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al-Tughra'i

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Al-Tughra'i had been appointed vizir to Emir Ghiyat-ul-Din Mas'ud, and upon the death of the emir a power struggle ensued between Mas'ud's sons. Al-Tughra'i sided with the emir's elder son, but the younger prevailed. In retribution, the younger son accused al-Tughra'i of heresy and had him beheaded.
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Manfred Ullmann, Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Ergänzungsband VI, Abschnitt 2 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), pp 229–231 and 252–3.
2260: 3581: 3509: 172:, which were until 1995 erroneously attributed to unknown alchemists by mistakes and inconsistencies in the transliteration and transcription of his name into Arabic. 3556: 674: 411: 3536: 3611: 357: 274: 3566: 988: 3661: 2628: 428: 1598: 2400: 806: 1375: 343:, 2nd edition, ed. by H. A. R. Gibb, B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat, C. Bosworth et al., 11 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–2002), vol. 10, pp. 599–600. 2265: 1862: 404: 2753: 2575: 1410: 2921: 2648: 397: 2743: 420: 320: 1429: 1382: 683: 1806: 1612: 3651: 3646: 842: 3666: 2535: 1747: 1396: 372: 289: 156:) are preserved today as well. In the field of alchemy, al-Tughra'i is best known for his large compendium titled 2653: 2540: 2430: 1900: 1855: 1362: 704: 1945: 2000: 1208: 264:, Seljuq politics and Ayyubid origins". In Hillenbrand, Robert; Peacock, A. C. S.; Abdullaeva, Firuza (eds.). 3270: 2901: 2295: 2290: 2197: 1797: 1792: 1679: 1333: 118:, Persia, and composed poems in the Arabic language. He was an administrative secretary (therefore the name 2778: 2460: 1278: 758: 266:
Ferdowsi, the Mongols and the History of Iran: Art, Literature and Culture from Early Islam to Qajar Persia
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Mu'ayyad al-Din Abu Isma'il al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Samad al-Du'ali al-Kināni al-Tughra'i
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Mu'ayyad al-Din Abu Isma'il al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Samad al-Du'ali al-Kināni al-Tughra'i
2235: 2658: 2590: 1651: 1637: 3395: 2565: 2510: 2505: 2245: 2192: 1848: 1530: 1516: 1454: 192: 3200: 3067: 2793: 2525: 2040: 1970: 1509: 1502: 1273: 1167: 1097: 750: 536: 197: 3656: 3157: 3009: 2868: 2773: 2738: 2320: 1975: 1630: 968: 874: 96:العميد فخر الكتاب مؤيد الدين أبو إسماعيل الحسين بن علي بن محمد بن عبد الصمد الدؤلي الكناني الطغرائي 3524: 3415: 3375: 3017: 2959: 2949: 2833: 2813: 2410: 2365: 2212: 2050: 1575: 1233: 973: 884: 779: 312: 3671: 3571: 3514: 2997: 2818: 2465: 2455: 2300: 1980: 1767: 1087: 649: 593: 531: 3546: 3504: 3420: 3205: 3037: 2748: 2555: 2350: 2270: 2117: 2107: 1930: 1752: 1488: 1389: 1238: 1122: 835: 690: 624: 526: 160:, which incorporated extensive extracts from earlier Arabic alchemical writings, as well as 3641: 3636: 3380: 3340: 3225: 3087: 3072: 2828: 2500: 2450: 2375: 2360: 2355: 2250: 2217: 2202: 2182: 2055: 1960: 1940: 1021: 919: 914: 562: 165: 8: 3601: 3591: 3561: 3519: 3499: 3455: 3310: 3275: 3220: 3042: 2718: 2425: 2172: 2142: 1990: 1762: 1658: 1605: 1567: 1523: 1253: 904: 800: 771: 500: 2733: 1304: 389: 3541: 3265: 3235: 3210: 3185: 2911: 2876: 2803: 2643: 2495: 2440: 2330: 2325: 2240: 2207: 2157: 2137: 2122: 1895: 1665: 1591: 859: 718: 3596: 3586: 3576: 3551: 3488: 3430: 3390: 3290: 3077: 3032: 2858: 2585: 2560: 2545: 2305: 2227: 2177: 2127: 2015: 1871: 1802: 1727: 1672: 1416: 1356: 1263: 1213: 1127: 1102: 889: 316: 3531: 3450: 3405: 3335: 3255: 3180: 3165: 3092: 3082: 3062: 2638: 2580: 2280: 2152: 2147: 2089: 2065: 2060: 2035: 1829: 1481: 1448: 1349: 1319: 1193: 1183: 1162: 1046: 1041: 996: 937: 828: 731: 480: 464: 443: 3330: 3320: 3260: 3190: 3147: 3102: 3097: 3027: 3022: 2974: 2570: 2530: 2420: 2187: 2020: 1985: 1810: 1555: 1536: 1309: 1283: 1188: 1142: 1107: 1082: 1006: 929: 899: 787: 598: 448: 161: 91: 3460: 3440: 3365: 3325: 3315: 3305: 3285: 3170: 3047: 2941: 2931: 2848: 2668: 2595: 2415: 2405: 2285: 2132: 1742: 1732: 1584: 1435: 1198: 711: 654: 152: 115: 103: 1228: 3630: 3445: 3435: 3345: 3295: 3245: 3215: 3122: 3117: 3107: 2969: 2881: 2838: 2708: 2678: 2633: 2605: 2470: 2435: 2370: 1955: 1919: 1772: 1686: 1549: 1299: 1248: 1112: 1031: 765: 588: 490: 169: 127: 99: 2728: 3425: 3400: 3385: 3355: 3350: 3250: 3240: 3142: 3132: 3112: 3057: 2906: 2768: 2673: 2600: 2480: 2380: 2335: 2275: 2005: 1935: 1467: 1268: 1223: 1218: 1203: 1147: 1132: 1092: 541: 2490: 3465: 3410: 3370: 3300: 3175: 3127: 2964: 2954: 2926: 2896: 2808: 2703: 2485: 2475: 2445: 2340: 2112: 2070: 2025: 1995: 1965: 1950: 1722: 1644: 1495: 1474: 1157: 1152: 1117: 947: 2395: 3360: 3280: 3137: 3052: 2916: 2891: 2853: 2843: 2798: 2723: 2713: 2698: 2693: 2663: 2615: 2550: 2520: 2345: 2255: 2030: 1884: 1737: 1403: 1314: 1258: 1066: 1061: 1051: 952: 743: 696: 619: 614: 505: 2886: 2788: 2763: 2683: 2515: 2385: 2315: 2167: 2162: 1757: 1137: 1036: 1026: 1011: 1001: 894: 724: 583: 567: 485: 143: 1840: 820: 3230: 2823: 2783: 2688: 2390: 1787: 1243: 1056: 1016: 978: 521: 495: 180: 122:). He ultimately became the second-most-senior official (after the 2010: 80:
Mafatih al-Rahmah wa-Masabih al-Hikmah, Kitab Haqa'iq al-Istishhad
2758: 2620: 2310: 1712: 1707: 942: 909: 851: 664: 659: 179:, a rebuttal of a refutation of the occult in alchemy written by 147: 36: 3195: 2045: 1782: 879: 644: 123: 1777: 1717: 358:"A Translation of a Zosimos' Text in an Arabic Alchemy Book" 275:"A Translation of a Zosimos' Text in an Arabic Alchemy Book" 237: 354:
For details about Zosimos of Panopolis translations, see:
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Peacock, A.C.S. (2013). "'Imad al-Din al-Isfahani's
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Al-Tughra'i was a well-known and prolific writer on
3628: 1599:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air 1376:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth 1856: 836: 405: 365:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 282:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 1007:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās) 347:For a list of his alchemical writings, see: 175:In 1112 CE, al-Tughra'i also composed 1863: 1849: 1123:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade) 843: 829: 412: 398: 1411:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz 272: 243: 55:Poet, Alchemist, Administrative Secretary 3662:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world 726:al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab 114:Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Tughra'i was born in 259: 231: 3629: 1199:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes) 306: 216: 158:Mafatih al-rahmah wa-masabih al-hikmah 3486: 2995: 2087: 1917: 1882: 1870: 1844: 1279:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes) 850: 824: 421:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world 393: 126:) in the civil administration of the 168:'s old alchemy treatises written in 3489:National literatures of Arab states 1430:De consideratione quintae essentiae 705:Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib 594:Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist) 356:El Khadem, H. S. (September 1996). 95: 13: 808:Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba 330: 14: 3683: 339:F. C. de Blois, 'al-Tughra'i' in 1825: 1824: 1397:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit 698:al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān 1918: 1901:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions 1364:Liber de compositione alchemiae 1088:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova 1047:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid) 895:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary) 444:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid) 2001:Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri 1613:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine 1: 2198:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi 2088: 1680:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum 203: 759:One Hundred and Twelve Books 371:(3): 168–178. Archived from 288:(3): 168–178. Archived from 109: 7: 2659:Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib 1652:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum 1638:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa 745:al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ 186: 137: 10: 3688: 2996: 2193:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni 1531:Rosary of the Philosophers 1517:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis 1456:Liber Hermetis de alchemia 599:Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer) 589:Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist) 449:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana 341:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 307:Donzel, E. J. van (1994). 253: 193:List of Iranian scientists 177:Kitab Haqa'iq al-istishhad 3495: 3482: 3201:Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar 3156: 3008: 3004: 2991: 2940: 2867: 2614: 2226: 2100: 2096: 2083: 1926: 1913: 1891: 1878: 1820: 1700: 1622: 1341: 1332: 1292: 1194:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso 1176: 1075: 1027:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith) 997:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes) 987: 961: 928: 867: 858: 673: 637: 607: 576: 550: 542:Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist) 514: 486:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith) 481:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes) 473: 457: 436: 427: 273:El Khadem, H. S. (1996). 198:List of Muslim scientists 150:, and many of his poems ( 98:) (1061 – c. 1121) was a 75: 67: 59: 51: 43: 28: 21: 3652:12th-century Arab people 3647:11th-century Arab people 2591:Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli 1042:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber) 875:Agathodaemon (legendary) 465:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber) 3667:Scientists from Isfahan 2960:Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi 2411:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani 2266:Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi 2051:Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith 1946:Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād 1883: 1234:Jan Baptist van Helmont 974:Stephanus of Alexandria 2466:Abu Muhammad al-Anbari 2456:Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya 1971:Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah 1067:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis) 625:Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām 537:Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn 527:al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī 506:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis) 501:Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq 309:Islamic Desk Reference 3206:Abdur Rahman Kashgari 3038:Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi 2739:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad 2556:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani 2118:Abd al-Hamid al-Katib 2108:Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi 1931:Abu Layla al-Muhalhel 1503:Nabataean Agriculture 1390:Books of the Balances 1239:Johann Rudolf Glauber 1209:Giovanni da Correggio 752:Nabataean Agriculture 691:Books of the Balances 3381:Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi 3341:Mohamed Said Raihani 3226:Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal 3073:Suleyman al-Boustani 2902:'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya 2451:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur 2376:Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa 2356:Abu Mansur al-Azhari 2251:Abu Firas al-Hamdani 2213:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a 2203:Dhu Jadan al-Himyari 2183:Qutayla ukht al-Nadr 2056:Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma 1961:Al-Khirniq bint Badr 1748:In art/entertainment 1158:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon 920:Zosimos of Panopolis 915:Paphnutia the Virgin 166:Zosimos of Panopolis 3456:Jabra Ibrahim Jabra 3311:Ihsan Abdel Quddous 3043:Ahmad Faris Shidyaq 2426:Abu Nasr al-Jawhari 2301:Baha' al-din Zuhair 2173:Layla al-Akhyaliyya 2041:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya 1991:Antarah ibn Shaddad 1981:'Amir ibn al-Tufayl 1768:Philosophers' stone 1763:Pill of Immortality 1659:Fasciculus chemicus 1606:Turba philosophorum 1524:Physika kai mystika 1254:Michael Sendivogius 1133:pseudo-Michael Scot 969:pseudo-Olympiodorus 910:Ostanes (legendary) 801:Turba Philosophorum 650:Philosopher's stone 532:al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs 335:For his life, see: 3266:Abdul Rahman Munif 3236:Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel 3211:Muhammad al-Maghut 3186:Ahlam Mosteghanemi 2912:Hamdallah Mustawfi 2877:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 2496:Abu Ahmad Monajjem 2331:Al-Hariri of Basra 2326:Al-Fath ibn Khaqan 2271:Arib al-Ma'muniyya 2208:Dorayd bin Al Soma 2138:Maysun bint Bahdal 1976:'Alqama ibn 'Abada 1896:Namara inscription 1666:Musaeum Hermeticum 1592:Summa perfectionis 1571:(pseudo-Aristotle) 1561:Secret of Creation 1510:Ordinal of Alchemy 1153:pseudo-Ramon Llull 1057:Maslama al-Qurṭubī 793:Secret of Creation 775:(pseudo-Aristotle) 719:Five Hundred Books 496:Maslama al-Qurṭubī 246:, p. 168-178. 164:translations from 3624: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3431:Ibrahim Nasrallah 3391:Ibrahim al-Mazini 3291:Saadallah Wannous 3088:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi 3078:Butrus al-Bustani 3033:Ibrahim al-Yaziji 2987: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2859:Ibn Abi al-Khisal 2744:ibn Hani al-Azdi 2586:Usama ibn Munqidh 2561:Sharif al-Murtaza 2546:Al-Sharif al-Radi 2506:Al-Sarī al-Raffā’ 2306:Bashshar ibn Burd 2178:Suraqah al-Bariqi 2128:Hassan ibn Thabit 2079: 2078: 2016:Laila bint Lukaiz 1941:Afira bint 'Abbad 1909: 1908: 1872:Arabic literature 1838: 1837: 1696: 1695: 1673:Theatrum chemicum 1489:Mirror of Alchimy 1441:Tabula Smaragdina 1418:Clavis sapientiae 1357:Aurora consurgens 1328: 1327: 1264:Pierre-Jean Fabre 1214:Heinrich Khunrath 1128:Magister Salernus 1103:Guido di Montanor 890:pseudo-Democritus 852:Alchemy (general) 818: 817: 737:Clavis sapientiae 633: 632: 322:978-90-04-09738-4 311:. BRILL. p.  85: 84: 3679: 3484: 3483: 3451:Mourid Barghouti 3406:Nazik Al-Malaika 3336:Abdellatif Laabi 3256:Ghassan Kanafani 3181:Sonallah Ibrahim 3166:Nawal El Saadawi 3093:Abdallah Marrash 3083:Ahmad Zaki Pasha 3063:Qustaki al-Himsi 3006: 3005: 2993: 2992: 2734:Lubna of Córdoba 2639:Maria Alphaizuli 2526:Laylā bint Ṭarīf 2281:Ahmad al-Tifashi 2153:Jarir ibn Atiyah 2148:Suraqa bin Malik 2143:Jamil ibn Ma'mar 2098: 2097: 2085: 2084: 2066:Aktham ibn Saifi 2061:Zuhayr ibn Janab 1915: 1914: 1880: 1879: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1842: 1841: 1828: 1827: 1542:Step of the Sage 1482:Mappae clavicula 1449:Leyden papyrus X 1350:Atalanta fugiens 1339: 1338: 1320:Mary Anne Atwood 1305:Eugène Canseliet 1184:Andreas Libavius 1163:Taddeo Alderotti 938:Fang (alchemist) 885:pseudo-Cleopatra 865: 864: 845: 838: 831: 822: 821: 733:Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma 434: 433: 414: 407: 400: 391: 390: 386: 384: 383: 377: 362: 326: 303: 301: 300: 294: 279: 269: 247: 241: 235: 229: 220: 214: 97: 19: 18: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3657:Arab scientists 3627: 3626: 3625: 3616: 3491: 3470: 3331:Mohammed Bennis 3321:Mohamed Choukri 3261:Ghada al-Samman 3191:Mahmoud Darwish 3152: 3148:Tawfiq al-Hakim 3103:Maryana Marrash 3098:Francis Marrash 3028:Nasif al-Yaziji 3023:Maruf al Rusafi 3000: 2979: 2975:Ahmed Ben Triki 2936: 2863: 2618: 2610: 2571:Yaqut al-Hamawi 2441:Ibn al-Muqaffa' 2421:Yunus ibn Habib 2366:ibn al-Mudabbir 2222: 2188:Waddah al-Yaman 2158:Ka'b bin Zuhayr 2123:Fadl Ashsha'ira 2092: 2075: 2021:Mahd al-Aadiyya 1986:Amr ibn Kulthum 1922: 1905: 1887: 1874: 1869: 1839: 1834: 1816: 1811:Suns in alchemy 1692: 1618: 1557:Sirr al-khalīqa 1538:Rutbat al-ḥakīm 1422:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma 1324: 1310:Frater Albertus 1288: 1284:Wilhelm Homberg 1189:Basil Valentine 1172: 1143:Paul of Taranto 1108:Hugh of Evesham 1083:pseudo-Albertus 1071: 1017:pseudo-Avicenna 983: 957: 930:Ancient Chinese 924: 900:Mary the Jewess 854: 849: 819: 814: 789:Sirr al-khalīqa 669: 629: 603: 572: 546: 522:pseudo-Avicenna 510: 469: 453: 423: 418: 381: 379: 375: 360: 355: 333: 331:Further reading 323: 298: 296: 292: 277: 262:Nusrat al-fatra 256: 251: 250: 242: 238: 230: 223: 215: 211: 206: 189: 140: 112: 35: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3685: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3461:Samih al-Qasim 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3441:Omar Abu Risha 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3366:Youssef Rzouga 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3326:Leila Abouzeid 3323: 3318: 3316:Alaa Al Aswany 3313: 3308: 3306:Leila Aboulela 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3286:Colette Khoury 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3221:Abbās al-Aqqād 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3171:Naguib Mahfouz 3168: 3162: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3048:Naoum Mokarzel 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3002: 3001: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2932:Al-Qalqashandi 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2849:Ibn al-Kattani 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2669:Ibn Abd Rabbih 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2596:Ibn al-Shajari 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2416:Rabia of Basra 2413: 2408: 2406:Aban al-Lahiqi 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2286:Abu al-Atahiya 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2246:Ibn al-Mu'tazz 2243: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2133:Ibn Abi Hasina 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1743:Iatrochemistry 1740: 1735: 1733:Elixir of life 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1662: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1634: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1602: 1595: 1588: 1585:Splendor solis 1581: 1573: 1565: 1553: 1546: 1534: 1527: 1520: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1452: 1445: 1437:Emerald Tablet 1433: 1426: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1360: 1353: 1345: 1343: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1022:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 993: 991: 989:Arabic-Islamic 985: 984: 982: 981: 976: 971: 965: 963: 959: 958: 956: 955: 950: 945: 940: 934: 932: 926: 925: 923: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 871: 869: 868:Greco-Egyptian 862: 856: 855: 848: 847: 840: 833: 825: 816: 815: 813: 812: 804: 797: 785: 777: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 729: 722: 715: 712:Emerald Tablet 708: 701: 694: 687: 679: 677: 671: 670: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 639: 635: 634: 631: 630: 628: 627: 622: 617: 611: 609: 605: 604: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 580: 578: 574: 573: 571: 570: 565: 563:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs 560: 554: 552: 548: 547: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 518: 516: 512: 511: 509: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 477: 475: 471: 470: 468: 467: 461: 459: 455: 454: 452: 451: 446: 440: 438: 431: 425: 424: 417: 416: 409: 402: 394: 388: 387: 352: 345: 344: 332: 329: 328: 327: 321: 304: 270: 268:. I.B. Tauris. 255: 252: 249: 248: 244:El Khadem 1996 236: 221: 219:, p. 457. 208: 207: 205: 202: 201: 200: 195: 188: 185: 139: 136: 111: 108: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 30: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3684: 3673: 3672:Arab chemists 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3446:Yusuf al-Khal 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436:Elia Abu Madi 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3346:Waciny Laredj 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3296:Zakaria Tamer 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3246:Ibrahim Tuqan 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216:Nizar Qabbani 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3123:Kahlil Gibran 3121: 3119: 3118:Mikhail Naimy 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3108:Hafez Ibrahim 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2970:Ibn al-Wannan 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2882:Ibn Al Ouardy 2880: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2839:Ibn al-Yayyab 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2709:Ibn al-Khatib 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2679:Ibn al-Zaqqaq 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2634:Al-Rumaikiyya 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2576:Al Suhrawardi 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471:Ibn al-Anbari 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2236:Bint al-Mahdī 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101:Early Islamic 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2036:Imru' al-Qais 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1773:Prima materia 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1689: 1688: 1687:Tripus aureus 1684: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1631:Aureum vellus 1628: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1577:Sirr al-asrār 1574: 1572: 1570: 1569:Sirr al-asrār 1566: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1550:Seventy Books 1547: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1460:Liber dabessi 1457: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1383:Book of Mercy 1380: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1274:Samuel Norton 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1249:Michael Maier 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1168:Thomas Norton 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113:Johann of Laz 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1098:George Ripley 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1076:Late medieval 1074: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1032:Ibn Waḥshiyya 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 992: 990: 986: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 966: 964: 960: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 933: 931: 927: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 870: 866: 863: 861: 857: 853: 846: 841: 839: 834: 832: 827: 826: 823: 811: 810:(al-Nabarawi) 809: 805: 803: 802: 798: 796: 794: 790: 786: 784: 782: 781:Sirr al-asrār 778: 776: 774: 773:Sirr al-asrār 770: 768: 767: 766:Seventy Books 763: 761: 760: 756: 754: 753: 749: 747: 746: 742: 740: 738: 734: 730: 728: 727: 723: 721: 720: 716: 714: 713: 709: 707: 706: 702: 700: 699: 695: 693: 692: 688: 686: 685: 684:Book of Mercy 681: 680: 678: 676: 672: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 640: 636: 626: 623: 621: 620:Ibn al-Rassām 618: 616: 613: 612: 610: 606: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 579: 575: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 553: 549: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 517: 513: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 491:Ibn Waḥshiyya 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 476: 472: 466: 463: 462: 460: 456: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 439: 435: 432: 430: 426: 422: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 396: 395: 392: 378:on 2007-09-27 374: 370: 366: 359: 353: 350: 349: 348: 342: 338: 337: 336: 324: 318: 314: 310: 305: 295:on 2007-09-27 291: 287: 283: 276: 271: 267: 263: 258: 257: 245: 240: 234:, p. 86. 233: 228: 226: 218: 213: 209: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 184: 182: 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 135: 131: 129: 128:Seljuq Empire 125: 121: 117: 107: 105: 101: 93: 89: 81: 78: 76:Notable works 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 31: 27: 20: 3582:Saudi Arabia 3525:Copto-Arabic 3426:Saadi Yousef 3401:Safa Khulusi 3386:Hasan Tawfiq 3356:Alifa Rifaat 3351:Tahar Djaout 3251:Emile Habibi 3241:Sinan Antoon 3158:Contemporary 3143:Taha Hussein 3133:Jurji Zaydan 3113:Ahmed Shawqi 3058:Ameen Rihani 2907:Ibn al-Wardi 2794:al-Shushtari 2769:Umm Al-Kiram 2674:Ibn al-Abbar 2654:Al-Rukuniyya 2601:Ibn al-Nafis 2531:Al-Tha'alibi 2481:Ibn Qutaybah 2381:Al-Mutanabbi 2361:ibn al-Mahdi 2336:Ibn al-Farid 2291:ibn al-'Amid 2241:Ibn al-Ahnaf 2006:Hatim al-Tai 1936:Adi ibn Zayd 1830:All articles 1685: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1623:Compilations 1611: 1604: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1576: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1468:Liber ignium 1466: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1367: 1363: 1355: 1348: 1269:Robert Boyle 1224:Isaac Newton 1219:Hennig Brand 1204:Gerhard Dorn 1177:Early modern 1148:Petrus Bonus 1093:pseudo-Geber 905:pseudo-Moses 807: 799: 792: 788: 780: 772: 764: 757: 751: 744: 736: 732: 725: 717: 710: 703: 697: 689: 682: 608:14th century 577:13th century 557: 551:12th century 515:11th century 474:10th century 380:. Retrieved 373:the original 368: 364: 346: 340: 334: 308: 297:. Retrieved 290:the original 285: 281: 265: 261: 239: 232:Peacock 2013 212: 176: 174: 157: 151: 141: 132: 119: 113: 87: 86: 79: 3642:1121 deaths 3637:1061 births 3466:Fadwa Tuqan 3411:Ahmed Matar 3396:al-Jawahiri 3376:Amal Donqol 3371:Salah Jahin 3301:Tayeb Salih 3176:Yusuf Idris 3128:Farah Antun 3068:al-Kawakibi 2965:Hanna Diyab 2942:Ottoman era 2927:Ibn Khaldun 2897:Ibn Battuta 2809:Ibn al-Arif 2704:Ibn Khafaja 2486:Dik al-Jinn 2476:Al-Qasabani 2446:Al-Mubarrad 2431:Al-Farahidi 2401:Al-Armanazi 2341:Ibn al-Rumi 2321:Al-Isfahani 2296:Al-Hamadani 2261:Al-Mudabbir 2228:Abbasid era 2218:al-Mufaddal 2113:Al-Farazdaq 2071:Al-Munakhal 1966:Al-Shanfara 1951:Al-Hujayjah 1920:Pre-Islamic 1753:Magnum opus 1723:Chrysopoeia 1645:De alchemia 1496:Mutus liber 1475:Liber lucis 1342:Major Works 1229:Jakob Böhme 1118:John Dastin 1062:al-Ṭughrāʾī 948:Master Geng 558:al-Ṭughrāʾī 458:9th century 437:8th century 217:Donzel 1994 68:Nationality 23:Al-Tughra'i 3631:Categories 3557:Mauritania 3361:Ali Douagi 3281:Hanna Mina 3271:Al Gosaibi 3138:May Ziadeh 3053:Ahmad Rida 3018:El Baroudy 2950:Al-Nabulsi 2922:al-Nafzawi 2917:Ibn Nubata 2892:Ibn Manzur 2869:Mamluk era 2854:Ibn Tufayl 2844:Ibn Jubayr 2814:Ibn Wahbun 2799:Abu Madyan 2729:Ibn Zaydún 2724:Ibn Zamrak 2714:Ibn Quzman 2699:Ibn Juzayy 2694:Ibn Bassam 2664:Ibn Hamdis 2629:Abu Ja'far 2616:Al-Andalus 2606:Ibn 'Adlan 2551:Ibn Hayyus 2541:al-Tawhīdī 2536:Al-Daylami 2521:Al-Tughrai 2501:Ibn Bakkar 2436:Al-Shafi'i 2371:Al-Ma'arri 2346:Ibn Duraid 2256:Abu Tammam 2031:Al-Nabigha 1798:Substances 1738:Homunculus 1404:Cantong Qi 1315:Fulcanelli 1259:Paracelsus 1052:al-Jildakī 953:Wei Boyang 860:Alchemists 615:al-Jildakī 429:Alchemists 382:2006-10-12 299:2006-10-12 204:References 52:Occupation 3572:Palestine 3421:al-Sayyab 3416:Al-Bayati 2887:Al-Busiri 2834:al-Fazazi 2819:Ibn Abdun 2789:Ibn Arabi 2779:Yusuf III 2774:Yusuf III 2764:Al-Tutili 2684:Ibn Amira 2649:Buthaina 2644:Ibn Ammar 2581:Al-Hallaj 2516:Niftawayh 2461:Al-Zahiri 2386:Abu Nuwas 2351:al-Zajjaj 2316:Al-Busiri 2276:Al-Asma'i 2168:Kuthayyir 2163:Al-Khansa 2090:Classical 1956:Al-Ḥurqah 1793:Processes 1758:Ouroboros 1579:(al-Rāzī) 1300:Carl Jung 1138:Ortolanus 1037:al-ʿIrāqī 1012:Artephius 1002:Alphidius 962:Byzantine 783:(al-Rāzī) 584:al-Simāwī 568:Artephius 144:astrology 120:Tughra'i' 110:Biography 104:alchemist 16:Physician 3515:Djibouti 3231:Said Akl 2824:Avempace 2804:al-Rundi 2784:Ibn Hazm 2719:Ibn Sahl 2689:Ibn Baqi 2566:Al Uyuni 2396:Shāriyah 2391:Al-Jahiz 2026:Mu'aqqir 1996:Al-A'sha 1788:Yliaster 1368:Morienus 1334:Writings 1244:John Dee 979:Synesius 655:al-iksīr 638:Concepts 187:See also 181:Ibn Sina 138:Writings 60:Language 39:, Persia 3602:Tunisia 3587:Somalia 3562:Morocco 3547:Lebanon 3510:Comoros 3505:Bahrain 3500:Algeria 3276:Echebbi 2829:al-Baji 2759:Qasmuna 2621:Maghreb 2511:Al-Suli 2311:Buhturi 1807:Unicode 1803:Symbols 1728:Element 1713:Athanor 1708:Alembic 1701:Various 943:Ge Hong 665:Athanor 660:Alembic 254:Sources 148:alchemy 116:Isfahan 71:Persian 47:c. 1121 37:Isfahan 3607:U.A.E. 3542:Kuwait 3537:Jordan 3196:Adunis 2998:Modern 2955:Fuzûlî 2754:Nazhun 2046:Tarafa 1783:Takwin 1293:Modern 880:Chymes 645:Takwin 319:  162:Arabic 124:vizier 92:Arabic 63:Arabic 3612:Yemen 3597:Syria 3592:Sudan 3577:Qatar 3552:Libya 3520:Egypt 3010:Nahda 2749:Muhya 2491:‘Inān 2011:Labīd 1778:Rebis 1718:Azoth 675:Works 376:(PDF) 361:(PDF) 293:(PDF) 278:(PDF) 170:Greek 153:diwan 3567:Oman 3532:Iraq 2619:and 317:ISBN 146:and 102:and 100:poet 44:Died 34:1061 29:Born 1885:Old 313:457 3633:: 1809:, 369:84 367:. 363:. 315:. 286:84 284:. 280:. 224:^ 183:. 130:. 106:. 94:: 1864:e 1857:t 1850:v 1813:) 1805:( 1563:) 1559:( 1544:) 1540:( 1462:) 1458:( 1443:) 1439:( 1424:) 1420:( 1370:) 1366:( 844:e 837:t 830:v 795:) 791:( 739:) 735:( 413:e 406:t 399:v 385:. 325:. 302:. 90:(

Index

Isfahan
Arabic
poet
alchemist
Isfahan
vizier
Seljuq Empire
astrology
alchemy
diwan
Arabic
Zosimos of Panopolis
Greek
Ibn Sina
List of Iranian scientists
List of Muslim scientists
Donzel 1994


Peacock 2013
El Khadem 1996
"A Translation of a Zosimos' Text in an Arabic Alchemy Book"
the original
457
ISBN
978-90-04-09738-4
"A Translation of a Zosimos' Text in an Arabic Alchemy Book"
the original
v
t

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.