the opening session of the congress, on entering the foyer, Lenin saw Kollontai conversing with a French delegate, and immediately rushed over to the latter, blatantly marvelling that he still spoke "to this individual" (
2737:, an activist in the budding Marxist movement in St. Petersburg. Stasova began to use Kollontai as a courier, transporting parcels of illegal writings to unknown individuals, which were delivered upon utterance of a password.
449:
censors, presumably for showing insufficient Russian nationalist zeal. Alexandra's mother, Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina (Massalina) (1848–1899), was the daughter of Alexander Feodorovich Masalin (Massalin) (1809–1859), a
3113:
388:, the then-new women's department of the Central Committee that was aimed at improving the status of women in the Soviet Union. She was a champion of women's liberation, and later came to be recognized as a key figure in
4216:
secondhand information) to the effect that Kollontai had once been on the very verge of arrest. During a visit of hers in Moscow, an order had already been issued for her arrest, but, "before could be implemented, the
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every sphere of creative activity, our state has simultaneously ensured all the conditions necessary for her to fulfil her natural obligation – that of being a mother bringing up her children and mistress of her home.
3259:
The degree of her adherence to the prevailing ideas of the Stalinist regime, whether it was spontaneous or not, may be gauged from the opening of an article she wrote in 1946 for a Russian magazine. It bore the title
3994:
However, Flor Anisimovich Mitin (1882–1937) and Nikolai Vladimirovich Kuznetsov (1884–1937), two others of the signatories of the appeal to the Comintern, who were not "old Bolsheviks", were expelled from the party
4082:
These words were reported by Kollontai's erstwhile diplomatic colleague and fighting comrade Marcel Body (1894–1984) in the obituary he published in 1952 in a political review ("Mémoires: Alexandra Kollontaï";
4060:
also adds she "was uniquely privy to one meeting of the inner sanctum of the League Council" (Sluga, Glenda (2015): "Women, Feminism and Twentieth-Century Internationalism", in id. and Clavin, Patricia (eds):
4120:, Milan, Feltrinelli, 1975, p. 67). Fetscher's book presents a collation of both the versions written by Kollontai, the initial draft and the second expurgated one. The two versions are also collated in the
3334:(whom she had much supported at the beginning of his career) also came unscathed through the persecution of the Stalinist regime, to the establishment of which she had, however, significantly contributed.
2893:
too got back to Russia in April 1917, Kollontai was the only major leader of the Petrograd Bolsheviks who immediately voiced her full support for his radical and nonconformist new proposals (the so-called
4388:
3848:"The library loaned maps, globes, textbooks, and other materials to groups meeting in various parts of the city and sent out illegal populist and Marxist tracts under the cover of the legal activity."
4383:Обзор Русско-Турецкой войны 1877-1878 гг. на Балканском полуостровѣ / Obzor Russko-Turet︠s︡koĭ voĭny 1877-1878 gg. na Balkanskom poluostrovi︠e︡ (St. Petersburg: V. Gosudarstvennoi tipografii, 1900) (
2799:
in 1903, Kollontai did not side with either faction at first, and "offered her services to both factions". In 1906, however, disapproving of "the hostile position taken by the Bolsheviks towards the
3422:
women, and was further distrustful that bourgeois champions of feminism would continue to support their working class counterparts after succeeding in their struggle for "general women's" rights:
3066:
had her name removed from the list of orators and insisted that she should not take the floor. When she 'proved recalcitrant, Trotsky forbade her to speak and issued a decree, in the name of the
470:
The saga of her parents' long and difficult struggle to be together in spite of the norms of society would color and inform Alexandra Kollontai's own views of relationships, sex, and marriage.
3264:, and praised the Soviet Union's advances of women's rights, while simultaneously emphasizing a view of the role of women in society at odds with her previous writings on women's liberation.
3242:
established them and built them? It seems that the policy of the party and the structure of the apparatus become unfit only from the day that a group of oppositionists breaks with the party.
6034:
4196:
2837:
4195:
terrible news (Farnsworth , p. 960). Farnsworth does not mention the suicide's name, but, according to the Russian Knowledge, the name of the only male child of Adèle (Аглаиде) and
5611:
361:, Kollontai returned to Russia. She supported Lenin's radical proposals and, as a member of the party's Central Committee, voted for the policy of armed uprising which led to the
821:
791:
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marriage which turned out to be unhappy, and eventually she divorced Mravinsky in order to marry Mikhail Domontovich, with whom she had fallen in love. Russian opera singer
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512:), and was a student of German. Alexandra sought to continue her schooling at a university, but her mother refused her permission, arguing that women had no real need for
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3035:
proposed by Lenin, warning that it 'threatened to disillusion workers, to strengthen the peasantry and petty bourgeoisie, and to facilitate the rebirth of capitalism'.
5736:
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2991:
4042:
395:
Kollontai was outspoken against bureaucratic influences over the Communist Party and its undemocratic internal practices. To that end, she sided with the left-wing
4225:
and others, but with fewer and fewer results". Which eventually drove her to seek comfort even in "nostalgia for quieter and more hopeful prerevolutionary times" (
611:
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2961:, fighting illiteracy and educating women about the new marriage, education, and work laws put in place by the Revolution. It was eventually closed in 1930.
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4037:
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between Russia and Finland broke out; it has been said that it was largely due to her influence that Sweden remained neutral. After the war, she received
346:
against Lenin's Bolsheviks. Exiled from Russia in 1908, Kollontai toured Western Europe and the United States and campaigned against participation in the
3866:
5183:. New York/London: Routledge. Chapter 3 ("A Community of Men: Marxism and Women"), Section: "Marxist feminists: Zetkin, Kollontai, Goldman", pp. 40–54.
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2902:, and "for the rest of 1917, was a constant agitator for revolution in Russia as a speaker, leaflet writer and worker on the Bolshevik women's paper
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4151:
3518:
3028:
2941:
2701:
5685:
Farnsworth, Beatrice (2010). "Conversing with Stalin, Surviving the Terror: The Diaries of Aleksandra Kollontai and the Internal Life of Politics".
5612:"'A Proletarian From a Novel': Politics, Identity, and Emotion in the Relationship between Alexander Shliapnikov and Alexandra Kollontai, 1911-1935"
3070:, ordering all members of the Russian delegation to "obey the directives of the party".' Predictably, the appeal of the 22 was unsuccessful. At the
6139:
2764:
Kollontai became interested in Marxist ideas while studying the history of working movements in Zürich, under Herkner, later described by her as a
2077:
6119:
3486:
In this regard, Kollontai's critique of women's societal position under capitalism is both reminiscent of and distinct from the Marxist feminist
3181:, on the grounds of "her diplomatic efforts to end war and hostilities between the Soviet Union and Finland during the negotiations in 1940-44."
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373:. She was appointed People's Commissar for Social Welfare in the first Soviet government, but soon resigned due to her opposition to the peace
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In the run-up to the congress, scheduled for 8–16 March, at Shliapnikov's urgent request, Kollontai had a pamphlet printed with the title of
571:
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so poor, to which her daughter replied that she would work as a teacher to help make ends meet. Her mother bitterly scoffed at the notion:
161:
6124:
5965:
442:
4301:
Alexandra Kollontai, nee Domontovich, who held the distinctions of being the first woman cabinet minister and the first woman ambassador
3074:(March–April 1922), Kollontai, Shlyapnikov and Medvedev were charged with having insisted on factional work and a three-man commission,
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6134:
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586:
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ever betray close friends during the Terror. On the contrary, "Kollontai tried as well as she could to help her friends, appealing to
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first, and as a result Mravinskii was saved from harsh Siberian exile, stripped of his rights and exiled to European Russia instead.
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464:
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A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries
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for fifty years (1938–1988), was the only son of Mravina's brother Alexander Kostantinovich and thus Kollontai's half nephew.
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3054:", whereby several former members of the Workers' Opposition and other party members of working class origin appealed to the
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781:
203:
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3895:, 4 January 1981). Both Dybenko and Shliapnikov were People's Commissars alongside Kollontai in the first Soviet government.
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causing hundreds of deaths and injuries. At the time of the split in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between the
1882:
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against the undemocratic internal practices in use within the Russian party. When 'Kollontai attempted to speak before the
2965:
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911:
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224:
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17:
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Kollontai was one of the seventeen women delegates to the League's General Assembly throughout two decades of activity;
3131:, becoming one of the first women serving in diplomacy in modern times. In early 1924, Kollontai was first promoted to
3050:
Kollontai's final political action as an oppositionist within the Communist Party was her co-signing of the so-called "
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member argues that sex "is as meaningless as drinking a glass of vodka to quench one's thirst." In number 18 of her
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806:
756:
422:
5589:
Allen, Barbara C. (2007). "Early dissent within the party: Alexander Shliapnikov and the letter of the twenty-two".
3224:
Three years earlier, in 1926, when she was requested to write her own autobiography for a series on famous women by
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2750:
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3885:"Bolshevik leaders reacted to the difference in their ages like cackling village gossips," adds Simon Karlinsky ("
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diplomat in the 1930s with unconventional views on sexuality, probably inspired by Kollontai, had been played by
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in 1899 at the age of 27. In 1905, Kollontai was a witness to the series of events in Saint Petersburg, known as
1917:
1467:
1165:
1043:
746:
646:
601:
3325:, and so many friends of hers were executed. And, it has been noted, at the time she "was safe in her sumptuous
3298:
Alexandra Kollontai died in Moscow on 9 March 1952, less than a month from her 80th birthday, and was buried at
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Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
5002:
2911:
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963:
861:
841:
751:
676:
370:
1065:
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Four Socialist Reformers of Socialism: Alexandra Kollontai, Andrei Platonov, Robert Havemenn, and Stefan Heym
4997:
2957:
or "Women's Department" in 1919 . This organization worked to improve the conditions of women's lives in the
2677:
2212:
1115:
884:
771:
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308:
38:
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The Workers Opposition in the Russian Communist Party: The Fight for Workers Democracy in the Soviet Union.
1887:
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941:
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701:
4238:
Kollontai was awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle on the basis of her friendship with Mexican Presidents
4088:
549:
6164:
6000:
3195:
3165:'s praises. During late April 1943, Kollontai may have been involved in abortive peace negotiations with
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2197:
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801:
726:
621:
445:. In the 1880s he wrote a study of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. This study was confiscated by the
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2749:. She then paid a visit to England, where she met members of the British socialist movement, including
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31:
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An English edition of the pamphlet (Solidarity (London) Pamphlet no.7, 1961) is accessible on line at
3313:. She has sometimes been criticized and even held up to contempt for not raising her voice during the
2757:. She returned to Russia in 1899, at which time she met Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov, better known today as
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3474:
realized communist society, industrial mechanization would ultimately replace so-called women's work:
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1314:
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916:
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776:
706:
691:
425:. After his participation in the war, he was appointed Provisional Governor of the Bulgarian city of
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19 March] 1872 – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and
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5201:
3177:
by Scandinavian political circles, including the Finnish president and erstwhile Envoy to Moscow,
2986:, both of working class extraction. Three days earlier, on 25 January, after about a month delay,
2953:
She was the most prominent woman in the Soviet administration and was best known for founding the
2930:. During the revolutionary period, at the age of 45, she married 28-year-old revolutionary sailor
2729:
While Kollontai was initially drawn to the populist ideas of restructuring society based upon the
1085:
6189:
6099:
5976:
5772:
Bobroff, Anne (1979). "Alexandra Kollontai: Feminism, Workers' Democracy, and Internationalism".
4915:
4648:
3571:"The Social Basis of the Woman Question" ("Социальные основы женского вопроса"), a pamphlet, 1909
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biographies by historians Cathy Porter, Beatrice Farnsworth, and Barbara Evans Clements. In 1982
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3012:
2849:
2565:
2545:
1378:
1110:
993:
846:
811:
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459:(stage name) was Kollontai's half-sister via her mother. The celebrated Soviet-Russian conductor
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3133:
293:
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4099:
in Norway, the words cannot be confirmed by any third source but appear completely verisimilar.
3911:
at Spartacus Educational). However, these positions appear much more in line with those of the
2978:, a left-wing faction of the party that had its roots in the trade union milieu and was led by
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1817:
1223:
1155:
1145:
1133:
509:
396:
312:
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for her commitment to both women's liberation and Marxist ideals. She opposed the ideology of
3015:, and said clearly to her face: "For this you should not only be excluded, but shot as well."
3613:
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3322:
3169:, her German counterpart in Stockholm. She was also a member of the Soviet delegation to the
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866:
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Lenin's wrathful resentment against Kollontai is also shown by another episode reported by
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Kollontai's father, General Mikhail Alekseyevich Domontovich (1830–1902), descended from a
172:
5754:. Glebe NSW: Pascal Press (article: "Alexandra Kollontai (1872–1952)", pp. 187–190).
4944:
The whole contribution by Silone in Italian is accessible for free online under the title
4134:
3206:". The following words she allegedly pronounced in a private conversation with her friend
1347:
851:
8:
6094:
5200:
Saint Petersburg: Znamie. Chapter 3: "The Struggle for Political Rights" (quotation from
3938:
3912:
3861:
These "personal friends" were specially mentioned by Kollontai in the first draft of her
3765:
3681:. Cathy Porter, trans. London: Virago, 1981. Also: New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982.
3522:
3487:
3457:
Kollontai argued that "...sexuality is a human instinct as natural as hunger or thirst."
3411:
3199:
3032:
3020:
2995:
2927:
2878:
2852:(1867–1946), an agrarian scientist, she started a love affair with another fellow exile,
2848:
In 1911, while abruptly breaking off her long-term relationship with her faction comrade
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1213:
1193:
1188:
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1018:
1008:
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906:
761:
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354:
2017:
998:
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5702:
5629:
5393:
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4141:(Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1984) is accessible online at Marxists Internet Archive.
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5883:
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5331:
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2803:" and despite her being generally a left-winger, she decided to join the Mensheviks.
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460:
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4242:
del Río (21 May 1895 – 19 October 1970), who served between 1934 and 1940, and
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Alix Holt, trans. London: Allison & Busby, 1977. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
2037:
1942:
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1827:
1692:
327:. She was the first woman to be a cabinet minister, and the first woman ambassador.
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2007:
1967:
1802:
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651:
533:
513:
389:
284:
137:
5381:
4833:"Speech in Discussion of the Policies of the Russian Communist Party July 5, 1921"
3711:
A comprehensive bibliography of Russian-language material by Kollontai appears in
2357:
5996:
5983:
5740:
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5228:
4927:
4923:
4019:
3965:
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being however crossed out in the second expurgated version (quotation drawn from
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3747:
3733:
3062:
on 26 February 1922 on behalf of the views expressed in the appeal,' Trotsky and
2820:
2587:
2478:
2430:
2425:
2337:
2272:
2252:
2192:
2087:
2062:
2027:
2022:
2012:
1982:
1937:
1927:
1792:
1732:
1687:
1652:
1632:
1592:
1567:
1413:
1332:
1028:
958:
696:
378:
347:
5365:
3491:
women into the public sphere, Kollontai questioned the status of working women:
3309:
who managed to live into the 1950s, other than Stalin and his devoted supporter
1997:
350:. In 1915, she broke with the Mensheviks and became a member of the Bolsheviks.
4970:
4919:
4168:
4109:
3961:
3534:
3361:
3310:
3212:
3198:, which deprived Soviet women of many of the gains they had achieved after the
3104:
2918:. At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 26 October, she was elected
2890:
2816:
2796:
2758:
2709:
2592:
2420:
2322:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2152:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2072:
2052:
1992:
1987:
1972:
1957:
1947:
1867:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1747:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1682:
1672:
1647:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1527:
1208:
1140:
1095:
871:
716:
491:
426:
320:
141:
5907:
5698:
4169:"Comitato Centrale, eletto dal VI Congresso del POSDR(b) 3(16).8.1917, membri"
2779:, where tsarist soldiers opened fire on unarmed demonstrators in front of the
1847:
6013:
5493:
5389:
5335:
5327:
4931:
4034:
3419:
3391:
3318:
3138:
3117:
3090:
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2931:
2873:
2842:
2788:
2780:
2754:
2734:
2730:
2287:
2157:
2147:
2057:
1932:
1812:
1787:
1782:
1752:
1677:
1582:
1532:
1457:
1442:
1388:
1362:
1120:
901:
339:
237:
5990:
4911:
4173:
Guida alla storia del Partito Comunista e dell'Unione Sovietica 1898 - 1991
4096:
4057:
3526:
3365:
3233:
3166:
3036:
2964:
In political life, Kollontai increasingly became an internal critic of the
2958:
2945:
2895:
2812:
2808:
2697:
2530:
2352:
2327:
2292:
2222:
2217:
2202:
2187:
2137:
2127:
1977:
1962:
1952:
1902:
1872:
1857:
1842:
1807:
1627:
1587:
1537:
1487:
1408:
1352:
5557:, translated by Salvator Attansio, proofed and corrected by Chris Clayton.
5540:
5221:
4358:
5240:
4361:[Diplomat Alexandra Kollontai through the eyes of her grandson].
4246:(24 April 1897 – 13 October 1955), who served between 1940 and 1946.
4026:
4009:
3760:
3415:
3369:
3314:
2857:
2367:
2312:
2267:
2162:
2107:
2032:
1862:
1852:
1757:
1737:
1697:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1403:
1100:
973:
661:
596:
334:
general, Kollontai embraced radical politics in the 1890s and joined the
4116:, Munich, Rogner & Bernhard, 1970 (quoted from the Italian edition,
3741:
3685:
3173:. Kollontai retired in 1945. In 1946 and 1947 she was nominated for the
2826:
323:'s government in 1917–1918, she was a highly prominent woman within the
5027:
3830:
terrorists – who managed to plant dynamite in this manner anyway.
3785:
3158:
3150:
3040:
2784:
2362:
2172:
2002:
1912:
1907:
1897:
1777:
1702:
1662:
1657:
1497:
1297:
1272:
968:
591:
434:
414:
343:
324:
217:
209:
80:
42:
5838:
Alexandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism, and the Bolshevik Revolution
5311:
3124:
5166:
Lokaneeta, Jinee (2001), "Alexandra Kollontai and Marxist Feminism".
3755:
3441:
3395:
3374:
3326:
3218:
3154:
2954:
2907:
2792:
2708:
Her parents forbade the relationship and sent Alexandra on a tour of
2597:
2540:
2488:
2468:
2297:
1922:
1517:
1472:
1282:
478:
385:
5244:
5019:
4385:
Review of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 on the Balkan Peninsula
4137:
edited by Sally Ryan (2000) and Chris Clayton (2006) and drawn from
2742:
433:. In May 1879, he was called back to St. Petersburg. He entertained
400:
retired from diplomatic service in 1945 and died in Moscow in 1952.
338:(RSDLP) in 1899. During the RSDLP ideological split, she sided with
5800:
The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World
5449:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
4030:
3643:
Sexual Relations and the Class Struggle: Love and the New Morality.
3450:
3044:
2899:
2714:
2523:
2518:
2317:
1398:
256:
5247:("On Everyday Life: Young People and the "Glass of Water" Theory).
3184:
5312:"Crashing the Party: The radical legacy of a Soviet-era feminist"
3418:
women but would do little to address the immediate conditions of
3307:
Bolsheviks' Central Committee that had led the October Revolution
2718:
1292:
541:
486:
Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich was born on 31 March [
446:
384:
In 1919, Kollontai was a leading figure in the foundation of the
50:
5366:"Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist Feminism in Theory and Practice"
3808:: Domontovits is probably the common alternative spelling (see:
3663:
Highland Park, MI: International Socialist Publishing Co., 1974.
3455:
Theses on Communist Morality in the Sphere of Marital Relations,
5664:
de Haan, Francisca; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna (2006).
5660:. London-New York: Macmillan-St. Martin's Press, parts I and II
5259:
The Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle Advice for the Soviet Masses
3225:
3146:
3142:
3128:
3075:
2970:
1287:
505:
157:
4998:"Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II"
4392:(Book on Demand Ltd., 2015) (in Russian language, not English)
4091:
has been reproduced online, albeit with many a copy error, at
3804:
Alexandra Kollontai's original family name has been variously
3011:
party', threatened to submit her pamphlet to the court of the
2653:
822:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
5863:
Red Valkyries: Feminist Lessons from Five Revolutionary Women
4023:
451:
430:
417:
family that traced its ancestry back to the 13th century and
101:
5441:
Ferguson, Ann; Hennessy, Rosemary; Nagel, Mechthild (2021),
4732:
4730:
3637:
The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman.
3217:
in 1929 give a suggestion of her attitude towards advancing
2833:, Kollontai's fighting comrade and, for some time, her lover
6035:
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Soviet Union)
4387:) (St. Petersburg: State Printing House, 1900) – Also see:
4217:
2800:
792:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
5572:
Alexander Shlyapnikov, 1885-1937: Life of an Old Bolshevik
5261:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 37.
4166:
3262:
The Soviet Woman — a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country
2990:
finally published the faction's platform for the upcoming
5170:. Vol. 36, No. 17 (28 April – 4 May 2001), pp. 1405–1412.
4812:
4800:
4776:
4727:
4095:
Website. As they were pronounced during a tête-à-tête at
3947:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 97–98
4274:, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–2,
4272:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
612:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
5506:
The Nobel Peace Prize: Revelations from the Soviet Past
4910:
4655:
4163:
Bolshevik Central Committee elected at the 6th Congress
3145:(1926–27), again in Norway (1927–30) and eventually in
5785:
Body, Marcel (1952). "Mémoires: Alexandra Kollontai".
5460:
4127:
4114:
Autobiographie einer sexuell emanzipierten Kommunistin
5440:
5049:"Nomination archive: Alexandra Mikhaylovna Kollontay"
4788:
4764:
4679:
4610:
4504:
4502:
3352:
by Kollontai. For example, the film was shown in the
3094:
Kollontai after being awarded the Grand Cross of the
2934:, while keeping her surname from her first marriage.
5631:
Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai
4883:
4862:
3915:
than with the mainstream of the Workers' Opposition.
3723:
3381:
6115:
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
5120:
4753:translated by Barbara Allen for marxists.org from:
4715:
4401:
4399:
4188:
4139:
Alexandra Kollontai: Selected Articles and Speeches
3967:
Kronstadt 1917-1921. The fate of a Soviet democracy
3706:
St. Petersburg, FL: Red and Black Publishers, 2009.
3657:
San Pedro, CA: League for Economic Democracy, 1973.
3358:
A Wave of Passion: The Life of Alexandra Kollontai,
102:
People's Commissar of State Protection of the RSFSR
5835:
5628:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4514:
4499:
4487:
4108:Letter to Helga Kern, 26 July 1926, reproduced in
3039:retorted by even likening her to "an Amazon", and
5991:"St-Petersbourg workers of the textile industry,"
5417:"Communism and the Family by Alexandra Kollontai"
4667:
4472:Kollontai, Aleksandra (1945). "Iz vozpominanii".
4453:
4050:
3356:. Kollontai was the subject of the 1994 TV film,
2702:International Socialist Congress, Copenhagen 1910
6011:
5494:Alexandra Kollontai – the Soviet Ambassador
5116:. Harmondswoth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 283.
4640:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4396:
4390:Overview of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878
4339:
4144:
4065:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 69,
2974:on 28 January 1921, she publicly sided with the
421:. Her father served as a cavalry officer in the
30:"Kollontai" redirects here. For other uses, see
5829:. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.
5820:. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.
4977:, London, Orbach and Chambers, 1972, p. 105 ff.
4691:
3998:
3879:
3185:Political retreat and attitude toward Stalinism
3019:promptly and unconditionally sided against the
2704:. Alexandra Kollontai holds a delegate's hand.
6150:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
5216:
5214:
5088:"The Menshivik, Bolshevik, Stalinist feminist"
4627:
4625:
4209:
4063:Internationalisms: A Twentieth-Century History
5997:Newspaper clippings about Alexandra Kollontai
5818:Alexandra Kollontay: Ambassadress from Russia
4975:Autobiography of a sexually emancipated woman
4526:
4359:"Дипломат Александра Коллонтай глазами внука"
3149:(1930–45), where she was finally promoted to
2942:Third Congress of the Communist International
2926:, but she soon resigned in opposition to the
2678:
572:The Condition of the Working Class in England
302:
5508:. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 16 June 2011.
5081:
5079:
4312:
3887:The Menshivic, Bolshevik, Stalinist feminist
3675:. Cathy Porter, trans. London: Virago, 1977
3414:, that would provide political equality for
3031:". In her speech, she bitterly attacked the
2881:, Kollontai returned from Norway to Russia.
567:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
6060:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
5908:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13127-1_3
5824:
5815:
5211:
5181:Feminist Theory and the Philosophies of Man
4622:
4313:Boynton, Victoria; Malin, Jo, eds. (2005).
4306:
4232:
3974:: Cambridge University Press. p. 256.
3103:Italian writer and former communist leader
3085:
2900:Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet
2724:
5869:
5833:
5684:
5663:
5539:(in Russian). 26 July 2017. Archived from
5499:
4421:. Lanham/Toronto/Oxford: Scarecrow, p. 1.
3942:
3931:
3798:
3593:"The Attitude of the Russian Socialists,"
3114:General Secretary of the Central Committee
2721:political literature and writing fiction.
2685:
2671:
712:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
587:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
79:
27:Soviet politician and diplomat (1872–1952)
6210:Magazine founders from the Russian Empire
6145:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution
6050:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Sweden
6045:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Norway
6040:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Mexico
5899:Red Love: A Reader on Alexandra Kollontai
5806:
5635:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
5443:"Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work"
5281:
5256:
5245:"О БЫТЕ:МОЛОДЕЖЬ И ТЕОРИЯ „СТАКАНА ВОДЫ""
5085:
5076:
4708:
4706:
4560:
4471:
4029:(1920), and the 'first secretary' of the
3952:
3842:
3815:
3667:Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai.
3402:Kollontai is regarded as a key figure in
6220:Trade Representative of the Soviet Union
5734:"Women on the left: Alexandra Kollontai"
5658:Communism and Social Democracy 1914-1931
5206:Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai
4565:. Stockholm: Bonniers. pp. 218–219.
4167:Hirschkowitz, Naftali, ed. (2005–2020).
4124:accessible at Marxists Internet Archive.
3918:
3649:Women Workers Struggle for their Rights.
3517:
3385:
3266:
3089:
2936:
2836:
2825:
2696:
477:
6140:Marxist writers from the Russian Empire
5962:"For socialism and women's liberation,"
5896:
5860:
5797:
5771:
5447:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5363:
5309:
5132:
5111:
4980:
3960:
3855:
3440:Kollontai is known for her advocacy of
14:
6012:
5912:
5870:Lilie, Stuart A.; Riser, John (2009).
5609:
5588:
5569:
5286:. Translated by Cathy Porter. Virago.
4995:
4889:
4868:
4818:
4806:
4794:
4782:
4770:
4736:
4703:
4685:
4661:
4444:The Mrovinskys: "To Serve the Emperor"
4419:Yevgeny Mravinsky: The Noble Conductor
4087:, No. 14, April 1952, pp. 12–24). The
3898:
3434:The Social Basis of the Woman Question
2944:(1921). Alexandra Kollontai alongside
2773:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1493:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
336:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
5716:Alexandra Kollontai Selected Writings
5670:. Central European University Press.
5486:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5305:
5303:
4986:Erofeev, V. (2011), Diplomat, Moskva.
4319:Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography
4265:
4206:was Mikhail, the same as Kollontai's.
4179:
3988:
3394:from her friend Alexandra Kollontay,
2884:
2406:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
782:Change the World Without Taking Power
292:
6130:Russian Constituent Assembly members
6105:People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
5951:Alexandra Kollontai Internet Archive
5784:
5626:
5592:The NEP Era: Soviet Russia 1921-1928
5284:Love of Worker Bees and A Great Love
5126:
4721:
4616:
4604:
4592:
4580:
4568:
4520:
4508:
4493:
4481:
4459:
4405:
4345:
4102:
4076:
3849:
3836:
3712:
3582:), 9, 151–185, 1913 (republished in
3364:as the voice of Kollontai. A female
3317:, when, among countless others, her
3288:, 5, September–October 1946, pp. 3–4
3127:to the Soviet commercial mission in
255:professional revolutionary, writer,
5865:. New York and London: Verso Books.
5511:
5204:, translation by Alix Holt (1977):
5086:Karlinsky, Simon (4 January 1981).
4880:Farnsworth (2010), p. 949, note 24.
4830:
3293:
737:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
667:Theses on the Philosophy of History
24:
6125:Communists from the Russian Empire
6120:Russian anti–World War I activists
5765:
5714:Holt, Alix (trans.), ed. (1980) .
5477:
5404:
5350:
5300:
5222:"Alexandra Kollontai and Red Love"
4268:"Kollontai, Alexandra (1872-1952)"
4197:Konstantin Alekseevich Domontovich
3698:The Essential Alexandra Kollontai.
3651:Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1973.
3645:Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1972.
2968:and, with an article published in
2841:Alexandra and her second husband,
25:
6231:
6215:Russian people of Finnish descent
6155:Novelists from the Russian Empire
6135:Feminists from the Russian Empire
5944:
5938:Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
5616:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review
5574:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 84–85.
4936:Crossman, Richard Howard Stafford
3627:London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1932.
3547:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
3541:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
3382:Contributions to Marxist feminism
3323:former lover and fighting comrade
2854:Alexander Gavrilovich Shliapnikov
757:Time, Labor and Social Domination
132:Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich
6195:First women government ministers
6110:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
5915:Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography
5713:
5627:Clements, Barbara Evans (1979).
5364:Roelofs, Joan (2 January 2018).
5140:"Recent films from West-Germany"
4973:, 'Afterword', in A. Kollontaj,
4750:Theses of the Workers Opposition
4697:
4673:
4280:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0858
3740:
3726:
3639:n.c. : Herder and Herder, n.d. .
3605:(Василиса Малыгина). novel, 1923
3590:), Moscow, 1919, pp. 3–35).
3098:at the Norwegian embassy in 1946
2994:: it mainly advocated unionized
2922:for Social Welfare in the first
2652:
2640:
2628:
2464:21st-century communist theorists
807:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
722:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
642:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
548:
465:Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra
266:
6055:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
5809:Alejandra Kollontai (1872-1952)
5563:
5547:
5523:
5434:
5275:
5257:Bernstein, Frances Lee (2007).
5250:
5234:
5231:. (Retrieved 24 February 2016).
5208:. London: Allison & Busby).
5194:
5173:
5160:
5105:
5067:
5041:
5012:American Historical Association
4989:
4964:
4955:
4904:
4895:
4874:
4850:
4824:
4742:
4554:
4465:
4432:
3810:Genealogy of Mihail Domontovits
3771:Women in the Russian Revolution
3700:Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008.
3574:"New Woman" ("Новая женщина"),
3350:the novella with the same title
3305:She was the only member of the
3189:Being sent abroad in a sort of
3153:in 1943. When Kollontai was in
3141:. As such, she later served in
3029:Third Congress of the Comintern
1166:Theory of historical trajectory
1044:Dictatorship of the proletariat
747:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
647:History and Class Consciousness
602:Critique of the Gotha Programme
429:, and later Military Consul in
289:Александра Михайловна Коллонтай
281:Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai
247:Mikhail Vladimirovich Kollontai
5654:A History of Socialist Thought
5532:Биография Александры Коллонтай
5370:International Critical Thought
5003:The American Historical Review
4561:Kollontai, Aleksandra (1945).
4543:Kollontai, Aleksandra (1926),
4411:
4377:
4351:
4259:
3686:Selected Articles and Speeches
3584:New morality and working class
3271:Alexandra Kollontai's tomb at
3248:Oppozitsiia i partiinaia massa
3123:Initially, she was sent as an
2865:Russian entry into World War I
2745:, Switzerland, with Professor
964:Socially necessary labour time
862:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
752:The Sublime Object of Ideology
677:A Critique of Soviet Economics
235:Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai
13:
1:
6205:Writers from Saint Petersburg
5834:Farnsworth, Beatrice (1980).
5811:. Madrid: Ediciones del Orto.
5802:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
5718:. USA: Norton & Company.
5598:. Vol. 1. Archived from
5445:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
5382:10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436
5282:Kollontai, Alexandra (1999).
5168:Economic and Political Weekly
4961:Farnsworth (2010), p. 949 ff.
4857:Shliapnikov: Appeal of the 22
4266:Zukas, Alex (20 April 2009),
4253:
3943:Balabanoff, Angelica (1964).
3617:. New York: Seven Arts, 1927.
885:Critique of political economy
525:chair and table in the house!
473:
437:political views, favouring a
423:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
86:
39:Eastern Slavic naming customs
5861:Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2022).
5825:de Palnecia, Isabel (1940).
5816:de Palnecia, Isabel (1947).
5310:Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2018).
4942:. Bantam Books. p. 101.
4859:at Marxists Internet Archive
4112:'s afterword to Kollontai's
3588:Новая мораль и рабочий класс
3432:Alexandra Kollontai (1909),
2898:"). She was a member of the
922:Falling profit-rate tendency
702:The Society of the Spectacle
403:
7:
6001:20th Century Press Archives
5798:de Haan, Francisca (2023).
5468:"Communism and the Family,"
4270:, in Ness, Immanuel (ed.),
3719:
3633:Sydney: D. B. Young, n.d. .
3597:March 1916, pp. 60–61.
3116:and her recent inquisitor,
2771:She became a member of the
2396:Capitalism Nature Socialism
912:Concrete and abstract labor
802:Capital in the Anthropocene
727:Social Justice and the City
622:The Accumulation of Capital
490:19 March] 1872 in
408:
10:
6236:
5901:. London: Sternberg Press.
5897:Masucci, Michelle (2020).
5750:Ringer, Ronald E. (2006).
5610:Allen, Barbara C. (2008).
5570:Allen, Barbara C. (2015).
4901:Farnsworth (2010), p. 949.
4637:, at Spartacus Educational
4227:A Proletarian From a Novel
3661:International Women's Day.
3043:loudly corrected: "Like a
672:Dialectic of Enlightenment
37:In this name that follows
36:
32:Kollontai (disambiguation)
29:
5955:Marxists Internet Archive
5844:Stanford University Press
5699:10.1017/S003767790000992X
4365:(in Russian). 2 June 2019
4175:(in Russian and Italian).
4017:First Republic of Armenia
3631:Communism and the Family.
3513:
2949:(front row, on her right)
817:Literature and Revolution
777:Late Victorian Holocausts
707:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
692:The Wretched of the Earth
303:
288:
274:
262:
251:
243:
231:
197:
187:
179:
168:
147:
127:
122:
118:
107:
100:
96:
78:
71:
64:
6175:Soviet women in politics
5752:Excel HSC Modern History
5531:
5328:10.1215/07402775-7085877
4996:Mastny, Vojtech (1972).
4006:First Hungarian Republic
4004:She was preceded by the
3791:
3692:International Publishers
3655:The Workers' Opposition.
3565:
3559:Order of the Aztec Eagle
3503:Communism and the Family
3481:Communism and the Family
3468:Communism and the Family
3254:", 30 October 1927, p. 3
3139:Minister Plenipotentiary
3086:Soviet diplomatic career
3052:letter of the Twenty Two
2725:Early political activism
767:The Origin of Capitalism
637:The State and Revolution
463:, music director of the
6065:Communist women writers
5986:PermanentRevolution.net
5807:de Miguel, Ana (2001).
4547:, op. cit. (drawn from
4417:Tassie, Gregor (2005).
4093:La Battaille socialiste
3446:"glass of water" theory
3072:Eleventh Party Congress
3056:Communist International
3013:Communist International
3004:The Workers' Opposition
1468:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
1111:Relations of production
994:Base and superstructure
847:Dialectical materialism
812:The Revolution Betrayed
632:Terrorism and Communism
627:Philosophical Notebooks
582:The Communist Manifesto
439:constitutional monarchy
375:treaty of Brest-Litovsk
238:Pavel Efimovich Dybenko
6180:Soviet women novelists
6170:Soviet women diplomats
6070:Female revolutionaries
5977:"Alexandra Kollontai,"
5913:Porter, Cathy (1980).
5227:28 August 2017 at the
5112:Trotsky, Leon (1975).
4950:Il Sole-24 ORE Website
4315:"Aleksandra Kollontai"
4122:English online edition
3530:
3507:
3484:
3471:
3438:
3399:
3291:
3286:Sovetskaya zhenshchina
3275:
3257:
3099:
2950:
2912:Provisional Government
2845:
2834:
2705:
2411:Historical Materialism
1156:Proletarian revolution
1151:Primitive accumulation
1146:Historical determinism
527:
510:Grand Duchy of Finland
501:
483:
371:Provisional Government
5989:Gabrille Tousignant,
5739:27 April 2019 at the
5466:Kollontai, A. (1920)
5220:Ebert, Teresa (1999)
4755:Tasks of Trade Unions
3908:Alexander Shlyapnikov
3521:
3501:Alexandra Kollontai,
3493:
3476:
3463:
3424:
3389:
3277:
3270:
3239:
3093:
2940:
2840:
2831:Alexander Shliapnikov
2829:
2700:
2647:Philosophy portal
2441:Science & Society
1059:Democratic centralism
917:Factors of production
787:Caliban and the Witch
732:Women, Race and Class
522:
496:
481:
332:Imperial Russian Army
307:; 31 March [
5543:on 30 December 2023.
5316:World Policy Journal
5179:Nye, Andrea (1988).
5147:Museum of Modern Art
4244:Manuel Ávila Camacho
3945:Impressions of Lenin
3913:Kronstadt insurgents
3354:Museum of Modern Art
3332:musician half-nephew
3300:Novodevichy Cemetery
3273:Novodevichy Cemetery
3196:constitution of 1936
3179:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
2992:Tenth Party Congress
2659:Socialism portal
2635:Communism portal
2504:History of communism
2499:Economic determinism
2484:Criticism of Marxism
2474:Creative destruction
1234:Marxism and religion
954:Scientific socialism
857:Philosophy of nature
742:Imagined Communities
607:Dialectics of Nature
377:in the ranks of the
313:Marxist theoretician
173:Novodevichy Cemetery
73:Александра Коллонтай
6200:Workers' Opposition
6075:Free love advocates
5933:Alexandra Kollontai
5931:Leppänen, Katarina
5827:I Must Have Liberty
5605:on 5 November 2021.
5518:The Voice Of Russia
4946:Uscita di sicurezza
4940:The God That Failed
4821:, pp. 183–184.
4809:, pp. 186–187.
4785:, pp. 182–184.
4739:, pp. 178–179.
4634:Alexandra Kollontai
3939:Angelica Balabanoff
3766:History of feminism
3715:, pp. 317–331.
3673:Love of Worker Bees
3552:Grand Cross of the
3523:Commemorative stamp
3488:Wages for Housework
3398:, 1 September 1918.
3204:October Revolutions
3137:and from August to
3060:Comintern Executive
3033:New Economic Policy
2976:Workers' Opposition
2928:Brest-Litovsk Peace
2879:February Revolution
2766:Marxist Revisionist
2391:Capital & Class
1071:False consciousness
1019:Commodity fetishism
1009:Class consciousness
927:Means of production
762:The Age of Extremes
682:The Long Revolution
617:What Is to Be Done?
577:The German Ideology
397:Workers' Opposition
355:February Revolution
353:Following the 1917
330:The daughter of an
66:Alexandra Kollontai
18:Alexandra Kollontay
6165:Soviet politicians
5982:5 May 2009 at the
5960:Christine Thomas,
5917:. London: Virago.
5880:Edwin Mellen Press
5876:Lewiston, New York
5747:, 11 February 2012
5520:. vor.ru (Spanish)
5092:The New York Times
4761:, 25 January 1921.
4563:Den första etappen
4038:Nadezhda Stanchova
4008:representative to
3892:The New York Times
3781:Socialist Feminism
3531:
3400:
3340:Rosa von Praunheim
3276:
3163:Vyacheslav Molotov
3100:
2951:
2920:People's Commissar
2916:October Revolution
2885:Russian Revolution
2846:
2835:
2706:
2605:Worker cooperative
2583:Left-wing populism
2509:Left-wing politics
2446:Socialist Register
2436:Rethinking Marxism
1229:Literary criticism
932:Mode of production
797:Capitalist Realism
657:The Black Jacobins
484:
419:Daumantas of Pskov
367:Alexander Kerensky
363:October Revolution
317:People's Commissar
6185:Women ambassadors
6090:Marxist theorists
6085:Marxist feminists
5968:25 October 2009)
5889:978-0-7734-4773-8
5760:978-1-74125-246-0
5732:Morrison, Jenny,
5677:978-963-7326-39-4
5581:978-90-04-24853-3
5268:978-0-87580-371-5
4676:, pp. 78–79.
4664:, pp. 21–54.
4619:, pp. 18–19.
4427:978-0-8108-5427-7
4328:978-0-313-32739-1
4289:978-1-4051-9807-3
4071:978-1-107-64508-0
3832:Tsar Alexander II
3602:Vasilisa Malygina
3554:Order of St. Olav
3175:Nobel Peace Prize
3171:League of Nations
3134:Chargé d'affaires
3096:Order of St. Olav
2924:Soviet government
2906:". Following the
2870:social-patriotism
2858:the Soviet purges
2695:
2694:
2536:Political ecology
2514:Marxian economics
1453:Council communism
1421:
1420:
1348:Neue Marx-Lektüre
1310:Regulation school
1199:Cultural analysis
1091:Lumpenproletariat
1034:Cultural hegemony
1024:Communist society
1014:Classless society
949:Productive forces
687:Guerrilla Warfare
560:Theoretical works
461:Yevgeny Mravinsky
457:Yevgeniya Mravina
315:. Serving as the
278:
277:
16:(Redirected from
6227:
6160:Soviet novelists
5970:Socialism Today,
5928:
5902:
5893:
5866:
5857:
5841:
5830:
5821:
5812:
5803:
5794:
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5488:
5475:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5421:www.marxists.org
5413:
5402:
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4993:
4987:
4984:
4978:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4943:
4928:Koestler, Arthur
4924:Spender, Stephen
4908:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4847:
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4828:
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4719:
4713:
4710:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4649:Cultural Amnesia
4644:
4638:
4629:
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4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4545:Autobiography...
4541:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4442:, Chapters One (
4436:
4430:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4394:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
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4355:
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4176:
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4148:
4142:
4135:abridged version
4131:
4125:
4106:
4100:
4080:
4074:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4033:legation to the
4013:Rosika Schwimmer
4002:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3935:
3929:
3922:
3916:
3902:
3896:
3883:
3877:
3859:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3819:
3813:
3802:
3776:Marxist Feminism
3750:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3561:with Sash (1944)
3505:
3436:
3412:women's suffrage
3408:liberal feminism
3404:Marxist feminism
3390:To dear comrade
3315:Stalinist purges
3294:Death and legacy
3289:
3255:
3232:In his memoirs,
3216:
3021:Kronstadt rebels
2996:workers' control
2823:, among others.
2747:Heinrich Herkner
2687:
2680:
2673:
2657:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2610:Workers' council
2431:Race & Class
1338:Frankfurt School
1305:Neo-Gramscianism
1278:Marxism–Leninism
1260:
1259:
1204:Cultural Studies
1161:World revolution
1106:Private property
652:Prison Notebooks
552:
529:
528:
514:higher education
390:Marxist feminism
365:and the fall of
306:
305:
300:
290:
270:
154:
138:Saint Petersburg
123:Personal details
112:
91:
88:
83:
74:
62:
61:
21:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6080:Left communists
6010:
6009:
5984:Wayback Machine
5947:
5925:
5890:
5854:
5774:Radical America
5768:
5766:Further reading
5741:Wayback Machine
5726:
5678:
5643:
5602:
5595:
5582:
5566:
5561:
5552:
5548:
5533:
5529:
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5524:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5490:
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5478:
5465:
5461:
5452:
5450:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5415:
5414:
5405:
5362:
5351:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5255:
5251:
5239:
5235:
5229:Wayback Machine
5219:
5212:
5199:
5195:
5178:
5174:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5053:The Nobel Prize
5047:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5020:10.2307/1861311
4994:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4920:Silone, Ignazio
4916:Wright, Richard
4909:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4837:Marxist Archive
4831:Trotsky, Leon.
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4712:Ringer, p. 189.
4711:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4645:
4641:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4559:
4555:
4542:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4437:
4433:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4397:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4363:interaffairs.ru
4357:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4329:
4321:. p. 326.
4311:
4307:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4240:Lázaro Cárdenas
4237:
4233:
4214:
4210:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4154:
4152:Antonio Moscato
4149:
4145:
4132:
4128:
4107:
4103:
4081:
4077:
4055:
4051:
4040:
4020:Honorary Consul
4003:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3962:Getzler, Israel
3957:
3953:
3936:
3932:
3923:
3919:
3903:
3899:
3884:
3880:
3860:
3856:
3847:
3843:
3828:Narodnaia Volia
3820:
3816:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3748:Politics portal
3746:
3739:
3734:Feminism portal
3732:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3595:The New Review,
3580:Современный мир
3568:
3516:
3506:
3500:
3437:
3431:
3384:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3256:
3246:
3210:
3187:
3088:
3078:, Zinoviev and
2984:Sergei Medvedev
2966:Communist Party
2948:
2887:
2821:Karl Liebknecht
2727:
2691:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2588:Universal class
2479:Conflict theory
2459:
2451:
2450:
2426:New Left Review
2381:
2373:
2372:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1333:Budapest School
1257:
1256:Common variants
1249:
1248:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1029:Critical theory
989:
979:
978:
959:Surplus product
887:
877:
876:
837:
827:
826:
697:Reading Capital
562:
476:
411:
406:
379:Left Communists
348:First World War
325:Bolshevik party
319:for Welfare in
236:
223:
221:
215:
213:
207:
199:
198:Other political
188:Political party
156:
152:
136:
134:
133:
113:
108:
92:
89:
72:
67:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6233:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6190:Women Marxists
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6100:Old Bolsheviks
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6008:
6007:
5994:
5987:
5973:
5958:
5946:
5945:External links
5943:
5942:
5941:
5929:
5923:
5910:
5903:
5894:
5888:
5867:
5858:
5852:
5831:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5795:
5782:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5748:
5730:
5724:
5711:
5693:(4): 944–970.
5682:
5676:
5661:
5647:
5641:
5624:
5607:
5586:
5580:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5553:Reproduced at
5546:
5522:
5510:
5498:
5476:
5459:
5433:
5403:
5376:(1): 166–175.
5349:
5299:
5292:
5274:
5267:
5249:
5233:
5210:
5193:
5172:
5159:
5131:
5129:, p. 248.
5119:
5104:
5075:
5066:
5040:
4988:
4979:
4971:Iring Fetscher
4963:
4954:
4932:Fischer, Louis
4903:
4894:
4882:
4873:
4861:
4849:
4823:
4811:
4799:
4797:, p. 163.
4787:
4775:
4773:, p. 182.
4763:
4741:
4726:
4724:, p. 189.
4714:
4702:
4700:, p. 105.
4690:
4688:, p. 177.
4678:
4666:
4654:
4639:
4631:Simkin, John,
4621:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4553:
4525:
4513:
4498:
4486:
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4452:
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4257:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4231:
4208:
4187:
4178:
4143:
4126:
4110:Iring Fetscher
4101:
4075:
4049:
3997:
3987:
3980:
3951:
3930:
3917:
3897:
3878:
3854:
3841:
3821:Adding to the
3814:
3806:transliterated
3796:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
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3640:
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3621:
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3607:
3606:
3598:
3591:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3535:Order of Lenin
3525:issued by the
3515:
3512:
3498:
3429:
3383:
3380:
3362:Glenda Jackson
3342:made the film
3319:former husband
3311:Matvei Muranov
3295:
3292:
3282:
3244:
3186:
3183:
3105:Ignazio Silone
3087:
3084:
2886:
2883:
2817:Rosa Luxemburg
2797:Vladimir Lenin
2759:Vladimir Lenin
2726:
2723:
2710:Western Europe
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2593:Vulgar Marxism
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:Related topics
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Monthly Review
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Constellations
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2378:
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2305:
2300:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
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2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
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1835:
1830:
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1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
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1505:
1504:
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1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1431:Other variants
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:Third-worldist
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Historiography
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Class struggle
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:Metabolic rift
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
945:
944:
939:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
888:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
872:Marxist ethics
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
838:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
717:Ways of Seeing
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
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619:
614:
609:
604:
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589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
558:
557:
554:
553:
545:
544:
538:
537:
492:St. Petersburg
475:
472:
443:United Kingdom
410:
407:
405:
402:
321:Vladimir Lenin
276:
275:
272:
271:
264:
260:
259:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
233:
229:
228:
201:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
164:, Soviet Union
155:(aged 79)
149:
145:
144:
142:Russian Empire
131:
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
105:
104:
98:
97:
94:
93:
84:
76:
75:
69:
68:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6232:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5993:Kollontai.net
5992:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5924:0-86068-013-4
5920:
5916:
5911:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5853:9780804710732
5849:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5725:0-393-00974-2
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5687:Slavic Review
5683:
5679:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5656:, volume IV:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5642:0-253-31209-4
5638:
5633:
5632:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5593:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5556:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5304:
5295:
5293:1-86049-562-1
5289:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5190:
5189:0-415-90204-5
5186:
5182:
5176:
5169:
5163:
5148:
5141:
5135:
5128:
5123:
5115:
5108:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5080:
5070:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:: 1365–1388.
5013:
5009:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4983:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4958:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4898:
4892:, p. 48.
4891:
4886:
4877:
4871:, p. 31.
4870:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4723:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4651:
4650:
4646:Clive James,
4643:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4618:
4613:
4607:, p. 18.
4606:
4601:
4595:, p. 16.
4594:
4589:
4583:, p. 15.
4582:
4577:
4571:, p. 15.
4570:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4523:, p. 14.
4522:
4517:
4511:, p. 12.
4510:
4505:
4503:
4496:, p. 11.
4495:
4490:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4258:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4153:
4150:According to
4147:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4123:
4119:
4118:Autobiografia
4115:
4111:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4035:United States
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3991:
3983:
3981:0-521-89442-5
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3863:Autobiography
3858:
3852:, p. 18.
3851:
3845:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3724:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3420:working-class
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3392:Louise Bryant
3388:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:in the movie
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3118:Joseph Stalin
3115:
3109:
3106:
3097:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2932:Pavel Dybenko
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:July uprising
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2874:United States
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2843:Pavel Dybenko
2839:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:Julius Martov
2786:
2782:
2781:Winter Palace
2778:
2777:Bloody Sunday
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:Beatrice Webb
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2735:Elena Stasova
2732:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Revolutionary
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Authoritarian
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2442:
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2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
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2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Moufawad-Paul
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
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2256:
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2239:
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2226:
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2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
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2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
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1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
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1754:
1751:
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1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Eurocommunism
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Austromarxism
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Communization
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:Praxis School
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1121:Working class
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
983:
982:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:Crisis theory
900:
897:
893:
890:
889:
886:
881:
880:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
831:
830:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
556:
555:
551:
547:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
531:
530:
526:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
500:
495:
493:
489:
482:1888 portrait
480:
471:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
448:
444:
441:like that of
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
401:
398:
393:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:which ousted
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
340:Julius Martov
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
299:
295:
286:
282:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
234:
230:
226:
219:
211:
205:
202:
196:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
169:Resting place
167:
163:
159:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:31 March 1872
130:
126:
121:
117:
111:
106:
103:
99:
95:
82:
77:
70:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49: and the
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5975:Helen Ward,
5969:
5936:
5914:
5898:
5871:
5862:
5842:. Stanford:
5837:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5786:
5777:
5773:
5751:
5744:
5715:
5690:
5686:
5666:
5657:
5653:
5650:Cole, G.D.H.
5630:
5619:
5615:
5600:the original
5591:
5571:
5564:Bibliography
5555:marxists.org
5549:
5541:the original
5536:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5491:(in Russian)
5471:
5462:
5451:, retrieved
5446:
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5420:
5373:
5369:
5322:(2): 70–74.
5319:
5315:
5283:
5277:
5258:
5252:
5236:
5205:
5202:Marxists.org
5196:
5180:
5175:
5167:
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5146:
5134:
5122:
5113:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5091:
5069:
5057:. Retrieved
5055:. April 2020
5052:
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5007:
5001:
4991:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4957:
4945:
4939:
4906:
4897:
4885:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4840:. Retrieved
4836:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4744:
4717:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4657:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4612:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4562:
4556:
4549:Marxists.org
4544:
4516:
4489:
4484:, p. 6.
4473:
4467:
4462:, p. 5.
4455:
4450:), pp. 1–25.
4447:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4418:
4413:
4408:, p. 4.
4389:
4384:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4348:, p. 3.
4341:
4332:
4318:
4308:
4300:
4293:, retrieved
4271:
4261:
4234:
4226:
4211:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4146:
4138:
4129:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4097:Holmenkollen
4092:
4084:
4078:
4062:
4058:Glenda Sluga
4052:
4015:(1918), the
4000:
3990:
3971:
3970:. Cambridge
3966:
3954:
3944:
3933:
3920:
3907:
3900:
3890:
3881:
3874:Marxists.org
3867:
3862:
3857:
3844:
3839:, p. 9.
3823:Dostoevskian
3817:
3800:
3703:
3697:
3684:
3679:A Great Love
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3576:Modern World
3575:
3527:Soviet Union
3508:
3502:
3494:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3425:
3401:
3373:
3357:
3343:
3336:
3304:
3297:
3285:
3278:
3261:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3234:Leon Trotsky
3231:
3223:
3190:
3188:
3167:Hans Thomsen
3132:
3122:
3110:
3101:
3049:
3025:
3017:
3003:
3001:
2999:experience.
2987:
2969:
2963:
2959:Soviet Union
2952:
2946:Clara Zetkin
2910:against the
2903:
2896:April theses
2888:
2862:
2850:Peter Maslov
2847:
2813:Clara Zetkin
2809:Karl Kautsky
2805:
2770:
2763:
2739:
2728:
2707:
2531:Municipalism
2343:Bhattacharya
1572:
1488:Situationist
1463:Instrumental
1116:State theory
1081:Immiseration
1076:Human nature
1066:Exploitation
896:accumulation
523:
518:
502:
497:
485:
469:
412:
394:
383:
352:
329:
297:
280:
279:
214:(1906–1915)
206:(1899–1906)
200:affiliations
162:Russian SFSR
153:(1952-03-09)
151:9 March 1952
109:
59:
54:
46:
6025:1952 deaths
6020:1872 births
5972:March 2003.
5780:(6): 50–75.
5745:Counterfire
5622:(2): 21–54.
5472:Kommunistka
5241:Lunacharsky
4912:Gide, André
4842:22 February
4446:) and Two (
4369:11 November
4334:government.
4200: [
4155: [
4041: [
4027:Diana Apcar
4010:Switzerland
3926:marxist.org
3761:Kommunistka
3370:Greta Garbo
3211: [
3208:Marcel Body
3080:Dzerzhinsky
2980:Shliapnikov
2731:Mir commune
2494:Communalism
1893:Wallerstein
1483:Revisionist
1214:Film theory
1194:Criminology
1189:Archaeology
1101:Proletariat
1086:Imperialism
999:Bourgeoisie
974:Wage labour
867:Reification
662:On Practice
298:Domontovich
227:(1918–1925)
222:(1915–1918)
180:Nationality
90: 1900
85:Kollontai,
51:family name
47:Mikhailovna
6095:Mensheviks
6014:Categories
4890:Allen 2007
4869:Allen 2007
4819:Allen 2008
4807:Allen 2015
4795:Allen 2008
4783:Allen 2015
4771:Allen 2015
4737:Allen 2015
4686:Allen 2008
4662:Allen 2008
4254:References
4229:, p. 190).
3786:Bolsheviks
3690:New York:
3625:Free Love.
3159:Winter War
3151:Ambassador
3041:Karl Radek
2904:Rabotnitsa
2793:Bolsheviks
2785:Mensheviks
2551:Democratic
2416:Mediations
2028:Przeworski
1968:Poulantzas
1818:Sivanandan
1773:Bettelheim
1673:Horkheimer
1668:Mariátegui
1643:Pashukanis
1568:Liebknecht
1498:Wertkritik
1438:Analytical
1298:Trotskyism
1273:Autonomist
1264:Structural
1244:Philosophy
1184:Aesthetics
969:Value-form
937:Capitalist
842:Alienation
835:Philosophy
592:Grundrisse
474:Early life
344:Mensheviks
304:Домонтович
252:Occupation
218:Bolsheviks
210:Mensheviks
43:patronymic
5707:158044855
5398:158374267
5390:2159-8282
5344:159006262
5336:1936-0924
5097:27 August
5073:Morrison.
5033:9 January
4652:, p. 359.
4567:Cited in
4480:Cited in
4031:Bulgarian
3756:Zhenotdel
3442:free love
3416:bourgeois
3396:Petrograd
3375:Ninotchka
3348:based on
3327:Stockholm
3219:Stalinism
3155:Stockholm
3108:policy."
2955:Zhenotdel
2598:Economism
2561:Reformist
2541:Socialism
2489:Communism
2469:Anarchism
2323:Coulthard
2248:McDonnell
2208:Screpanti
2118:Rowbotham
1983:Harnecker
1793:Althusser
1733:Deutscher
1573:Kollontai
1563:Luxemburg
1543:Plekhanov
1473:Nkrumaism
1384:Classical
1358:Political
1283:Guevarism
1239:Sociology
1219:Geography
1039:Democracy
987:Sociology
942:Socialist
907:Commodity
415:Ukrainian
404:Biography
386:Zhenotdel
263:Signature
232:Spouse(s)
114:1917–1918
110:In office
55:Kollontai
5980:Archived
5966:Archived
5793:: 12–24.
5737:Archived
5652:(1958).
5453:22 March
5426:22 March
5225:Archived
5152:19 March
5127:Clements
4934:(1949).
4722:Clements
4617:Clements
4605:Clements
4593:Clements
4581:Clements
4569:Clements
4521:Clements
4509:Clements
4494:Clements
4482:Clements
4478:(9): 61.
4460:Clements
4438:Tassie,
4406:Clements
4346:Clements
3964:(2002).
3868:renegade
3850:Clements
3837:Clements
3720:See also
3713:Clements
3614:Red Love
3499:—
3451:Komsomol
3430:—
3378:(1939).
3345:Red Love
3283:—
3245:—
3200:February
3191:de facto
3064:Zinoviev
3045:Valkyrie
2791:and the
2715:populist
2524:Old Left
2519:New Left
2386:Antipode
2380:Journals
2283:Heinrich
2258:Roediger
2253:Douzinas
2243:Hennessy
2198:Holloway
2113:Hartsock
2103:Eagleton
2088:Federici
2063:Bannerji
2038:Therborn
2018:Rancière
2013:Easthope
1993:Anderson
1988:Altvater
1888:O'Connor
1883:Mészáros
1878:Guattari
1833:Thompson
1823:Miliband
1803:Williams
1788:Hobsbawm
1763:Emmanuel
1743:Beauvoir
1708:Lefebvre
1653:Benjamin
1618:Bukharin
1598:Zinoviev
1593:Grossman
1578:Bogdanov
1553:Connolly
1533:Lafargue
1478:Orthodox
1448:Centrist
1399:Leninism
1394:Feminist
1343:Humanist
1324:Hegelian
852:Ideology
534:a series
532:Part of
409:Ancestry
359:the tsar
257:diplomat
244:Children
175:, Moscow
6003:of the
5999:in the
5787:Preuves
5114:My Life
5059:15 June
5028:1861311
4952:(2017).
4938:(ed.).
4475:Oktyabr
4440:op.cit.
4223:Molotov
4165:, see:
4089:article
4085:Preuves
4047:(1921).
3870:Kautsky
3694:, 1984.
3529:in 1972
3125:attaché
3037:Trotsky
2982:and by
2719:Marxist
2623:Outline
2576:Utopian
2353:Srnicek
2338:Toscano
2333:Seymour
2288:Prashad
2238:Sankara
2233:Berardi
2218:Hampton
2193:Burawoy
2163:Panitch
2158:Haraway
2148:Cleaver
2133:Brenner
2098:Balibar
2053:Postone
2043:Losurdo
1973:Vattimo
1943:Gonzalo
1938:Jameson
1928:Parenti
1868:Liebman
1863:Guevara
1753:Nkrumah
1748:Sombart
1723:Padmore
1693:Kalecki
1688:Marcuse
1648:Bordiga
1633:Gramsci
1588:Trotsky
1548:Du Bois
1538:Kautsky
1414:Western
1293:Titoism
1178:Aspects
1134:History
1054:Radical
892:Capital
597:Capital
542:Marxism
452:Finnish
447:Tsarist
435:liberal
427:Tarnovo
285:Russian
216:RSDLP (
208:RSDLP (
183:Russian
5921:
5886:
5850:
5758:
5722:
5705:
5674:
5639:
5578:
5537:ria.ru
5396:
5388:
5342:
5334:
5290:
5265:
5187:
5026:
4759:Pravda
4448:Zhenya
4425:
4325:
4286:
4069:
3978:
3972:et al.
3865:, the
3549:(1945)
3543:(1942)
3537:(1933)
3514:Awards
3366:Soviet
3321:, her
3252:Pravda
3226:Munich
3157:, the
3147:Sweden
3143:Mexico
3129:Norway
3076:Stalin
2988:Pravda
2971:Pravda
2819:, and
2795:under
2787:under
2751:Sidney
2743:Zürich
2571:Social
2556:Market
2358:Horvat
2313:Fisher
2308:Linera
2303:Lordon
2293:Kelley
2278:Marcos
2273:Ghandy
2263:Foster
2188:Fraser
2183:Wright
2173:Jessop
2168:Clarke
2153:Bishop
2143:Massey
2123:Mouffe
2073:Newton
2068:Spivak
2058:Rodney
2023:Berman
1978:Badiou
1958:Laclau
1953:Harvey
1948:Dussel
1908:Debord
1903:Tronti
1873:Heller
1858:Castro
1853:Berger
1838:Bauman
1828:Cabral
1813:Mandel
1808:Freire
1798:Hinton
1778:Draper
1758:Sweezy
1728:Sartre
1718:Adorno
1683:Brecht
1638:Galiev
1613:Korsch
1608:Lukács
1583:Stalin
1528:Morris
1523:Engels
1511:People
1288:Maoism
1209:Ethics
1049:Soviet
772:Empire
506:Muolaa
296:
225:RKP(b)
192:VKP(b)
158:Moscow
41:, the
5703:S2CID
5603:(PDF)
5596:(PDF)
5470:text
5394:S2CID
5340:S2CID
5143:(PDF)
5024:JSTOR
5010:(5).
4295:2 May
4204:]
4159:]
4045:]
4024:Japan
3792:Notes
3566:Works
3360:with
3215:]
2891:Lenin
2889:When
2863:With
2368:Saito
2363:Hamza
2228:Žižek
2213:Tamás
2178:Davis
2138:Davis
2128:Geras
2093:Wolff
2078:Sakai
2033:Cohen
2008:Sison
2003:Vogel
1963:Bahro
1933:Negri
1923:Nairn
1848:Kosik
1843:Fanon
1783:Jones
1738:Hoxha
1713:James
1698:Fromm
1628:Serge
1603:Bloch
1558:Lenin
1379:Black
1004:Class
431:Sofia
204:RSDLP
5919:ISBN
5884:ISBN
5848:ISBN
5756:ISBN
5720:ISBN
5672:ISBN
5637:ISBN
5576:ISBN
5455:2022
5428:2022
5386:ISSN
5332:ISSN
5288:ISBN
5263:ISBN
5185:ISBN
5154:2021
5099:2018
5061:2022
5035:2016
4844:2021
4698:Holt
4674:Holt
4423:ISBN
4371:2020
4323:ISBN
4297:2023
4284:ISBN
4218:NKVD
4067:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3202:and
2801:Duma
2753:and
2717:and
2328:Malm
2298:Dean
2268:West
2223:Cano
2203:Rose
2108:Kurz
2083:Wood
2048:Ture
1998:Löwy
1918:Hall
1913:Amin
1898:Mies
1768:Hill
1678:Dutt
1663:Basu
1518:Marx
1409:Post
1371:Both
1353:Open
488:O.S.
309:O.S.
148:Died
128:Born
6005:ZBW
5953:at
5935:at
5695:doi
5378:doi
5324:doi
5016:doi
4948:at
4276:doi
4133:An
4022:to
3889:".
3250:, "
3047:!"
1703:Cox
1658:Mao
1404:Neo
369:'s
342:'s
294:née
53:is
45:is
6016::
5882:.
5878::
5874:.
5846:.
5791:14
5789:.
5778:13
5776:.
5743:;
5701:.
5691:69
5689:.
5620:35
5618:.
5614:.
5535:.
5479:^
5419:.
5406:^
5392:.
5384:.
5372:.
5368:.
5352:^
5338:.
5330:.
5320:35
5318:.
5314:.
5302:^
5243:,
5213:^
5145:.
5090:.
5078:^
5051:.
5022:.
5008:77
5006:.
5000:.
4930:;
4926:;
4922:;
4918:;
4914:;
4835:.
4757:,
4729:^
4705:^
4624:^
4551:).
4528:^
4501:^
4398:^
4331:.
4317:.
4299:,
4282:,
4202:ru
4171:.
4157:it
4043:bg
3949:).
3928:).
3876:).
3812:).
3302:.
3213:fr
3068:CC
3008:CC
2860:.
2815:,
2811:,
2768:.
2761:.
2318:Li
1623:Ho
536:on
508:,
392:.
381:.
301:,
291:;
287::
160:,
140:,
87:c.
5964:(
5957:.
5927:.
5892:.
5856:.
5728:.
5709:.
5697::
5680:.
5645:.
5584:.
5496:.
5474:.
5430:.
5400:.
5380::
5374:8
5346:.
5326::
5296:.
5271:.
5191:.
5156:.
5101:.
5063:.
5037:.
5018::
4846:.
4429:.
4373:.
4278::
4073:)
3995:.
3985:)
3959:(
3905:(
3688:.
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2894:"
2686:e
2679:t
2672:v
898:)
894:(
283:(
220:)
212:)
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