1769:-directed lens. In fact, Alexander was one of the major influences for the advancement of Anselmian thought in the 13th century. One such example is the idea of original sin as a lack of justice. Alexander believed that original sin is both a punishment as well as a cause for punishment. That is to say, the body is corrupt, but the soul is clean. Alexander advances the idea that it would not be God's fault to create a being that would bind the âcorruptâ with the âcleanâ. He advanced a highly original response that the soul naturally desires the body. Consequently, God is both merciful in giving the soul what it wants, as well as just in punishing the soul for binding with the corrupt flesh. Either the soul knew that the body was corrupt, or it did not (in which case it would be âlaboring under ignoranceâ); both of these considerations are cause for divine punishment.
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357:
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1800:. There are six requirements for determining this: authority and attitude (in reference to who declares the war), intention and condition (in reference to the soldiers), merit (of the enemy) and just cause. Just cause becomes the overarching moral principle for declaring war in three ways: the relief of good people, coercion of the wicked, and peace for all. It is important to note that Alexander put âpeace for allâ at the end of the list to amplify its importance.
396:
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1476:. He differs from those in his genre as he is known to reflect his own interests and those of his generation. When using the works of his authorities, Alexander does not only review their reasoning but also gives conclusions, expands on them, and offers his agreements and disagreement with them. He was also different in that he appeals to pre-Lombardian figures, and in his use of
1651:) (composed in the mid-12th century), which was particularly important because it was the first time that a book other than the Bible was used as a basic text for theological study. This steered the development of scholasticism in a more systematic direction, inaugurating an important tradition of writing commentaries on the
1678:
For his contemporaries, however, Alexander's fame was his inexhaustible interest in disputation. His disputations prior to his becoming a
Franciscan cover over 1,600 pages in their modern edition. His disputed questions after 1236 remain unpublished. Alexander was also one of the first scholastics
1697:
At the beginning of 1236, he entered the
Franciscan order (he was at least 50) and was the first Franciscan to hold a chair at the University of Paris. He held this post until shortly before his death in Paris in 1245. When he became a Franciscan and thus created a formal Franciscan school of
309:
Order, having previously considered both the
Cistercians and the Dominicans. He thus became the first Franciscan friar to hold a university chair. His doctrinal positions became the starting point of the Franciscan school of theology. He continued to teach and to represent the university, and
1569:, but Alexander's appears to have been the first magisterial commentary. Although it was Alexander's most significant writing, it had not been completed, therefore leaving historians with many questions on the reliability and quality of the writing. This was taken into consideration when the
1555:. It had exposed the trinitarian theology of the Greeks. This had been the most important writing that Alexander had claimed, and it had been the earliest in the genre. While it is common for scholars to state that Alexander was the first to write a commentary on the
1565:, it is not quite accurate. Authorship is more contentious for this work; although he started this work, he died before it could be finished, and it most likely was more a product of people other than Alexander. There were a number of "commentaries" on the
1734:
would later sarcastically describe as weighing as much as a horse, was unfinished at his death; his students, William of
Middleton and John of Rupella, were charged with its completion. It was certainly read by the Franciscans at Paris, including
302:, his native diocese. He taught at Paris in the academic year 1232â33, but was appointed to a delegation by Henry III of England in 1235, along with Simon Langton and Fulk Basset, to negotiate the renewal of the peace between England and France.
1533:: would Christ have been incarnated if humanity had never sinned? The question eventually became the focal point for a philosophical issue (the theory of possible worlds) and a theological topic on the distinction between God's absolute power (
1772:
Alexander is also known for rejecting the idea that there are many things in God's mind, instead claiming that it is more perfect to know just one thing. He did not start off with this view, though. In the
1746:. While there was a ban on using Aristotle's works as teaching texts, theologians like Alexander continued to exploit his ideas in their theology. Two other uncommon sources were promoted by Alexander:
1663:
In doing so, he elevated
Lombard's work from a mere theological resource to the basic framework of questions and problems from which masters could teach. The commentary (or more correctly titled a
1667:) survived in student reports from Alexander's teaching in the classroom and so it provides a major insight into the way theologians taught their discipline in the 1220s. As is the case with
2262:, I. Alexander of Hales; II. John of Rupella â Saint Bonaventure; III. Duns Scotus; Pt. IV. William Ockham, St. Bonaventure, N.Y. : St. Bonaventure University, 1943â1946.
1878:
1484:, whose works were not cited as frequently by other 12th-century scholastics. Aristotle is also quite frequently quoted in Alexander's works. Alexander was fascinated by the
340:(Teacher of Teachers). The latter title is especially suggestive of his role in forming several Franciscans who later became influential thinkers in the faculty, among them
1706:. Alexander drew mainly from his own disputations, but also selected ideas, arguments and sources from his contemporaries. It treats in its first part the doctrines of
294:, Alexander participated in an embassy to Rome to discuss the place of Aristotle in the curriculum. Having held a prebend at Holborn (prior to 1229) and a canonry of
348:. Bonaventure, who may not have sat under Alexander directly, nevertheless referred to Alexander as his "father and master" and wished to "follow in his footsteps."
3198:
2346:. Edited by the Quaracchi Fathers. Spicilegium Bonaventurianum 4, 5. Grottaferrata: Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1971â1981. English translation by Giulio Silano,
1596:
declared that, though it was as heavy as the weight of a horse, it was full of errors and displayed ignorance of physics, of metaphysics, and even of logic.
1750:, whose writings had been ignored for almost a century, gained an important advocate in Alexander and he used Anselm's works extensively in his teaching on
3168:
317:
After returning to Paris, Alexander fell ill, probably due to an epidemic then sweeping the city. Shortly before his death, he passed his chair on to
1636:
Alexander was said to have been among the earliest scholastics to engage with
Aristotle's newly translated writings. Between 1220 and 1227, he wrote
1781:, he finally rejects the plurality of divine ideas, and this theme continues through the rest of his works. Specifically, in one of his last works,
1685:, a university event in which a master had to respond to any question posed by any student or master over a period of three days. Alexander's
1698:
theology at Paris, it was soon clear that his students lacked some of the basic tools for the discipline. Alexander responded by beginning a
2490:
1447:
698:
3178:
1824:. Edited by the Quaracchi Fathers. Bibliotheca Franciscana scholastica medii aevi, t. 12â15. Rome: Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 1951â1957.
3063:
2006:
1675:, much of his work is probably written in the form of notes on his oral teachings by students, though the content is definitely his.
2426:
Young, Abigail A. âAccessus ad
Alexandrum: the Prefatio to the Postilla in Iohannis Euangelium of Alexander of Hales (1186?-1245).â
1831:
Edited by the
Quaracchi Fathers. Bibliotheca Franciscana scholastica medii aevi, t. 19â21. Quaracchi: Collegii S. Bonaventurae,1960.
1765:
Though he also continued the tradition of
Aristotle- and Augustine-focused thought in the Franciscan school, he did so through an
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2319:
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had been examined by
Victorin Doucet for different editions of them. The sources has seem to be the resulting problem of the
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Wood, Rega (1993). "Distinct Ideas and Perfect Solicitude: Alexander of Hales, Richard Rufus, and Odo Rigaldus".
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Alexander was an innovative theologian. He was part of the generation that first grappled with the writings of
379:
2024:
321:, setting the precedent for that chair to be held by a Franciscan. Alexander died at Paris on 21 August 1245.
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1842:), edited by Bernardini Klumper and the Quaracchi Fathers, 4 vols. Rome: Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 1924â1948.
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Among the doctrines which were specially developed and, so to speak, fixed by Alexander of Hales, are the
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and became a master of arts sometime before 1210. He began to read theology in 1212 or 1213, and became a
1120:
1616:, a religious work popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. Carpenter also authored other works, such as
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1310:
456:
1460:
Alexander is known for reflecting the works of several other Middle Age thinkers, especially those of
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1977:
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2358:. The Theology of the Hypostatic Union in the Early Thirteenth Century. Vol. 2. Toronto: PIMS.
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edited by Paul L. Gavrilyuk and Sarah Coakley. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 121â139.
1514:
725:
481:
451:
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272:), England, between 1180 and 1186. He came from a rather wealthy country family. He studied at the
59:
1762:, whom Alexander used in his examination of the theology of Orders and ecclesiastical structures.
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572:
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in London (1226â1229), he visited England in 1230 and received a canonry and an archdeaconry in
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607:
295:
269:
1521:. That doctrine had been written about much earlier by Augustine and was eventually defined a
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3032:
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2279:. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series. Scarecrow Press.
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1592:, which was on one occasion proclaimed by an assembly of seventy doctors to be infallible,
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Russell, Frederick H. (2014). "Just war". In Pasnau, Robert; van Dyke, Christina (eds.).
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Beiting, Christopher (1999). "The Idea of Limbo in Alexander of Hales and Bonaventure".
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156:
128:
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The Reception of the Church Fathers in the West: From the Carolingians to the Maurists
1777:, he openly suggests the idea of the multiplicity of divine ideas. In his later work,
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edited by Jorge J.E. Gracia and Timothy B. Noone. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006, 104â109.
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hierarchy of angels and in how their nature can be understood, given Aristotelian
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2372:
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2202:
1797:
1577:, "counted there were 4814 explicit quotations and 1372 implicit quotations from
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edited by idem. St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.
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He had written the summary/commentary of Peter Lombard's four books of the
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780:
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Brady, Ignatius. C. âSacred Scripture in the early franciscan school', in
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The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Volume 1, 600-1660
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20:
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2926:
2534:
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646:
636:
614:
543:
50:
1879:
Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor
2692:
1510:
1095:
750:
715:
673:
668:
547:
2559:
2457:
1581:, more than one quarter of texts were cited in the body of the
855:
815:
775:
344:, John of La Rochelle, Odo Rigaldus, William of Middleton and
201:
2330:
La teologia dell'immagine nella Glossa di Alessandro di Hales
2295:
The Spiritual Senses: Perceiving God in Western Christianity,
1655:
as a fundamental step in the training of master theologians.
1529:. He also posed an important question about the cause of the
1522:
248:, theologian and philosopher important in the development of
290:
as the basic textbook for the study of theology. During the
2367:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 602â603.
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
885:
210:
207:
192:
16:
English Franciscan theologian and philosopher (c.1185-1245)
2034:. Vol. 9. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 153.
1796:, is important because of its system for determining if a
332:, Alexander had many significant disciples. He was called
2314:. Collected studies. Ashgate Variorum. pp. 132â133.
2276:
Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology
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2178:
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1715:
1707:
1604:
Alexander also influenced and sometimes is confused with
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1894:
1892:
2111:
2109:
1857:
1855:
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2160:
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2048:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974, p. 803.
305:
In 1236 or 1237, aged about 50, Alexander entered the
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2051:
1889:
213:
204:
2356:
Alexander of Hales' Theology of the Hypostatic Union
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2124:
2106:
2094:
1959:
1935:
1852:
1822:
Glossa in quatuor libros sententiarum Petri Lombardi
1638:
Glossa in quatuor libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi
198:
1947:
195:
2148:
2269:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Rome, 1973, 65-82.
2136:
2121:
2003:The Destructorium viciorum of Alexander Carpenter
1923:
1623:
3145:
2300:Cullen, Christopher M. âAlexander of Hales,â in
3199:13th-century English Roman Catholic theologians
2293:Coolman, Boyd Taylor. âAlexander of Hales,â in
228: – 21 August 1245), also called
1468:. He was also known to quote thinkers such as
2484:
1829:Quaestiones disputatae antequam esset frater.
1789:itself is strictly temporal, a human notion.
1544:
1441:
2365:The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy
1726:; and, in its fourth and last, those of the
1710:and his attributes; in its second, those of
3169:13th-century English Roman Catholic priests
2335:Osborne, Kenan B. âAlexander of Hales,â in
2302:Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages,
2272:
1917:
2491:
2477:
1779:Quaestio disputata antequam erat Frater 46
1448:
1434:
49:
3064:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
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2007:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
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2353:
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1898:
1807:
1658:
1627:
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2100:
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2018:
1953:
3146:
2307:
2200:
2064:
1965:
1941:
1929:
1886:(TAU Franciscan Communications, 2010).
1861:
1612:(fl. 1429), who was the author of the
1497:thesaurus supererogationis perfectorum
2472:
1982:Robert Grosseteste: Bishop of Lincoln
2937:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
2389:
2273:Brown, S. F.; Flores, J. C. (2007).
2260:The History of the Franciscan School
2154:
2142:
2130:
2350:. 4 vols. Toronto: PIMS, 2007â2010.
2267:La Sacra Scrittura e i francescani.
280:in 1220 or 1221. He introduced the
62:. Line engraving, mid 17th century.
13:
3179:English Roman Catholic theologians
2337:The History of Franciscan Theology
2193:
1792:One of his more famous works, the
1632:Doctor Alexander of (H)ales (1493)
14:
3235:
2435:
1834:Alexander of Hales (attributed).
1501:treasury of supererogatory merits
2456:
2441:
2031:Dictionary of National Biography
1785:, he concludes that the idea of
1414:
1402:
410:
402:
394:
369:
188:
2545:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
2038:
2012:
1995:
1760:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
2718:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
1971:
1867:
1814:St. Catherine's Church, LĂŒbeck
1624:Historiographical contribution
1:
2005:, Church Historical Society,
1988:ed. Brewer pp. 325-327 &
1692:
260:Alexander was born at Hales,
222:
71:
2373:10.1017/cho9781107446953.052
2354:Principe, Walter H. (1967).
2025:"Carpenter, Alexander"
1984:(1899) citing Roger Bacon's
7:
2344:Sententiarum libri quattuor
2207:. Brill. pp. 301â303.
1803:
1730:. This massive text, which
1644:Four Books of the Sentences
1509:(sacramental character) of
56:Doctor Alexander of (H)ales
10:
3240:
3224:University of Paris alumni
1836:Summa universis theologiae
1546:Summa Universae Theologiae
1537:) and His ordained power (
457:Principle of Double Effect
361:Summa universae theologiae
336:(Irrefutable Teacher) and
95:Paris, France (aged 59-60)
18:
3194:13th-century philosophers
3131:
3051:
3023:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
3000:
2972:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
2932:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
2909:
2900:
2843:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2826:
2761:
2648:
2568:
2515:
2506:
2201:Backus, Irena D. (1997).
1978:Francis Seymour Stevenson
1718:; in its third, those of
1702:that is now known as the
346:Richard Rufus of Cornwall
292:University strike of 1229
238:Bull De Fontibus Paradisi
162:
146:
134:
124:
114:
110:
100:
88:
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34:
3089:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2982:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
2917:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
2311:Studies in Scholasticism
1846:
351:
19:Not to be confused with
3204:Writers from Shropshire
3189:Scholastic philosophers
2952:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2947:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
2630:Dominicus Gundissalinus
2605:Richard of Saint Victor
1918:Brown & Flores 2007
1884:trans. Noel Muscat, OFM
1840:Summa fratris Alexandri
1704:Summa fratris Alexandri
1474:Richard of Saint-Victor
573:Theological determinism
328:to hold a chair at the
314:in the winter of 1245.
255:
3219:Systematic theologians
3214:Clergy from Shropshire
3135:Renaissance philosophy
3109:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3094:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
2009:, London, 1952, 40 pp.
1816:
1689:also remain unedited.
1679:to participate in the
1673:Quaestiones Disputatae
1633:
1614:Destructorium viciorum
1600:Other historical works
1409:Catholicism portal
761:Gregory (of Nazianzus)
625:Christian Neoplatonism
363:
300:Coventry and Lichfield
3174:Catholic philosophers
3164:People from Halesowen
3033:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
3028:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
2500:Medieval philosophers
2404:10.1353/frc.1993.0000
2308:Colish, M.L. (2006).
2258:Boehner, Philotheus.
2236:10.1353/frc.1999.0010
2044:George Watson (ed.):
1811:
1687:Quodlibetal Questions
1659:A medieval scholastic
1631:
1620:("Learned Sermons").
1506:character indelibilis
1421:Philosophy portal
359:
334:Doctor Irrefragibilis
312:First Council of Lyon
230:Doctor Irrefragibilis
3184:English Friars Minor
3099:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3069:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
3043:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
3018:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
2733:Godfrey of Fontaines
2635:Gilbert de la Porrée
2600:Hugh of Saint Victor
2585:Anselm of Canterbury
2555:John Scotus Eriugena
2465:at Wikimedia Commons
2001:Gerald Robert Owst:
1827:Alexander of Hales.
1820:Alexander of Hales.
1748:Anselm of Canterbury
1482:Bernard of Clairvaux
1478:Anselm of Canterbury
1470:Bernard of Clairvaux
1462:Anselm of Canterbury
657:Second scholasticism
310:participated in the
242:Theologorum Monarcha
3008:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
2927:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
2853:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2774:Marsilius of Inghen
2625:Bernard of Chartres
1606:Alexander Carpenter
487:Liberation Theology
388:Catholic philosophy
330:University of Paris
319:John of La Rochelle
274:University of Paris
119:Medieval philosophy
105:University of Paris
2809:Lambertus de Monte
2789:Francesc Eiximenis
2658:Robert Grosseteste
2620:Alexander of Hales
2550:Isidore of Seville
2530:Augustine of Hippo
2463:Alexander of Hales
2448:Alexander of Hales
2446:Works by or about
2392:Franciscan Studies
2224:Franciscan Studies
1817:
1812:Portrait on wood,
1783:De scientia divina
1634:
1466:Augustine of Hippo
766:Gregory (of Nyssa)
494:Christian Humanism
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169:Alexander of Hales
129:Western philosophy
36:Alexander of Hales
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2822:
2821:
2753:William of Ockham
2461:Media related to
2428:Mediaeval Studies
2382:978-1-107-44695-3
2321:978-0-86078-982-6
2286:978-0-8108-6453-5
2214:978-90-04-09722-3
1874:Arnald of Sarrant
1618:Homiliae eruditae
1539:potentia ordinata
1535:potentia absoluta
1458:
1457:
1391:
1390:
1276:Garrigou-Lagrange
585:Divine Attributes
234:Pope Alexander IV
166:
165:
3231:
2907:
2906:
2863:Abraham ibn Daud
2833:
2832:
2794:Nicholas of Cusa
2784:Albert of Saxony
2713:Boetius of Dacia
2708:Siger of Brabant
2513:
2512:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2445:
2430:52 (1990), 1-23.
2423:
2386:
2359:
2328:Fornaro, Italo.
2325:
2290:
2255:
2218:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
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2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2049:
2042:
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2027:
2016:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1700:Summa theologiae
1527:Council of Trent
1486:Pseudo-Dionysian
1450:
1443:
1436:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1406:
796:John of Damascus
704:
703:
534:Moderate realism
442:Cardinal virtues
414:
413:
409:
406:
405:
401:
398:
397:
373:
366:
365:
246:Franciscan friar
227:
224:
220:
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206:
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197:
194:
76:
73:
53:
43:
32:
31:
3239:
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3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3123:
3047:
2996:
2942:Matta ibn Yunus
2892:
2818:
2757:
2748:Petrus Aureolus
2723:Meister Eckhart
2668:Albertus Magnus
2650:
2644:
2570:
2564:
2502:
2497:
2438:
2433:
2383:
2342:Peter Lombard.
2322:
2287:
2215:
2196:
2194:Further reading
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2020:Stephen, Leslie
2017:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1806:
1695:
1661:
1642:A Gloss on the
1626:
1608:, Latinized as
1602:
1588:Of Alexander's
1549:
1454:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1020:
840:
832:
831:
830:
710:
701:
691:
690:
598:
590:
589:
519:
509:
508:
482:Social teaching
437:
427:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
354:
338:Doctor Doctorum
258:
225:
191:
187:
149:
101:Alma mater
96:
93:
84:
77:
74:
63:
44:
39:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
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3176:
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3166:
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3156:
3139:
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3128:
3125:
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3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
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2944:
2939:
2934:
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2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:Hasdai Crescas
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Paul of Venice
2801:
2799:Vincent Ferrer
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Thomas Aquinas
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Henry of Ghent
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2640:Alain de Lille
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Anselm of Laon
2592:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2524:Church Fathers
2519:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2437:
2436:External links
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2387:
2381:
2360:
2351:
2340:
2333:
2332:Vicenza, 1985.
2326:
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2291:
2285:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2219:
2213:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2187:, p. 603.
2174:
2172:, p. 602.
2159:
2147:
2135:
2120:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2067:, p. 104.
2050:
2037:
2022:, ed. (1887).
2011:
1994:
1970:
1968:, p. 303.
1958:
1946:
1944:, p. 301.
1934:
1922:
1903:
1888:
1866:
1864:, p. 105.
1850:
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659:
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639:
634:
633:
632:
630:Friends of God
622:
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612:
611:
610:
603:Augustinianism
599:
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588:
587:
582:
581:
580:
575:
568:Predestination
565:
560:
555:
541:
536:
531:
526:
520:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
504:Works of mercy
501:
496:
491:
490:
489:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
433:
432:
429:
428:
415:
391:
390:
384:
383:
375:
374:
353:
350:
257:
254:
164:
163:
160:
159:
150:
148:Main interests
147:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
92:21 August 1245
90:
86:
85:
78:
69:
65:
64:
54:
46:
45:
38:
35:
25:Alexander Ales
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3236:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Scholasticism
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
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3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3136:
3130:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Rashid al-Din
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Abd al-Jabbar
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
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2841:
2840:
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2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2815:
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2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Nicole Oresme
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Giles of Rome
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
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2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Peter Lombard
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Peter Abelard
2588:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:Scholasticism
2576:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2348:The Sentences
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2157:, p. 13.
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2097:
2091:, p. 13.
2090:
2085:
2079:, p. 20.
2078:
2077:Principe 1967
2073:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1920:, p. 10.
1919:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1901:, p. 14.
1900:
1899:Principe 1967
1895:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1841:
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1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:Peter Lombard
1645:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Peter Lombard
1560:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1446:
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1437:
1432:
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1428:
1422:
1412:
1410:
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1372:
1369:
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1362:
1359:
1357:
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1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
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1329:
1327:
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1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
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1159:
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1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Chateaubriand
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
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1059:
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974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
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952:
949:
947:
946:Gundissalinus
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
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889:
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869:
867:
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844:
843:
836:
835:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
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802:
799:
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789:
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772:
769:
767:
764:
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734:
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685:
682:
680:
677:
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663:
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658:
655:
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653:
652:Scholasticism
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:Ressourcement
640:
638:
635:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
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609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
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594:
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586:
583:
579:
578:Compatibilism
576:
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569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
553:
549:
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524:Conceptualism
522:
521:
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499:Virtue ethics
497:
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324:As the first
322:
320:
315:
313:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Peter Lombard
285:
284:
279:
278:regent master
275:
271:
270:West Midlands
267:
263:
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251:
250:scholasticism
247:
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235:
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186:
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141:Scholasticism
139:
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109:
106:
103:
99:
91:
87:
82:
70:
66:
61:
60:George Glover
57:
52:
47:
42:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3154:1180s births
3114:Ibn Taymiyya
3104:Ibn al-Nafis
2858:Judah Halevi
2769:Jean Buridan
2698:John Peckham
2663:Michael Scot
2619:
2427:
2395:
2391:
2364:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2310:
2301:
2294:
2275:
2266:
2259:
2227:
2223:
2203:
2185:Russell 2014
2170:Russell 2014
2150:
2145:, p. 9.
2138:
2133:, p. 8.
2118:, p. 8.
2116:Beiting 1999
2103:, p. 7.
2101:Beiting 1999
2096:
2089:Beiting 1999
2084:
2072:
2045:
2040:
2029:
2014:
2002:
1997:
1990:Opus Tertium
1989:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1961:
1956:, p. 5.
1954:Beiting 1999
1949:
1937:
1925:
1877:
1869:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1764:
1741:
1703:
1699:
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1686:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1641:
1637:
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1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1515:confirmation
1504:
1496:
1494:
1459:
1321:John Paul II
1246:Benedict XVI
1219:Contemporary
860:
699:Philosophers
620:Cartesianism
563:Quinque Viae
360:
337:
333:
323:
316:
304:
281:
259:
241:
237:
229:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:
55:
29:
3159:1245 deaths
3119:Ibn Khaldun
2957:Ibn Masarra
2888:Joseph Albo
2873:Nachmanides
2848:Saadia Gaon
2814:John Hennon
2738:Duns Scotus
2703:Ramon Llull
2683:Bonaventure
2678:Roger Bacon
2540:Cassiodorus
2065:Cullen 2006
1966:Backus 1997
1942:Backus 1997
1930:Colish 2006
1862:Cullen 2006
1798:war is just
1756:soteriology
1752:Christology
1737:Bonaventure
1732:Roger Bacon
1594:Roger Bacon
1531:Incarnation
1490:metaphysics
1136:Malebranche
996:Roscellinus
941:Grosseteste
901:Bonaventure
721:Athenagoras
517:Metaphysics
477:Personalism
472:Natural law
467:Probabilism
342:Bonaventure
226: 1185
153:Metaphysics
75: 1185
3148:Categories
3084:al-Qazwini
3059:Ibn Sab'in
3038:Ibn Tufayl
2992:al-Kirmani
2878:Gersonides
2868:Maimonides
2452:Wikisource
1986:Opus Minus
1728:sacraments
1720:redemption
1693:Theologian
1682:Quodlibeta
1519:ordination
1503:) and the
1316:Hildebrand
1256:Chesterton
1121:La Mennais
1051:Bellarmine
1046:Azpilcueta
991:Paschasius
871:Autrecourt
826:Tertullian
786:Chrysostom
726:Athanasius
608:Victorines
539:Nominalism
447:Just price
326:Franciscan
307:Franciscan
296:St. Paul's
262:Shropshire
81:Shropshire
21:Alex Hales
3133:See also
3079:Ibn Arabi
2987:al-Biruni
2977:Miskawayh
2922:al-Nazzam
2508:Christian
2420:176669227
2252:170682454
2155:Wood 1993
2143:Wood 1993
2131:Wood 1993
1787:plurality
1744:Aristotle
1724:atonement
1653:Sentences
1610:Fabricius
1579:Augustine
1567:Sentences
1558:Sentences
1553:Sentences
1336:MacIntyre
1296:Gutiérrez
1266:Copleston
1236:Balthasar
1091:Descartes
951:Hildegard
936:Gregory I
911:Catherine
861:Alexander
811:Dionysius
731:Augustine
684:Salamanca
558:Haecceity
462:Casuistry
283:Sentences
266:Halesowen
83:, England
3013:Ibn Hazm
2967:Al-Amiri
2836:Medieval
2743:Durandus
2610:Roscelin
2535:Boethius
2412:41975164
2398:: 8â13.
2244:41975253
1804:Writings
1712:creation
1351:Maritain
1326:Lonergan
1306:Guardini
1231:Anscombe
1206:Caramuel
1116:Krasicki
1111:KoĆĆÄ
taj
1066:Brentano
926:Eriugena
891:Berengar
839:Medieval
791:Climacus
771:Irenaeus
741:Boethius
736:Benedict
679:Analytic
647:Occamism
637:Molinism
615:Llullism
544:Quiddity
452:Just war
380:a series
378:Part of
244:, was a
181:Halesius
173:Halensis
157:theology
2902:Islamic
2693:Vitello
2651:century
2649:13â14th
2571:century
2569:11â12th
2230:: 4â8.
1758:; and,
1525:by the
1511:baptism
1361:Mounier
1356:McLuhan
1311:Haldane
1251:Blondel
1201:Vitoria
1176:Rosmini
1151:Mercado
1146:Meinong
1141:Mariana
1131:Maistre
1126:Liguori
1106:GraciĂĄn
1101:FĂ©nelon
1096:Erasmus
1076:Cajetan
1061:Bossuet
1036:Arnauld
1016:Thierry
971:Lombard
961:Isidore
921:Eckhart
906:Buridan
896:Bernard
876:Aquinas
846:Abelard
806:Maximus
781:Cassian
751:Cyprian
746:Clement
716:Ambrose
709:Ancient
674:Thomism
669:Scotism
597:Schools
548:essence
529:Realism
417:Aquinas
264:(today
236:in the
185:Alesius
177:Alensis
79:Hales,
2828:Jewish
2560:Alcuin
2418:
2410:
2379:
2318:
2283:
2250:
2242:
2211:
1775:Glossa
1767:Anselm
1669:Glossa
1517:, and
1381:Taylor
1371:Rahner
1366:Pieper
1346:Marion
1341:Marcel
1301:DĂĄvila
1291:Girard
1286:Gilson
1271:Finnis
1261:Congar
1241:Barron
1191:SuĂĄrez
1171:Pascal
1166:Newman
1156:Molina
1086:Cortés
1071:Botero
1056:Bonald
1029:Modern
1011:Symeon
1001:Scotus
986:Oresme
981:Ockham
976:Martin
866:Anselm
856:Alcuin
851:Albert
816:Origen
801:Justin
776:Jerome
552:nature
435:Ethics
425:Ockham
423:, and
421:Scotus
408:
400:
240:) and
171:(also
136:School
125:Region
2910:Early
2516:Early
2416:S2CID
2408:JSTOR
2248:S2CID
2240:JSTOR
1992:p. 30
1847:Notes
1794:Summa
1665:Gloss
1590:Summa
1583:Summa
1575:Summa
1571:Summa
1523:dogma
1376:Stein
1331:Lubac
1281:Geach
1226:Adler
1181:Sales
1041:Ăvila
1006:Siger
966:Llull
931:Giles
881:Bacon
756:Cyril
352:Works
3052:Late
3001:High
2762:Late
2377:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2209:ISBN
1754:and
1722:and
1714:and
1671:and
1480:and
1472:and
1464:and
1196:Vico
1186:Soto
1161:More
956:Hugh
916:Cusa
886:Bede
821:Paul
256:Life
232:(by
89:Died
68:Born
2450:at
2400:doi
2369:doi
2232:doi
1838:, (
1716:sin
1708:God
1646:of
1561:of
1541:).
662:Neo
286:of
115:Era
58:by
41:OFM
23:or
3150::
2414:.
2406:.
2396:53
2394:.
2375:.
2246:.
2238:.
2228:57
2226:.
2177:^
2162:^
2123:^
2108:^
2053:^
2028:.
1980:,
1906:^
1891:^
1882:,
1876:,
1854:^
1739:.
1585:.
1513:,
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550:/
419:,
382:on
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223:c.
221:;
202:iË
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179:,
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2371::
2324:.
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