553:, also known as white blood cells, which play a role in the sheep's immune system. In the maintenance stage the virus remains on the sheep's lymphocytes and circulates the body. Finally, during the shedding stage, the virus undergoes another change and shifts its target cells from lymphocytes to nasal cavity cells, where it is then shed through nasal secretions. This discovery puts scientists closer to developing a vaccine – starting with the correct cell culture for each stage of the virus lifecycle – but ARS researchers are also looking into alternative methods to develop a vaccine. Researchers are experimenting with the MCF virus that infects
167:
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calving period. Cattle of all ages are susceptible to the disease, with a higher infection rate in adults, particularly in peripartuent females. Cattle are infected by contact with the secretions, but do not spread the disease to other cattle. Because no commercial treatment or vaccine is available for this disease, livestock management is the only method of control. This involves keeping cattle away from wildebeest during the critical calving period. This results in
3111:
386:. Animals that become infected with the virus can become extremely sensitive to touch, especially around the head. It is also possible that become aggressive and charge at approaching animals and people. If the virus continues untreated, seizures could develop. Affected animal usually die five to ten days of the first signs of clinical signs. Once the cow shows clinical signs there is no chance of recovering.
545:(ARS) found that the virus undergoes changes within the animal's body, a process known as cell tropism switching. In cell tropism switching, the virus targets different cells at different points in its life cycle. This phenomenon explains why it has been impossible to grow the virus on any one particular cell culture.
407:
Diagnosis of BMCF depends on a combination of history and symptoms, histopathology and detection in the blood or tissues of viral antibodies by ELISA or of viral DNA by PCR. The characteristic histologic lesions of MCF are lymphocytic arteritis with necrosis of the blood vessel wall and the presence
261:
carry a lifelong infection of AlHV-1 but are not affected by the disease. The virus is passed from mother to offspring and shed mostly in the nasal secretions of wildebeest calves under one year old. Wildebeest associated MCF is transmitted from wildebeest to cattle normally following the wildebeest
839:
Berezowski, John Andrew; Appleyard, Greg D.; Crawford, Timothy B.; Haigh, Jerry; Li, Hong; Middleton, Dorothy M.; O'Connor, Brendan P.; West, Keith; Woodbury, Murray (2005). "An
Outbreak of Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Bison (Bison Bison) after Exposure to Sheep at a Public Auction
531:
Bovine malignant catarrhal fever is usually fatal in susceptible species like cattle and bison, and any animal that survives will remain infectious for the rest of its life even if it shows no subsequent signs of the disease. Survivors may relapse and suffer attacks in later life. Latent infections
348:
of BMCF is not known, however intranasal challenge with AHV-1 induced MCF in one hundred percent of challenged cattle between 2.5 and 6 weeks. Shedding of the virus is greater from 6–9 month old lambs than from adults. After experimental infection of sheep, there is limited viral replication in the
548:
Because the virus is transmitted from sheep to bison and cattle, researchers are first focusing on the viral life cycle in sheep. The viral life cycle is outlined in three stages: entry, maintenance, and shedding. Entry occurs through the sheep's nasal cavity and enters into the lungs where it
236:
Disease outbreaks in cattle are usually sporadic, although infection of up to 40% of a herd has been reported. The reasons for this are unknown. Some species appear to be particularly susceptible, for example Père David's deer, Bali cattle and bison, with many deer dying within 48 hours of the
398:
There are many factors that can increase the chances of infection or affect the severity of an outbreak. The number of animals in the herd, population density and species of the susceptible hosts are huge factors. Other factors include closeness of contact and amount of virus available for
339:
bison in North
America not in contact with sheep have also been diagnosed with a form of BMCF. OHV-2 has been recently documented to infect herds of up to 5 km away from the nearest lambs, with the levels of infected animals proportional to the distance away from the closest herds of
1488:
Haig, David M.; Grant, Dawn; Deane, David; Campbell, Iris; Thomson, Jackie; Jepson, Catherine; Buxton, David; Russell, George C. (2008). "An immunisation strategy for the protection of cattle against alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-induced malignant catarrhal fever".
266:
pastoralists in
Tanzania and Kenya being excluded from prime pasture grazing land during the wet season leading to a loss in productivity. In Eastern and Southern Africa MCF is classed as one of the five most important problems affecting pastoralists along with
1787:
Bexiga, R.; Guyot, H.; Saegerman, C.; Mauroy, A.; Rollin, F.; Thiry, E.; Philbey, A. W.; Logue, D. N.; Mellor, D. J.; Barrett, D. C.; Ellis, K. (2007). "Clinical differentiation of malignant catarrhal fever, mucosal disease and bluetongue".
557:(an African antelope) because it will grow in cell culture and does not infect cattle. Researchers hope that inserting genes from the sheep MCF virus into the topi MCF virus will ultimately be an effective MCF vaccine for cattle and bison.
1236:
O'Toole, D.; Taus, N. S.; Montgomery, D. L.; Oaks, J. L.; Crawford, T. B.; Li, H. (2007). "Intra-nasal
Inoculation of American Bison (Bison bison) with Ovine Herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) Reliably Reproduces Malignant Catarrhal Fever".
540:
A vaccine for malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) has not yet been developed. Developing a vaccine has been difficult, as the virus does not grow in cell cultures, and until recently, it was not known why this is. Researchers at the
1620:
Fraser, S.J.; Nettleton, P.F.; Dutia, B.M; Haig, D.M.; Russell, G.C. (2006). "Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against malignant catarrhal fever viruses in cattle serum".
800:
Wiyono, A.; Baxter, S. I.; Saepulloh, M.; Damayanti, R.; Daniels, P.; Reid, H. W. (1994). "PCR detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA in
Indonesian ruminants--normal sheep and clinical cases of malignant catarrhal fever".
408:
of large T lymphocytes mixed with other cells. The similarity of MCF clinical signs to other enteric diseases, for example blue tongue, mucosal disease and foot and mouth make laboratory diagnosis of MCF important. The
389:
Fulminant, alimentary and cutaneous clinical disease patterns have also been described. Death usually occurs within ten days. The mortality rate in symptomatic animals is 90 to 100% Treatment is supportive only.
232:
BMCF is most prevalent in areas where reservoir and susceptible animals mix. There is a particular problem with Bali cattle in
Indonesia, bison in the US and in pastoralist herds in Eastern and Southern Africa.
357:
The most common form of the disease is the head and eye form. Typical symptoms of this form include fever, depression, discharge from the eyes and nose, lesions of the buccal cavity and muzzle, swelling of the
617:
614:
611:
469:
1193:
Boone, R. B.; Coughenour, M. B. (2001). A system for integrated management and assessment of east
African pastoral lands. Balancing food security, wildlife conservation, and ecosystem integrity.
1404:
Cooley, A. Jim; Taus, Naomi S.; Li, Hong (2008). "Development of a
Management Program for a Mixed Species Wildlife Park Following an Occurrence of Malignant Catarrhal Fever".
326:
very susceptible. OHV-2 viral DNA has been detected in the alimentary, respiratory and urogenital tracts of sheep all of which could be possible transmission routes.
306:(sheep and goats) whilst MCF affected animals are from the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Suidae. Susceptibility to OHV-2 varies by species, with domestic cattle and
909:
Bedelian, Claire; Nkedianye, David; Herrero, Mario (2007). "Maasai perception of the impact and incidence of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in southern Kenya".
412:
recognises histopathology as the definitive diagnostic test, but laboratories have adopted other approaches with recent developments in molecular virology.
1596:
1020:
Holliman, A.; Daniel, R.; Twomey, D. F.; Barnett, J.; Scholes, S.; Willoughby, K.; Russell, G. (2007). "Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle in the UK".
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Barnard, B. J.; Van der Lugt, J. J.; Mushi, E. Z. (1994). "Malignant
Catarrhal Fever". In Coetzer, J. A. W.; Thompson, G. R.; Tustin, R. C. (eds.).
1658:"A Simpler, More Sensitive Competitive Inhibition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibody to Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses"
3105:
333:
AHV-1/OHV-2 can also cause problems in zoological collections, where reservoir hosts and susceptible hosts are often kept in close proximity.
201:) These viruses cause unapparent infection in their reservoir hosts (sheep with OvHV-2 and wildebeest with AlHV-1), but are usually fatal in
1820:
Li, Hong; Cunha, Cristina W.; Taus, Naomi S.; Knowles, Donald P. (2014-02-01). "Malignant
Catarrhal Fever: Inching Toward Understanding".
1872:
1280:
Taus, N. S.; Herndon, D. R.; Traul, D. L.; Stewart, J. P.; Ackermann, M.; Li, H.; Knowles, D. P.; Lewis, G. S.; Brayton, K. A. (2007).
532:
may go unrecognised until recurrence, explaining signs of disease in animals with no known history of contact with reservoir species.
237:
appearance of the first symptoms and bison within three days. In contrast, post infection cattle will usually survive a week or more.
1699:"Development of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Detection and Differentiation of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses in Clinical Samples"
17:
658:
Plowright, W.; Ferris, R. D.; Scott, G. R. (1960). "Blue Wildebeest and the Ætiological Agent of Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever".
1933:
1746:
Traul, Donald L.; Taus, Naomi S.; Oaks, J. Lindsay; Toole, Donal O'; Rurangirwa, Fred R.; Baszler, Timothy V.; Li, Hong (2007).
3114:
1282:"Comparison of ovine herpesvirus 2 genomes isolated from domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and a clinically affected cow (Bos bovis)"
426:. However Anderson et al 2008 do find some usable differences, mostly necrosis or lack of necrosis, and lymphoid accumulation.
1220:
1142:
761:
944:
Orr, M.B.; MacKintosh, C.G. (1988). "An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus)".
711:"Epizootic Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Three Bison Herds: Differences from Cattle and Association with Ovine Herpesvirus-2"
1748:"Validation of Nonnested and Real-Time PCR for Diagnosis of Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Clinical Samples"
409:
1211:
Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E.; Paul, J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993).
1822:
2824:
1158:
Homewood, K. H.; Rodgers, W. A.; Arhem, K. (1987). "Ecology of pastoralism in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania".
2989:
2458:
2353:
1090:
Baxter, S. I.; Wiyono, A.; Pow, I.; Reid, H. W. (1997). "Identification of Ovine Herpes Virus-2 infection in sheep".
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nasal cavity in the first 24 hours after infection, followed by later viral replication in other tissues.
3194:
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2979:
2944:
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2443:
2383:
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is typical of MCF group viruses. This was discovered by Nelson et al. 2010 by experimental infection of
3032:
3027:
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2859:
2854:
2733:
2698:
2583:
2578:
2453:
2403:
2368:
2343:
1831:
1063:
Mushi, E. Z.; Rurangirwa, F. R. (1981). "Malignant catarrhal fever virus shedding by infected cattle".
181:) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease caused by a group of ruminant gamma herpes viruses including
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419:
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also may carry the disease. However, hartebeests and other antelopes are infected by a variant,
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or goats during lambing. The natural host reservoir for Ovine herpesvirus 2 is the subfamily
3110:
709:
Schultheiss, Patricia C.; Collins, James K.; Spraker, Terry R.; Demartini, James C. (2000).
1449:"Long distance spread of malignant catarrhal fever virus from feedlot lambs to ranch bison"
1357:"Quantitative Fluorogenic PCR Assay for Measuring Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Replication in Sheep"
667:
423:
379:
166:
40:
523:
CD8 and CD4 are the most common immune cell types in lesions found by Nelson et al. 2010.
8:
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2076:
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1988:
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130:
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Throughout the rest of the world, cattle and deer contract BMCF by close contact with
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818:
814:
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598:"The Pathology of Malignant Catarrhal Fever, with an Emphasis on Ovine Herpesvirus 2"
345:
1433:
1179:
1119:
1049:
922:
885:"Assessing the impact of Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Ngorongoro District, Tanzania"
869:
695:
510:, and they judge thrombosis to be hardly able to explain the incidence of necrosis.
1835:
1759:
1718:
1710:
1669:
1656:
Li, Hong; McGuire, Travis C.; Müller-Doblies, Uwe U.; Crawford, Timothy B. (2001).
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1413:
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1368:
1293:
1266:
1246:
1167:
1099:
1029:
992:
953:
918:
890:. Animal Health Programme, Department for International Development. pp. 57–72
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675:
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363:
359:
311:
268:
1502:
1372:
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2549:
1634:
621:
513:
Nelson also find CD8 and CD3 to be the most common immune cell types in lesions.
1911:
957:
3101:
2424:
1974:
1962:
1764:
1747:
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1657:
997:
980:
853:
727:
710:
82:
1355:
Hussy, D.; Stauber, N.; Leutenegger, C. M.; Rieder, S.; Ackermann, M. (2001).
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1968:
1956:
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Final report to the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program
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O'Toole, D.; Li, H.; Sourk, C.; Montgomery, D. L.; Crawford, T. B. (2002).
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3000:
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319:
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Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OHV-2)
34:
Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OHV-2)
1417:
1250:
2955:
2792:
2309:
2264:
1332:
The Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University
981:"Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Bison (Bison Bison) Feedlot, 1993–2000"
882:
507:
465:
284:
258:
1903:
at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database
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2870:
2679:
2239:
2003:
226:
142:
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1697:
Cunha, C. W.; Otto, L.; Taus, N. S.; Knowles, D. P.; Li, H. (2009).
330:
from sheep and from cattle with BMCF are cross reactive with AlHV-1.
3146:
1555:
OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
503:
460:
Ovine strains have been investigated by Meier-Trummer et al. 2009 (
327:
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214:
206:
1567:
883:
Cleaveland S; Kusiluka L; Ole Kuwai J; Bell C; Kazwala R. (2001).
776:
749:
708:
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280:
1875:. USDA Agricultural Research Service. 2010-04-02. Archived from
1597:"Overview of Malignant Catarrhal Fever - Generalized Conditions"
838:
1655:
435:
375:
367:
254:
218:
202:
1525:"NADIS Animal Health Skills - Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)"
799:
1354:
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are found by Nelson et al. 2010 to suffer widespread mucosal
445:
315:
299:
57:
1901:
Current status of Bovine malignant catarrhal fever worldwide
978:
549:
replicates. The virus undergoes a tropic change and infects
1446:
1019:
554:
307:
288:
210:
1786:
374:
and diarrhea. Some animals have neurologic signs, such as
1447:
Li, H.; Karney, G.; O'Toole, D.; Crawford, T. B. (2008).
750:
Elizabeth S. Williams; Ian K. Barker (28 February 2008).
249:
has been applied to three different patterns of disease:
1619:
1132:
908:
1279:
1487:
1210:
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834:
832:
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1089:
1819:
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1065:Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa
653:
651:
649:
1941:
829:
743:
3181:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1151:
876:
783:The Wildebeest in Western Masailand, East Africa
1568:Carter, G.R.; Flores, E.F.; Wise, D.J. (2006).
1350:
1348:
1192:
1062:
1013:
795:
793:
770:
646:
1752:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
1662:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
1613:
1397:
1206:
1204:
1126:
985:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
902:
842:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
786:. National Academies. pp. 52–. NAP:13180.
715:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
3104:species listed below parent taxon –– Source:
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1808:
1780:
1739:
1690:
1319:
1317:
1186:
1083:
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943:
595:
591:
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452:to be present but irrelevant in MCF lesions.
221:. In Southern Africa the disease is known as
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1403:
1345:
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790:
587:
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1201:
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1934:
1920:
1314:
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1557:(5th ed.). France. pp. 570–579.
1464:
1380:
1297:
996:
726:
629:
566:
1541:
1440:
756:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 157–.
314:and most deer somewhat susceptible, and
165:
1873:"Figuring Out Puzzling Animal Diseases"
1574:A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology
14:
3182:
1867:
1865:
1561:
3128:
3127:
1915:
1591:
1589:
1229:
1137:. New York: Oxford University Press.
972:
422:are almost indistinguishable without
1840:10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114156
1406:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
410:World Organisation for Animal Health
1862:
1823:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
1160:The Journal of Agricultural Science
753:Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals
24:
1586:
25:
3211:
1894:
448:strains. They additionally found
352:
273:contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
3138:Bovine malignant catarrhal fever
3109:
1703:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1215:(2nd ed.). Academic Press.
1135:Infectious Diseases of Livestock
247:bovine malignant catarrhal fever
175:Bovine malignant catarrhal fever
44:
1552:
1517:
1453:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
1361:Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
923:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.012
240:
946:New Zealand Veterinary Journal
911:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
702:
184:Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1
13:
1:
1503:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.056
1373:10.1128/CDLI.8.1.123-128.2001
560:
543:Agricultural Research Service
429:
1635:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.03.002
815:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90076-0
596:o'Toole, D.; Li, H. (2014).
526:
478:), both finding these to be
402:
7:
1325:"Malignant Catarrhal fever"
1286:Journal of General Virology
958:10.1080/00480169.1988.35466
780:; Martha H. Talbot (1963).
10:
3216:
1765:10.1177/104063870701900412
1675:10.1177/104063870101300417
998:10.1177/104063870201400301
854:10.1177/104063870501700110
728:10.1177/104063870001200602
535:
468:) and Nelson et al. 2013 (
393:
3136:
3099:
3016:
2998:
2953:
2928:
2868:
2808:
2790:
2756:
2707:
2677:
2647:
2617:
2547:
2536:
2422:
2332:
2307:
2262:
2237:
2215:
2193:
2155:
2125:
2090:
2060:
2056:
2045:
2019:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1952:
1172:10.1017/S0021859600064133
485:
293:Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2
39:
32:
18:Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1
631:10.1177/0300985813520435
490:
455:
194:Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2
1623:Veterinary Microbiology
1601:Merck Veterinary Manual
1034:10.1136/vr.161.14.494-e
803:Veterinary Microbiology
516:
370:leading to blindness,
277:foot and mouth disease
171:
3200:Animal viral diseases
1790:The Veterinary Record
1299:10.1099/vir.0.82285-0
1104:10.1007/s007050050121
506:but rarely occlusive
169:
1715:10.1128/JCM.00997-09
1239:Veterinary Pathology
1092:Archives of Virology
603:Veterinary Pathology
424:molecular sequencing
310:somewhat resistant,
41:Virus classification
1989:Malacoherpesviridae
1418:10.1638/2007-0181.1
1251:10.1354/vp.44-5-655
1213:Veterinary Virology
672:1960Natur.188.1167P
666:(4757): 1167–1169.
3195:Gammaherpesvirinae
778:Lee Merriam Talbot
472:experimentally in
464:experimentally in
172:
132:Orthoherpesviridae
3177:
3176:
3130:Taxon identifiers
3121:
3120:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
2811:Lymphocryptovirus
2784:
2783:
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2751:
2532:
2531:
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2209:
2208:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2048:Alloherpesviridae
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
1954:Higher taxonomy:
1497:(35): 4461–4468.
1222:978-0-12-253056-2
1144:978-0-19-570506-5
1022:Veterinary Record
763:978-0-470-34481-1
680:10.1038/1881167a0
346:incubation period
324:Père David's deer
164:
163:
16:(Redirected from
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2776:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2545:
2544:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1942:Taxonomy of the
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1709:(8): 2586–2589.
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1529:www.nadis.org.uk
1521:
1515:
1514:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
976:
970:
969:
941:
935:
934:
917:(3–4): 296–316.
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
889:
880:
874:
873:
836:
827:
826:
797:
788:
787:
774:
768:
767:
747:
741:
740:
730:
706:
700:
699:
655:
644:
643:
633:
593:
269:East coast fever
49:
48:
30:
29:
27:Species of virus
21:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3190:Bovine diseases
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3087:
3012:
2994:
2949:
2924:
2864:
2804:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2748:
2703:
2673:
2643:
2620:Muromegalovirus
2613:
2550:Cytomegalovirus
2528:
2418:
2328:
2303:
2258:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2181:
2151:
2121:
2086:
2033:
2015:
1982:
1948:
1940:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1818:
1809:
1785:
1781:
1744:
1740:
1695:
1691:
1654:
1650:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1570:"Herpesviridae"
1566:
1562:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1486:
1482:
1445:
1441:
1402:
1398:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1292:(Pt 1): 40–45.
1278:
1274:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1209:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1131:
1127:
1088:
1084:
1061:
1057:
1028:(14): 494–495.
1018:
1014:
977:
973:
942:
938:
907:
903:
893:
891:
887:
881:
877:
837:
830:
798:
791:
775:
771:
764:
748:
744:
707:
703:
656:
647:
594:
567:
563:
538:
529:
521:
495:
488:
458:
432:
405:
396:
355:
243:
160:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3158:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3119:
3118:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2785:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2425:Varicellovirus
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2232:
2210:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1975:Herviviricetes
1963:Heunggongvirae
1953:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1895:External links
1893:
1891:
1890:
1861:
1832:Annual Reviews
1807:
1779:
1758:(4): 405–408.
1738:
1689:
1668:(4): 361–364.
1648:
1629:(1–3): 21–28.
1612:
1585:
1560:
1540:
1516:
1480:
1439:
1412:(3): 380–385.
1396:
1367:(1): 123–128.
1344:
1313:
1272:
1245:(5): 655–662.
1228:
1221:
1200:
1185:
1150:
1143:
1125:
1098:(4): 823–831.
1082:
1055:
1012:
991:(3): 183–193.
971:
936:
901:
875:
828:
789:
769:
762:
742:
721:(6): 497–502.
701:
645:
564:
562:
559:
537:
534:
528:
525:
520:
515:
494:
489:
487:
484:
457:
454:
431:
428:
404:
401:
399:transmission.
395:
392:
354:
353:Clinical signs
351:
342:
341:
334:
331:
296:
242:
239:
162:
161:
154:
152:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
108:Herviviricetes
104:
100:
99:
92:
88:
87:
84:Heunggongvirae
80:
76:
75:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3212:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:Proboscivirus
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2196:Herpesviridae
2192:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2128:Ictalurivirus
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2063:Batrachovirus
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:Herpesvirales
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:Peploviricota
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:Duplodnaviria
1951:
1947:
1946:
1945:Herpesvirales
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1879:on 2010-04-05
1878:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1796:(25): 858–9.
1795:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
886:
879:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
833:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
794:
785:
784:
779:
773:
765:
759:
755:
754:
746:
738:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
652:
650:
641:
637:
632:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
609:
605:
604:
599:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
565:
558:
556:
552:
546:
544:
533:
524:
519:
514:
511:
509:
505:
501:
500:
493:
483:
481:
480:lytic viruses
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
453:
451:
450:B lymphocytes
447:
443:
442:
437:
434:Infection of
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
411:
400:
391:
387:
385:
384:head pressing
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
350:
347:
338:
335:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:water buffalo
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
260:
256:
252:
251:
250:
248:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
168:
159:
158:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:Herpesvirales
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:Peploviricota
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
72:Duplodnaviria
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
35:
31:
19:
3137:
3019:Rhadinovirus
3017:
2999:
2954:
2931:Manticavirus
2929:
2869:
2809:
2791:
2757:
2710:Roseolovirus
2708:
2678:
2648:
2618:
2548:
2537:
2423:
2335:Simplexvirus
2333:
2308:
2263:
2238:
2216:
2194:
2158:Salmonivirus
2156:
2126:
2093:Cyprinivirus
2091:
2061:
2046:
2020:
2002:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1967:
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1907:Disease card
1881:. Retrieved
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54:(unranked):
33:
3115:Wikispecies
3001:Patagivirus
2022:Ostreavirus
1834:: 209–233.
894:9 September
551:lymphocytes
499:Bison bison
475:Bison bison
441:Bison bison
372:inappetence
360:lymph nodes
320:Bali cattle
285:Hartebeests
259:wildebeests
225:, from the
3184:Categories
3102:Unassigned
2956:Percavirus
2793:Bossavirus
2310:Scutavirus
2265:Mardivirus
1606:2019-04-02
1579:2006-06-10
1534:2019-04-02
1338:2006-05-13
561:References
508:thrombosis
430:Life cycle
328:Antibodies
223:snotsiekte
205:and other
2871:Macavirus
2680:Quwivirus
2240:Iltovirus
2004:Aurivirus
1848:2165-8102
1197:(Report).
1166:: 47–72.
527:Prognosis
403:Diagnosis
380:nystagmus
245:The term
227:Afrikaans
207:ungulates
151:Species:
144:Macavirus
79:Kingdom:
3147:Wikidata
2694:MschBHV1
1856:25384141
1802:18156595
1774:17609352
1733:19494077
1684:11478614
1643:16621342
1511:18601965
1475:18309750
1434:24137474
1426:18817000
1391:11139205
1308:17170434
1259:17846237
1180:86547027
1120:30143095
1050:26446432
1042:17921444
1007:12033673
966:16031426
931:17123651
870:43134613
862:15690951
737:11108448
696:37101022
688:13736396
640:24503439
504:necrosis
304:Caprinae
215:antelope
209:such as
170:Eye Ring
127:Family:
91:Phylum:
3153:Q552330
2980:MusHV-1
2940:PhaHV-1
2825:CeHV-14
2820:CalHV-3
2299:SpAHV-1
2167:SalHV-1
2137:AciHV-2
2102:AngHV-1
1883:July 9,
1724:2725674
1491:Vaccine
1466:2216446
1267:7232660
1112:9170507
1077:7296019
840:Sale".
823:7839584
668:Bibcode
536:Vaccine
466:rabbits
436:T cells
394:Factors
368:corneas
366:of the
364:opacity
337:Feedlot
281:anthrax
219:buffalo
139:Genus:
115:Order:
103:Class:
3083:SaHV-2
3073:MuHV-4
3053:McHV-5
3043:CrHV-2
3038:BoHV-4
3028:AtHV-2
3009:VeHV-3
2990:VeHV-1
2985:PhHV-3
2975:FeHV-1
2945:VoHV-1
2910:SuHV-3
2905:OvHV-2
2900:HiHV-1
2895:CpHV-2
2890:BoHV-6
2880:AlHV-1
2860:PoHV-2
2855:PaHV-1
2850:PnHV-1
2840:McHV-4
2830:GoHV-1
2801:DeHV-1
2780:SgHV-1
2774:PhHV-2
2744:SuHV-2
2739:MuHV-3
2734:McHV-9
2719:HHV-6A
2699:TuHV-1
2689:CaHV-2
2659:ElHV-1
2629:MuHV-1
2609:SaHV-4
2599:PaHV-3
2594:PnHV-2
2589:MnHV-1
2579:McHV-3
2569:CeHV-5
2564:CbHV-1
2559:AoHV-1
2524:SuHV-1
2519:PhHV-1
2514:MoHV-1
2504:FeHV-1
2464:CvHV-1
2459:CeHV-9
2454:CpHV-1
2449:CaHV-1
2444:BuHV-1
2434:BoHV-1
2414:SaHV-1
2409:PtHV-1
2404:PaHV-2
2399:PnHV-3
2389:MaHV-1
2374:McHV-1
2369:LeHV-4
2354:CeHV-2
2349:BoHV-2
2344:AtHV-1
2324:TeHV-3
2319:ChHV-5
2294:MeHV-1
2284:GaHV-2
2279:CoHV-1
2274:AnHV-1
2254:PsHV-1
2249:GaHV-1
2227:ChHV-6
2205:IgHV-2
2142:IcHV-1
2107:CyHV-1
2072:RaHV-1
2030:OsHV-1
2012:AbHV-1
1854:
1846:
1800:
1772:
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686:
660:Nature
638:
486:Bovine
470:SA-MCF
462:OvHV-2
420:OvHV-2
416:AlHV-1
382:, and
376:ataxia
340:sheep.
322:, and
264:Maasai
255:Africa
217:, and
203:cattle
199:OvHV-2
191:) and
189:AlHV-1
3167:77410
3048:HHV-8
2965:EHV-2
2835:HHV-4
2768:EHV-7
2574:HHV-5
2509:HHV-3
2479:EHV-1
2359:HHV-1
1978:>
1972:>
1966:>
1960:>
1830:(1).
1553:OIE.
1430:S2CID
1382:96020
1328:(PDF)
1263:S2CID
1176:S2CID
1116:S2CID
1046:S2CID
888:(PDF)
866:S2CID
692:S2CID
610:(2).
492:Bison
456:Ovine
446:ovine
444:with
316:bison
308:zebus
300:sheep
65:Realm
58:Virus
3106:ICTV
1885:2017
1852:PMID
1844:ISSN
1798:PMID
1770:PMID
1729:PMID
1680:PMID
1639:PMID
1507:PMID
1471:PMID
1422:PMID
1387:PMID
1304:PMID
1255:PMID
1217:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1108:PMID
1073:PMID
1038:PMID
1003:PMID
962:PMID
927:PMID
896:2020
858:PMID
819:PMID
758:ISBN
733:PMID
684:PMID
636:PMID
622:Sage
618:JCVP
615:ECVP
612:ACVP
555:topi
418:and
344:The
289:topi
287:and
279:and
211:deer
179:BMCF
3162:ISC
3108:––
1836:doi
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1760:doi
1719:PMC
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1100:doi
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