47:
54:
390:
2751:
34:
84:
490:
477:. Parts of the city walls from this period have been identified, and it is estimated that the wall (on the south and west of the tel) was at least 1600 meters long. The wall was built of piles of basalt, with bricks at the top and was strengthened by alternating rectangular and rounded towers with spiral staircases. Similar towers from this period have been found at
1107:
still exists, and is well known to the natives; it applies to a ruin situated on a spur from the hills that close the southern end of the Sea of
Galilee; it formed, therefore, the defence against an invader from the Jordan plain, and blocked the great main road in the valley. Close beside it there is
481:. A portion of the town discovered in the southern part of the mound included a street along which houses were built, one of which had a paved court around which were eleven rooms. Some of the houses facing the lake have survived to the height of the window sills.
625:(c. 650-704 AD). Mu'awiya I, the first Umayyad caliph, settled in al-Sinnabra, dividing his time in Palestine between his residence there and Jerusalem. Innovations he introduced to the palace structure at al-Sinnabra include the
563:
era church was constructed in the village in 450 CE and underwent several renovations, the last of these dated to 529 CE. The church shows signs of renewed habitation in the early
Islamic period, when it possibly served as a
953:
attached to the outer wall dates to the end of the 7th century. The foundations of the compound are made up of thick wall-stubs over two meters deep and provide an idea of the layout of the palace, the bathhouse and the
2304:
1103:: "During the survey of the shores we made one considerable discovery: the site of Sennabris, mentioned by Josephus as the place where Vespasian pitched his camp when marching on the insurgents of Tiberias. The name
253:
of al-Sinnabra was in ruins. Though the date of destruction for the village itself is unknown, by the
Ayyubid period descriptions of the area mention only the "Crusader Bridge of Sennabris", constructed over the
929:. By comparing this information against the descriptions provided in historical geography texts, Whitcomb determined that the complex at Khirbet Kerak was indeed the Arab Islamic palace of al-Sinnabra.
517:. He describes it as a "village," but given the size of the Roman force stationed there, this seems to be an understatement. A fort was constructed at this time, probably by the builders of the
401:, and citing Josephus for its location, he noted that "Even at the present day there are found in this vicinity traces of ruins called by the Arabs Sinabri." A map of the area produced by the
909:, after re-examining the plan and architectural features provided in the descriptions made by Israeli excavators. Noting the similarities between the features of the complex and those of
889:(to the north of the compound). Questions were repeatedly raised about the identification of the structure to the south as a synagogue within a Roman era fort with attached bathhouse.
1526:
1428:
969:
Greenberg said that al-Sinnabra and other sites that are in the process of being similarly re-dated indicate an architectural continuity between the Roman and early Arab empires.
878:. The "synagogue" was incorporated into the Beth Yerah National Park which served as a popular tourist destination during the 1950s and 1960s, but has since been closed.
706:, making it one of the four early capitals of the ruling Marwanid house of the Umayyad dynasty. He died in al-Sinnabra in 705. An Umayyad prince and former governor of
1394:
2373:
1108:
a large artificially-formed plateau, defended by a water-ditch on the south, communicating with Jordan, and by the Sea of
Galilee on the north. This is called
800:
was in ruins by this time. In the dried out river bed where the river used to flow at this time, the remains of the "Crusader bridge of
Sennabris" were found.
902:
831:(c. late 12th-early 13th centuries) as references to al-Sinnabra from this time mention only the bridge of the same name, without recalling the village.
1585:
2321:
2648:
2850:
1432:
197:. The ancient site lay on a spur from the hills that close the southern end of the Sea of Galilee, next to which towards its south being the
1530:
1313:
2453:
Eisenberg, Emanuel et al., Bet Yerah, the Early Bronze Age Mound: v. 1: Excavation
Reports 1933-1986, Israel Antiquities Authority, 2006,
460:
level. The Jordan river runs to the south, although it previously (until the medieval period at the earliest) ran north and west of it.
1349:
668:
in that it exhibits characteristics associated with the pre-Islamic building techniques used by Arab chieftains of the
Byzantine era.
631:, "a columned bay ... enclosed by a railing or screen" against which the caliph would lean to hear petitions from his subjects, and a
2611:
2845:
397:
Josef
Schwarz, a rabbi who came to reside in Jerusalem in the 19th century, transliterated its name as it appears in the Talmud as
97:
2586:
Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near
Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom
1620:
Pomegranates and golden bells: studies in biblical, Jewish, and Near
Eastern ritual, law, and literature in honor of Jacob Milgrom
893:, a prominent Israeli archaeologist, disproved that thesis in 1993, without offering an alternate explanation as to its identity.
2840:
2835:
711:
281:
of al-Sinnabra in 2002, and excavations carried out in 2010 showed his analysis to be correct. Constructed in the 7th century by
671:
Later Umayyad caliphs also came to al-Sinnabra. Marwan I twice held council there: the first was in 684, while on his way from
2594:
2552:
2478:
2406:
2249:
2216:
2162:
2102:
2015:
1960:
1907:
1847:
1768:
1699:
1669:
1628:
1489:
1270:
1169:
1051:
839:
In 1946, in the northern quadrant of the tell, a fortified compound consisting of a series of large structures, including a
46:
2641:
1402:
2584:
2617:
827:
The exact date of the village's destruction is unknown, but it is thought that it did not survive beyond the period of
348:
Though described in the writings of early Arab historians, the precise location of al-Sinnabra had long been unknown.
2526:
2458:
2276:
1880:
1795:
1243:
1142:
962:
and ceramic pipes from the bathhouse attest to the existence of a sophisticated water-distribution system, fed by an
2377:
1899:
Sages and commoners in late antique ʼEreẓ Israel: a philological inquiry into local traditions in Talmud Yerushalmi
1691:
Sages and commoners in late antique ʼEreẓ Israel: a philological inquiry into local traditions in Talmud Yerushalmi
1589:
679:, to address complaints from his loyalists; the second was on his return trip in 685 to designate his eldest son,
2634:
2537:
1785:
978:
584:(Arab Islamic palatial complex) located in al-Sinnabra and known by the same name, served as a winter resort to
1041:
901:
The compound, until 2002 identified as "Roman-Byzantine", was hypothesized to be the palace of al-Sinnabra by
816:
2412:
The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology (Galilee)
792:
and his forces passed through and set up camp near the village, before moving on to command the roads around
656:("houses") arranged around a central courtyard, suggesting either a more urban design, such as that found at
2468:
2538:"From Pastoral Peasantry to Tribal Urbanites: Arab Tribes and the Foundation of the Islamic State in Syria"
1401:: Division for Press Relations, Spokesperson & Communication Guidelines. March 15, 2010. Archived from
882:
2092:
2079:
1564:
1074:
2514:
2410:
2325:
353:
2266:
2047:
2498:
2416:
1092:
402:
2292:
1928:
224:
The city or village was inhabited in the Hellenistic, Roman-Byzantine, and early Islamic periods. An
2583:; Avi Hurvitz (1995). Jacob Milgrom; David Pearson Wright; David Noel Freedman; Avi Hurvitz (eds.).
2830:
2309:. Magnes Press for the Hebrew University (Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim). 1968. p. 31.
945:'s Institute of Archaeology in 2010. Coins found at the site and its foundations indicate that the
553:
357:
186:
1740:
221:), as al-Sinnabra was known in Classical antiquity, and its remains are located at the same tell.
2855:
1950:
1758:
1618:
1317:
1112:, and is, I have not the slightest doubt, the remains of Vespasian's camp described by Josephus."
963:
680:
286:
1350:"Ruins thought to be synagogue was Umayyad palace: 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel"
1233:
644:
is likely the earliest Umayyad complex of this type yet to be discovered. It differs from other
2772:
2767:
2424:
2402:
1132:
761:
2750:
2621:
2239:
2208:
1870:
1689:
1659:
1259:
Kenneth M. Setton; Marshall W. Baldwin (2006). Kenneth M. Setton; Marshall W. Baldwin (eds.).
1159:
1923:
1897:
1837:
1479:
1260:
906:
871:
867:
855:(AKA the Circles Building), an Early Bronze Age structure uncovered in previous excavations.
769:
2004:
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli, and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic literature
2494:
Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500
1522:
1357:
1128:
1096:
294:
8:
2580:
2492:
2196:
1398:
942:
718:
366:
352:, the 1st-century Jewish historian, described Sennabris as the northernmost point of the
2428:
1734:
2799:
2791:
2521:. Vol. 8 : South and Southwest Asia. London: Human Relations Area Files Inc.
2506:
2235:
2132:
694:), who emulated many of Mu'awiya's practices, resided part of the year in Damascus and
622:
297:, it likely represents the earliest Umayyad complex of this type yet to be discovered.
246:
198:
941:
and excavations undertaken by Israeli archaeologists headed by Raphael Greenberg from
937:
Whitcomb's thesis was confirmed following research conducted by Taufik De'adle of the
2720:
2590:
2548:
2522:
2474:
2454:
2272:
2245:
2212:
2201:
2158:
2098:
2011:
1956:
1903:
1876:
1843:
1791:
1783:
1764:
1763:(Illustrated ed.). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 35.
1695:
1665:
1624:
1485:
1266:
1239:
1188:
1165:
1138:
1047:
938:
910:
577:
1316:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. July 30, 2007. Archived from
209:, spanning an area of over 50 acres. Bet Yerah was the Hellenistic era twin city of
2804:
2693:
2440:
2324:. The Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Excavations. Archived from
1719:
1216:
1037:
998:
785:
737:
732:
The site was apparently still in use in the 10th century; in 979 a meeting between
707:
560:
533:
518:
314:
290:
262:
1986:
1617:
Milgrom, Jacob; Wright, David Pearson; Freedman, David Noel; Hurvitz, Avi (1995).
1265:(2nd, illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. p. 658.
870:
excavated the compound, falsely identifying a building there as a 5th-6th century
2725:
2673:
2576:
2075:
1200:
1079:
863:
661:
545:
441:
428:
highway about 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) south of Tabariyya (the Arabic name for
389:
371:
329:
214:
183:
155:
991:, Temple Mount area: several possibly Umayyad palatial structures south (at the
687:. Marwan may have remained there until his death later that year. Abd al-Malik (
261:
For decades, part of the palatial complex of al-Sinnabra was misidentified as a
2735:
2688:
2657:
2488:
1484:(Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 110, footnote #74.
1009:
726:
657:
549:
526:
457:
449:
433:
190:
167:
151:
2824:
2703:
2678:
2444:
1084:
983:
765:
684:
596:
585:
510:
437:
237:
located there was also known as al-Sinnabra and served as a winter resort to
202:
112:
99:
784:
who had formed an alliance with forces from Damascus. In the lead up to the
2740:
2698:
2510:
1088:
1066:
453:
255:
874:, because of the presence of a column base engraved with a seven-branched
725:
to quell resistance to his rule, reached al-Sinnabra, where the tribes of
2714:
2708:
2626:
1464:. Israel Antiquities Authority / רשות העתיקות: 139–144 – via JSTOR.
1453:
890:
875:
733:
306:
274:
270:
163:
2354:
P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 4, pp. 128-129, 1954
2136:
2777:
2683:
1839:
Time to prepare the way in the wilderness: papers on the Qumran scrolls
1353:
917:, he suggested the site was one of the so-called desert castles (sing.
859:
282:
159:
2558:
1836:
Broshi, Magen (1990). Dimant, Devorah; Schiffman, Lawrence H. (eds.).
1314:"Individual Scholarship: 2001-2002 Annual Report - Donald S. Whitcomb"
33:
2730:
2575:
2464:
1395:"Israeli archaeologists identified Caliph Mu'awiya's Lakeside Palace"
988:
793:
722:
699:
522:
514:
506:
478:
440:(Arabic: Khirbet al-Karak, "the ruins of the castle") or Beth Yerah (
266:
2363:
P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 5, pp. 273, 1955
2345:
P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 3, pp. 132, 1953
1586:"Identifican el palacio de los primeros omeyas en el mar de Galilea"
1258:
1164:(6th, illustrated, reprint ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 335.
714:, retired and died in al-Sinnabra during the reign of Abd al-Malik.
1820:
The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land
1760:
Subsistence, trade, and social change in early Bronze Age Palestine
1714:
1185:
The Holy Land: An Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700,
828:
757:
672:
627:
607:
429:
425:
383:
361:
349:
1158:
Ian Shaw; Robert Jameson (2002). Ian Shaw; Robert Jameson (eds.).
489:
416:
Al-Sinnabra's location is now confirmed to have been off the main
1787:
The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East, Volume 1
1002:
914:
848:
808:
789:
745:
695:
618:
494:
242:
238:
228:
2547:. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 241.
2515:"Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia"
1736:
A descriptive geography and brief historical sketch of Palestine
2787:
2665:
2155:
Muqarnas - An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World
1623:(Illustrated ed.). Eisenbrauns. p. 630, footnote #2.
1013:
926:
777:
773:
633:
421:
318:
206:
194:
83:
1790:(Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 312.
1784:
Eric M. Meyers, American Schools of Oriental Research (1997).
2759:
1588:. European Press Photo Agency. March 16, 2010. Archived from
1429:"Tibériade: identification des vestiges d'un palais omeyyade"
992:
812:
781:
703:
676:
417:
375:
258:
which at the time ran to the immediate north of the village.
2376:. Fox News. Associated Press. March 17, 2010. Archived from
1616:
233:
225:
2207:(Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p.
698:, and would spend the winter season in al-Sinnabra and in
521:, as well as a road connecting Tiberias to Sennabris, via
154:, Michael Avi-Yonah, Moshe Sheteklis, Emanuel Dunayevsky,
741:
436:
under the Umayyad dynasty. It is situated on the tell of
16:
Historic site on the southern shore of the Sea of Galilee
493:
A depiction of the location of Sennabrin in the ancient
269:
because of a column base engraved with a seven-branched
1527:"Ruins of 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel"
729:
came to pledge their loyalty to the caliph before him.
277:
in 1993. Donald Whitcomb suggested the complex was the
2052:. School of Oriental and African Studies. p. 370.
2049:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1157:
382:(meaning "the Afeq pass"), 3 miles (4.8 km) from
2545:
Nomads, Tribes and the State in the Ancient Near East
1984:
1046:(Reprint, illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 193.
1036:
2045:
1521:
1126:
576:
The village gained importance under the rule of the
2153:Bacharach, Jere L. (1996). Gulru Necipogulu (ed.).
448:, "House of the Moon (god)"), which lies where the
325:, and is described as sitting alongside Bet Yerah.
2200:
1889:
1262:A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years
1238:. Verlag Butzon & Bercker. 1977. p. 179.
540:1:1 ), both Sennabris and Bet Yerah once produced
2090:
1822:] (in Hebrew). Vol. I. pp. 175–181.
1816:האנצקלופדיה החדשה לחפירות ארכיאולוגיות בארץ ישראל
834:
803:During the Crusader era al-Sinnabra was known as
189:for a historic site on the southern shore of the
2822:
2433:Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund
2374:"Ancient Muslim Ruins Found in Israel ... Again"
2241:Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
1687:
1456:(1993). "The Bet Yerah Synagogue Reconsidered".
1137:(Revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
2401:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1756:
1567:. Tel Bet Yerah Research and Excavation Project
1505:
1503:
1501:
1284:
1282:
1122:
1120:
1118:
883:Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
721:, an Umayyad prince and general sent by Caliph
513:in Sennabris, in preparation for an assault on
2505:
1978:
1842:. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 19.
1732:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1473:
1471:
1134:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J
1032:
1030:
1028:
949:was built no earlier than 650 CE and that the
683:, as his chosen successor and the governor of
2642:
2423:
1835:
1683:
1681:
249:(c. 650-704 AD). By the Crusader period, the
2021:
1872:Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land
1498:
1481:Greco-Roman culture and the Galilee of Jesus
1279:
1115:
473:In Hellenistic times, the city was known as
432:), a city that served as the capital of the
289:, who also commissioned the building of the
2612:Tel Bet Yerah 2007, 2009 Preliminary Report
2417:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
2271:(Illustrated ed.). Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi.
2264:
2189:
2157:(Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 38.
2148:
2146:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2084:
1733:Joseph Schwarz (1850). Issac Leeser (ed.).
1603:
1468:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1025:
378:geographer, situated al-Sinnabra opposite '
2656:
2649:
2635:
2487:
2234:
1902:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 149, footnote #8.
1869:Negev, Avraham, ed. (2001). "Beth Yerah".
1809:
1807:
1777:
1726:
1678:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
32:
2258:
2228:
2152:
2061:
2059:
2006:(2nd edition), New York/China 2006, s.v.
1916:
1831:
1829:
1657:
1517:
1515:
1431:. RTBF.be. March 16, 2010. Archived from
1252:
896:
484:
2535:
2319:
2203:God's war: a new history of the Crusades
2143:
2111:
2039:
1291:
488:
388:
205:or Bet Yerah, one of the largest in the
2195:
2180:
1969:
1948:
1813:
1804:
1750:
1637:
1477:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1331:
712:Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid
660:, or a more palatial one, like that at
571:
544:, a word explained by Talmudic exegete
2823:
2171:
2056:
1895:
1826:
1814:Hestrin, Ruth (1992). E.Stern (ed.).
1661:From the Talmud and Hebraica, Volume 1
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1512:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
2851:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee
2630:
2589:(Illustrated ed.). Eisenbrauns.
2313:
2297:
2122:
1868:
1862:
1452:
1226:
958:that surrounded them. The remains of
468:
2616:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6:
2366:
2123:Mayer, L. A. (1952). "As-Sinnabra".
1416:
2463:
2036:Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 245.
1955:. Penguin Publishing. p. 225.
1578:
1544:
1509:Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 246.
1372:
1288:Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 241.
1151:
1087:are mentioned as near each other."
445:
218:
53:
13:
2306:Scripta Hierosolymitana, Volume 15
2097:(Illustrated ed.). Oneworld.
913:, another Islamic era palace near
751:
637:associated with the apsidal form.
14:
2867:
2605:
905:of the Oriental Institute at the
822:
393:Location of Sennabris on 1903 map
2749:
2470:A history of Palestine, 634-1099
2244:. The Other Press. p. 188.
1985:J.P. Brown; E.M. Meyers (1994).
1949:Flavius, Josephus (1981-10-01).
851:, was discovered just above the
736:(Fadlallah ibn al-Hasan) of the
273:. This thesis was questioned by
82:
52:
45:
2846:Geography of Palestine (region)
2394:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2285:
2068:
1996:
1942:
1708:
1651:
1446:
1356:. 16 March 2010. Archived from
979:Cities of the ancient Near East
689:
612:
601:
590:
309:) sources the name is given as
2841:Archaeological sites in Israel
2836:Umayyad architecture in Israel
2473:. Cambridge University Press.
1648:Gil, 1997, p. 78, footnote #5.
1210:
1194:
1178:
1060:
835:Excavations and identification
409:to the immediate northwest of
1:
2543:. In Jeffrey Szuchman (ed.).
2046:University of London (1966).
1875:. Continuum. pp. 88–89.
1739:. Oxford University. p.
1127:Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1982).
1019:
501:(1923) by William R. Shepherd
321:sources it is referred to as
137:Hellenistic - Crusader period
1235:Ugarit-Forschungen, Volume 8
995:) and southwest of the Mount
768:, was defeated there in the
764:, one of the leaders of the
740:, and Fadl, son of Salih, a
413:, today's Kinneret village.
7:
2078:, see le Strange, 1890, p.
1664:. Cosimo Inc. p. 142.
1161:A dictionary of archaeology
972:
640:According to Whitcomb, the
343:
285:and one of his successors,
10:
2872:
2519:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
2499:Palestine Exploration Fund
2125:Israel Exploration Society
2091:Chase F. Robinson (2005).
1987:"Map 69 Damascus-Caesarea"
1896:Miller, Stuart S. (2006).
1723:(book iii, chapter ix, § 7
1093:Palestine Exploration Fund
717:In 744, an army headed by
664:. It is similar to other
463:
456:and rises 15 meters above
405:around this time depicted
403:Palestine Exploration Fund
2786:
2758:
2747:
2664:
2536:Whitcomb, Donald (2009).
2265:B. Z. Ḳedar, ed. (1992).
1688:Stuart S. Miller (2006).
1478:Chancey, Mark A. (2005).
932:
772:in 1113 by the armies of
748:forces took place there.
332:rendering of the name is
146:
141:
133:
128:
91:
77:
69:
40:
31:
24:
2445:10.1179/peq.1890.22.1.29
1815:
1757:Douglas L. Esse (1991).
1658:Lightfoot, John (2007).
1529:. Zimbio. Archived from
1187:Jerome Murphy O'Connor,
1095:Quarterly Statement, p.
847:decorated with colorful
548:to mean "reeds", but by
2415:. Vol. 1. London:
1929:Encyclopædia Britannica
1040:; Mason, Steve (2003).
925:) of the early Islamic
858:Between 1950 and 1953,
652:) in that there are no
505:According to Josephus,
356:, situating it some 30
300:
113:32.717958°N 35.571864°E
2773:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
2768:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
2658:Umayyad desert castles
2322:"al-Sinnabra Overview"
2002:Marcus Jastrow (ed.),
897:Correct identification
885:in 1960 uncovered the
868:Israeli archaeologists
502:
485:Roman-Byzantine period
407:Khirbet Sinn en-Nabrah
394:
1975:Chancey, 2005, p. 67.
907:University of Chicago
872:Palestinian synagogue
770:Battle of Al-Sannabra
554:Christ's thorn jujube
492:
392:
295:Old City of Jerusalem
70:Alternative name
2197:Tyerman, Christopher
1523:Agence France Presse
843:adjoined to a large
572:Early Islamic period
509:encamped with three
499:The Historical Atlas
265:era (c. 330-620 CE)
231:palatial complex or
118:32.717958; 35.571864
73:Sennabris, Sinnabris
2497:. Committee of the
2328:on 10 February 2010
2268:The Horns of Ḥaṭṭīn
1592:on January 24, 2013
1435:on January 15, 2013
1399:Tel Aviv University
1083:c. 98 Senabrai and
943:Tel Aviv University
881:Excavations by the
719:Sulayman ibn Hisham
109: /
61:Shown within Israel
21:
2429:"Norman Palestine"
2186:Gil, 1997, p. 355.
1745:sennabris village.
1565:"The Umayyad Qasr"
1533:on October 5, 2012
1525:(March 16, 2010).
1191:Press, 1980, p.159
903:Donald S. Whitcomb
568:, or manor house.
503:
469:Hellenistic period
434:el-Urdunn province
395:
19:
2818:
2817:
2622:Wikimedia commons
2596:978-0-931464-87-4
2554:978-1-885923-61-5
2480:978-0-521-59984-9
2291:Conder, 1890, p.
2251:978-983-9541-55-7
2218:978-0-674-02387-1
2177:Gil, 1997, p. 86.
2164:978-90-04-10633-8
2104:978-1-85168-361-1
2065:Gil, 1997, p. 78.
2016:978-1-56563-860-0
1962:978-0-14-044420-9
1909:978-3-16-148567-1
1849:978-90-04-10225-5
1770:978-0-918986-66-5
1701:978-3-16-148567-1
1671:978-1-60206-406-5
1630:978-0-931464-87-4
1491:978-0-521-84647-9
1272:978-0-299-04834-1
1189:Oxford University
1171:978-0-631-23583-5
1053:978-0-391-04205-6
939:Hebrew University
911:Khirbat al-Mafjar
578:Umayyad Caliphate
532:According to the
497:, as recorded in
452:empties into the
374:(1179–1229), the
173:
172:
2863:
2805:Khirbat al-Minya
2753:
2694:Qasr al-Hallabat
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2600:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2557:. Archived from
2542:
2532:
2507:Peregrine, P. N.
2502:
2484:
2448:
2420:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2120:
2109:
2108:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2019:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1730:
1724:
1720:Wars of the Jews
1712:
1706:
1705:
1694:. Mohr Siebeck.
1685:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1635:
1634:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1519:
1510:
1507:
1496:
1495:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1458:'Atiqot / עתיקות
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:on July 22, 2011
1391:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1360:on 23 March 2010
1346:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1230:
1224:
1217:Jerusalem Talmud
1214:
1208:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1124:
1113:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1043:Life of Josephus
1038:Josephus Flavius
1034:
947:central building
887:Byzantine church
786:Battle of Hittin
738:Hamdanid dynasty
693:
691:
616:
614:
605:
603:
594:
592:
534:Jerusalem Talmud
447:
360:to the south of
291:Dome of the Rock
220:
150:Na'im Makhouly,
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
87:
86:
56:
55:
49:
36:
22:
18:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2831:Umayyad palaces
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2800:Hisham's Palace
2782:
2754:
2745:
2726:Hammam as-Sarah
2715:Qasr al-Mushash
2660:
2655:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2540:
2529:
2513:, eds. (2001).
2481:
2407:Kitchener, H.H.
2397:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2151:
2144:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2089:
2085:
2076:Yaqut al-Hamawi
2073:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2022:
2001:
1997:
1992:. p. 1069.
1989:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1731:
1727:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1615:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1492:
1476:
1469:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1201:Midrash HaGadol
1199:
1195:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1125:
1116:
1080:Bereshith Rabba
1065:
1061:
1054:
1035:
1026:
1022:
975:
956:wall and towers
935:
899:
864:Pesach Bar-Adon
837:
825:
807:, and it was a
754:
752:Crusader period
744:who headed the
688:
662:Qasr ibn Wardan
611:
600:
595:as governor of
593: 640s–661
589:
574:
546:Moses Margolies
487:
471:
466:
372:Yaqut al-Hamawi
346:
313:, while in the
303:
219:צינבריי, סנבראי
156:Pesach Bar-Adon
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
81:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
57:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2856:Sea of Galilee
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:Umayyad Palace
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Qasr Al-Qastar
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2607:
2606:External links
2604:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2581:D. N. Freedman
2573:
2553:
2533:
2527:
2503:
2489:Le Strange, G.
2485:
2479:
2461:
2450:
2449:
2421:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2320:Amihai Mazar.
2312:
2296:
2284:
2277:
2257:
2250:
2236:Lane-Poole, S.
2227:
2217:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2163:
2142:
2110:
2103:
2083:
2067:
2055:
2038:
2020:
1995:
1977:
1968:
1961:
1952:The Jewish War
1941:
1915:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1861:
1848:
1825:
1803:
1796:
1776:
1769:
1749:
1725:
1707:
1700:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1636:
1629:
1602:
1577:
1543:
1511:
1497:
1490:
1467:
1445:
1415:
1371:
1330:
1290:
1278:
1271:
1251:
1244:
1225:
1209:
1193:
1177:
1170:
1150:
1143:
1129:G. W. Bromiley
1114:
1091:, in the 1878
1089:H.H. Kitchener
1077:, writes: "In
1059:
1052:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:Sea of Galilee
996:
986:
984:Desert castles
981:
974:
971:
960:water conduits
934:
931:
898:
895:
836:
833:
824:
823:Ayyubid period
821:
796:. The Umayyad
760:, the army of
753:
750:
692: 685–705
615: 684–685
606:) as caliph),
604: 661–680
573:
570:
486:
483:
470:
467:
465:
462:
450:Sea of Galilee
345:
342:
302:
299:
193:in modern-day
191:Sea of Galilee
171:
170:
168:Rafi Greenberg
152:Benjamin Mazar
148:
147:Archaeologists
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
126:
125:
93:
89:
88:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
60:
51:
50:
44:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
29:
28:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2868:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Qasr Mushatta
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Qasr al-Azraq
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2564:on 2011-06-13
2560:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2528:0-306-46262-1
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:965-406-197-X
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:Conder, C. R.
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2380:on 2012-11-03
2379:
2375:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2278:9789652170859
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2094:'Abd al-Malik
2087:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1882:0-8264-1316-1
1878:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1797:9780195112153
1793:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:on 2011-06-13
1319:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1245:9783766689931
1241:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1205:Genesis Rabba
1202:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1144:9780802837820
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1105:Sinn en Nabra
1102:
1101:Sinn en-Nabra
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:Qasr al-Minya
997:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
970:
967:
965:
961:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
832:
830:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:First Crusade
763:
759:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
620:
617:), and other
609:
598:
587:
583:
579:
569:
567:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:Roman legions
508:
500:
496:
491:
482:
480:
476:
461:
459:
455:
451:
443:
439:
438:Khirbet Kerak
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
411:Khirbet Kerak
408:
404:
400:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
354:Jordan valley
351:
341:
339:
338:Sinn-en-Nabra
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
227:
222:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Khirbet Kerak
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
180:Sinn en-Nabra
177:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
127:
122:
94:
90:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
48:
39:
35:
30:
26:Sinn en-Nabra
23:
2809:
2741:Umm al-Walid
2713:
2699:Qasr Kharana
2674:Qusayr 'Amra
2585:
2577:Wright, D.P.
2566:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2544:
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2403:Conder, C.R.
2395:Bibliography
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1924:"Beth Yerah"
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1454:Reich, Ronny
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1085:Beth Joreach
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1067:Conder, C.R.
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179:
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174:
2810:Al-Sinnabra
2709:Al-Muwaqqar
2689:Qasr Burqu'
1073:(1881), p.
891:Ronny Reich
876:candelabrum
756:During the
734:Abu Taghlib
710:until 698,
621:in Umayyad
380:aqabat Afiq
334:al-Sinnabra
307:Hellenistic
287:Abdel Malik
275:Ronny Reich
271:candelabrum
176:Al-Sinnabra
164:Ruth Amiran
116: /
92:Coordinates
20:Al-Sinnabra
2825:Categories
2778:Jabal Sais
2684:Qasr Bayir
2568:2010-03-21
2384:2011-08-17
2332:2010-03-16
2131:(3): 185.
1935:2010-01-27
1855:2010-07-11
1596:2010-03-16
1571:2010-03-18
1537:2010-03-16
1439:2010-03-16
1409:2010-03-18
1354:Al-Arabiya
1324:2010-03-16
1020:References
860:P.L.O. Guy
811:under the
586:Mu'awiya I
305:In Greek (
187:place name
160:P.L.O. Guy
142:Site notes
104:35°34′19″E
101:32°43′05″N
2792:Palestine
2731:Qasr Tuba
2511:Ember, M.
2439:: 29–37.
2223:sinnabra.
2074:Noted by
2010:(p. 651)
989:Jerusalem
951:bathhouse
841:bathhouse
794:Kafr Sabt
788:in 1187,
762:Baldwin I
723:Yazid III
700:al-Jabiya
685:Palestine
623:Palestine
561:Byzantine
552:to mean "
523:Bethsaida
515:Tarichaea
507:Vespasian
479:Tel Zeror
475:Sennabris
311:Sennabris
267:synagogue
263:Byzantine
247:Palestine
211:Sennabris
182:, is the
2491:(1890).
2467:(1997).
2427:(1890).
2409:(1881).
2238:(1985).
2199:(2006).
2137:27924483
1715:Josephus
1364:16 March
1223:1:1 (2b)
1221:Megillah
973:See also
964:aqueduct
758:Crusades
708:Khurasan
673:Damascus
648:(pl. of
608:Marwan I
559:A large
538:Megillah
430:Tiberias
426:Damascus
399:Senabrai
384:Tiberias
362:Tiberias
350:Josephus
344:Location
323:Sinnabri
319:Talmudic
317:used in
283:Mu'awiya
78:Location
2465:Gil, M.
1131:(ed.).
1008:on the
1003:Umayyad
915:Jericho
853:granary
849:mosaics
790:Saladin
746:Fatimid
702:in the
696:Baalbek
628:maqṣura
619:caliphs
550:Jastrow
542:kinarīm
495:Galilee
464:History
446:בית ירח
315:Aramaic
293:in the
243:Umayyad
239:caliphs
229:Islamic
134:Periods
129:History
2788:Israel
2666:Jordan
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1071:et al.
1050:
1014:Israel
933:Dating
927:Levant
921:; pl.
866:, two
809:casale
805:Senbra
778:atabeg
776:, the
774:Mawdud
727:Urdunn
634:mihrab
527:Hippos
442:Hebrew
422:Beisan
376:Syrian
367:Buldan
358:stadia
330:Arabic
215:Hebrew
207:Levant
195:Israel
184:Arabic
2760:Syria
2562:(PDF)
2541:(PDF)
2133:JSTOR
1990:(PDF)
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993:Ophel
923:qusur
817:Tabor
813:Abbey
782:Mosul
704:Golan
677:Egypt
666:qusur
658:Anjar
654:buyūt
646:qusur
597:Syria
418:Ramla
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245:-era
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2008:כנרא
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1366:2010
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