1450:
62:
2503:
1388:
are the sacred places which Alevi Kurds worship. This includes trees, mountains, rocks, caves, rivers, lakes, fountains, the sun and the moon that are each related to a semi-deific figure. These places and objects are thus sacred and some objects are moreover considered dangerous and therefore kept
910:
as their mother tongue. In contrast to their mother tongue, 70.8% of Alevis mostly speak
Turkish within their family, while 18.0% speak Zaza, 9.0% Kurdish, 1.1% Arabic and 1.1% "others". Also, 73% of Alevis have tribal affiliation, which is different from the general profile of the region.
2510:
887:, different estimations exist on the Kurdish Alevi population. While Dressler and several other academics stated that about one third or fifth of the Alevi population is Kurdish, respectively, Hamza Aksüt argued in 2015 that a majority of the Alevi population is Kurdish.
1127:
elections, they increased their share of vote among Alevi Kurds. However, due to both the strong association between right-wing parties and Sunni
Muslims and the incapability of CHP to challenge the conservative parties, Alevis formed the minority rights-led leftist
855:
The
Kurdish Alevi population has experienced religious and ethnic discrimination, oppression and forced assimilation which have significantly impacted their identity. Two Kurdish Alevi rebellions were crushed by Turkish forces in the 20th century; the
1245:
es are: Axûçan, Babamansûr, Sînemîllî, Celal Abbas, Kurêsû, Cemal Avdel, Dewrêş Gewr, Dewrêş Cemal, Seyit Sabun, Sari Saltik, Ûryan Xizir, Şeyh Çoban and Şix Delîlê Berxêcan. Since sacred lineage and religious rank is determined by
1264:
is a term used to encompass every
Kurdish Alevi person who receives religious services. In Kurdish Alevism, most people only receive services, while a small segment both receive and give. This latter small segment is called
1114:
in the subsequent elections through the 1960s. The
Workers' Party of Turkey (TIP) would target the Alevi vote and openly mentioned the rights of Alevis in their 1964 program which culminated with them winning a seat in
2309:
1079:
in the 1937, due to the centralist policies of the newly established
Turkish republic. This rebellion was also suppressed. Thousands of Alevi Kurds were massacred and the town of
1140:, the party did not receive much support from Alevi Kurds. In the 1970s, the politicization of Islam pushed Alevi Kurds towards CHP, however the party was closed down after the
1184:
received support from a large majority of Alevi Kurds, becoming their main political representative. Another significant event was the election of Alevi
Kurdish
2270:
Aydin, Suavi (2020), "A Survey of the Roots and
History of Kurdish Alevism: What are the Divergences and Convergences between Kurdish Alevi Groups in Turkey?",
1024:
institution, but
Kurdish Alevis continued to hold on to their pre-Ottoman beliefs and thus bypass the institutionalism. In the late 19th century, Emperor
1710:
2406:
Wakamatsu, Hiroki (2013), "Veneration of the Sacred or
Regeneration of the Religious: An Analysis of Saints and the Popular Beliefs of Kurdish Alevis",
1536:
once a year from 13 February and the subsequent three days. During this period, Kurdish Alevis fast and it is believed that the meeting ends winter.
2504:"Kürt Seçmenlerin Oy Verme Dinamikleri: Kuzeydoğu-Ortadoğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Alt Bölgelerinde Seçmenin Siyasal Tercihlerinin Sosyolojik Analizi"
1016:
in the early 1800s, the Haji Bektash Veli order sought to surpass the Alevi order in influence. Bektashis would center their beliefs around the
2262:
1048:
stated that the Kurdish Alevis had 'fallen away from the path' and tried to influence their beliefs through the Axûçan ocax on behalf of the
1176:. Alevi Kurdish support for PKK would increase throughout the 1980s due to the devastating impact on the Turkish left as a result of the
2569:
Tee, Caroline (2010), "Holy Lineages, Migration and Reformulation of Alevi Tradition: A Study of the Derviş Cemal Ocak from Erzincan",
1145:
1083:
was almost fully destroyed. In the subsequent period from the Dersim rebellion till the 1960s, the Kurds 'went into deep silence'.
2629:
1095:
2247:
1181:
495:
2634:
922:
is the only Kurdish Alevi-majority province in Turkey. Moreover, there are Kurdish Alevi settlements in the provinces of
824:) refers to the unique rituals, sacred place practices, mythological discourses and socio-religious organizations among
1111:
1172:. PKK sought to present itself as defenders of Alevi Kurds and targeted the Turkish nationalists who took part in the
2492:
2454:
2431:
2397:
2388:
van Bruinessen, Martin (2015), "Dersim and Dalahu: Some Reflections on Kurdish Alevism and the Ahl-i Haqq religion",
832:. Kurdish Alevis consider their hereditary sacred lineages as semi-deific figures, often have beliefs more rooted in
615:
1049:
787:
2529:
Kizilhan, Jan Ilhan (2022), "Transgenerational Transmission of Trauma across Three Generations of Alevi Kurds",
2614:
2473:
1177:
1141:
2364:
1124:
1120:
1091:
1087:
697:
600:
333:
1032:
the Kurdish Alevis. The Axûçan ocax was the first to be approached and did subject itself to the beliefs of
1099:
895:
640:
2624:
1406:
1149:
722:
308:
17:
1300:
who prepares and serves the religious functions and therefore leads the others down the right path. The
1218:. By the end of the 20th century, this system had been gravely impacted by cultural destruction and the
2644:
2346:
1491:. It is believed that Xizir travels between earth and heaven and during travels has generated numerous
1071:
took place with the goal of receiving political autonomy for Kurds and withdrawal of Turkish forces in
1006:
540:
525:
955:
2639:
2341:, Erdal (2021), "The Kurdish Alevis: The Followers of the Path of Truth", in Bozarslan, Hamit (ed.),
959:
2649:
1045:
253:
1312:
at birth and the title is lifelong. Nonetheless, the person can always choose not to practice his
1466:
1103:
891:
1462:
1107:
452:
427:
228:
1185:
1148:, until CHP was reestablished in 1992. Alevi Kurds not only took part in the formation of the
2446:
2382:
Political Representation of Alevi Kurds in Turkey: Historical Trends and Main Transformations
2373:
710:
293:
2300:
Kurdish Alevi Belief System, Rêya Heqî/Raa Haqi: Structure, Networking, Ritual, and Function
1250:, it is fairly easy to identify which individual has which religious position in which ocax
1129:
939:
520:
326:
47:
1068:
923:
857:
505:
8:
1137:
813:
780:
530:
500:
243:
183:
2594:
2586:
2553:
2287:
951:
630:
490:
263:
91:
1585:
931:
2598:
2558:
2488:
2469:
2450:
2427:
2411:
2393:
2326:
2318:
2291:
2256:
2243:
1711:"Westminster Sociologists edit first Special Issue of Kurdish Studies on Alevi-Kurds"
1454:
1223:
1161:
1033:
1002:
943:
841:
661:
653:
625:
620:
610:
560:
555:
535:
313:
268:
170:
126:
116:
1479:) is an important religious figure who is considered to have spiritual power and an
1422:
1173:
1057:
935:
865:
2619:
2578:
2548:
2538:
2423:
2350:
2279:
1430:
1116:
1076:
967:
963:
947:
927:
919:
903:
861:
837:
804:
682:
590:
565:
549:
515:
510:
303:
248:
208:
198:
193:
187:
179:
165:
156:
146:
2314:
1157:
2582:
1402:
979:
595:
585:
578:
545:
442:
412:
392:
298:
288:
273:
258:
238:
213:
203:
175:
136:
51:
1525:
1153:
971:
1247:
1206:
Traditionally, the socio-religious structure of Kurdish Alevis consists of two
1165:
1061:
1025:
1021:
994:
975:
833:
773:
759:
374:
283:
233:
39:
2355:
2608:
2330:
1484:
1441:
was the name of a shepherd who was believed to be able to practice miracles.
1352:
1037:
899:
692:
687:
635:
605:
467:
277:
223:
218:
78:
1189:
2562:
2543:
1480:
1012:
After surviving the attempted elimination of Bektashism by Ottoman Emperor
983:
840:
as their religious symbol, unlike Turkish Alevis who emphasize the role of
734:
729:
447:
417:
749:
2418:
Sinclair-Webb, Emma (2003). White, Paul Joseph; Jongerden, Joost (eds.).
2338:
2283:
1410:
1380:
1053:
1041:
1009:
and the autonomy of this emirate made the community flourish and expand.
437:
2590:
1281:
therefore had to travel from village to village to offer their service.
1426:
1169:
1075:. The rebellion was put down, but Kurdish Alevis rebelled again in the
1036:
by introducing the Bektashi beliefs to their religious ceremonies (see
845:
407:
2236:
Aleviler: Türkiye, İran, İrak, Suriye, Bulgaristan: Araştırma-İnceleme
1495:- including oases and springs from where his feet touched the ground.
1028:
did not shy away from using the institutionalized Bektashi beliefs to
997:
associated with Kurdish Alevism were not included in the 13th century
2390:
Islamic Alternatives: Non-Mainstream Religion in Persianate Societies
1398:
1072:
1013:
744:
739:
432:
397:
387:
357:
107:
2443:
The Kurds and the Politics of Turkey: Agency, Territory and Religion
1449:
1207:
1133:
849:
754:
672:
462:
422:
362:
352:
1590:
2531:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1304:
also has the role of explaining the religion to its members. The
1201:
1080:
872:
829:
472:
457:
367:
1586:"Banga Pîrên Elewiyên Dêrsimê; 'Li zimanê xwe xwedî derbikevin'"
1005:. In the 16th century, Kurdish Alevis of Dersim lived under the
2239:
1676:
1533:
1458:
1356:
1017:
907:
884:
864:
in 1937–1938. Kurdish Alevis were also the main victims of the
677:
402:
112:
1880:
1805:
1766:
1152:(PKK) but many of them also became leading figures, including
844:. Some Kurdish Alevis argue that their beliefs are related to
2366:
Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion
1506:
1476:
1230:
s have strengthened the cultural identity of Kurdish Alevis.
825:
717:
477:
142:
71:
61:
1652:
1277:
must travel to their place of residence. Traditionally, the
132:
122:
2200:
2198:
2196:
1241:
refers to various sacred lineages in Kurdish Alevism. The
2135:
2133:
1488:
1952:
1693:
1691:
1568:
1566:
1553:
1551:
1549:
2210:
2193:
2181:
2010:
1834:
1832:
1783:
1781:
1611:
1609:
1409:
and the sacred mountain associated with (or embodying)
1098:, while the Alevi Kurdish vote would split between the
871:
The heartland and sacred land of Kurdish Alevis is the
2169:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2022:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1756:
1754:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1397:
Jiare can be utilized to treat people who suffer from
1123:. While the national support for TIP decreased in the
1688:
1563:
1546:
2082:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1829:
1817:
1793:
1778:
1727:
1664:
1606:
2157:
2145:
2094:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
1998:
1983:
1964:
1940:
1751:
1739:
1621:
1210:social positions; members of the sacred lineage or
1144:. Alevi Kurds afterwards gave their support to the
2308:
1328:have spiritual power through bloodline. While the
902:, 20.2% of them speak Kurdish, 9.0% of them speak
982:. Outside of Turkey, there are Kurdish Alevis in
2606:
1214:and those subordinated to the sacred lineage or
1188:as co-mayor of the largest Kurdish municipality
2420:Turkey's Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview
1332:guides the members of Alevism practically, the
1273:population to receive a religious service, the
1222:has gained influence in regard to religion and
890:According to a study published in 2015, in the
2387:
1658:
1226:. Since the anti-Alevi violence in the 1990s,
2417:
1682:
1347:is the highest rank in the ocax systems. The
1094:general elections, Alevi Kurds voted for the
819:
781:
1363:feels injustice regarding the decision of a
1528:which is the location where it is believed
1433:and people pray to God through the various
2261:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1355:element of the system and has the role of
788:
774:
2571:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
2552:
2542:
2405:
2354:
2216:
2204:
1646:
1064:have both Alevi and Sunni members today.
1056:of Kurdish Alevis and tribes such as the
898:regions of Turkey, 69.7% of Alevis speak
2528:
2482:
2463:
2362:
2306:
2187:
2175:
2139:
2088:
1697:
1670:
1634:
1615:
1572:
1557:
1448:
1324:It is believed that some members of the
2466:Kurdish Culture: A Cross-cultural Guide
14:
2607:
2468:. Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft.
2440:
2016:
1132:in 1966. Yet, because of its focus on
2501:
2379:
2337:
2297:
2269:
2233:
2163:
2151:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2004:
1992:
1977:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1772:
1760:
1745:
1733:
496:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
2485:Asimilasyon Kıskacında Alevi Kürtler
1509:and is also visited by Sunni Kurds.
1413:, both located in Tunceli Province.
2568:
1461:and Khidr praying together from an
1256:
818:'The Path of God/Truth' or
808:
24:
2522:
2343:The Cambridge History of the Kurds
25:
2661:
2317:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1146:Social Democratic Populist Party
60:
2226:
1703:
1416:
1296:is a term used to describe the
1050:Committee of Union and Progress
2363:Gültekin, Ahmet Kerim (2019),
2325:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1578:
13:
1:
2630:History of the Kurdish people
1594:(in Kurdish). 18 January 2023
1421:Munzur River is located near
878:
334:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings
2583:10.1080/13530194.2010.524440
2509:(in Turkish). Archived from
2464:Sweetnam, Denise L. (1994).
1195:
914:
7:
2635:History of Tunceli Province
2487:(in Turkish). Siyam Kitap.
2238:(in Turkish) (5 ed.),
836:, and put more emphasis on
10:
2666:
2347:Cambridge University Press
1405:. Two important jiare are
1378:
1199:
989:
906:and 1.1% of them per cent
541:Kurdish Republic of Lachin
526:Kurdish Republic of Ararat
2356:10.1017/9781108623711.026
2307:Dressler, Markus (2008).
1889:, pp. 235 & 239.
1814:, pp. 239 & 261.
1775:, pp. 213 & 264.
1339:
1336:thus guides spiritually.
1284:
1182:Peoples' Democratic Party
1100:Republican People's Party
2483:Dalkılıç, Halil (2015).
1539:
1444:
1374:
1178:1980 Turkish coup d'état
1150:Kurdistan Workers' Party
1142:1980 Turkish coup d'état
1112:Workers' Party of Turkey
1046:Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi
1467:Stories of the Prophets
1367:they can appeal to the
1233:
1052:. This period also saw
27:Kurdish religious group
2544:10.3390/ijerph19010081
2441:Çiftçi, Deniz (2019).
2380:Günes, Cengiz (2020),
2323:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1469:
1463:illuminated manuscript
1319:
1044:, Bektashi missionary
820:
2615:Religion in Kurdistan
2502:Yeğen, Mesut (2015).
2447:Bloomsbury Publishing
2374:University of Leipzig
2298:Deniz, Dilşa (2019),
2234:Aksüt, Hamza (2012),
1715:www.westminster.ac.uk
1659:van Bruinessen (2015)
1457:manuscript depicting
1452:
1007:Emirate of Çemişgezek
896:Southeastern Anatolia
2284:10.33182/ks.v8i1.551
1683:Sinclair-Webb (2003)
1359:. For example, if a
1180:. In the 2010s, the
1020:which emerged as an
641:Kurdish philosophers
521:Kingdom of Kurdistan
347:Karduchian dynasties
2278:(1), CEEOL: 17–42,
1961:, pp. 565–566.
1138:Turkish nationalism
531:Republic of Mahabad
501:Simko Shikak revolt
2625:Religion in Turkey
2313:. In Fleet, Kate;
1685:, p. 222–223.
1470:
1351:presides over the
1248:tribal affiliation
491:Kurdistansky Uyezd
137:Southern Kurdistan
117:Northern Kurdistan
2645:Religion in Syria
2412:Sophia University
2302:, Lexington Books
2249:978-975-9025-61-8
2127:, pp. 56–57.
2115:, pp. 54–55.
2031:, pp. 78–79.
1308:is chosen from a
1224:identity politics
1168:, Rıza Altun and
1162:Ali Haydar Kaytan
1069:Koçgiri rebellion
1034:Haji Bektash Veli
1003:Haji Bektash Veli
858:Koçgiri rebellion
842:Haji Bektash Veli
834:nature veneration
817:
798:
797:
662:Kurdish languages
561:Turkish Kurdistan
556:Iranian Kurdistan
536:Al-Anfal campaign
506:Koçgiri Rebellion
147:Western Kurdistan
127:Eastern Kurdistan
16:(Redirected from
2657:
2640:Ethnic religions
2601:
2565:
2556:
2546:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2498:
2479:
2460:
2437:
2424:Brill Publishers
2414:
2410:, vol. 31,
2402:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2334:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2220:
2217:Wakamatsu (2013)
2214:
2208:
2205:Wakamatsu (2013)
2202:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2019:, p. 64–65.
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1647:Wakamatsu (2013)
1644:
1638:
1632:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1501:is one of these
1431:ritual slaughter
1257:Taliw and sayyid
1117:Malatya Province
1104:New Turkey Party
1077:Dersim rebellion
920:Tunceli Province
892:Eastern Anatolia
862:Dersim rebellion
860:in 1921 and the
838:Pir Sultan Abdal
823:
812:
810:
790:
783:
776:
664:
616:Historical sites
566:Syrian Kurdistan
550:Kurdistan Region
516:Dersim Rebellion
511:Ararat rebellion
348:
64:
54:
43:
35:
30:
29:
21:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2650:Kurdish culture
2605:
2604:
2525:
2523:Further reading
2520:
2513:
2506:
2495:
2476:
2457:
2434:
2400:
2369:
2319:Rowson, Everett
2272:Kurdish Studies
2254:
2253:
2250:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2188:Sweetnam (1994)
2186:
2182:
2176:Gültekin (2019)
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2140:Gültekin (2019)
2138:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2089:Dalkılıç (2015)
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1698:Gültekin (2019)
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1671:Gültekin (2019)
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1635:Dressler (2008)
1633:
1622:
1616:Gültekin (2019)
1614:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1573:Gültekin (2019)
1571:
1564:
1558:Gültekin (2019)
1556:
1547:
1542:
1447:
1437:in the region.
1425:and a place of
1419:
1383:
1377:
1342:
1322:
1287:
1259:
1236:
1204:
1198:
992:
917:
881:
801:Kurdish Alevism
794:
765:
764:
713:
703:
702:
667:
660:
656:
646:
645:
586:Kurdish culture
581:
571:
570:
546:Iraqi Kurdistan
486:
393:Mir Jafar Dasni
383:
351:
346:
342:
329:
319:
318:
94:
84:
83:
74:
55:
52:Kurdish culture
48:Kurdish history
46:
45:
44:
37:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2603:
2602:
2577:(3): 335–392,
2566:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2516:on 2021-06-24.
2499:
2493:
2480:
2474:
2461:
2455:
2438:
2432:
2415:
2403:
2398:
2385:
2377:
2360:
2335:
2315:Krämer, Gudrun
2304:
2295:
2267:
2248:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2192:
2190:, p. 213.
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1982:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1937:, p. 222.
1927:
1925:, p. 275.
1915:
1913:, p. 233.
1903:
1901:, p. 224.
1891:
1879:
1877:, p. 234.
1867:
1865:, p. 229.
1855:
1853:, p. 225.
1843:
1841:, p. 236.
1828:
1826:, p. 223.
1816:
1804:
1802:, p. 228.
1792:
1790:, p. 277.
1777:
1765:
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 562.
1726:
1702:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1661:, p. 577.
1651:
1639:
1620:
1605:
1577:
1562:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1499:Xizir Fountain
1446:
1443:
1418:
1415:
1376:
1373:
1341:
1338:
1321:
1318:
1286:
1283:
1258:
1255:
1235:
1232:
1200:Main article:
1197:
1194:
1186:Gültan Kışanak
1174:Çorum massacre
1166:Mustafa Karasu
1121:1965 elections
1096:Democrat Party
1026:Abdul Hamid II
991:
988:
916:
913:
880:
877:
866:Maraş massacre
828:who adhere to
796:
795:
793:
792:
785:
778:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
760:Zoroastrianism
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
726:
725:
714:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
669:
668:
665:
657:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
582:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
378:
377:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
337:
336:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
311:
309:United Kingdom
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
173:
168:
162:
161:
151:
150:
140:
130:
120:
110:
104:
103:
95:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
57:
56:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2662:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2494:9786058448018
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2456:9781788316385
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2433:9789004125384
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2399:9783447107792
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2219:, p. 80.
2218:
2213:
2207:, p. 77.
2206:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2178:, p. 15.
2177:
2172:
2166:, p. 60.
2165:
2160:
2154:, p. 57.
2153:
2148:
2142:, p. 13.
2141:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2103:, p. 55.
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2079:, p. 85.
2078:
2073:
2067:, p. 86.
2066:
2061:
2055:, p. 84.
2054:
2049:
2043:, p. 83.
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2017:Çiftçi (2019)
2013:
2007:, p. 34.
2006:
2001:
1995:, p. 32.
1994:
1989:
1987:
1980:, p. 31.
1979:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1949:, p. 30.
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1763:, p. 39.
1762:
1757:
1755:
1748:, p. 37.
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1649:, p. 72.
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1575:, p. 10.
1574:
1569:
1567:
1560:, p. 12.
1559:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:of God and a
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:mental issues
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Sakine Cansız
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1108:Justice Party
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:In 1921, the
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Sunnification
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:Kahramanmaraş
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
876:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
815:
806:
802:
791:
786:
784:
779:
777:
772:
771:
769:
768:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
707:
706:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
650:
649:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
580:
575:
574:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
485:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
382:
376:
373:
372:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
350:
345:
344:
343:
341:
335:
332:
331:
328:
323:
322:
315:
314:United States
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
279:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
153:
152:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
88:
87:
80:
79:List of Kurds
77:
76:
73:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2574:
2570:
2534:
2530:
2511:the original
2484:
2465:
2442:
2419:
2407:
2389:
2381:
2365:
2342:
2322:
2299:
2275:
2271:
2235:
2227:Bibliography
2212:
2183:
2171:
2164:Deniz (2019)
2159:
2152:Deniz (2019)
2147:
2125:Deniz (2019)
2120:
2113:Deniz (2019)
2108:
2101:Deniz (2019)
2096:
2084:
2077:Günes (2020)
2072:
2065:Günes (2020)
2060:
2053:Günes (2020)
2048:
2041:Günes (2020)
2036:
2029:Günes (2020)
2024:
2012:
2005:Aydin (2020)
2000:
1993:Aydin (2020)
1978:Aydin (2020)
1959:Gezik (2021)
1954:
1947:Aydin (2020)
1942:
1935:Aksüt (2012)
1930:
1923:Aksüt (2012)
1918:
1911:Aksüt (2012)
1906:
1899:Aksüt (2012)
1894:
1887:Aksüt (2012)
1882:
1875:Aksüt (2012)
1870:
1863:Aksüt (2012)
1858:
1851:Aksüt (2012)
1846:
1839:Aksüt (2012)
1824:Aksüt (2012)
1819:
1812:Aksüt (2012)
1807:
1800:Aksüt (2012)
1795:
1788:Aksüt (2012)
1773:Aksüt (2012)
1768:
1761:Yeğen (2015)
1746:Yeğen (2015)
1741:
1734:Gezik (2021)
1729:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1705:
1700:, p. 4.
1678:
1673:, p. 5.
1666:
1654:
1642:
1618:, p. 3.
1596:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1472:
1471:
1438:
1434:
1420:
1417:Munzur River
1407:Munzur River
1394:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:jurisprudent
1348:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1154:Mazlum Doğan
1085:
1066:
1029:
1011:
998:
993:
984:Afrin, Syria
918:
889:
882:
870:
854:
800:
799:
730:Christianity
601:Celebrations
483:
482:
418:Hasanwayhids
380:
379:
339:
338:
294:Turkmenistan
155:
154:
99:
98:
1516:related to
1505:located in
1465:version of
1439:Munzur Bawa
1411:Duzgin Bawo
1391:rawyer, pîr
1381:Duzgin Bawo
1310:sayyid ocax
1130:Unity Party
1042:World War I
999:Vilayetname
438:Hazaraspids
254:Netherlands
18:Alevi Kurds
2609:Categories
2475:3926105194
1720:2022-09-13
1427:pilgrimage
1379:See also:
1208:hereditary
1190:Diyarbakır
1170:Bese Hozat
1040:). During
1030:Bektashify
879:Population
846:Ahl-e Haqq
631:Literature
408:Shaddadids
244:Kazakhstan
184:Azerbaijan
92:Population
2599:142830312
2537:(1): 81,
2331:1873-9830
2292:219734521
1522:Gola Çeto
1481:emanation
1399:paralysis
1196:Structure
1192:in 2014.
1073:Kurdistan
1014:Mahmud II
956:Gümüşhane
952:Gaziantep
915:Geography
868:in 1978.
809:Rêya Heqî
750:Yazdânism
745:Yarsanism
740:Shabakism
654:Languages
433:Hadhabani
428:Marwanids
398:Aishanids
388:Shahrizor
358:Zabdicene
264:Palestine
108:Kurdistan
2591:23077033
2563:35010342
2321:(eds.).
2310:"Alevīs"
2257:citation
1598:15 March
1512:Another
1269:For the
1134:Kemalism
944:Erzincan
924:Adıyaman
875:region.
850:Yazidism
755:Yazidism
711:Religion
673:Kurmanji
626:Folklore
621:Language
591:Clothing
443:Ayyubids
423:Annazids
413:Rawadids
381:Medieval
375:Kayusids
363:Cyrtians
353:Corduene
278:Chechnya
269:Pakistan
176:Caucasia
157:Diaspora
100:Homeland
40:a series
38:Part of
2620:Alevism
2554:8751140
1526:Pülümür
1455:Persian
1395:murşîd.
1389:by the
1267:sayyid.
1202:Alevism
1119:in the
1102:(CHP),
1086:In the
1022:Ottoman
990:History
968:Malatya
964:Kayseri
948:Erzurum
928:Ardahan
904:Turkish
830:Alevism
821:Elewîtî
816:
805:Kurdish
735:Judaism
596:Cuisine
579:Culture
473:Mokryan
463:Badinan
458:Ardalan
368:Moxoene
340:Ancient
327:History
304:Ukraine
249:Lebanon
209:Germany
199:Finland
194:Denmark
188:Georgia
180:Armenia
166:Belgium
2597:
2589:
2561:
2551:
2491:
2472:
2453:
2430:
2408:上智アジア学
2396:
2329:
2290:
2246:
2240:Ankara
1534:Elijah
1532:meets
1459:Elijah
1423:Ovacık
1369:murşîd
1357:appeal
1349:murşîd
1345:Murşîd
1340:Murşîd
1330:raywer
1326:sayyid
1316:ship.
1314:raywer
1306:raywer
1302:raywer
1298:sayyid
1290:Raywer
1285:Raywer
1279:sayyid
1275:sayyid
1081:Dersim
1058:Reşwan
1018:dargah
980:Yozgat
940:Elazığ
932:Bingöl
908:Arabic
885:Turkey
873:Dersim
723:Spread
698:Gorani
683:Xwarin
678:Sorani
484:Modern
453:Badlis
403:Daisam
299:Turkey
289:Sweden
274:Russia
259:Norway
239:Jordan
229:Israel
214:Greece
204:France
171:Canada
113:Turkey
72:People
34:
2595:S2CID
2587:JSTOR
2514:(PDF)
2507:(PDF)
2370:(PDF)
2339:Gezik
2288:S2CID
1591:Rûdaw
1540:Notes
1530:Xizir
1518:Xizir
1514:jiare
1507:Varto
1503:jiare
1493:jiare
1485:batin
1477:Khidr
1475:(ie.
1473:Xizir
1445:Xizir
1435:jiare
1386:Jiare
1375:Jiare
1361:taliw
1294:rêber
1271:taliw
1262:Taliw
1228:Taliw
1220:taliw
1216:taliw
1062:Şavak
995:Ocaks
976:Sivas
936:Çorum
826:Kurds
718:Islam
636:Music
606:Dance
478:Baban
468:Soran
448:Zands
284:Syria
234:Japan
143:Syria
2559:PMID
2489:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2327:ISSN
2263:link
2244:ISBN
1600:2023
1429:and
1365:pîr,
1243:ocax
1239:Ocax
1234:Ocax
1212:ocax
1136:and
1125:1969
1110:and
1092:1954
1090:and
1088:1950
1060:and
978:and
900:Zaza
894:and
848:and
814:lit.
693:Laki
688:Zaza
611:Flag
224:Iran
219:Iraq
133:Iraq
123:Iran
50:and
2579:doi
2549:PMC
2539:doi
2351:doi
2280:doi
1524:in
1520:is
1489:Ali
1487:of
1401:or
1393:or
1334:pîr
1320:Pîr
1292:or
1038:Jem
1001:by
972:Muş
883:In
186:) (
182:) (
2611::
2593:,
2585:,
2575:37
2573:,
2557:,
2547:,
2535:19
2533:,
2449:.
2445:.
2426:.
2422:.
2392:,
2372:,
2349:,
2345:,
2286:,
2274:,
2259:}}
2255:{{
2242:,
2195:^
2132:^
1985:^
1966:^
1831:^
1780:^
1753:^
1713:.
1690:^
1623:^
1608:^
1588:.
1565:^
1548:^
1453:A
1371:.
1164:,
1160:,
1156:,
1106:,
986:.
974:,
970:,
966:,
962:,
958:,
954:,
950:,
946:,
942:,
938:,
934:,
930:,
926:,
852:.
811:,
807::
42:on
2581::
2541::
2497:.
2478:.
2459:.
2436:.
2353::
2333:.
2282::
2276:8
2265:)
2091:.
1723:.
1637:.
1602:.
1252:.
803:(
789:e
782:t
775:v
552:)
548:(
280:)
276:(
190:)
178:(
149:)
145:(
139:)
135:(
129:)
125:(
119:)
115:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
