Alawi dynasty - Knowledge

2347: 2586: 2614:(royal government) remained underdeveloped and urgent reforms were needed to resolve problems arising from decades of colonial rule. Political friction existed between the nationalist Istiqlal Party, which pushed for more democratic institutions, and the king, Mohammed V, who now hesitated on endorsing radical political changes. By the end of the decade in 1960, the Istiqlal Party was weakened by splinter factions and the growing number of political parties were unable to act together as an effective counterbalance to the king. A formal constitution also remained lacking. As a result, the monarch emerged as the main pillar of political stability in the state and there was a revival of 2834: 2435:(Mohammed ben Youssef or Mohammed V), was acclaimed as the new sultan, at the age of 18. By the guidance of the French regime, he had spent most of his life growing up in relative isolation inside the royal palace in Meknes and Rabat. These restrictions on his interactions with the outside world continued in large part even after he ascended to the throne. However, over the course of his reign he became increasingly associated with the Moroccan nationalist movement, eventually becoming a strong symbol in the cause for independence. The nationalists, for their part, and in contrast with other anti-colonial movements like the 2822: 2151: 2563:, the French agreed to negotiate Morocco's independence at a conference on August 23, 1955. By October 1 Mohammed Ben 'Arafa had abdicated and later that month even Thami el-Glaoui supported Mohammed V's return. The sultan landed at Rabat-Salé Airport at 11:42 am on November 16, greeted by cheering crowds. The French-Moroccan Declaration of Independence was formally signed on March 2, 1956, and Tangier was reintegrated to Morocco later that year. In 1957 Mohammed V adopted the official title of "King", which has since been used by his successors, 4507: 4305: 4120: 4052: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3904: 3812: 3754: 3698: 3681: 3599: 3545: 3535: 3525: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3225: 2081: 159: 6305: 1498: 2264: 2201:

which he was mortally wounded. After his death, he was succeeded by his brother Suleyman (or Mawlay Slimane), though the latter had to defeat two more brothers who contested the throne: Maslama in the north and Hisham in Marrakesh to the south. Suleyman brought trade with Europe nearly to a halt. Although less violent and bigoted than Yazid, was still portrayed by European sources as xenophobic. After 1811, Suleyman also pushed a fundamentalist

2761: 2525:, a generally anti-colonial ideology, and an expression of gratitude for American support of Moroccan aspirations while omitting the usual statements of support for the French Protectorate. In the following years the tensions increased, with French officials slowly acknowledging the need for Moroccan independence but stressing for slower reforms rather than rapid sovereignty. The French enlisted many powerful collaborators such 1939:(descendants of Muhammad) was part of the reason for their success, as in this era many communities in Morocco increasingly saw sharifian status as the best claim to political legitimacy. The Saadian dynasty, which ruled Morocco in the 16th century and early 17th century prior to the rise of the 'Alawis, was also a sharifian dynasty and played an important role in establishing this model of political-religious legitimacy. 5071:

government, it does effectively place all powers under the iron grip of the monarch. Article 1 of the constitution promulgating a constitutional monarchy in Morocco is misleading, insofar as the king is not a figurehead acting as a symbol of unity for Moroccans. In fact the constitution, amended five times since the independence, has largely served to the traditional prerogatives of the monarchy.

2443: 2543:, a little-known member of the 'Alawi family, as sultan. On August 20 the French resident-general, Auguste Guillaume, presented demands to the sultan for his abdication and his agreement to go into exile. The sultan refused to abdicate, and that afternoon he and his sons were escorted at gunpoint from the palace and onto a plane. He and his family were eventually exiled to 2629:. The constitution had been written by officials appointed by the king and in practice it cemented the monarchy's rule by granting it far-reaching executive powers. Hassan II worked to improve relations with France and position Morocco as an ally of the West, but relations with neighboring Algeria deteriorated over border issues and resulted in the 5105:

independence of the judiciary, moving at least in spirit toward a separation of powers. What it did not do was to unequivocally limit the king's preponderant influence over public affairs, or move Morocco closer to becoming a parliamentary monarchy; in other words, it stopped short of remaking Muhammad VI into "a king who reigns but does not rule."

1984:. Mawlay al-Sharif led an attack against Abu Hassun's garrison at Tabu'samt in 1635 or 1636 (1045 AH) but failed to expel them. Abu Hassun forced him to go into exile to the Sous valley, but also treated him well; among other things, Abu Hassun gifted him a slave concubine who later gave birth to one of his sons, 2461:

where he apparently expressed that he had been misled by the French residency when signing it and vowed to cede no further rights of his country. The sultan refrained from openly associating with the nationalist movement in the 1930s, but nonetheless resisted French attempts to shift the terms of the

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Sidi Mohammed's opening of Morocco to international trade was not welcomed by some, however. After his death in 1790, his son and successor Mawlay Yazid ruled with more xenophobia and violence, punished Jewish communities, and launched an ill-fated attack against the Spanish city of Ceuta in 1792, in

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Al-Rashid was left in control of the 'Alawi forces and in less than a decade he managed to extend 'Alawi control over almost all of Morocco, reuniting the country under a new sharifian dynasty. After much campaigning in northern Morocco, Al-Rashid secured the surrender of Fez in June 1666. He made it

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in 1963. Tensions also rose internally during the 1960s and 1970s, with leftist opposition mounting against the conservative monarchy. This in turn was met with increased political repression and Hassan II largely relied on the army and police as instruments of power. The period from roughly 1975 to

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in place of his father who relinquished the throne to him. The Dala'iyya invaded the region again in 1646 and following their victory at Al Qa'a forced him to acknowledge their control over all the territory west and south of Sijilmasa. Unable to oppose them, Sidi Mohammed instead decided to attempt

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Recent reforms, including constitutional reform and the appointment of the PJD government in 2011, have only perpetuated the lack of meaningful political participation and supported authoritarianism. Ironically, reforms have multiplied the resources available to Morocco's monarchical institution to

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The exile of the sultan did not alleviate French difficulties in Morocco, and an insurgency broke out which targeted both the regime and its collaborators with boycott campaigns as well as acts of violence. Several assassination attempts were made against the new puppet sultan, Mohammed Ben 'Arafa,

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delivered a fatwa for a supporting jihad in 1837. On the other hand, Abd al-Rahman was reluctant to provide the French with a clear reason to attack Morocco if he ever intervened. He managed to maintain the appearance of neutrality until 1844, when he was compelled to provide refuge to Abd al-Qadir

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on his construction projects. All of these activities and policies gave him a reputation for ruthlessness and cruelty among European writers and a mixed reputation among Moroccan historians as well, though he is credited with unifying Morocco under strong (but brutal) leadership. He also moved the

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Little is known of 'Alawi history prior to the 17th century. In the early 15th century they appear to have had a reputation as holy warriors, but did not yet have a political status. This was the example of one family member, Ali al-Sharif (not to be confused with the later 'Alawi by the same name

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He continuously led military campaigns against rebels, rivals, and European positions along the Moroccan coast. In practice, he still had to rely on various groups to control outlying areas, but he nonetheless succeeded in retaking many coastal cities occupied by England and Spain and managed to

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Upon Al-Rashid's death, his younger half-brother Mawlay Isma'il became sultan. As sultan, Isma'il's 55-year reign was one of longest in Moroccan history. He distinguished himself as a ruler who wished to establish a unified Moroccan state as the absolute authority in the land, independent of any

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After Mawlay Isma'il's death, Morocco was plunged into one of its greatest periods of turmoil between 1727 and 1757, with Isma'il's sons fighting for control of the sultanate and never holding onto power for long. Isma'il had left hundreds of sons who were theoretically eligible for the throne.

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The most important innovations, however, were the limitations on the king's ability to intervene in day-to-day politics. While the king's role as "supreme arbiter" of political life remained unquestioned, the new constitution enhanced the legislative powers of the parliament and increased the

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The dominance of the monarchy in the sociopolitical arena is further institutionalized in the Moroccan constitution, which effectively diffuses makhzenite authority into three separate branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. While this separation of powers is informed by western style

1880:. According to the dynasty's official historians, the family migrated from the Hijaz to the Tafilalt during the 12th or 13th century at the request of the locals who hoped that the presence of a sharifian family would benefit the region. It is possible that the 'Alawis were merely one of many 2494:, who expressed support for Moroccan independence after the war. The encounter was the sultan's first face-to-face interaction with another head of state without the mediating presence of the French officials. In the fall of the same year, the sultan encouraged the formation of the official 2019:. The power of the Dala'iyya was in decline, and both brothers sought to take advantage of this, but both stood in each other's way. When Sidi Mohammed attacked Angad to force his rebellious brother's submission on August 2, 1664, he was instead unexpectedly killed and his armies defeated. 2718:

Hassan II died in 1999 and was succeeded by his son, Mohammed VI, the current reigning king. The new monarch's reign began with promises of further liberalization and reform; however, the extent of political reforms has been limited and popular engagement with electoral politics has been

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in 1757 after a decade as viceroy in Marrakesh. Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah maintained the peace in part through a relatively more decentralized regime and lighter taxes, relying instead on greater trade with Europe to make up the revenues. In line with this policy, in 1764 he founded

2478:, however, the sultan increasingly charted his own course, successfully pushing some reform initiatives related to education, even as the Vichy regime encouraged him to make several well-publicized trips abroad to bolster his legitimacy and that of the colonial system. In 1942 the 2420:("deputy") was appointed who acted as a representative of the sultan. In practice, however, the sultan was a puppet of the new regime and many parts of the population saw the dynasty as collaborators with the French. The French colonial administration was headed by the French 2411:

Under colonial rule the institution of the sultan was formally preserved as part of a French policy of indirect rule, or at least the appearance of indirect rule. Under the French Protectorate, the 'Alawi sultans still had some prerogatives such as the power to sign or veto

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presided over a period of strong central rule between 1672 and 1727, one of the longest reigns of any Moroccan sultan. After Isma'il's death, the country was plunged into disarray as his sons fought over his succession, but order was re-established under the long reign of

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on March 18, 1845. The treaty made the superior power of France clear and forced the sultan to recognize French authority over Algeria. Abd al-Qadir turned rebel against the sultan and took refuge in the Rif region until his surrender to the French in

2225:(or Abderrahmane; ruled 1822–1859), tried to reinforce national unity by recruiting local elites of the country and orchestrating military campaigns designed to bolster his image as a defender of Islam against encroaching European powers. The 2381:. He signed his abdication only when on the quay in Rabat, with the ship that would take him to France already waiting. When news of the treaty finally leaked to the Moroccan populace, it was met with immediate and violent backlash in the 2229:

in 1830, however, destabilized the region and put the sultan in a very difficult position. Wide popular support for the Algerians against the French led Morocco to allow the flow of aid and arms to the resistance movement led by

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to acknowledge his authority, while in the north he controlled most territory except for the European coastal enclaves. Al-Rashid had thus succeeded in reuniting the country under one rule. He subsequently died young in 1672.

2179:, a new port city through which he funnelled European trade with Marrakesh. The last Portuguese outpost on the Moroccan coast, Mazagan (al-Jadida today), was taken by Morocco in 1729, leaving only the Spanish enclaves of 5455:

Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [" Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib "], vol. IX : Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc

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throughout his territories. He put a definitive end to Ottoman attempts to gain influence in Morocco and established Morocco on more equal diplomatic footing with European powers in part by forcing them to

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with the United States in 1787 after becoming the first head of state to recognize the new country. He was interested in scholarly pursuits and also cultivated a productive relationship with the

1995:(or Muhammad II), became the leader after 1635 and successfully led another rebellion which expelled Abu Hassun's forces in 1640 or 1641 (1050 AH). With this success, he was proclaimed 2056:

particular group within Morocco – in contrast to previous dynasties which relied on certain tribes or regions as the base of their power. He succeeded in part by creating a new army composed of

1761:, who had supported the nationalist cause, resumed the 'Alawi role as independent head of state. Shortly afterwards, in 1957, he adopted the title of "King" instead of "Sultan". His successors, 2739:

and absolutist characteristics are still noted by scholars and observers, with effective power largely remaining in the hands of the king, a situation that has been compared to the pattern of

2073:(or descendants of previously imported slaves), many of them Muslims, whose loyalty was to him alone. Mawlay Isma'il himself was half Black, his mother having been a Black slave concubine of 1968:

who increasingly dominated central Morocco at this time, reaching the peak of their power in the 1640s. Another, was 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Semlali (or Abu Hassun), who had become leader of the

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his capital. He defeated the remnants of the Dala'iyya and destroyed their capital in the Middle Atlas in June 1668. In July, he captured Marrakesh. His forces took the Sous valley and the

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of Isma'il's reign came to wield enormous power and were able to install or depose sultans according to their interests throughout this period, though they also had to compete with the

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Mawlay Sharif died in 1659, and Sidi Mohammed was once again proclaimed sovereign. This provoked a succession clash between Sidi Mohammed and one of his younger half-brothers,

1473: 6731: 2007:. Details of this conflict are lengthy, but ultimately Al-Rashid appears to have fled Sijilmasa in fear of his brother. He eventually managed to secure an alliance with the 2289:

In the latter part of the 19th century Morocco's instability resulted in European countries intervening to protect investments and to demand economic concessions. Sultan

2457:". Among other things at this time, the sultan received a delegation from Fez which presented a list of grievances about the new French policy, and had discussions with 2972: 2521:

of Tangier during the first visit of a Moroccan sultan to the city since Mawlay Hassan I in 1889. The speech made a number of significant points including support for

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Conflict between his sons was compounded by rebellions against the heavily taxing and autocratic government which Isma'il had previously imposed. Furthermore, the

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region in 1631, the Dala'iyya in turn sent forces to enforce their own influence in the area. The local inhabitants chose as their leader the 'Alawi family head,

3008: 2988: 2952: 1813:) stems either from the name of Ali (the father of Hasan), from which the dynasty ultimately traces its descent, or from the name of the dynasty's early founder 3196: 5901: 5561:

Roberts, Priscilla H.; Tull, James N. (June 1999). "Moroccan Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ibn Abdallah's Diplomatic Initiatives toward the United States, 1777–1786".

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was proclaimed Sultan by the French administration several months later (13 August 1912). At the same time a large part of northern Morocco was placed under

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Amazigh tribe. These groups recognized him as sultan in 1664, while around the same time Sidi Mohammed made a new base for himself as far west as

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as viceroy of Marrakesh, the latter sought to have him overthrown by fomenting distrust over Abdelaziz's European ties. Abdelhafid was aided by

5053: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3159: 2715:, with the lower house elected directly by voters and an upper house chosen indirectly by regional assemblies and professional organizations. 2539:

was surrounded and closed off by Protectorate military forces and police, and on August 16 Thami and allied Moroccan leaders formally declared

3185: 1721:, ruling from 1664 to 1672, was able to unite and pacify the country after a long period of regional divisions caused by the weakening of the 2551:

and one of the boycott campaigns was aimed at the country's mosques due to prayers being said in the new sultan's name. Eventually, with the

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was in serious decline and multiple regional factions fought for control of the country. Among the most powerful of these factions were the

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Cenival, P. de; Troin, J.-F. (2012). "al- Suwayra". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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Mohammed Kenbib. "Fez Riots (1912)." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2014

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The family's rise to power took place in the context of early-to-mid-17th century Morocco, when the power of the Saadian sultans of

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Bennison, Amira K. (2007). "ʿAlawī dynasty". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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These moves were strongly opposed by the French, but the sultan continued to steadily defy them. Another watershed event was the

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Terrasse, Henri (2012). "ʿAlawīs". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

3182: 1821:. Historians sometimes also refer to the dynasty as the "Filali Sharifs", in reference to their origin from the Tafilalt. 6740: 1612: 2580: 6442: 2910: 2894: 2275: 30:

This article is about the current Moroccan royal family. For the pre-colonial history of Morocco under Alawi rule, see

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Affair" – in the spring of 1953. The political confrontation came to a head in August of that year. On August 13 the

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fleets which he heavily sponsored as a means of both revenue and warfare. While in captivity, prisoners were often

1529: 17: 5798: 2339:(1907–1908) ensued. In 1908 Abdelaziz was defeated in battle. In 1909, Abdelhafid became the recognized leader of 6403: 6290: 6239: 5218:

Moulay Rachid who really founded the dynasty in 1664, was born in Tafilalet of a family that had come from Arabia

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in the second half of the 18th century. The 19th century was marked by the growing influence of European powers.

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to organize a campaign of public opposition to the sultan and demands for his abdication – also known as the "

6915: 6513: 4725: 2683:, which saw around 350,000 Moroccans crossing the southern border to settle inside the territory, triggering 1583: 2453:

Some of Mohammed V's initial interactions with nationalists came during the crisis caused by the so-called "

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led the Moroccan government to take a massive British loan larger than its national reserves to pay off its

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occupation. This momentous change also allowed the sultan more political manoeuvring room, and during the

6408: 6345: 5683: 4534: 2833: 6910: 600: 5658:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 5021: 3194: 2731:. Today, the 'Alawis remain the only monarchy in North Africa. They officially rule in a parliamentary 2226: 2085: 5273: 2638:", as state violence was regularly deployed against dissenters and political opponents were jailed or 2011:

Arab tribes who had previously supported his brother and also with the Ait Yaznasin (Beni Snassen), a

6503: 6430: 6396: 6325: 4683: 4658: 4506: 4304: 4119: 4051: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3903: 3811: 3753: 3697: 3680: 3598: 3544: 3534: 3524: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3224: 2850: 136: 6920: 6478: 3757: 2771: 2667:, Hassan II used the opportunity to publicly galvanize nationalist sentiment by pressing Morocco's 2495: 2222: 1769:(the current reigning monarch), have continued the dynasty's rule under the same title. Today, the 1349: 6940: 6604: 6559: 6413: 6304: 6076: 4026: 3046: 2775: 2732: 2692: 2635: 2622: 2503: 2351: 2312: 2294: 2248: 2122: 1774: 1095: 5757: 6418: 6280: 5659: 5650: 4510: 3815: 3144: 3052: 2838: 2821: 2639: 2593: 2568: 2536: 2252: 1766: 1649: 1508: 1200: 1145: 113: 5290: 5185: 2428:, who enacted many of the policies that set the tone for France's colonial regime in Morocco. 6544: 6493: 6488: 6425: 6260: 4142: 4123: 3602: 3494: 3130: 3092: 3070: 3028: 2904: 2552: 2491: 2487: 2446: 2432: 2240: 2167: 2159: 1758: 1735: 1593: 1190: 1160: 5620: 5462: 5436: 5411: 5087: 2711:, was enacted in 1993. Another amendment to the constitution was passed in 1996 to create a 2209:

orders and brotherhoods, in spite of their popularity and despite his own membership in the

1932:. By the 17th century, however, they had evidently become the main leaders of the Tafilalt. 6612: 6313: 6265: 6136: 5902:"Progress and missed opportunities: Morocco enters its third decade under King Mohammed VI" 4308: 4014: 3334: 3137: 3064: 2882: 2871: 2589: 2564: 2308: 2004: 1980:– known as Mawlay Ali al-Sharif, Mawlay al-Sharif, or Muhammad I – recognizing him as 1781:

power over the state and public affairs, despite some political reforms in recent decades.

1762: 1718: 1334: 1215: 8: 6584: 6569: 6364: 4316: 4055: 3907: 3506: 3310: 3114: 3058: 3018: 2998: 2978: 2962: 2936: 2920: 2865: 2540: 2320: 2298: 2290: 2267: 1992: 1897: 1770: 1561: 1424: 435: 141: 5488:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

2032: 740: 6798: 6677: 6532: 6508: 6498: 6456: 6376: 6340: 6111: 5979: 5691: 5570: 4939: 4653: 4285: 3701: 3040: 2704: 2684: 2150: 2070: 1957: 1925: 1836:), meaning "my lord", was also commonly used in conjunction with the names of sultans. 1130: 895: 780: 640: 365: 300: 6709: 2080: 1868:. Like the Sa'di dynasty before them, the 'Alawis originally came from the village of 720: 6882: 6834: 6822: 6804: 6651: 6549: 6483: 6193: 6188: 5983: 5971: 5806: 5711: 5663: 5626: 5345: 5296: 5252: 5161: 5124: 5093: 5059: 4967: 4915: 4885: 4831: 4771: 4731: 3322: 3228: 2888: 2615: 2421: 2279: 1991:

While their father remained in exile, al-Sharif's sons took up the struggle. His son

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under royal rule. Mohammed V died in 1961 and was succeeded by his son, Hassan II.

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in 1943, which Allied leaders attended, Mohammed V was left alone at one time with

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control the political sphere, creating the image of the Janus yet also an impasse.

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years. He reaffirmed Morocco's loyalty to France in 1939, at the beginning of the

6864: 6852: 6780: 6646: 6639: 6622: 6564: 6468: 6386: 6244: 6213: 6198: 6183: 6157: 6000: 5925: 5118: 2691:, the armed front of the Sahrawi people. A ceasefire was negotiated in 1989, but 2688: 2526: 2479: 2463: 2436: 2332: 2283: 2231: 2045: 1806: 1726: 1722: 1640: 1330: 1300: 1065: 1055: 965: 945: 835: 770: 730: 710: 620: 545: 535: 525: 485: 455: 395: 385: 265: 215: 128: 31: 2187:

as the remaining European outposts in North West Africa. Muhammad also signed a

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families who moved westwards to Morocco during this period. The Tafilalt was an

6840: 6698: 2859: 2842: 2672: 2660: 2514: 2458: 2425: 2382: 2244: 2074: 2008: 1977: 1917: 1814: 1710: 1405: 1315: 1259: 1035: 925: 855: 555: 102: 6904: 6828: 6810: 6229: 6208: 6152: 6045: 5975: 5165: 2374: 2366: 2355: 2328: 2125:, a fortified palace-city whose construction continued throughout his reign. 2113: 1857: 1794: 1691: 1285: 790: 650: 158: 4992: 4766:

Wilfrid, J. Rollman (2009). "ʿAlawid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).

4675:'s ruling family that also claims descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad 2826: 2712: 2560: 2475: 2467: 2454: 2369:, also known as the Second Moroccan Crisis. These events led Abdelhafid to 2105: 2057: 1965: 1289: 760: 515: 5967: 1497: 6768: 4993:"Morocco | History, Map, Flag, Capital, People, & Facts | Britannica" 4851: 4518: 4131: 2728: 2680: 2668: 2483: 2108:

captives at his court. These Christians were mostly captured by Moroccan

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Moroccan Monarchy and the Islamist Challenge: Maintaining Makhzen Power

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Order and control was firmly re-established only under Abdallah's son,

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trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri (1906).

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trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri (1906).

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were imposed on Morocco. They were retained as symbolic sultans under

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Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History

5154:"Analysis | Why Jordan and Morocco are doubling down on royal rule" 4724:

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The 'Alawid or Filali Sharifs".

2630: 2370: 2336: 2077:. This standing army also made effective use of modern artillery. 1973: 1905: 1853: 1818: 1790: 1695: 1687: 1204: 975: 935: 885: 845: 750: 405: 355: 255: 56: 35: 5803:

Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity

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The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

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Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). "Mawlā". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).

4936:"ينـبع النـخـل .. لا نـبع ولا نـخل - أخبار السعودية | صحيفة عكاظ" 3122: 3104: 2610: 2556: 2365:

In 1911, rebellion broke out against the sultan. This led to the

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on August 16. In the aftermath, Morocco signed the Convention of

2184: 1961: 1921: 1913: 1865: 1679: 1675: 1364: 1274: 1244: 1179: 1015: 995: 955: 865: 800: 590: 205: 74: 64: 2028: 6617: 5733:

The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa

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Mawlay Youssef died unexpectedly in 1927 and his youngest son,

2327:

of the Atlas. He was assisted in the training of his troops by

2206: 2171: 2118: 2109: 2102: 2012: 1996: 1981: 1845: 1742: 1714: 1439: 1319: 1175: 185: 123: 3156: 2396: 2247:, near Oujda, on August 14. At the same time, the French navy 1709:

The dynasty rose to power in the 17th century, beginning with

2442: 2243:, pursued him and thoroughly routed the Moroccan army at the 2193: 2180: 2143: 2016: 1909: 1885: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1703: 1699: 1409: 1164: 1134: 2719:

inconsistent. Another constitutional reform was passed by a

4881:

The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny

3100: 2695:

remains unresolved today, with most of the territory under

2531: 2324: 1969: 1304: 5852:"Ukraine War Puts New Focus on Conflict in Western Sahara" 5490:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 4911:

Shi'ism in the Maghrib and al-Andalus, Volume One: History

2671:

claims to the territory, over the objections of the local

2581:

History of Morocco § Independent Morocco (since 1956)

1757:

rule. When the country regained its independence in 1956,

5926:"Morocco approves King Mohammed's constitutional reforms" 5438:

Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni

2097: 1861: 1798: 2878:

After capture of Marrakesh in 1668, Sultans of Morocco:

1972:

since 1614. When Abu Hassun extended his control to the

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of 1880 in response to France and Spain's abuse of the

2088:

in Meknes, which contains his tomb and that of his son

5461:(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 41. Archived from 2841:, pictured behind a family tree of the dynasty at the 1960:(also spelled Dila'iyya or Dilaites), a federation of 5799:"The Sultan-cum-King and the Field's Symbolic Forces" 5435:

O. Houdas, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Zayyānī (1886).

5503:

Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam

4649:

Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

1654: 5186:"Morocco: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report" 2663:in 1975 and the declaration of independence of the 2278:, took place from 1859 to 1860, and the subsequent 1686:dynasty and claim descent from the Islamic prophet 5649: 5278:. Adam Publishers & Distributers. p. 422. 2482:as part of their invasion of North Africa against 5730: 5563:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 5479: 5275:History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E 2205:ideology at home and attempted to suppress local 6902: 5876:"Morocco's autonomy plan for the Western Sahara" 5827:"Why is the Western Sahara conflict heating up?" 5388:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI 5092:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–236. 5028:. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 September 2022 2727:inside the country, in the wider context of the 1904:below), who participated in battles against the 5213:The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco 2354:, Sultan of Morocco in 1912, after signing the 2147:tribes and some of the Amazigh (Berber) tribes. 5805:. Cornell University Press. pp. 248–272. 5441:(in French). Paris, Ernest Leroux. p. 14. 5120:Morocco: Challenges to tradition and modernity 4828:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 2050: 6725: 6084: 5618: 5535:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 5085: 4963:Dictionary of World Biography: Fourth edition 4914:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 66. 4878:Messier, Ronald A.; Miller, James A. (2015). 4877: 2855:Sultans of the Tafilalt and early expansion: 1694:. Their ancestors originally migrated to the 1613: 1467: 5545: 5520:. Oxford University Press. pp. 309–312. 5342:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 4768:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 2480:Allies landed on the Moroccan Atlantic coast 2239:in Morocco. The French, led by the marshall 2039: 1896:, historically an important terminus of the 5899: 5560: 5485: 5288: 2789:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2574: 2397:Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence 6931:States and territories established in 1666 6732: 6718: 6091: 6077: 5410:(in French). Ernest Leroux. Archived from 5289:Fage, John; Tordoff, with William (2013). 5216:. Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 47. 2621:Hassan was soon compelled to promulgate a 1620: 1606: 1474: 1460: 5434: 4830:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4825: 3095:(1927–1961), changed title of ruler from 2809:Learn how and when to remove this message 2659:Upon the withdrawal of the Spanish from 5530: 5500: 5324: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5051: 4723: 2832: 2820: 2750: 2584: 2441: 2345: 2262: 2216: 2149: 2079: 5952:"Jordan and Morocco: The Palace Gambit" 5796: 5381: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5209: 4765: 2837:The current head of the Alawi dynasty, 2377:on 30 March 1912, which made Morocco a 2331:, a British officer and veteran of the 2154:Gate and fortifications in the port of 2128: 14: 6903: 5731:Long, David E.; Bernard Reich (2002). 5705: 5699: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5548:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5515: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5327:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5148: 5146: 5144: 5081: 5079: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4907: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 2825:A family tree of the dynasty near the 6713: 6072: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5644: 5642: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5539: 5385: 5339: 5271: 5249:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition 5223: 5116: 5047: 5045: 5043: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4959: 4903: 4901: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4719: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4524: 4522: 4504: 4502: 4495: 4493: 4486: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4302: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4284: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4152: 4137: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4008: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3476: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3342: 3328: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 2474:to the Germans and the advent of the 1784: 1698:region, in present-day Morocco, from 6098: 5309: 4873: 4871: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 2787:adding citations to reliable sources 2754: 1942: 152:Historical Arab states and dynasties 27:Ruling dynasty of Morocco since 1631 5949: 5900:Abouzzohour, Yasmina (2020-07-29). 5524: 5494: 5394: 5358: 5333: 5141: 5076: 5009: 1892:in eastern Morocco and the site of 1810: 1656:sulālat al-ʿalawiyyīn al-fīlāliyyīn 1644: 24: 5994: 5775: 5750: 5639: 5581: 5509: 5040: 4980: 4898: 4784: 2416:(decrees). In the Spanish zone, a 34:. For the sect of Shia Islam, see 25: 6982: 6010: 5724: 4868: 4844: 4744: 4696: 4679:Succession to the Moroccan throne 3117:, installed by France (1953–1955) 2158:today, founded in 1764 by Sultan 1717:of the Tafilalt in 1631. His son 6595:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 6303: 5856:United States Institute of Peace 4505: 4303: 4118: 4050: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3902: 3810: 3752: 3696: 3679: 3597: 3543: 3533: 3523: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3223: 2759: 2701:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 2665:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 2625:, which was approved by popular 2162:as a port for European merchants 1947: 1916:and who was also invited by the 1789:The dynasty claims descent from 1659:) – also rendered in English as 1496: 573:Western dynasties and caliphates 157: 6926:Moroccan people of Arab descent 5943: 5918: 5893: 5868: 5844: 5819: 5739: 5676: 5554: 5445: 5428: 5282: 5265: 5203: 5178: 5110: 4852:"العلويون/الفيلاليون في المغرب" 3103:in 1957. Deposed and exiled to 2496:Istiqlal ("Independence") Party 2407:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 2096:enforce direct order and heavy 2000:expansion in other directions. 1741:The 'Alawis ruled as sovereign 1729:that succeeded it. His brother 5625:. Cambridge University Press. 5533:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 4953: 4928: 4730:. Edinburgh University Press. 4664:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 3199: 2679:governments. He organized the 2608:At independence, the Moroccan 2403:French protectorate in Morocco 1777:, but the king retains strong 13: 1: 6936:1666 establishments in Africa 5619:Gilson Miller, Susan (2013). 5505:. Cambridge University Press. 5086:Gilson Miller, Susan (2013). 4884:. University of Texas Press. 4689: 1844:The 'Alawis were a family of 1706:in the 12th or 13th century. 1589:Sharif Moulay Abdallah Alaoui 1584:Princess Lalla Joumala Alaoui 6971:21st-century Moroccan people 4938:. 2019-11-04. Archived from 4908:Morrow, John Andrew (2020). 2274:The next confrontation, the 1594:Sharif Moulay Youssef Alaoui 86:; 393 years ago 7: 5622:A History of Modern Morocco 5486:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 5344:. Oxford University Press. 5089:A History of Modern Morocco 4770:. Oxford University Press. 4642: 3151: 2699:Moroccan control while the 2648:against the king failed in 2561:independence war in Algeria 2170:(Mohammed III), who became 2051:The reign of Mawlay Isma'il 1864:and of Muhammad's daughter 1852:) who claimed descent from 1655: 1548:Princess Lalla Oum Kalthum 293:Arab empires and caliphates 10: 6987: 5797:Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2015). 5295:. Routledge. p. 182. 5123:. Routledge. p. 104. 4966:. ANU Press. p. 591. 2848: 2578: 2517:of 1947, delivered in the 2400: 2227:French conquest of Algeria 2168:Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah 2086:Mausoleum of Mawlay Ismail 2043: 1839: 1678:royal family and reigning 29: 6752: 6671: 6603: 6540: 6531: 6464: 6455: 6372: 6363: 6336:Prefectures and provinces 6321: 6312: 6301: 6253: 6222: 6176: 6145: 6119: 6110: 6060: 6050: 6042: 6024: 6005:Commander of the Faithful 5531:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 5501:El Hamel, Chouki (2013). 4826:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 4684:List of rulers of Morocco 4659:Order of Ouissam Alaouite 4596: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4398: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4148: 4135: 4095: 4093: 4085: 4083: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3787: 3785: 3729: 3727: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3574: 3572: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3250: 2851:List of rulers of Morocco 2553:decolonialization process 2500:Manifesto of Independence 2040:Rule of the Alawi sultans 1645:سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين 135: 119: 109: 98: 80: 70: 52: 47:سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين 43: 6966:20th-century Arab people 6961:19th-century Arab people 6956:18th-century Arab people 6951:17th-century Arab people 6946:16th-century Arab people 5210:Rézette, Robert (1975). 5117:Sater, James N. (2016). 5058:. Springer. p. 61. 2889:Mawlay Ismail Ibn Sharif 2675:and of the Algerian and 2575:From 1957 to present day 2498:and the drafting of the 2462:Protectorate during the 2424:, the first of whom was 2121:, where he built a vast 1828:(also transliterated as 1745:up until 1912, when the 601:Umayyad state of Córdoba 46: 5656:Encyclopædia Britannica 5272:Hasan, Masudul (1998). 2733:constitutional monarchy 2504:constitutional monarchy 1848:religious notables (or 1775:constitutional monarchy 1490:Royal family of Morocco 6163:Barghawata Confederacy 6017:Morocco Alaoui dynasty 5516:Arnold, Felix (2017). 5386:Rivet, Daniel (2012). 2846: 2830: 2713:bi-cameral legislature 2634:1990 is known as the " 2605: 2450: 2362: 2311:appointed his brother 2271: 2221:Suleyman's successor, 2163: 2092: 1690:through his grandson, 1554:Prince Moulay Abdeslam 1520:Princess Lalla Khadija 6443:Western Sahara status 6223:European protectorate 6132:Kingdom of Mauretania 5968:10.1353/jod.2017.0030 5052:Daadaoui, M. (2011). 5022:"Morocco; Government" 4960:Jones, Barry (2017). 4143:Lalla Abla bint Tahar 2836: 2824: 2751:List of 'Alawi rulers 2588: 2579:Further information: 2537:royal palace in Rabat 2445: 2349: 2266: 2234:, while the Moroccan 2217:European encroachment 2160:Muhammad ibn Abdallah 2153: 2083: 2027:in the south, forced 1736:Muhammad ibn Abdallah 1530:Princess Lalla Meryem 1191:Sultanate of Zanzibar 1106:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 6916:Dynasties of Morocco 6351:World Heritage Sites 6240:Spanish Protectorate 6137:Mauretania Tingitana 5956:Journal of Democracy 5684:"An Empire of Peace" 2911:Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II 2895:Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II 2783:improve this section 2360:French colonial rule 2276:Hispano-Moroccan War 2189:Treaty of Friendship 2129:After Mawlay Isma'il 2117:capital from Fez to 1824:The honorific title 1751:Spanish protectorate 1702:on the coast of the 1576:Prince Moulay Ismail 1572:Princess Lalla Zineb 1568:Prince Moulay Hicham 1562:Princess Lalla Lamia 1545:Prince Moulay Rachid 1540:Princess Lalla Hasna 6235:French Protectorate 5706:Harris, W. (2002). 5695:. November 4, 1908. 5292:A History of Africa 4317:Lalla Latifa Hammou 3115:Mohammed Ben Aarafa 3079:French protectorate 2866:Muhammad ibn Sharif 2541:Mohammed Ben 'Arafa 2492:President Roosevelt 2379:French protectorate 2319:, older brother of 2253:bombarded Essaouira 1898:trans-Saharan trade 1771:Moroccan government 1747:French protectorate 1725:, establishing the 1682:. They are an Arab 1551:Prince Moulay Ahmed 1535:Princess Lalla Asma 168:Ancient Arab states 6514:Telecommunications 5950:Yom, Sean (2017). 5758:"Journal Officiel" 5692:The New York Times 5026:The World Factbook 4997:www.britannica.com 4654:History of Morocco 2847: 2831: 2721:referendum in 2011 2627:referendum in 1962 2606: 2502:that called for a 2451: 2373:after signing the 2363: 2350:The abdication of 2272: 2249:bombarded Tangiers 2164: 2114:forced into labour 2093: 2071:Sub-Saharan Africa 1978:Muhammad al-Sharif 1785:Name and etymology 1233:Current monarchies 896:Sharifate of Mecca 366:Emirate of Tbilisi 356:Emirate of Armenia 206:Kingdom of Osroene 6898: 6897: 6741:Islamic dynasties 6707: 6706: 6667: 6666: 6527: 6526: 6451: 6450: 6382:Foreign relations 6359: 6358: 6299: 6298: 6067: 6066: 5763:. 1 November 1912 5669:978-1-59339-837-8 5302:978-1-317-79727-2 5130:978-1-317-57398-2 5065:978-0-230-12006-8 4973:978-1-76046-126-3 4921:978-1-5275-6284-4 4891:978-0-292-76667-9 4640: 4639: 4621: 4516: 4314: 4140: 4129: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2705:easternmost zones 2519:Mendoubia Gardens 2295:Madrid Conference 2280:Treaty of Wad Ras 2232:Emir Abd al-Qadir 2090:Ahmad adh-Dhahabi 1964:(Berbers) in the 1943:Political history 1930:Iberian Peninsula 1924:to fight against 1856:via his grandson 1713:who was declared 1674:– is the current 1653: 1630: 1629: 1484: 1483: 1449: 1448: 1224: 1223: 1216:Tippu Tip's State 1114: 1113: 1086:Emirate of Beihan 818:Arabian Peninsula 809: 808: 564: 563: 348:Eastern dynasties 339: 338: 284: 283: 196:Nabataean Kingdom 186:Kingdom of Lihyan 147: 146: 16:(Redirected from 6978: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6687: 6680: 6628:Hassaniya Arabic 6538: 6537: 6462: 6461: 6404:Sûreté Nationale 6370: 6369: 6319: 6318: 6307: 6291:2011–12 protests 6168:Kingdom of Nekor 6117: 6116: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6052:Ruling house of 6043:Preceded by 6022: 6021: 5988: 5987: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5794: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5754: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5708:Morocco That Was 5703: 5697: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5653: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5616: 5579: 5578: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5467: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5409: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5383: 5356: 5355: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5322: 5307: 5306: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5244: 5221: 5220: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5150: 5139: 5138: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5049: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4989: 4978: 4977: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4823: 4782: 4781: 4763: 4742: 4741: 4721: 4619: 4514: 4509: 4312: 4307: 4138: 4127: 4122: 4054: 4037: 4025: 4013: 3906: 3814: 3756: 3700: 3683: 3601: 3547: 3537: 3527: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3227: 3204: 3203: 3125:(1955 onwards): 2839:King Mohammed VI 2814: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2763: 2755: 2642:. Two attempted 2594:King Mohammed VI 2523:Arab nationalism 2422:resident-general 2358:which initiated 2317:Madani el-Glaoui 2251:on August 6 and 2138: 2065: 1935:Their status as 1812: 1773:is officially a 1711:Mawlay al-Sharif 1667: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1636: 1622: 1615: 1608: 1515:The Crown Prince 1500: 1486: 1485: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1237: 1236: 1201:Nabahani dynasty 1146:Nabahani dynasty 1131:Makhzumi dynasty 1127: 1126: 822: 821: 577: 576: 376:Emirate of Crete 352: 351: 297: 296: 276:Kingdom of Kinda 226:Kingdom of Hatra 176:Kingdom of Qedar 172: 171: 161: 149: 148: 142:Amir al-Mu'minin 94: 92: 87: 41: 40: 21: 18:Alaouite dynasty 6986: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6921:House of Hashim 6901: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6748: 6738: 6708: 6703: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6663: 6647:Moroccan people 6623:Moroccan Arabic 6599: 6523: 6469:Bank Al-Maghrib 6447: 6355: 6308: 6295: 6249: 6245:Operation Torch 6218: 6172: 6158:Idrisid dynasty 6141: 6106: 6097: 6058:1666 – present 6057: 6048: 6038: 6036:House of Alaoui 6033: 6013: 6001:Waterbury, John 5997: 5995:Further reading 5992: 5991: 5948: 5944: 5935: 5933: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5910: 5908: 5898: 5894: 5885: 5883: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5836: 5834: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5795: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5704: 5700: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5617: 5582: 5559: 5555: 5544: 5540: 5529: 5525: 5514: 5510: 5499: 5495: 5484: 5480: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5433: 5429: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5384: 5359: 5352: 5338: 5334: 5323: 5310: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5245: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5160:. 16 May 2017. 5158:Washington Post 5152: 5151: 5142: 5131: 5115: 5111: 5100: 5084: 5077: 5066: 5050: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4981: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4876: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4824: 4785: 4778: 4764: 4745: 4738: 4722: 4697: 4692: 4645: 4632: 4622: 4527: 4517: 4513: 4498: 4489: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4315: 4311: 4296: 4287: 4141: 4130: 4126: 4057: 3759: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3154: 2853: 2815: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2780: 2764: 2753: 2723:in response to 2604:(left to right) 2583: 2577: 2527:Thami el-Glaoui 2488:Anfa Conference 2409: 2401:Main articles: 2399: 2391:Spanish control 2383:Intifada of Fez 2333:Second Boer War 2293:called for the 2219: 2211:Tijaniyya order 2136: 2131: 2123:imperial kasbah 2066:Abid al-Bukhari 2063: 2053: 2048: 2046:Alawi Sultanate 2042: 2033:pirate republic 1950: 1945: 1908:and Spanish in 1870:Yanbu al-Nakhil 1842: 1787: 1727:Alawi Sultanate 1723:Saadi Sultanate 1665: 1634: 1626: 1580: 1559: 1547: 1526: 1480: 1451: 1450: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1161:Mahdali dynasty 1124: 1116: 1115: 1056:Muscat and Oman 826:Imamate of Oman 819: 811: 810: 574: 566: 565: 349: 341: 340: 294: 286: 285: 216:Emesene Dynasty 169: 129:King of Morocco 127: 90: 88: 85: 48: 45: 39: 32:Alawi Sultanate 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6984: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6941:Arab dynasties 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:'Alawi dynasty 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6873:(1666–present) 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6737: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6659:Western Sahara 6656: 6655: 6654: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:Western Sahara 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6431:Prime Minister 6428: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6346:Western Sahara 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6012: 6011:External links 6009: 6008: 6007: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5962:(2): 132–146. 5942: 5917: 5892: 5867: 5843: 5818: 5811: 5774: 5749: 5738: 5735:. p. 393. 5723: 5716: 5698: 5675: 5668: 5651:"Abd al-Hafid" 5638: 5631: 5580: 5569:(2): 233–265. 5553: 5538: 5523: 5508: 5493: 5478: 5444: 5427: 5393: 5357: 5350: 5332: 5308: 5301: 5281: 5264: 5257: 5222: 5202: 5177: 5140: 5129: 5109: 5098: 5075: 5064: 5039: 5008: 4979: 4972: 4952: 4927: 4920: 4897: 4890: 4867: 4843: 4836: 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3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3758:Abd al-Rahman 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3519: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 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Sahara 2590:King Hassan II 2576: 2573: 2515:Tangier Speech 2510:institutions. 2472:fall of France 2459:Allal al-Fassi 2426:Hubert Lyautey 2398: 2395: 2385:. His brother 2245:Battle of Isly 2218: 2215: 2130: 2127: 2052: 2049: 2044:Main article: 2041: 2038: 1986:Mawlay Isma'il 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1888:region in the 1841: 1838: 1786: 1783: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260:Ras al Khaymah 1252: 1251: 1248: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1176:Mazrui dynasty 1172: 1171: 1168: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1072: 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4965: 4964: 4956: 4942:on 2019-11-04 4941: 4937: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4902: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4872: 4857: 4856:www.hukam.net 4853: 4847: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4777:9780195305135 4773: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4737:9780748621378 4733: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4695: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4634: 4625: 4601: 4598: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4576: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4440: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4416: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4380: 4378: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4230: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4206: 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2641: 2637: 2636:Years of Lead 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555:under way in 2554: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375:Treaty of Fes 2372: 2368: 2367:Agadir Crisis 2361: 2357: 2356:Treaty of Fes 2353: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Andrew Belton 2326: 2323:, one of the 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307:After Sultan 2305: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2257:Lalla Maghnia 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2223:Abd al-Rahman 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2075:Mawlay Sharif 2072: 2068: 2067: 2059: 2047: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1993:Sidi Mohammed 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1948:Rise to power 1940: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860:, the son of 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1815:Ali al-Sharif 1808: 1804: 1800: 1797:, the son of 1796: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1779:authoritarian 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692:Hasan ibn Ali 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1642: 1638: 1637:Alawi dynasty 1623: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1516: 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The name ' 1788: 1740: 1708: 1671: 1664: 1660: 1633: 1631: 1560: 1507: 1445:1921–present 1430:1900–present 1415:1868–present 1400:1833–present 1385:1810–present 1370:1783–present 1355:1775–present 1340:1761–present 1325:1752–present 1310:1749–present 1295:1744–present 1290:Saudi Arabia 1280:1727–present 1265:1727–present 1250:1631–present 260:300s–500s AD 110:Current head 53:Parent house 6891:(1837–1969) 6885:(1711–1835) 6883:Karamanlids 6879:(1705–1957) 6867:(1549–1659) 6861:(1472–1554) 6855:(1269–1465) 6849:(1235–1556) 6843:(1229–1574) 6837:(1147–1269) 6831:(1059–1158) 6829:Khurasanids 6825:(1040–1147) 6819:(1008–1152) 6799:Sulaymanids 6769:Muhallabids 6419:LGBT rights 6331:Earthquakes 6281:Mohammed VI 6029:Royal house 4519:Lalla Salma 4511:Mohammed VI 4132:Lalla Bahia 4015:Abd al-Aziz 3816:Mohammed IV 3538:Al-Mustadi' 3518:Mohammed II 3507:Abdallah II 3495:Abdul Malek 3200:Family tree 3145:Mohammed VI 3140:(1961–1999) 3133:(1955–1961) 3088:(1912–1927) 3073:(1908–1912) 3067:(1894–1908) 3061:(1873–1894) 3055:(1859–1873) 3053:Mohammed IV 3049:(1822–1859) 3043:(1792–1822) 3037:(1790–1792) 3031:(1757–1790) 2993:second time 2983:fourth time 2949:(1736–1738) 2947:Mohammed II 2941:second time 2933:(1734–1736) 2915:second time 2891:(1672–1727) 2885:(1668–1672) 2874:(1664–1668) 2868:(1635–1664) 2862:(1631–1635) 2729:Arab Spring 2681:Green March 2677:Mauritanian 2669:irredentist 2640:disappeared 2569:Mohammed VI 2009:Banu Ma'qil 1970:Sous valley 1767:Mohammed VI 1150:Pate Island 1123:East Africa 916:Sulaymanids 856:Ukhaidhirds 641:Sulaymanids 611:Muhallabids 516:Munqidhites 416:Shirvanshah 270:300s–602 AD 240:196–1100 AD 230:100s–241 AD 126:(1631–1957) 114:Mohammed VI 105:(died 1659) 61:Banu Hashim 57:Banu Hassan 6905:Categories 6823:Almoravids 6813:(973–1148) 6789:(790–1066) 6759:(710–1019) 6570:Literature 6494:Casablanca 6489:Investment 6426:Parliament 6261:Mohammed V 6189:Almoravids 6127:Prehistory 5936:2022-09-20 5911:2022-09-20 5886:2022-09-21 5861:2022-09-21 5837:2022-09-21 5767:22 October 5472:2021-12-10 5421:2021-12-10 5196:2022-09-21 5171:2022-09-20 5002:2022-09-20 4946:2022-04-06 4861:2022-04-06 4837:0521337674 4690:References 4669:Hashemites 4124:Mohammed V 4058:Ben Aarafa 3760:ibn Hicham 3311:Mohammed I 3131:Mohammed V 3109:Madagascar 3093:Mohammed V 3077:Under the 3071:Abdelhafid 3023:sixth time 3013:third time 3009:Al-Mustadi 3003:fifth time 2989:Al-Mustadi 2967:third time 2957:first time 2953:Al-Mustadi 2925:first time 2905:Abdalmalik 2899:first time 2849:See also: 2799:April 2021 2709:referendum 2616:absolutism 2598:Lalla Asma 2545:Madagascar 2508:democratic 2447:Mohammed V 2313:Abdelhafid 2286:to Spain. 2025:Anti-Atlas 1906:Portuguese 1890:Ziz Valley 1876:region of 1759:Mohammed V 1436:Hashemites 1391:Al Maktoum 1361:Al Khalifa 1046:Upper Yafa 1036:Ya'arubids 876:Qarmatians 761:Sumadihids 250:220–638 AD 246:Ghassanids 6889:Senussids 6877:Husaynids 6859:Wattasids 6847:Zayyanids 6817:Hammadids 6807:(909–973) 6801:(814–922) 6795:(800–909) 6793:Aghlabids 6783:(788–985) 6777:(777–909) 6775:Rustamids 6771:(771–793) 6765:(757–976) 6763:Midrarids 6613:Languages 6474:Companies 6314:Geography 6266:Hassan II 6204:Wattasids 6062:Incumbent 5984:151865682 5976:1086-3214 5906:Brookings 5880:France 24 5831:France 24 5710:. Eland. 5390:. Fayard. 5251:. Brill. 5166:0190-8286 4313:2° spouse 4309:Hassan II 4139:2° spouse 4128:3° spouse 4056:Mohammed 3138:Hassan II 3065:Abdelaziz 2883:Al-Rashid 2872:Al-Rashid 2770:does not 2741:Hashemite 2689:Polisario 2687:with the 2565:Hassan II 2309:Abdelaziz 2203:Wahhabist 2177:Essaouira 2156:Essaouira 2106:Christian 2005:Al-Rashid 1958:Dala'iyya 1954:Marrakesh 1894:Sijilmasa 1846:sharifian 1763:Hassan II 1719:Al-Rashid 1684:Sharifian 1650:romanized 1421:Al Sharqi 1376:Al Nuaimi 1346:Al Mualla 1335:Abu Dhabi 1331:Al Nahyan 1271:Al Qasimi 1256:Al Qasimi 1220:1860–1887 1210:1858–1895 1195:1856–1964 1185:1746–1828 1170:1277–1495 1155:1203–1894 1110:1926–1970 1100:1906–1934 1090:1903–1967 1080:1858–1967 1076:Qu'aitids 1070:1836–1921 1066:Rashidids 1060:1820–1970 1050:1800–1967 1040:1624–1742 1030:1597–1872 1020:1463–1521 1010:1454–1526 1000:1395–1967 996:Kathirids 990:1305–1487 986:Jarwanids 980:1253–1320 970:1229–1454 960:1159–1174 950:1154–1624 946:Nabhanids 940:1083–1174 930:1076–1253 920:1063–1174 910:1047–1138 906:Sulayhids 805:1837–1969 801:Senussids 795:1554–1659 785:1230–1492 775:1049–1078 765:1041–1091 755:1039–1110 745:1031–1091 741:Jawharids 735:1027–1063 731:Muzaynids 725:1026–1057 721:Hammudids 715:1023–1062 711:Yahsubids 705:1023–1091 695:1020–1086 685:1013–1039 675:1012–1051 665:1004–1412 631:Aghlabids 560:1697–1842 550:1517–1865 540:1480–1677 530:1517–1697 520:1025–1157 510:1024–1080 506:Mirdasids 496:Numayrids 476:Jarrahids 466:Mazyadids 446:Hamdanids 436:Hashimids 396:Habbarids 386:Dulafids 236:Tanukhids 6871:'Alawids 6853:Marinids 6835:Almohads 6805:Fatimids 6787:Ifranids 6781:Idrisids 6757:Salihids 6694:Category 6652:diaspora 6585:Religion 6409:Military 6365:Politics 6199:Marinids 6194:Almohads 6184:Idrisids 6104:articles 5930:BBC News 5550:. 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Brill. 4643:See also 4351:Abdellah 3908:Hassan I 3702:Sulayman 3685:Al-Yazid 3152:Timeline 3059:Hassan I 3019:Abdallah 2999:Abdallah 2979:Abdallah 2963:Abdallah 2939:(1736) ( 2937:Abdallah 2921:Abdallah 2829:in Rabat 2725:protests 2697:de facto 2631:Sand War 2559:and the 2464:interwar 2433:Muhammad 2371:abdicate 2337:Hafidiya 2291:Hassan I 2284:war debt 2268:Hassan I 2098:taxation 2031:and its 1974:Tafilalt 1900:routes. 1854:Muhammad 1819:Tafilalt 1791:Muhammad 1755:colonial 1696:Tafilalt 1688:Muhammad 1676:Moroccan 1661:Alaouite 1509:The King 1425:Fujairah 1406:Al Thani 1316:Al Sabah 1205:Wituland 1140:896–1279 1096:Idrisids 1026:Qasimids 1006:Tahirids 976:Usfurids 966:Rasulids 936:Zurayids 900:968–1925 886:Wajihids 880:899–1077 870:897–1962 860:865–1066 846:Yufirids 840:819–1138 836:Ziyadids 830:751–1970 771:Tahirids 701:Abbadids 681:Tujibids 655:831–1091 621:Idrisids 605:756–1031 585:710–1019 581:Salihids 546:Harfushs 536:Turabays 500:990–1081 490:990–1096 486:Uqaylids 480:970–1107 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