350:
474:. At the time of his recruitment, the CIA knew about his wartime activities and probable complicity in war crimes: his file stated that he "was the chief of the political Lithuanian Security Police in Vilna during the German occupation and that he was possibly connected with the shooting of Jews in Vilna." But it nevertheless considered that there was "no derogatory information" on him, and he was cleared for duty by the CIA headquarters on 5 March 1953. Lileikis had little interest in spying and was instead interested in using his intelligence work to obtain permission to immigrate to the United States. He was paid $ 1,700 (equivalent to $ 19,400 in 2023) annually for his work recruiting Lithuanians in
548:, which requires United States district attorneys to open civil proceedings against naturalized citizens suspected of lying on their immigration paperwork. At the time, Lileikis was the oldest person to be subject to such an action. The CIA tried to stop the case from being filed, threatening not to allow the disclosure of some of the classified records in court. Describing Lileikis as "one of the most important Nazi collaborators" to be investigated by the United States, OSI accused Lileikis of lying about his World War II activities on his immigration paperwork. Lileikis refused to comment on the allegations to the
537:. The same week, another Lithuanian-American named him as a Nazi collaborator in an interview. This attracted the attention of Eli Rosenblum, who was working as an investigator for the OSI. After gathering information on Lileikis, Rosenblum went to his residence to question him. Lileikis admitted his leadership of the Lithuanian Security Police, but denied his involvement in the killings, stating that he had only done routine security work. Lileikis claimed that he heard rumours that the Germans killed Jews at Ponary but that it was done without Lithuanian participation.
33:
637:
his former deputy Gimžauskas (who had left the United States in 1995, facing denaturalization proceedings). One of the changes allowed video evidence during genocide trials. He was questioned over video on 23 June 2000 but after twenty minutes the proceedings were interrupted by an attending doctor and
Lileikis was taken to a hospital. The U.S. Department of Justice and Jewish organizations accused him of feigning illness. The
404:. For example, a report from 16 February to 21 March 1942 details that the security police in Vilnius arrested 319 people and 137 of them were sent to Ponary: 73 Jews, 23 Communists, 14 members of the Polish resistance, 20 document counterfeiters, and 7 spies. The duties related to non-Jewish groups increased as the number of Jews in the
636:
by
Lithuanian prosecutors. It was the first Nazi war crimes prosecution in post-Soviet Eastern Europe. He appeared in court in November 1998, but fainted just after few minutes and was taken away in an ambulance. Three special laws were passed in order to enable continuing prosecution of Lileikis and
604:
that "All of us were collaborators—the whole nation, since it was acting according to Nazi laws" and acknowledged that he had made "mistakes". Lileikis published a memoir in
Lithuanian before his death, which is a useful source on his life if not "entirely accurate" on his World War II activities. He
573:
and several other experts submitted affidavits along with more than a thousand pages of archival documents relating to the Nazi occupation of
Lithuania, the Holocaust in Lithuania, and Lileikis' activities. On 24 May 1996, Stearns found him responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of Jews. The
568:
ruled that
Lileikis was not entitled to Fifth Amendment protection because the government had a "legitimate need for a witness's testimony" in enforcing "the organic laws of the United States". On 16 November, he granted the prosecution's motion to compel Lileikis' testimony; since he still refused
478:
and occasional translation and intelligence work, but apparently was less than successful as the agency did not help him immigrate to the United States. He may have helped other
Lithuanian Nazi collaborators obtain CIA jobs or immigrate to the United States. In 1995, the CIA claimed that "there was
556:
when questioned by prosecutors. Lileikis refused to state even simple details on his life, such as his date and place of birth. Under federal law, the Fifth
Amendment applies only to criminal proceedings; the prosecution argued that Lileikis should not be entitled to Fifth Amendment protection
380:, non-Jews who helped Jews, and Jews suspected of Communist associations. Usually, escaped or suspected Jews were arrested by the regular police and handed over to the security police for investigation and interrogation. The security police would then hand over the Jews to the German police or
569:
to testify, the prosecution filed another motion on 18 December seeking that allegations which
Lileikis refused to answer be admitted as if Lileikis had confessed to them. This motion was granted by the court on 9 January 1996. The Holocaust historian
486:
In 1955, he applied again for permission to immigrate to the United States. Although the CIA passed negative information to United States immigration authorities, his application was accepted without explanation. Lileikis' deputy,
641:
accused
Lithuanian authorities of deliberately prolonging the trial in hopes that Lileikis would die of natural causes before he could be convicted. The trial was well-publicized in Lithuania. Lileikis died of a heart attack at
2344:
613:
and the United States asserted that prosecution of
Lileikis and other war criminals would be strong evidence of adherence to "western values," a prerequisite to joining the alliance. The message was relayed by the
1371:"Po teismo posėdžio pablogėjus sveikatai, greitosios medicinos pagalbos medikai penktadienį apie vidurdienį į Santariškių klinikas iš artimųjų buto Vilniuje išvežė karo nusikaltimais kaltinamą Aleksandrą Lileikį"
557:
because he was not subject to criminal prosecution in the United States. The defense argued that Lileikis had a legitimate fear of prosecution in Lithuania, and should therefore not be compelled to testify.
518:
notes, "the presence of this mass murderer in the general population sent a signal to fellow veterans of the secret police in Nazi-occupied Lithuania that Cold War America was forgiving of these murders".
1108:
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240:
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to fly to Vilnius. United States officials stated that he would be refused readmission to the country, and Polish authorities indicated that he could face trial in Poland for the murders of
327:
565:
396:, Lileikis signed documents handing at least 75 Jews to Ypatingasis būrys. Lileikis fully understood that the Jews would be murdered. The Security Police also dealt with the
268:
53:
458:, but the authorities had little documentation on war crimes in Lithuania. In 1950, Lileikis was unanimously refused permission to emigrate to the United States by the
529:
In late 1982, Lileikis was mentioned in a cable from Berlin as a potential war criminal and head of the Lithuanian Security Police, who had possible connections to
259:
in February 1998. It was the first Nazi war crimes prosecution in the post-Soviet block of Europe. He died of a heart attack in 2000 before a verdict was reached.
353:
434:
in 1987—and "an instrumental cog in a wheel of mass destruction". He is suspected of responsibility in the deaths of thousands to tens of thousands of Jews.
488:
2324:
2268:
1452:
Balkeilis, Tomas (2012). "Turning Citizens into Soldiers: Baltic Paramilitary Movements after the Great War". In Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (eds.).
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in Vilnius. Lithuania initially indicated that he would not be prosecuted due to the lack of eyewitnesses. In 1997, he told the Lithuanian newspaper
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orders.'" Lileikis was immediately denaturalized with the judge stating that he should never have been allowed into the United States.
459:
401:
842:
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no evidence that this Agency was aware of his wartime activities". This statement was described as a "gross distortion" by journalist
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lines according to instructions he received in Germany, complete with a special division (Komunistų-Žydų Skyrius) for dealing with "
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company, as well as painting houses for a living. Although he could speak English, he preferred his native language. Historian
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1515:
1489:
1465:
419:
1280:
2179:
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Rotsztain, Diego A. (1996). "The Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self-incrimination and Fear of Foreign Prosecution".
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545:
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462:"because of known Nazi sympathies" and because he was "under the control of the Gestapo". He was recruited for the
2273:
426:, former head of the OSI, stated that Lileikis "was as significant and probably more significant than someone like
349:
1168:
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in Vilnius on 26 September 2000, still insisting on his innocence and that he was the victim. His funeral at the
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proceedings against him, seeking to strip Lileikis of his United States citizenship under Section 340(a) of the
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339:
220:
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279:
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in the early 1950s. In 1955, his second application for permission to immigrate was granted and he settled in
335:
302:. In 1931–1934, he worked in the interrogation department and was the deputy of the security police chief in
1703:
273:
58:
1927:
1748:
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507:
204:
463:
228:
368:, he returned to Lithuania and reorganized the Lithuanian Security Police in Vilnius (about 130 men) on
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1478:
The Office of Special Investigations: Striving for Accountability in the Aftermath of the Holocaust
700:
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227:. Refused permission to immigrate to the United States because of his Nazi past, he worked for the
219:, and is suspected of responsibility in the murder of thousands of Lithuanian Jews. After the 1944
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1965:
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609:. Lithuania was slow to prosecute Lileikis. At the time, the country sought membership in
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8:
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2005:
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498:, and three other subordinates also immigrated to the United States. He settled in
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2015:
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in April 1997 and by thirty members of Congress in a November 1997 letter to the
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2010:
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Lithuanian Collaboration in the "Final Solution": Motivations and Case Studies
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1990:
1980:
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1955:
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322:, Lileikis became the deputy of the commander of the Vilnius district of the
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Loss of United States citizenship and deportation by prior Nazi affiliation
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1960:
1945:
1907:
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427:
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1527:"Fear of Foreign Prosecution and the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination"
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1985:
1902:
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385:
216:
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and became a naturalized citizen in 1976. Lileikis was involved in the
422:, described Lileikis as "a senior-level perpetrator of the Holocaust".
287:
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were opened in 1994 and concluded with Lileikis being stripped of his
211:. He signed documents handing at least 75 Jews in his control over to
32:
1506:
The Nazis Next Door: How America Became a Safe Haven for Hitler's Men
590:
Lileikis voluntarily left the United States on 18 June 1996, using a
423:
267:
Aleksandras Lileikis was born on 10 June 1907 to a peasant family in
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War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War
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1109:"Nazi Collaborator Aleksandras Lileikis Dies at 93 in Lithuania"
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467:
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judge noted that Lileikis was "attempting to turn the classic
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United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
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1736:
Associated Press video of Lileikis arriving to court in 1998
1186:
1138:
877:"Prokuratūra apgailestauja, kad nespėta nuteisti A.Lileikio"
843:"Lithuanian judge delays trial of alleged Nazi war criminal"
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997:
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993:
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cemetery was attended by about a hundred people, including
632:
On 6 February 1998, Lileikis was charged with the crime of
610:
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1640:(2008). "Why the Holocaust does not matter to Estonians".
1537:(5). Executive Office for United States Attorneys.: 17–21.
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376:". The Lithuanian Security Police had jurisdiction over
195:(10 June 1907 – 26 September 2000) was the chief of the
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294:. In 1927, he began to study at the Faculty of Law at
255:. He returned to Lithuania, where he was charged with
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in 1934–1939. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1938.
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in 1944, Lileikis fled back to Germany and became a
1700:
In the Footsteps of Times Past: Memories, Documents
812:"Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944)"
730:"Nacionalistai A.Lileikio laidotuvėse kalbų nesakė"
1696:Pažadinto laiko pėdsakais: atsiminimai, dokumentai
1503:
388:which murdered an estimated 70,000 Jews at nearby
298:. He worked for the criminal police and later the
1551:. Lithuania and the Jews: The Holocaust Chapter.
944:"Boston Retiree Accused as Holocaust Perpetrator"
456:United States Army Criminal Investigation Command
334:, which was part of the official pretext for the
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903:"Trial Forces Lithuanians to Look Back on WW II"
2279:List of Lithuanian Righteous Among the Nations
1770:
585:
1756:
1620:Lietuvių policija Antrajame pasauliniame kare
1563:(2005). "The CIA and Eichmann's Associates".
1475:Feigin, Judy (2009). Richard, Mark M. (ed.).
522:
454:, he was investigated for war crimes by the
408:dwindled and the anti-Nazi resistance grew.
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460:United States Displaced Persons Commission
320:Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
235:, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1976.
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578:on its head by arguing that 'I was only
438:CIA and immigration to the United States
348:
338:. He fled to Germany in 1940 due to the
2269:Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany
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942:Skorneck, Carolyn (21 September 1994).
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2109:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police battalions
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1107:Reynolds, Maura (30 September 2000).
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510:and worked as an administrator for a
450:. In 1947, while living in a camp in
1091:
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466:(CIA) in 1952 when he was living in
2340:Lithuanian Security Police officers
2320:Holocaust perpetrators in Lithuania
1365:
1281:"Accused Nazi leaves United States"
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871:
724:
540:In late 1994, the OSI opened civil
362:German invasion of the Soviet Union
332:death of the Soviet soldier Butayev
13:
1687:
1169:Immigration and Naturalization Act
932:
901:McMahon, Colin (18 October 1998).
841:Eschenazi, Gabriel (19 May 1998).
715:
546:Immigration and Naturalization Act
243:, uncovered evidence of Lileikis'
14:
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2350:Vytautas Magnus University alumni
2145:Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje
1721:
182:At least 75 (suspected thousands)
2274:History of the Jews in Lithuania
1702:] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius:
1531:United States Attorneys Bulletin
416:Office of Special Investigations
384:, a Lithuanian collaborationist
356:with Jewish prisoners, July 1941
241:Office of Special Investigations
215:, a Lithuanian collaborationist
1565:U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis
1359:
1162:
470:, described as a member of the
326:. He worked at suppressing the
314:In 1939, when Lithuania gained
309:
2315:CIA agents convicted of crimes
1694:Lileikis, Aleksandras (2000).
894:
834:
699:. 14 June 2016. Archived from
444:Red Army invasion of Lithuania
366:German occupation of Lithuania
340:Soviet occupation of Lithuania
328:Polish resistance in Lithuania
221:Soviet occupation of Lithuania
1:
1510:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
664:
336:Soviet ultimatum to Lithuania
262:
1438:(LXXXV): 2. 10 October 2000.
616:United States Vice President
205:Nazi occupation of Lithuania
7:
1793:Related articles by country
586:Genocide trial in Lithuania
464:Central Intelligence Agency
280:Kelmė District Municipality
229:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
2366:
2114:Lithuanian Security Police
1772:The Holocaust in Lithuania
1569:Cambridge University Press
1542:MacQueen, Michael (2004).
605:claimed to be part of the
508:Lithuanian Catholic church
360:In August 1941, after the
324:Lithuanian Security Police
239:, an investigator for the
223:, he fled to Germany as a
209:the Holocaust in Lithuania
197:Lithuanian Security Police
114:Lithuanian Security Police
2335:Lithuanian mass murderers
2284:Songs of the Vilna Ghetto
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2211:HKP 562 forced labor camp
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1936:
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1656:10.1080/01629770802461530
1643:Journal of Baltic Studies
1622:(in Lithuanian). Mintis.
1525:Mackey, David S. (1996).
1484:. Department of Justice.
848:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
816:Genocidas Ir Rezistencija
661:, a radical nationalist.
524:United States v. Lileikis
472:Lithuanian National Union
300:State Security Department
253:United States citizenship
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95:United States (1976–1996)
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2221:Kauen concentration camp
2216:Kailis forced labor camp
2185:Ninth Fort November 1941
1923:Franz Walter Stahlecker
1458:Oxford University Press
639:Simon Wiesenthal Center
512:Lithuanian encyclopedia
432:crimes against humanity
430:"—who was convicted of
354:Lithuanian collaborator
296:University of Lithuania
123:Died before trial ended
104:University of Lithuania
2180:Kaunas 29 October 1941
693:"Aleksandras Lileikis"
627:President of Lithuania
500:Norwood, Massachusetts
357:
247:; proceedings for his
233:Norwood, Massachusetts
1704:Valstiečių laikraštis
1423:"Girdėta iš Vilniaus"
875:(27 September 2000).
728:(29 September 2000).
420:Department of Justice
352:
330:and investigated the
207:and a perpetrator of
2047:Bronislovas Paukštys
1966:Shmerke Kaczerginski
1883:Aleksandras Lileikis
1571:. pp. 337–374.
1460:. pp. 126–144.
607:anti-Nazi resistance
292:War School in Kaunas
193:Aleksandras Lileikis
25:Aleksandras Lileikis
2119:Rollkommando Hamann
1918:Rudolf Joachim Seck
1588:Columbia Law Review
1332:, pp. 462–463.
1195:, pp. 223–224.
1147:, pp. 219–220.
1031:, pp. 364–365.
970:, pp. 340–341.
697:TRIAL International
592:Lithuanian passport
418:(OSI), part of the
374:Jews and Communists
318:as a result of the
278:in the present-day
146:Span of crimes
2236:Marcinkonys Ghetto
2042:Petronėlė Lastienė
2006:Yitzhak Wittenberg
2001:Elchonon Wasserman
1913:Adrian von Renteln
1878:Algirdas Klimaitis
1853:Algimantas Dailidė
1638:Weiss-Wendt, Anton
402:Polish underground
358:
344:German citizenship
282:. He attended the
83:Vilnius, Lithuania
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2251:Švenčionys Ghetto
2158:
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2129:Ypatingasis būrys
2085:
2084:
1996:Abraham Sutzkever
1971:Zelig Kalmanovich
1844:Perpetrators and
1713:978-9986-847-28-1
1629:978-5-417-00958-7
1616:Stankeras, Petras
1578:978-0-521-61794-9
1517:978-0-547-66919-9
1491:978-1-63273-001-5
1467:978-0-19-965491-8
1434:(in Lithuanian).
1255:, pp. 20–21.
879:(in Lithuanian).
818:(in Lithuanian).
732:(in Lithuanian).
576:Nuremberg defense
531:Einsatzkommando 3
382:Ypatingasis būrys
213:Ypatingasis būrys
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1594:(7): 1940–1972.
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1561:Naftali, Timothy
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1555:. pp. 1–15.
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1369:(24 June 2000).
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703:on 27 March 2020
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552:and invoked the
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542:denaturalization
506:; he attended a
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489:Kazys Gimžauskas
448:displaced person
398:Soviet partisans
342:and applied for
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2081:
2077:Jan Zwartendijk
2072:Chiune Sugihara
2020:
2016:Wolf Durmashkin
1951:Alexander Bogen
1938:
1932:
1858:Erich Ehrlinger
1845:
1832:
1792:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1724:
1714:
1690:
1688:Further reading
1630:
1600:10.2307/1123297
1579:
1548:
1518:
1500:Lichtblau, Eric
1492:
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1379:(in Lithuanian)
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1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:, p. 1958.
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1207:, p. 1940.
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
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1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
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1113:Washington Post
1105:
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1015:
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991:
983:
974:
966:
962:
952:
950:
940:
933:
929:, pp. 7–8.
925:
921:
911:
909:
907:Chicago Tribune
899:
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885:
883:
870:
863:
853:
851:
839:
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716:
706:
704:
691:
690:
671:
667:
659:Mindaugas Murza
650:
644:Santara Clinics
588:
562:Richard Stearns
560:In 1995, Judge
554:Fifth Amendment
527:
516:Timothy Naftali
491:
440:
312:
271:
265:
173:Lithuanian Jews
167:
155:
147:
132:Criminal charge
120:Criminal status
100:Alma mater
94:
85:
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67:
56:
51:
45:
43:
26:
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12:
11:
5:
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2126:
2124:TDA battalions
2121:
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2111:
2106:
2104:Einsatzgruppen
2100:
2098:
2091:
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2086:
2083:
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2044:
2039:
2037:Anna Borkowska
2034:
2028:
2026:
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2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:Jacob Wygodzki
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
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1863:Joachim Hamann
1860:
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1723:
1722:External links
1720:
1719:
1718:
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1686:
1685:
1684:
1650:(4): 475–497.
1634:
1628:
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1557:
1539:
1522:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1472:
1466:
1442:
1441:
1414:
1412:, p. 226.
1410:Lichtblau 2014
1402:
1400:, p. 477.
1390:
1358:
1356:, p. 482.
1346:
1344:, p. 463.
1334:
1322:
1310:
1308:, p. 462.
1298:
1287:. 19 June 1996
1272:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1229:Rotsztain 1996
1221:
1209:
1205:Rotsztain 1996
1197:
1193:Lichtblau 2014
1185:
1183:, p. 223.
1181:Lichtblau 2014
1173:
1161:
1149:
1145:Lichtblau 2014
1137:
1135:, p. 219.
1133:Lichtblau 2014
1125:
1090:
1088:, p. 218.
1086:Lichtblau 2014
1075:
1073:, p. 225.
1071:Lichtblau 2014
1060:
1058:, p. 365.
1045:
1043:, p. 374.
1033:
1021:
1019:, p. 364.
1006:
1004:, p. 217.
1002:Lichtblau 2014
989:
987:, p. 363.
972:
960:
931:
919:
893:
861:
833:
808:Bubnys, Arūnas
796:
788:Balkeilis 2012
780:
763:
761:, p. 696.
759:Stankeras 2008
746:
714:
668:
666:
663:
587:
584:
535:Einsatzgruppen
533:, part of the
526:
521:
481:Eric Lichtblau
439:
436:
392:. Acting as a
378:Jews in hiding
346:in June 1941.
311:
308:
264:
261:
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79:(aged 93)
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65:Russian Empire
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2195:Švenčionėliai
2193:
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2150:Paper Brigade
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2057:Antanas Poška
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Ephraim Oshry
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Rozka Korczak
1979:
1977:
1976:Vitka Kempner
1974:
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1967:
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1962:
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1957:
1956:Josef Glazman
1954:
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1941:
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1898:Jonas Noreika
1896:
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1891:
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1888:Hinrich Lohse
1886:
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1846:collaborators
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1839:
1835:
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1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
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1809:
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1791:
1789:
1788:The Holocaust
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1331:
1326:
1319:
1318:MacQueen 2004
1314:
1307:
1302:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1270:, p. 21.
1269:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1243:, p. 20.
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1219:, p. 18.
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1159:, p. 17.
1158:
1153:
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1103:
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928:
927:MacQueen 2004
923:
908:
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897:
882:
878:
874:
868:
866:
850:
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837:
829:
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821:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
793:
789:
784:
777:
776:MacQueen 2004
772:
770:
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760:
755:
753:
751:
735:
731:
727:
721:
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698:
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473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Eli Rosenbaum
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:desk murderer
391:
387:
383:
379:
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371:
367:
363:
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341:
337:
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293:
289:
286:gymnasium in
285:
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258:
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246:
242:
238:
237:Eli Rosenbaum
234:
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92:
88:
84:
74:
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66:
60:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
16:Nazi official
2256:Vilna Ghetto
2226:Kovno Ghetto
2170:Jäger Report
2097:Perpetrators
2067:Anton Schmid
2032:Kazys Binkis
1961:Jay M. Ipson
1946:Chaim Yellin
1928:Martin Weiss
1908:Helmut Rauca
1882:
1873:Bruno Kittel
1783:Main article
1728:
1699:
1695:
1647:
1641:
1619:
1591:
1587:
1564:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1505:
1477:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1374:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1320:, p. 5.
1313:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1056:Naftali 2005
1041:Naftali 2005
1036:
1029:Naftali 2005
1024:
1017:Naftali 2005
985:Naftali 2005
968:Naftali 2005
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
922:
910:. Retrieved
906:
896:
884:. Retrieved
852:. Retrieved
846:
836:
819:
815:
783:
778:, p. 6.
737:. Retrieved
705:. Retrieved
701:the original
696:
631:
599:
589:
579:
571:Yitzhak Arad
559:
539:
528:
523:
485:
476:East Germany
441:
428:Klaus Barbie
410:
406:Vilna Ghetto
359:
313:
310:World War II
266:
192:
191:
110:Organization
77:(2000-09-26)
50:10 June 1907
18:
2310:2000 deaths
2305:1907 births
2062:Ona Šimaitė
2052:Karl Plagge
1986:Abba Kovner
1937:Victims and
1903:Mike Pasker
1893:Franz Murer
1354:Feigin 2009
1342:Feigin 2009
1330:Feigin 2009
1306:Feigin 2009
1268:Mackey 1996
1253:Mackey 1996
1241:Mackey 1996
1217:Mackey 1996
1157:Mackey 1996
651: [
596:Polish Jews
492: [
386:death squad
304:Marijampolė
272: [
217:death squad
203:during the
156:Location(s)
90:Citizenship
57: [
2299:Categories
2241:Ninth Fort
2138:Resistance
1939:resistance
1868:Karl Jäger
1456:. Oxford:
790:, p.
665:References
601:Respublika
442:After the
269:Paprūdžiai
263:Early life
245:war crimes
54:Paprūdžiai
46:1907-06-10
1680:143954319
1664:0162-9778
828:1392-3463
424:Neal Sher
168:Target(s)
150:1941–1944
93:Lithuania
2025:Rescuers
1823:Slovakia
1672:43212850
1618:(2008).
1502:(2014).
1383:29 March
1376:Delfi.lt
1291:27 March
1171:, 340(a)
1118:27 March
953:27 March
912:29 March
886:29 March
881:Delfi.lt
854:29 March
810:(1997).
739:29 March
734:Delfi.lt
707:27 March
634:genocide
257:genocide
135:Genocide
1828:Ukraine
1803:Estonia
1798:Belarus
1608:1123297
1446:Sources
948:AP News
648:Vaiguva
619:Al Gore
580:issuing
564:of the
452:Bamberg
414:of the
370:Gestapo
316:Vilnius
288:Kražiai
284:Žiburys
201:Vilnius
161:Vilnius
140:Details
2204:Places
2190:Ponary
2163:Events
2090:Groups
1837:People
1818:Russia
1813:Poland
1808:Latvia
1732:(1996)
1710:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1626:
1606:
1575:
1514:
1488:
1464:
826:
623:Seimas
468:Munich
390:Ponary
179:Killed
1698:[
1676:S2CID
1668:JSTOR
1604:JSTOR
1549:(PDF)
1482:(PDF)
1431:Dirva
1426:(PDF)
655:]
496:]
276:]
61:]
1708:ISBN
1660:ISSN
1624:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1385:2020
1293:2020
1120:2020
955:2020
914:2020
888:2020
856:2020
824:ISSN
741:2020
709:2020
611:NATO
400:and
364:and
290:and
72:Died
40:Born
1652:doi
1596:doi
1367:BNS
1285:UPI
873:BNS
792:142
726:BNS
199:in
2301::
1706:.
1674:.
1666:.
1658:.
1648:39
1646:.
1602:.
1592:96
1590:.
1567:.
1535:44
1533:.
1529:.
1436:38
1428:.
1373:.
1283:.
1260:^
1111:.
1093:^
1078:^
1063:^
1048:^
1009:^
992:^
975:^
946:.
934:^
905:.
864:^
845:.
822:.
814:.
799:^
766:^
749:^
717:^
695:.
672:^
653:lt
629:.
494:pl
483:.
274:lt
63:,
59:lt
1764:e
1757:t
1750:v
1716:.
1682:.
1654::
1632:.
1610:.
1598::
1581:.
1520:.
1494:.
1470:.
1387:.
1295:.
1122:.
957:.
916:.
890:.
858:.
830:.
820:1
794:.
743:.
711:.
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
