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would like to rid myself of anti-Semitism, but I canât achieve thisâ (28/1/38). He was writing in a private journal, not for publication, a place to try out and reflect on his ideas. In 1943 he was able to make another remark that was not picked up by the commentators, âFortunately anti-Semitism will finish ⊠itâs unfortunate that I ever tolerated this cruel madness (19/9/1943), and in 1947: âIn my eyes equality is like the air we breathe. Thereâs a huge injustice in even doubting equality of rights. And we must pounce upon the thought that a Jew doesnât have all these rights.â It's not surprising that, as a philosopher, he became aware of his prejudice; it was a weakness to be overcome, not a prejudice upon which to act. There is no trace of anti-Semitism in his published writings.
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to be massacred. He was assigned to the artillery where he served conscientiously as a telephonist on the front lines, and refused promotion to the officer ranks. In 1916 his ankle was crushed in the wheel of a cart carrying munitions to Verdun After several weeks in hospital and an unsuccessful return to the front, he was transferred to the meteorological service and then demobbed in
October 1917.
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569:: âwhich is at bottom the power of doubt, which is to raise oneself above all mechanisms, order, virtues, duties, dogmas, to judge them, subordinate them, and replace them by freedom, which only owes anything to itself.â This link between the freedom of the mind and the freedom of the individual can be seen as providing the opening scene to the Existentialism of the 1940s associated with
392:
became starting points for these improvisations. As Alain put it later, he found that he had a taste for firing arrows at passers-by to get them to look up from their path in life; he liked to provoke. And, as he himself wrote, by not thinking that philosophy was unsuitable for journalism, he invented a genre of journalism. To quote one admirer, the French
Socialist leader
388:, a difficult word to translate; it implies a proposal, a proposition and, most simply, remarks. In 1906 and after his move to Paris Alain made writing these a daily commitment and one he continued right up to the outbreak of the First World War. By the time he wrote the last, in the train on his way to join his regiment, heâd written over three thousand.
561:
distrustful of ideology, he defends the rights of individuals and their freedom to think and act. The role of the citizen was summed up in a paradox: to both obey and resist: that is, obey the laws but resist power by all legitimate means. Alain remained a firm defender of democracy; on the international front, he was an untiring defender of peace.
427:
As war approached Alain campaigned in his writing for peace in Europe, and when war did come, without compromising his views and aged forty-six, he volunteered immediately. As he wrote, he couldn't stand the idea of remaining in civilian life, while the 'best', who included his own pupils, were sent
556:
who saw in this a way of denying âAlain his dignity as a philosopher.â In the end, Alain's thought is a typically modern one, which expresses itself in a fragmented way and for which truth is always local, precarious and constantly to be revised. Its coherence is, nevertheless, undeniable and
539:
Alain did not develop a system; like most French philosophers of his generation he distrusted systems, even though, contrary to most of his colleagues, he did show a deep interest in studying systematic philosophers. He was an early (and quite unique) commentator of Hegel, a thorough and favourable
518:
was published, a highly selective reading identified certain remarks as being anti-Semitic and, further, led to the accusation that Alain was himself an anti-Semite. Some of these remarks do now make uncomfortable reading, but they also need to be understood in context. As Alain wrote in 1938 âI
391:
These short texts, written for a general readership and in a concise and vivid style, with striking sentences and aphorisms, soon attracted a loyal following. They were inspired by topical and everyday events; at first, he commented mainly on politics, but his philosophy and wide interests also
604:
Overall, the aim of his philosophy was to teach reflection and rational thought, avoiding prejudices. âTo think is to say no. Note that the sign for yes is that of a person falling asleep; while to wake up is to shake the head and say no.â A humanist
Cartesian, he is an âawakener of the mindâ,
584:
He had a sophisticated theory of perception, influenced by Kant and
Lagneau, that emphasized the role of the mind in perception, that the world is only grasped through ideas. And also a theory of the imagination, for which Alain claimed some originality and with which Sartre engaged in both
560:
Alain is probably best known for his views on politics which argue for a radical liberalism concerned with the role of the citizen in a democracy. His was the first attempt at political engagement by a philosopher in the name of philosophy. A man of the left, but without any ideology,
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This emphasis on individual freedom runs throughout his writing. âI have not thought about anything as much as about freedom of judgementâ. He liked the play on words in French of âpenser, câest peserâ â to think is to weigh. This can be expanded through a definition he gave of âmindâ
498:
But he was also struggling against illness, which confined him to a wheelchair, as the second world war started. His spirits revived with his marriage in
December 1945 to Gabrielle Landormy, twenty years his junior, and with whom he had fallen in love nearly forty years before.
1235:: Website of the association founded after Alain's death by friends and pupils, as he had wished, ' to perpetuate the memory of Alain.'. It features texts by Alain, podcasts, articles (including a research section) and news of publications and events about Alain and his pupils
439:, published in 1921. In this he wrote that what he felt most strongly about the war was the slavery it led to, the scorn of officers for the ordinary soldiers, treating them as animals; the army was a huge machine aimed at keeping men in obedience for organised slaughter.
330:, with an interruption for the First World War, until his retirement in 1933, having chosen not to pursue a Ph.D. and teach in the university system. In these years he gained a reputation as an inspiring teacher; his students included major philosophers such as
540:
critic of
Hamelin, an admirer of Comte, three of the greatest systematic thinkers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Despite the presence of his closely argued philosophical books, Alain is perhaps best placed in a tradition of French thinkers like
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
600:
discussed religion. Though no longer a believer, Alain brings out the force of the human expression in religion, mainly in paganism and
Christianity, where he admires the figure of Christ as a rejection of power and force.
189:(B.A., 1892) ; National degrees: Baccalaureate in humanities and in sciences: agrégation de philosophie (competitive examination for national teaching licence) Sorbonne: license in philosophie
557:
features deep understanding of previous philosophers, from Plato through
Descartes to Hegel and Comte, which correlates with the unity of his ideas, and its expression in certain regular themes.
407:, in 1921 and continued until 1936, to make a total of around five thousand. They reached an even wider public by being collected in book form, some by subject, so there have been volumes of
318:
in Vanves, a suburb of Paris, where he came under the influence of the philosopher Jules
Lagneau. His exceptional intelligence led him to the Ecole Normale Supérieure in 1889, and to the
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310:
Alain was born in 1868 in
Normandy, in the rural town of Mortagne-au-Perche, the son of a veterinary surgeon. After attending the local Catholic school, in 1881 he entered the
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from 1909, where he taught the prestigious preparatory classes to the Ecole Normale. Sartre's career would begin in a similar way, forty years later. Alain taught at the
369:
He adopted his pseudonym Alain as the most banal he could find. There is no evidence he ever thought in so doing of the 15th century Norman poet Alain Chartier.
411: on politics, education, religion, economics, nature, aesthetics, literature etc. The bestseller, a collection which has always remained in print in France is
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in philosophy in 1892. This qualified him for a career as a teacher of philosophy, which he pursued in schools in Lorient, Rouen, Paris and, in particular, the
467:, there followed many books, including works on philosophy, Plato, Stendhal, Balzac, and Charles Dickens. In 1934 came a second major work, on religion,
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There is a complete edition of Les Propos dâun Normand covering the years 1906 to 1914, in nine volumes, published by the Institut Alain, 1990â2001
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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In 1903 as part of his political activity in support of the radical party in Rouen, he began contributing brief columns to the party's newspaper,
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of Alençon, where he passed the examinations of the Baccalaureat in literature (and failed the science Baccalaureat). He proceeded to the
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This wartime writing was the beginning of a prolific output and over a variety of subjects. The first works to be published were
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1241: : English-language section of the "Association des amis d'Alain" website (see above), with articles and translations of Alain's texts.
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1974, New York, New Directions, and 1975, London, Chatto and Windus. Republished 1988, London, Quartet. A translation of
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Through the thirties Alain was politically active as a prominent pacifist; in 1934 he was a co-founder of the
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459: on the Stoics, and a published volume on Spinoza. The first major work of the post-war years was
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While convalescing he began to write again, this time more substantial works. The first of these was
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After retirement from teaching, many publications followed, with books published every year.
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Howell, Ronald L.. The philosopher Alain and French classical radicalism.
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Alain died June 2, 1951, in his home on the outskirts of Paris. He is buried in the
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He began to write these again, at a slower pace and in other journals, principally
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354:, a founding father of modern Europe. Alain's influence was felt beyond his class:
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1261:(Canal-U), Th. Leterre, "Alain, philosophe et intellectuel engagé" (67 min, 2023)
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has described his later work as âthe finest prose of ideas of the centuryâ.
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by Doris Mudie and Elizabeth Hill, with an introduction by André Maurois.
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Two volumes of Propos 1956 & 1970 (containing some 1250 propos)
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published in two volumes in 1926. Apart from the several collections of
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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seem to me to be, in many respects, a masterpiece of French prose.â
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Routledge Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth Century Philosophers
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511:; he had many Jewish friends and pupils. Yet, when in 2018 his
1047:, 1930, London; Toronto: Jonathan Cape. A poor translation of
475:), followed two years late by his intellectual autobiography,
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Quatre-vingt-un Chapitres sur l'esprit et les passions (1917)
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1037:, 1973, New York, Ungar, republished 1989. A translation of
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Gallimard's Pléiade series has published four collections:
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John, G., Alain and the Making of a Non-Conformist.
1186:(The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures), Harvard U.P., 2005.
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Quatre-vingt un chapitres sur lâEsprit et les Passions,
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Sernin, A. Un sage dans la cité, Robert Laffont, 1985.
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Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes
1193:, Issue 65, 2nd quarter 2014, pp. 26â33.
1154:Gibson, Frank A., A French philosopher on Dickens,
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Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascists.
887:See also the discussion in Kaplan, Francis,
766:, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, p. 40.
614:La théorie de la connaissance des Stoïciens (1891)
1214:The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French,
276:; 3 March 1868 â 2 June 1951), commonly known as
1290:
1208:Guide to French Literature: 1789 to the present,
1134:bibliography of the philosopher Alain in English
1247:(site of the University of Québec à Chicoutimi)
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83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
1239:https://philosophe-alain.fr/alain-in-english/
1179:, vol.12, no.1, January 1983, pp. 56â65.
707:Convulsions de la force (suite Ă Mars) (1939)
1189:Petheram, Michel, Philosophers at war, The
1105:La raison politique, Alain et la démocratie
668:Idées, introduction à la philosophie (1945)
764:Simone Weil: Portrait of a Self-exiled Jew
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1202:The Oxford Companion to French Literature
1168:Weightman, John, Alain: for and against.
1165:, vol. 18, no.3 (1965), pp. 594â614.
1144:January 10, 1935, p. 16. (Review of
1126:Selected articles and chapters in English
641:Souvenirs concernant Jules Lagneau (1925)
864:Du tragique au matérialisme (et retour),
350:, and even great political leaders like
1374:20th-century French non-fiction writers
1364:19th-century French non-fiction writers
1130:A bibliography : Petheram Michel,
1112:Du tragique au materialisme (et retour)
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1072:Alain, le premieer intellectuel, Stock
665:Vingt leçons sur les Beaux-Arts (1931)
507:In his youth Alain was a supporter of
647:Le citoyen contre les pouvoirs (1926)
644:Sentiments, passions et signes (1926)
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1119:Alain ou la dĂ©mocratie de lâindividu
716:Préliminaires à la mythologie (1943)
382:La DepĂȘche de Rouen et de Normandie.
95:{{Translated|fr|Alain (philosophe)}}
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1197:Articles in these reference books:
1041:by Robert D. and Jane E. Cottrell.
891:, Gallimard, 2020, chapter 6.
662:Entretiens au bord de la mer (1931)
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1314:Radical Party (France) politicians
1251:Amis du musée Alain et de Mortagne
1065: Alain: un sage dans la cité,
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635:Propos sur le christianisme (1924)
362:attended his public lectures, and
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1404:Burials at PĂšre Lachaise Cemetery
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1059:There have been two biographies:
964:LâIdĂ©e de philosophie chez Alain,
719:Propos sur des philosophes (1961)
1379:20th-century French philosophers
1369:19th-century French philosophers
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1204:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959.
1172:, summer 1982, pp. 381â389.
1098:LâIdĂ©e de philosophie chez Alain
742:Les passions et la sagesse, 1960
659:Onze Chapitres sur Platon (1928)
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1394:Ăcole Normale SupĂ©rieure alumni
1329:French male non-fiction writers
1245:Works by Alain (in French)
1163:The Western Political Quarterly
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710:Minerve ou De la sagesse (1939)
552:, was vigorously challenged by
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1344:French philosophers of history
1339:French philosophers of culture
1309:People from Mortagne-au-Perche
1216:Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995.
903:Alain, philosopher provocateur
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812:Alain, philosopher provocateur
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778:Alain: le premier intellectuel
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701:Les Saisons de l'esprit (1937)
692:Histoire de mes pensées (1936)
638:Propos sur les pouvoirs (1925)
632:Propos sur l'esthétique (1923)
629:Mars ou la guerre jugée (1921)
620:ĂlĂ©ments de philosophie (1916)
93:You may also add the template
1:
1389:Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni
1354:French political philosophers
1078:Studies of his work include:
780:. Biographies. Paris: Stock.
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725:Lettres aux deux amies (2014)
722:Souvenirs sans Ă©gards, (2010)
704:Propos sur la religion (1938)
671:Propos sur l'Ă©ducation (1932)
626:SystĂšme des Beaux-Arts (1920)
596:His later works, principally
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437:Mars, or the truth about war)
372:
366:became a close acquaintance.
302:, and teacher of philosophy.
1233:Association des Amis d'Alain
1045:Mars, or the truth about war
677:Propos de littérature (1934)
656:Propos sur le bonheur (1925)
650:Les idées et les ùges (1927)
487:Later life and World War Two
7:
1121:, Les Belles Lettres, 2016.
739:Les arts et les dieux, 1958
683:Propos d'Ă©conomique, (1935)
653:Esquisses de l'homme (1927)
10:
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1177:Journal of Moral Education
1142:Times Literary Supplement,
1093:, Bordas, 1946 & 1957.
713:Vigiles de l'esprit (1942)
698:Souvenirs de guerre (1937)
680:Propos de politique (1934)
57:Machine translation, like
776:Leterre, Thierry (2006).
433:Mars ou la guerre jugée (
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1319:Continental philosophers
1110:Comte-Sponville. André,
876:Journal Inédit 1937-1950
605:passionate for liberty.
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187:Ăcole Normale SupĂ©rieure
1399:Lycée Henri-IV teachers
1158:1946, pp. 134â137.
1008:, Rieder, 1938, p.203.
976:Histoire de mes pensées
915:Histoire de mes pensées
824:Histoire de mes pensées
689:En lisant Balzac (1935)
477:Histoire de mes pensées
306:Early life and teaching
202:20th-century philosophy
104:For more guidance, see
1281:Quotations related to
1271:Alain (Ămile Chartier)
1191:Philosopherâs Magazine
1184:Lessons of the Masters
1006:Propos sur la Religion
951:Les Arts et les dieux,
935:Les Arts et les dieux,
529:PĂšre Lachaise Cemetery
461:Les Idées et les Ages,
453:SystĂšme des Beaux-Arts
265:Ămile-Auguste Chartier
224:Continental philosophy
1210:St James Press, 1992.
1086:Editions Domat, 1950.
1039:Propos sur le bonheur
980:Les Arts et les dieux
966:Bordas, 1970, p.74-5.
919:Les arts et les dieux
828:Les Arts et les dieux
728:Journal inédit (2018)
481:André Comte-Sponville
413:Propos sur le Bonheur
163:2 June 1951 (aged 83)
106:Knowledge:Translation
77:copyright attribution
1273:at Wikimedia Commons
1170:The American Scholar
1140:Alain and the gods.
1020:English translations
852:Jean JaurĂšs, Journal
253:Political philosophy
1349:Philosophers of war
1283:Alain (philosopher)
840:Propos dâun Normand
695:Avec Balzac, (1937)
417:Alain on Happiness)
1103:Leterre, Thierry,
1070:Leterre, Thierry,
1035:Alain on happiness
1031:by Richard Pevear
937:Gallimard, p.1078.
830:, Gallimard, p. 70
554:Georges Canguilhem
360:Simone de Beauvoir
338:, writers such as
336:Georges Canguilhem
212:Western philosophy
148:Mortagne-au-Perche
85:interlanguage link
16:French philosopher
1269:Media related to
1222:, Routledge, 1996
1182:Steiner, George,
1117:Perrier, JĂ©rome,
1096:Pascal, Georges,
1091:La PensĂ©e dâAlain
1089:Pascal, Georges,
994:Alain on religion
991:Petheram Michel,
982:, Gallimard, p. 6
953:Gallimard, p.1056
921:, Gallimard, p.8.
900:Petheram Michel,
878:, Ăquateurs, 2018
809:Petheram Michel,
787:978-2-234-05820-0
762:Thomas R. Nevin,
589:(1936) and
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962:G. Pascal,
947:Definitions
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394:Jean JaurĂšs
332:Simone Weil
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237: [
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535:Philosophy
320:agrégation
292:journalist
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183:Education
99:talk page
40:in French
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