498:
35:
27:
433:
966:, complete in 21 volumes: Genesis (2 vols.), Exodus (2 vols.), Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua & Judges (1 vol.), Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Minor Prophets, Psalms (2 vols.), Proverbs, Job, Five Megillot (1 vol.), Daniel-Ezra-Nehemiah (1 vol.), Chronicles. Includes the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex and a new commentary on them. Differs from the Breuer reconstruction and presentation for some masoretic details.
601:
would become pregnant, and that those in charge of the keys to the Codex vault were blessed. On the other hand, community elders have written at the top of some pages "Sacred to Yahweh, not to be sold or defiled" and "Cursed be he who steals it, and cursed be he who sells it". The community feared being destroyed by a plague, should they lose the Codex, and they believed that he who stole or sold the Codex would be hit by the curse.
370:, supposed to have been the Cave of Elijah. It was regarded as the community's most sacred possession: Those in trouble would pray before it, and oaths were taken by it. The community received queries from Jews around the world, who asked that various textual details be checked, correspondence which is preserved in the
912:
in one volume 1989. This was the first edition to include a reconstruction of the letters, vowels, and cantillation marks in the missing parts of the Aleppo codex. Mossad HaRav Kook also uses its Breuer text in other editions of the Bible it publishes, including its Da'at Mikrah commentary (complete
600:
Among the Jewish community of Aleppo and their descendants in the post-1947 diaspora, the belief always was that the Codex holds great magical power and that the smallest piece of it can ensure the good health and well-being of its owner. Historically it was believed that women allowed to look at it
464:
calls attention to the fact that eyewitnesses in Aleppo who saw the Codex shortly after the fire consistently reported that it was complete or nearly complete, and then there is no account of it for more than a decade, until after it arrived in Israel and was put, in 1958, in the Ben-Zvi
Institute,
980:
based upon the Aleppo Codex and related
Tiberian manuscripts. Its reconstruction of the missing text is based on the methods of Mordechai Breuer. The text is offered in four formats: (a) Masoretic letter-text, (b) "full" letter-text (unrelated to masoretic spelling), (c) masoretic text with vowels
346:
was used to "buy back two hundred and thirty Bible codices, a hundred other volumes, and eight Torah
Scrolls." The documents were transported to Egypt via a caravan led and funded by the prominent Alexandrian official Abu’l-Fadl Sahl b. Yūsha’ b. Sha‘yā, who was in Ascalon for his wedding in early
355:
transferred according to the law of redemption from imprisonment in
Jerusalem, the Holy City, may it be rebuilt and reestablished, to the congregation in Egypt of Knisat Yerushalayim, may it be built and established in the life of Israel. Blessed be he who preserves it and cursed be he who
642:
says only that it was corrected from manuscripts written by ben Asher; there is no evidence that ben Asher himself ever saw it. However, the same holds true for the Aleppo Codex, which was apparently not vocalized by ben Asher himself, although a later colophon, which was added to the manuscript
535:
on the few surviving pages of the Torah seems to have confirmed these claims beyond reasonable doubt. Goshen-Gottstein suggested (in the introduction to his facsimile reprint of the codex) that not only was it the oldest known masoretic Bible in a single volume, it was the first time ever that a
447:
The missing leaves are a subject of fierce controversy. Originally it was thought they were destroyed by fire, but scholarly analysis has shown no evidence of fire having reached the codex itself (the dark marks on the pages are due to fungus). Some scholars instead accuse members of the Jewish
709:
The Codex, as it presents itself now in the Israel Museum where it is kept in a vault, consists of the 294 pages delivered by the Ben-Zvi
Institute, plus one full page and a section of a second one recovered subsequently. The pages are preserved unbound and written on both sides. Each page is
557:
began his own reconstruction of the
Masoretic text on the basis of other well-known ancient manuscripts. His results matched the Aleppo Codex almost exactly. Thus today, Breuer's version is used authoritatively for the reconstruction of the missing portions of the Aleppo Codex. The
564:(כתר ירושלים, Keter Yerushalayim, lit. "Jerusalem Crown"), printed in Jerusalem in 2000, is a modern version of the Tanakh based on the Aleppo Codex and the work of Breuer: It uses a newly designed typeface based on the calligraphy of the Codex and is based on its page layout.
118:
section—was missing, and only two additional leaves have been recovered since then. The original supposition that the missing pages were destroyed in the synagogue fire has increasingly been challenged, fueling speculation that they survive in private hands.
866:
based on the Aleppo Codex have been published over the past three decades in Israel, some of them under the academic auspices of
Israeli universities. These editions incorporate reconstructions of the missing parts of the codex based on the methodology of
1831:
that are missing in the Aleppo Codex have been completed according to the biblical list compiled by Rabbi Shalom
Shachna Yelin that were published in the Jubilee volume for Rabbi Breuer... (translated from the Hebrew on p. 12 of the
733:
The manuscript has been restored by specialists of the Israel Museum, whose director declared that, given the Codex's history, it is "in remarkably excellent condition". The purple markings on the edges of the pages were found to be
475:
Ezra Dabach (one of the last caretakers of the Codex when it was still in Syria), announced in
December 2015 an upcoming film tracing the history of the Codex and possibly determining the fate of the missing pages. The film, titled
1427:
A Mediterranean
Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Vol. V: The Individual: Portrait of a Mediterranean Personality of the High Middle Ages as Reflected in the Cairo
913:
in 30 volumes) and its Torat Hayim edition of Mikraot Gedolot, which thus far includes Torah (7 vols.), Psalms (3 vols.), Proverbs (2 vols.), and Five Megillot (3 vols.), as well as some non-Biblical texts such as the
997:
424:, who examined it in 1943. This secrecy made it impossible to confirm the authenticity of the Codex, and indeed Cassuto doubted that it was Maimonides' codex, though he agreed that it was tenth century.
365:
The Aleppo community guarded the Codex zealously for some 600 years: it was kept, together with three other Biblical manuscripts, in a special cupboard (later, an iron safe) in a basement chapel of the
545:
During the 1991 Gulf War, and again during the 2023 Israel-Hamas War, the scrolls were temporarily removed from display and placed in secure storage as part of the Israel Museum's emergency protocol.
378:
sent his son in law, Moses Joshua Kimchi, to Aleppo, to copy information about the Codex; Kimchi sat for weeks, and copied thousands of details about the codex into the margins of a small handwritten
1312:
230:
in 1099, the synagogue was plundered and the codex was held for a high ransom, which was paid with money coming from Egypt, leading to the codex being transferred there. It was preserved at the
847:
5.1; So 3.20–Za 9.17; II Chronicles 26.19–35.7; Book of Psalms 15.1–25.2 (MT enumeration); Song of Songs 3.11 to the end; all of Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, and Ezra-Nehemiah.
1819:"After consultation... with the greatest Torah scholars and grammarians, the biblical text in this edition was chosen to conform with the Aleppo Codex which as is well known was corrected by
520:. Still during 1958, the Jewish community of Aleppo sued the Ben-Zvi Institute for the return of the Codex, but the court ruled against them and suppressed publication of the proceedings.
650:
in academic circles and as the "Damascus Keter", or "Crown of Damascus", in traditional Jewish circles. It was also written in Israel in the tenth century, and is now kept at the
1538:(Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Soc., 2010) page 110; there have been various reports and estimates of the original number of pages; Izhak Ben-Zvi, "The Codex of Ben Asher",
625:. The ben Asher vocalization is late and in many respects artificial, compared to other traditions and tendencies reaching back closer to the period of spoken Biblical Hebrew.
478:
609:
The consonants in the codex were copied by the scribe Shlomo ben Buya'a in Palestine circa 920. The text was then verified, vocalized, and provided with Masoretic notes by
198:
was used mostly as a stock superlative title (Muslim caliphs did not wear crowns) and applied liberally to model codices. It lost this sense when translated into Hebrew as
444:, the community's ancient synagogue was burned. Later, while the Codex was in Israel, it was found that no more than 294 of the original (estimated) 487 pages survived.
508:
In January 1958, the Aleppo Codex was smuggled out of Syria and sent to Jerusalem to be placed in the care of the chief rabbi of the Aleppo Jews. It was given first to
114:. The fate of the codex during the subsequent decade is unclear: when it resurfaced in Israel in 1958, roughly 40% of the manuscript—including the majority of the
375:
456:—were turned up from such sources in the 1980s, leaving open the possibility that even more may have survived the riots in 1947. In particular, the 2012 book
1260:
936:. The text of the Horev Tanakh has been reprinted in several forms with various commentaries by the same publisher, including a Mikraot Gedolot on the Torah.
1957:
448:
community of having torn off the missing leaves and keeping them privately hidden. Two missing portions of the manuscript—a single complete leaf from the
1224:
1921:
531:. This finally gave scholars the chance to examine it and consider the claims that it is indeed the manuscript referred to by Maimonides. The work of
1001:
is an experimental, digital version of the Tanakh based on the Aleppo Codex with full documentation of the editorial policy and its implementation (
1879:
1252:
465:
at which point it was as currently described; his book suggests a number of possibilities for the loss of the pages including theft in Israel.
320:, the Crusaders held the codex and other holy works for ransom, along with Jewish survivors. The Aleppo Codex website cites two letters in the
374:
literature, and which allows for the reconstruction of certain details in the parts that are missing today. Most importantly, in the 1850s,
1709:
391:
273:. Some time after arrival, it was found that parts of the codex had been lost. The Aleppo Codex was entrusted to the Ben-Zvi Institute and
1002:
304:
sometime between 1040 and 1050. It was cared for by the brothers Hizkiyahu and Joshya, Karaite religious leaders who eventually moved to
258:
1983:
1876:- two online digital images, each in a single large file (the same images are found at the Wikimedia Commons in several smaller files)
1512:
Photo taken in 1910 by Joseph Segall and published in Travels through Northern Syria (London, 1910), p. 99. Reprinted and analyzed in
750:
When the Aleppo Codex was complete (until 1947), it followed the Tiberian textual tradition in the order of its books, similar to the
246:, who described it as a text trusted by all Jewish scholars. It is rumoured that in 1375 one of Maimonides' descendants brought it to
681:
ruling gave the Aleppo Codex the seal of supreme textual authority, albeit only with regard to the type of space preceding sections (
634:, which dates to approximately the same time as the Aleppo codex, has been claimed by Paul E. Kahle to be a product of the ben Asher
2033:
1516:
689:) and for the manner of the writing of the songs in the Pentateuch. "The codex which we used in these works is the codex known in
2013:
338:
1912:
356:
steals it, and cursed be he who sells it, and cursed be he who pawns it. It may not be sold and it may not be defiled forever.
1110:
1186:
1885:
710:
parchment, 33 cm high by 26.5 cm wide (13 inches × 10.43 inches). In particular, only the last few pages of the
483:
397:
However, the community limited direct observation of the manuscript by outsiders, especially by scholars in modern times.
1998:
881:, usually in one volume (but sometimes also sold in three volumes, and, as noted, in more). Apart from the last, they do
1483:
1949:
1869:
1343:
Karaite marriage documents from the Cairo Geniza: legal tradition and community life in mediaeval Egypt and Palestine.
2028:
1993:
1616:
587:
1806:
In this edition, the masoretic text and symbols were encoded and graphic layout was enabled by the computer program
1457:
1041:
871:
or similar systems, and by taking into account all available historical testimony about the contents of the codex.
850:
In 2016, the scholar Yosef Ofer published a newly recovered fragment of the Aleppo Codex with some portions of the
660:
The Aleppo Codex was the manuscript used by Maimonides when he set down the exact rules for writing scrolls of the
441:
111:
1021:
698:
1954:
1384:
516:, who later testified that the Codex was complete or nearly so at the time. Later that year it was given to the
2018:
1941:
1435:
1413:
1350:
274:
1988:
1860:
1234:
347:
1100. Judeo-Arabic inscriptions on the first page of the Codex mention the book was then "transferred to the
1749:
The surviving text begins with the last word of Deuteronomy 28:17; Izhak Ben-Zvi, "The Codex of Ben Asher",
1895:
1404:
Kedar, Benjamin Z. "The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades." in
952:
Jerusalem Simanim Institute, Feldheim Publishers, 2004 (published in one-volume and three-volume editions).
949:
under the supervision of Yosef Ofer, with additional proofreading and refinements since the Horev edition.
2008:
1978:
367:
107:
651:
265:
where it was kept. The Codex disappeared, then reemerged in 1958, when it was smuggled into Israel by
2003:
1820:
1691:
610:
313:
227:
97:
312:) in 1050. The codex, however, stayed in Jerusalem until the latter part of that century. After the
1338:
1046:
403:
387:
1514:
Moshe H. Goshen-Gottstein, "A Recovered Part of the Aleppo Codex," Textus 5 (1966):53-59 (Plate I)
1732:(Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Soc., 2010) page 110; Izhak Ben-Zvi, "The Codex of Ben Asher",
1408:(Vol. 3). ed. Benjamin Z. Kedar and Jonathan S.C. Riley-Smith. Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2004 (
591:
1248:
532:
329:
56:
768:
appear in the same order found in most printed Hebrew Bibles, but the order for the books for
1714:
1671:
1547:
1066:
639:
509:
1901:
727:
801:
257:
The Codex remained in Syria for nearly six hundred years. In 1947, rioters enraged by the
8:
1071:
986:
959:
828:
773:
657:. (This should not be confused with another Damascus Keter, of medieval Spanish origin.)
647:
407:
in the 1920s, tried and failed to obtain a photographic copy. This forced him to use the
333:
289:
68:
1513:
1591:
1251:(2019). "On the Term Keter as a Title for Bibles: A Speculation about its Origins". In
1191:
1056:
524:
502:
449:
348:
278:
186:
123:
1945:
1937:
1909:
1784:
1767:
Ofer, Yosef (2016). "A Fragment of the Aleppo Codex (Exodus 8) that Reached Israel".
1431:
1409:
1346:
1229:
889:
300:
The Karaite Jewish community of Jerusalem received the book from Israel ben Simha of
85:
924:, ed. This was the first edition to incorporate newly discovered information on the
646:
The community of Damascus possessed a counterpart of the Aleppo Codex, known as the
497:
1931:
1776:
1562:
1076:
946:
921:
893:
868:
836:
817:
785:
554:
468:
235:
165:
20:
1642:
1114:
613:, the last and most prominent member of the ben Asher dynasty of grammarians from
542:
had been produced by one or two people as a unified entity in a consistent style.
2023:
1961:
1916:
1873:
1824:
1520:
1388:
1256:
1061:
1051:
963:
955:
940:
752:
630:
560:
421:
409:
270:
231:
216:
93:
47:
595:
2043:
1926:
851:
832:
809:
805:
583:
461:
453:
382:. The existence of this Bible was known to 20th-century scholars from the book
100:
1890:
1780:
1024:(Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel). Includes the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex.
2038:
1972:
1788:
1491:
1182:
844:
793:
757:
715:
701:
testifies to this being the same codex that was later transferred to Aleppo.
673:
579:
528:
513:
398:
317:
282:
224:
157:
127:
1866:
1854:
1647:
840:
813:
797:
789:
622:
618:
573:
417:
321:
73:
26:
781:
667:
635:
517:
432:
266:
169:
1922:
Dina Kraft, From Maimonides to Brooklyn: The mystery of the Aleppo Codex
824:
1934:: A True Story of Obsession, Faith, and the Pursuit of an Ancient Bible
929:
901:
765:
621:
school. The tradition of ben Asher has become the one accepted for the
343:
342:, the more descriptive of the two, states that the money borrowed from
243:
89:
1295:"Fragment of Ancient Parchment From Bible Given to Jerusalem Scholars"
1144:"Fragment of Ancient Parchment From Bible Given to Jerusalem Scholars"
416:
The only modern scholar allowed to compare it with a standard printed
223:
purchased the codex about a hundred years after it was made. When the
34:
1381:
694:
309:
262:
239:
220:
1592:"My Great-grandfather, the Man Who Held the Key to the Aleppo Codex"
1294:
1143:
655:
1828:
1034:
925:
914:
772:
differs markedly. In the Aleppo Codex, the order of the Ketuvim is
614:
371:
325:
288:
The Aleppo Codex was submitted by Israel for inclusion in UNESCO's
81:
1755:
The Canon and Masorah of the Hebrew Bible, an Introductory Reader
1738:
The Canon and Masorah of the Hebrew Bible, an Introductory Reader
1544:
The Canon and Masorah of the Hebrew Bible, an Introductory Reader
933:
905:
769:
678:
1317:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1265:
Meḥevah le-Menaḥem: Studies in Honor of Menahem Hayyim Schmelzer
351:." The Aleppo codex website reveals how the book changed hands.
122:
The portion of the codex that is accounted for is housed in the
1850:
1277:
982:
977:
909:
878:
863:
777:
538:
472:
305:
247:
173:
1823:... Where this manuscript is not extant we have relied on the
1550:, 1974) page 758 (estimating an original number of 380 pages).
1345:
Etudes sur le judaïsme médiéval, t. 20. Leiden: Brill, 1998 (
1081:
897:
761:
711:
690:
661:
379:
301:
251:
161:
153:
115:
77:
553:
Later, after the university denied him access to the codex,
164:
whose name was applied from the 11th century onward by some
739:
735:
723:
719:
1845:
1009:
269:
Murad Faham, and presented to the president of the state,
84:
in the tenth century CE (circa 920) under the rule of the
160:") was a not-yet-identified biblical city in what is now
72:'Crown of Aleppo') is a medieval bound manuscript of the
1936:, Algonquin Books (May 15, 2012), hardcover, 320 pages,
1111:"Fragment of ancient parchment given to Jewish scholars"
1753:
vol. 1 (1960) page 2, reprinted in Sid Z. Leiman, ed.,
1736:
vol. 1 (1960) page 2, reprinted in Sid Z. Leiman, ed.,
1542:
vol. 1 (1960) page 2, reprinted in Sid Z. Leiman, ed.,
962:(1992–present). A multi-volume critical edition of the
413:
instead for the third edition, which appeared in 1937.
194:
by locals until the modern period. In Arabic, the term
1669:
Zeev Ben-Hayyim (2007), "BEN-ASHER, AARON BEN MOSES",
328:
borrowed money from Egypt to pay for the books. These
1839:
1718:, vol. 13 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 603–656
643:
after his death, attributes the vocalization to him.
390:, and then the actual Bible itself was discovered by
1695:, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
1675:, vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 319–321
143:
61:
332:letters were discovered by noted Jewish historian
1955:"Author Blog: Codex vs. Kindle By Matti Friedman"
943:: The Bible of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
885:include the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex.
1970:
1447:Goitein: pp. 375–376 and footnote #81 on pg. 612
756:, and which also matches the later tradition of
1668:
1617:"הכתר האבוד • קטלוג הקולנוע הדוקומנטרי הישראלי"
976:Mechon Mamre provides an online edition of the
654:as "ms. Heb 5702". It is available online here
523:In the late 1980s, the codex was placed in the
295:
1863:- full online digital images in several files.
1704:
1702:
1570:
1458:"A Synagogue in Old Cairo | Discarded History"
1225:"The Continuing Mysteries of the Aleppo Codex"
1222:
1141:
1880:The History and Authority of the Aleppo Codex
1684:
1682:
1662:
1181:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
202:, which has only the literal sense of crown.
106:The codex was kept for five centuries in the
1688:
1640:
862:Several complete or partial editions of the
427:
1699:
1634:
1393:4.4 The Crusades and the Ransoming of Books
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
277:. It is currently (2019) on display in the
259:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
1708:
1679:
1096:
985:), and (d) masoretic text with vowels and
945:, 2000. Edited according to the method of
548:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
110:, until the synagogue was torched during
1559:
1553:
1530:
1528:
1430:. University of California Press, 1988 (
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1334:
1332:
1267:. Jerusalem: Schocken. pp. 259–273.
1205:
693:, which includes 24 books, which was in
671:("the Laws of the Torah Scroll") in his
496:
431:
33:
25:
1292:
1177:
1175:
1173:
823:The current text is missing all of the
704:
339:Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon
88:, and was endorsed for its accuracy by
19:For the 2012 book about the codex, see
1971:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1757:(NY, Ktav Pubg. House, 1974) page 758.
1740:(NY, Ktav Pubg. House, 1974) page 758.
1689:P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)",
1361:
1359:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1128:
920:Horev publishers, Jerusalem, 1996–98.
420:and take notes on the differences was
1728:Hayim Tawil & Bernard Schneider,
1534:Hayim Tawil & Bernard Schneider,
1525:
1484:"A Wandering Bible: The Aleppo Codex"
1368:
1329:
1247:
604:
324:that describe how the inhabitants of
1766:
1382:The Vicissitudes of the Aleppo Codex
16:10th-century Hebrew Bible manuscript
1795:
1365:Olszowy: pp. 54-55 and footnote #86
1356:
1293:Pfeffer, Anshel (6 November 2007).
1150:
1142:Anshel Pfeffer (November 6, 2007).
990:
877:These are complete editions of the
292:Register and was included in 2015.
148:, translated as "Crown of Aleppo".
51:
38:Page from Aleppo Codex, Deuteronomy
30:Closeup of Aleppo Codex, Joshua 1:1
13:
1857:based largely on the Aleppo Codex.
1840:External links and further reading
1827:... Similarly the open and closed
928:divisions of the Aleppo Codex for
857:
452:and a fragment of a page from the
14:
2055:
1984:10th-century biblical manuscripts
1589:
1566:. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.
839:29.9–31.33; 32.2–4, 9–11, 21–24;
588:Superstitions in Muslim societies
1886:Israel Museum shrine of the Book
1651:(Podcast). Public Radio Exchange
1621:קטלוג הקולנוע הדוקומנטרי הישראלי
1223:Matti Friedman (June 30, 2014).
1042:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
998:"Miqra according to the Mesorah"
567:
442:1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo
401:, when revising the text of the
349:Jerusalemite synagogue in Fustat
112:1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo
2034:Collection of the Israel Museum
1813:
1810:, developed by Daniel Weissman.
1760:
1743:
1722:
1609:
1583:
1506:
1476:
1450:
1441:
1419:
1398:
1022:Hebrew University Bible Project
699:David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra
254:, leading to its present name.
2014:Jewish prayer and ritual texts
1898:article in Wall Street Journal
1305:
1286:
1271:
1241:
722:, ground and mixed with black
471:Avi Dabach, great-grandson of
275:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1:
1643:"Wartime Diaries: Hagit Maoz"
1089:
1488:The Israel Museum, Jerusalem
1462:Cambridge University Library
596:Religion § Superstition
492:
360:
296:Ransom from Crusaders (1100)
242:, where it was consulted by
7:
1896:"Rival Owners, Sacred Text"
1891:History of the Aleppo Codex
1641:Mishy Harman (2023-11-23).
1576:Friedman (2012) ch. 24 and
1028:
745:
718:was made of three types of
368:Central Synagogue of Aleppo
210:
180:is a translation of Arabic
144:
138:The codex's Hebrew name is
108:Central Synagogue of Aleppo
80:was written in the city of
62:
10:
2060:
1999:Jews and Judaism in Aleppo
1910:Copies of the Aleppo Codex
1902:Segal, The Crown of Aleppo
1395:. Retrieved on 2008–03–04.
760:biblical manuscripts. The
652:National Library of Israel
577:
571:
436:Photograph of missing page
205:
18:
1853:- Electronic text of the
1781:10.1163/2589255X-02601009
1692:New Catholic Encyclopedia
1464:. University of Cambridge
1339:Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith
1003:English-language abstract
611:Aaron ben Moses ben Asher
428:Loss of pages (1947–1958)
314:Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
139:
98:Aaron ben Moses ben Asher
2029:Assyrian (Ashuri) script
1994:Hebrew Bible manuscripts
1846:The Aleppo Codex Website
1560:Friedman, Matti (2012).
1047:Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript
489:, was released in 2018.
388:Shemuel Shelomo Boyarski
1010:https://www.mgketer.org
1008:Full text of the Keter
971:Complete online Tanakh:
592:Superstition in Judaism
549:Reconstruction attempts
190:; the codex was called
133:
1187:"A High Holy Whodunit"
533:Moshe Goshen-Gottstein
505:
437:
358:
39:
31:
2019:Jewish Syrian history
1882:, by Yosef Ofer (pdf)
1715:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1672:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1548:KTAV Publishing House
510:Shlomo Zalman Shragai
501:Exterior view of the
500:
469:Documentary filmmaker
435:
376:Shalom Shachne Yellin
353:
184:, originally Persian
37:
29:
1989:Biblical manuscripts
1261:Piattelli, Angelo M.
802:Book of Lamentations
705:Physical description
156:(literally "outside
92:. Together with the
1712:(2007), "MASORAH",
1072:Damascus Pentateuch
960:Bar-Ilan University
829:Book of Deuteronomy
774:Books of Chronicles
648:Damascus Pentateuch
334:Shelomo Dov Goitein
290:Memory of the World
228:conquered Jerusalem
152:means "crown", and
140:כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא
52:כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא
2009:Jewish manuscripts
1979:10th-century books
1960:2013-06-17 at the
1915:2011-07-21 at the
1872:2019-04-20 at the
1519:2016-03-04 at the
1494:on 3 November 2016
1387:2008-01-11 at the
1192:The New York Times
605:Authoritative text
525:Shrine of the Book
506:
503:Shrine of the Book
450:Book of Chronicles
438:
279:Shrine of the Book
124:Shrine of the Book
96:, it contains the
40:
32:
1861:Wikimedia Commons
1185:(July 25, 2012).
1016:Partial editions:
890:Mossad HaRav Kook
518:Ben-Zvi Institute
145:Keṯer ʾĂrām-Ṣōḇāʾ
86:Abbasid Caliphate
71:
63:Keṯer ʾĂrām-Ṣōḇāʾ
60:
2051:
2004:Judaism in Syria
1932:The Aleppo Codex
1908:
1833:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1793:
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1764:
1758:
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1607:
1606:
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1587:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1563:The Aleppo Codex
1557:
1551:
1532:
1523:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:. Archived from
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1423:
1417:
1402:
1396:
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1309:
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1290:
1284:
1280:Keter Aram Tzova
1275:
1269:
1268:
1257:Cohen, Evelyn M.
1245:
1239:
1238:
1237:on July 1, 2014.
1233:. Archived from
1220:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1179:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1113:. Archived from
1107:
1077:Dead Sea Scrolls
1067:Codex Orientales
947:Mordechai Breuer
922:Mordechai Breuer
894:Mordechai Breuer
875:Complete Tanakh:
869:Mordechai Breuer
837:Book of Jeremiah
818:Book of Nehemiah
786:Book of Proverbs
714:are extant. The
617:, rivals to the
555:Mordechai Breuer
487:
458:The Aleppo Codex
261:burned down the
147:
141:
67:
65:
55:
53:
21:The Aleppo Codex
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
1969:
1968:
1962:Wayback Machine
1917:Wayback Machine
1906:
1874:Wayback Machine
1842:
1837:
1836:
1825:Leningrad Codex
1818:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1765:
1761:
1748:
1744:
1730:Crown of Aleppo
1727:
1723:
1707:
1700:
1687:
1680:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1536:Crown of Aleppo
1533:
1526:
1521:Wayback Machine
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1446:
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1424:
1420:
1403:
1399:
1389:Wayback Machine
1380:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1337:
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1319:
1311:
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1291:
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1140:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1092:
1062:Codex Cairensis
1052:Leningrad Codex
1031:
964:Mikraot Gedolot
956:Mikraot Gedolot
941:Jerusalem Crown
860:
858:Modern editions
753:Leningrad Codex
748:
707:
638:. However, its
631:Leningrad Codex
607:
598:
576:
570:
561:Jerusalem Crown
551:
495:
481:
430:
422:Umberto Cassuto
410:Leningrad Codex
404:Biblia Hebraica
363:
308:(today part of
298:
271:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
213:
208:
172:to the area of
136:
94:Leningrad Codex
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1950:978-1616200404
1927:Matti Friedman
1924:
1919:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1867:Seforim Online
1864:
1858:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:introduction).
1812:
1794:
1775:(1): 173–198.
1759:
1742:
1721:
1698:
1678:
1661:
1633:
1608:
1582:
1569:
1552:
1524:
1505:
1475:
1449:
1440:
1425:Goitein, S.D.
1418:
1397:
1367:
1355:
1328:
1313:"Aleppo Codex"
1304:
1285:
1270:
1240:
1204:
1149:
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1094:
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1038:
1037:
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1027:
1026:
1025:
1013:
1012:
1006:
994:
991:external links
968:
967:
953:
950:
937:
918:
859:
856:
852:Book of Exodus
810:Book of Daniel
806:Book of Esther
747:
744:
706:
703:
606:
603:
584:lived religion
572:Main article:
569:
566:
550:
547:
494:
491:
479:The Lost Crown
462:Matti Friedman
454:Book of Exodus
429:
426:
362:
359:
297:
294:
234:, then at the
217:Karaite Jewish
212:
209:
207:
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135:
132:
101:Masoretic Text
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1597:
1593:
1590:Maltz, Judy.
1586:
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1340:
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1318:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1282:, Aleppo 1933
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Glick, Shmuel
1250:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:Ronen Bergman
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1117:on 2009-07-07
1116:
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1083:
1080:
1078:
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1058:
1057:Codex Sassoon
1055:
1053:
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1007:
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988:
984:
979:
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951:
948:
944:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
911:
908:(1982); full
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
887:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
870:
865:
855:
853:
848:
846:
845:Book of Micah
842:
838:
835:14.21–18.13;
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Song of Songs
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:
743:
741:
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731:
729:
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721:
717:
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702:
700:
697:," he wrote.
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
674:Mishneh Torah
670:
669:
663:
658:
656:
653:
649:
644:
641:
637:
633:
632:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:folk religion
575:
568:Superstitions
565:
563:
562:
556:
546:
543:
541:
540:
534:
530:
529:Israel Museum
526:
521:
519:
515:
514:Jewish Agency
511:
504:
499:
490:
488:
485:
480:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
443:
434:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
411:
406:
405:
400:
399:Paul E. Kahle
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:‘Ammudé Shesh
381:
377:
373:
369:
357:
352:
350:
345:
341:
340:
336:in 1952. The
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:First Crusade
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
291:
286:
284:
283:Israel Museum
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:synagogue in
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
219:community of
218:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
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171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
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146:
131:
129:
128:Israel Museum
125:
120:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
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95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
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1855:Hebrew Bible
1851:Mechon Mamre
1815:
1807:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1713:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1648:Israel Story
1646:
1636:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1443:
1426:
1421:
1406:The Crusades
1405:
1400:
1392:
1391: – See
1342:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1298:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1249:Stern, David
1243:
1235:the original
1228:
1196:. Retrieved
1190:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1015:
1014:
996:
987:cantillation
970:
969:
939:
882:
874:
873:
861:
849:
841:Book of Amos
822:
814:Book of Ezra
798:Ecclesiastes
790:Book of Ruth
751:
749:
738:rather than
732:
728:iron sulfate
708:
686:
682:
672:
665:
659:
645:
629:
627:
623:Hebrew Bible
619:ben Naphtali
608:
599:
574:Superstition
559:
552:
544:
537:
522:
507:
477:
467:
457:
446:
439:
418:Hebrew Bible
415:
408:
402:
396:
383:
364:
354:
337:
330:Judeo-Arabic
322:Cairo Geniza
299:
287:
256:
214:
199:
195:
191:
185:
181:
177:
168:sources and
149:
137:
121:
105:
74:Hebrew Bible
44:Aleppo Codex
43:
41:
1907:(in Hebrew)
1623:(in Hebrew)
1601:24 December
1278:M. Nehmad,
989:signs. See
782:Book of Job
668:Sefer Torah
636:scriptorium
482: [
440:During the
316:during the
170:Syrian Jews
103:tradition.
1973:Categories
1942:1616200405
1710:Aron Dotan
1655:2023-12-11
1627:2023-12-06
1498:26 October
1468:3 December
1438:), pg. 376
1436:0520056477
1414:075464099X
1353:), pg. 148
1351:9004108866
1322:2018-10-09
1198:2012-07-26
1121:2009-03-02
1090:References
825:Pentateuch
578:See also:
392:Yosef Ofer
344:Alexandria
267:Syrian Jew
244:Maimonides
176:in Syria.
154:Aram-Ṣovaʾ
90:Maimonides
1821:Ben-Asher
1789:2589-255X
1416:), pg. 59
958:Haketer,
892:edition,
695:Jerusalem
536:complete
493:In Israel
394:in 1989.
361:In Aleppo
310:Old Cairo
263:synagogue
240:Old Cairo
236:Rabbanite
225:Crusaders
221:Jerusalem
57:romanized
1958:Archived
1913:Archived
1870:Archived
1829:sections
1517:Archived
1385:Archived
1263:(eds.).
1035:Parashah
1029:See also
926:parashah
915:Haggadah
904:(1979);
900:(1977);
833:II Kings
764:and the
758:Sephardi
746:Contents
742:damage.
679:halachic
666:Hilkhot
640:colophon
615:Tiberias
372:responsa
326:Ashkelon
211:Overview
166:Rabbinic
142:
82:Tiberias
1751:Textus,
1734:Textus,
1596:Haaretz
1540:Textus,
1299:Haaretz
934:Ketubim
930:Nebi'im
906:Ketubim
902:Nebi'im
831:28.17;
827:to the
770:Ketuvim
766:Nevi'im
687:setumot
683:petuhot
677:. This
527:at the
512:of the
281:at the
232:Karaite
206:History
126:at the
2024:Aleppo
1948:
1940:
1787:
1769:Textus
1578:passim
1434:
1428:Geniza
1412:
1349:
1230:Tablet
993:below.
983:niqqud
978:Tanakh
910:Tanakh
896:, ed.
879:Tanakh
864:Tanakh
812:, and
778:Psalms
594:, and
539:Tanakh
473:Hacham
306:Fustat
248:Aleppo
200:kether
192:al-Taj
178:Kether
174:Aleppo
150:Kether
76:. The
48:Hebrew
2044:Torah
1546:(NY,
1082:4Q108
898:Torah
843:8.12–
762:Torah
712:Torah
691:Egypt
662:Torah
486:]
380:Bible
302:Basra
252:Syria
162:Syria
116:Torah
78:codex
2039:920s
1946:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1785:ISSN
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1500:2016
1470:2021
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1347:ISBN
932:and
816:and
740:fire
736:mold
726:and
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720:gall
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134:Name
69:lit.
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460:by
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