University of al-Qarawiyyin

980: 1612: 1855: 1217: 2178: 1580: 593: 1654: 2096: 2187: 1596: 832: 665: 1746: 1122: 394: 1042: 8320: 8206: 578:(the community's main mosque). This transfer happened either in 919 or in 933, both dates that correspond to brief periods of Fatimid domination over the city, and suggests that the transfer may have occurred by Fatimid initiative. The mosque and its learning institution continued to enjoy the respect of political elites, with the mosque itself being significantly expanded by the Almoravids and repeatedly embellished under subsequent dynasties. Tradition was established that all the other mosques in Fez based the timing of their call to prayer ( 2084: 8263: 489:). Deverdun suggested the inscription may have come from another unidentified mosque and was moved here at a later period (probably 15th or 16th century) when the veneration of the Idrisids was resurgent in Fez, and such relics would have held enough religious significance to be reused in this way. However, Chafik Benchekroun argued more recently that a more likely explanation is that this inscription is the original foundation inscription of al-Qarawiyyin itself and that it might have been covered up in the 12th century just before the 1890: 190: 693:, was also built nearby in 1670. These madrasas taught their own courses and sometimes became well-known institutions, but they usually had narrower curricula or specializations. One of their most important functions seems to have been to provide housing for students from other towns and cities – many of them poor – who needed a place to stay while studying at al-Qarawiyyin. Thus, these buildings acted as complimentary or auxiliary institutions to al-Qarawiyyin itself, which remained the center of intellectual life in the city. 4918: 1529: 8289: 1703:, which has ruled Morocco from the 17th century onward, continued to perform minor additions and regular maintenance on the mosque. A ribbed cupola in the central nave, where the 1337 Marinid chandelier hangs, has been dated by Terrasse to the 'Alawi period, although Xavier Salmon has more recently argued that at least some elements of the dome seem to date from the Marinid era. The stucco decoration of the central archway at the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall (i.e. the arch inside which the Marinid-era 1547: 1730: 1325: 51: 9916: 7559: 2022: 1173: 9651: 9584: 8067: 9767: 9136: 8180: 9890: 9234: 9033: 5381:

in extremely important scientific debates. It is not a coincidence that around the 9th century the first university in the world, the Qarawiyyin University in Fez, was established in the Muslim world followed by az-Zaytuna in Tunis and Al-Azhar in Cairo. The university model, which in the West was widespread starting only from the 12th century, had an extraordinary fortune and was spread throughout the Muslim world at least until the colonial period.

9162: 10029: 8546: 8021: 9834: 8520: 8124: 2589: 9342: 8946: 8494: 8098: 9615: 9270: 9198: 8920: 7914: 7553: 9983: 9942: 9558: 9069: 7969: 9793: 8612: 9306: 8982: 8809: 8638: 8363: 7995: 9110: 8237: 7958: 3259:. But in spite of the pitfalls inherent in such a study, albeit sketchy, the results which may be obtained are well worth the risks involved. In any case, one cannot avoid making comparisons when certain unwarranted statements have already been made and seem to be currently accepted without question. The most unwarranted of these statements is the one which makes of the "madrasa" a "university". 493:' arrival in the city. Based on this evidence and on the many doubts about Ibn Abi Zar's narrative, he argues that Fatima al-Fihri is quite possibly a legendary figure rather than a historical one. Péter T. Nagy has also stated that the uncovered foundation inscription is more convincing evidence of the mosque's original foundation date than the traditional historiographical narrative. 1454:(r. 1286–1307), upon seeing the cost, ordered that it only be lit for the last day of Ramadan. The visible surfaces of the chandelier are carved and pierced with intricate floral arabesque motifs as well as Kufic Arabic inscriptions. The chandelier is the oldest surviving chandelier in the western Islamic world, and it likely served as a model for the Marinid chandelier in the 1930:

immediately around the arch itself, was most likely redone in the 18th and/or early 19th centuries. The stucco decoration of the upper wall above this still dates from the Almoravid period. The Almoravid decoration prioritizes floral motifs, which contain more diversity than the later restorations below, over which bands of Kufic inscriptions have also been carved.

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corner instead of to the south. The first structure still exists embedded near the women's section of the mosque, and consists of a square chamber measuring 5.4 meters per side. Its entrance is covered by a wooden screen from the Marinid period which features an inscription carved in cursive Arabic above the doorway recording Abu Inan's foundation of the library.

3320:, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities. Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with 1313:. The prayer hall was extended by dismantling the existing southern wall and adding three more transverse aisles for a total of ten, while replicating the format of the existing arches of the mosque. This expansion required the purchase and demolition of a number of neighboring houses and structures, including some that were apparently part of the nearby 4553:

original madaris and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in two different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D.) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.

6462: 1010:. At the same time, the student numbers at al-Qarawiyyin decreased to 300 in 1922 as the Moroccan elite sent their children to the newly founded Western-style colleges and institutes elsewhere in the country. Moroccan and French authorities began planning further reforms for al-Qarawiyyin in 1929. In 1931 and 1933, on the orders of 2123:). The full structure is 26.75 meters tall. One feature of the minaret is the lower window on its southern facade, which is shaped like a "triple" horseshoe arch, elongated vertically, which is unique to this structure. On the minaret's southern side, just above the gallery of the courtyard, is the Dar al-Muwaqqit. 2070:). They are decorated with carved wood and stucco, mosaic-tiled walls, and marble columns. Behind these pavilions are extensions of the main prayer hall divided into four naves by rows of arches. The gallery and arched hall on the northeastern sides of the courtyard are a prayer space reserved for women. 2113:, it is the oldest preserved minaret in Morocco. It was constructed in local limestone of relatively poor quality and was covered in whitewash by the Marinids in the 13th century in order to protect it from deterioration. It has a square shaft and is topped by a dome, as well as a parapet from which the 2053:, whose vestibule is covered by a Marinid-era white dome which is fluted on the outside and covered in painted and carved stucco on the inside. Opposite this gate, situated on the mihrab axis, is the central entrance to the interior prayer hall, guarded by a carved and painted wooden screen called the 3250:

In studying an institution which is foreign and remote in point of time, as is the case of the medieval madrasa, one runs the double risk of attributing to it characteristics borrowed from one's own institutions and one's own times. Thus gratuitous transfers may be made from one culture to the other,

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Among opposing views, Yahya Pallavicini claims that the university model did not spread in Europe until the 12th century and that it was found throughout the Muslim world from the founding of al-Qarawiyyin in the 9th century until at least European colonialism. Some scholars, noting certain parallels

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Aside from the embellishments of the central nave, the rest of the mosque is architecturally uniform, but there are some minor irregularities in the floor plan. For example, the arches in the western half of the prayer hall are shorter than those in the eastern half, and some of the transverse aisles

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A number of ornate metal chandeliers hanging in the mosque's prayer hall date from the Marinid era. Three of them were made from church bells which Marinid craftsmen used as a base onto which they grafted ornate copper fittings. The largest of them, installed in the mosque in 1337, was a bell brought

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in Córdoba for permission and funds to expand the mosque. The caliph approved, and the work was carried out or completed in 956. It expanded the mosque on three sides, encompassing the area of the present-day courtyard to the north and up to the current eastern and western boundaries of the building.

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Al-Qarawiyyin also played a role in the Moroccan nationalist movement and in protests against the French colonial regime. Many Moroccan nationalists had received their education here and some of their informal political networks were established due to the shared educational background. In July 1930,

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At the time Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, al-Qarawiyyin worsened as a religious center of learning from its medieval prime, though it retained some significance as an educational venue for the sultan's administration. The student body was rigidly divided along social strata: ethnicity

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The Muslim community maintained, favoured, and organized the institutions for higher education that became the new centres for the diffusion of Islamic knowledge. These centres were places where teachers and students of that time would meet and also where all intellectuals would gather and take part

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and cursive letters, highlighted with blue and red colours. Additionally, there are several elaborately carved bronze chandeliers hanging in the nave which were gifted to the mosque during the Almohad and Marinid eras; at least three of which were made from bells (probably church bells) brought back

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marble columns topped by deeply-carved capitals. These capitals are spolia from al-Andalus, dating from the time of the Caliphate of Córdoba, which were re-appropriated by the Almoravids for Ali Ibn Yusuf's expansion of the mosque. On the mihrab's façade, the stucco ornamentation of the lower parts,

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Some scholars consider that al-Qarawiyyin operated essentially as an Islamic madrasa until after World War II. These scholars date al-Qarawiyyin's transformation into a university to its modern reorganization in 1963. In the wake of these reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of

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of the Koutoubia Mosque, made by a workshop in Córdoba not long after the latter and installed in al-Qarawiyyin Mosque in 1144 (at the end of the Almoravid works on the mosque). It is another exceptional work of marquetry and woodcarving, decorated with geometric compositions, inlaid materials, and

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The interior hypostyle prayer hall takes up most of the mosque's area. Like the interior of most traditional mosques in Moroccan architecture, it is a relatively austere space with mostly plain walls, wooden roofs, and rows upon rows of arches. The main area, south of the courtyard, is a vast space

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Terrasse suggests this operation may have actually been carried out a few years later by the Almohad authorities themselves. The Almoravid ornamentation was only fully uncovered again during renovations in the early 20th century. The plaster used to cover the Almoravid decoration seems to have been

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By the 19th century, the mosque's library also suffered from decline and neglect. A significant portion of its collection was lost over time, most likely due to lax supervision and to books that were not returned. By the beginning of the 20th century, the collection had been reduced to around 1,600

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This foundation narrative has been questioned by some modern historians who see the symmetry of two sisters founding the two most famous mosques of Fez as too convenient and likely originating from a legend. Ibn Abi Zar is also judged by contemporary historians to be a relatively unreliable source.

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to Fez in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance to

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Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite

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of the mosque during the years 1202 to 1219. The chandelier has the shape of a 12-sided cupola surmounted by a large cone, around which are nine levels that hold candlesticks. It could originally hold 520 oil candles; the cost of providing the oil was so significant that it was only lit on special

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Some scholars suggest that some teaching and instruction probably took place at al-Qarawiyyin Mosque from a very early period or from its beginning. Major mosques in the early Islamic period were typically multi-functional buildings where teaching and education took place alongside other religious

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in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be

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As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al-Azhar and Al Qarawiyyin, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain Al-Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a

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which also acted as a symbolic "outdoor" or "summer" mihrab for prayers taking place in the courtyard. (These features are visible to visitors standing outside the gate.) Both this entrance to the prayer hall and the outer gate across from it have facades decorated with carved and painted stucco.

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law, though some lessons on other non-Islamic subjects such as French and English are also offered to students. Teaching is delivered with students seated in a semi-circle around a sheikh, who prompts them to read sections of a particular text; asks them questions on particular points of grammar,

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The Adjustments of Original Institutions of the Higher Learning: the Madrasah. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madrasahs affected both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available

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Traditionalist curriculum is conventionally focused and is naturally open to diverse influences that also represent a traditional Islamic way (Nadwi 2007). For example many madrasah teachers are versed in Islamic pedagogy but also in modern university pedagogic developments such as behaviourist,

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Most students at al-Qarawiyyin range are between 13 and 30 years old, and study towards high school-level diplomas and university-level bachelor's degrees, although Muslims with a sufficiently high level of Arabic can attend lecture circles on an informal basis, given the traditional category of

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Many scholars consider al-Qarawiyyin's high point as an intellectual and scholarly center to be in the 13th and 14th centuries, when the curriculum was at its broadest and its prestige had reached new heights after centuries of expansion and elite patronage. Among the subjects taught around this

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period, though it never equaled the Qarawiyyin's later prestige. It is unclear at what time al-Qarawiyyin began to act more formally as an educational institution, partly because of the limited historical sources that pertain to its early period. The most relevant major historical texts like the

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that started in 1940. It included the current grand reading room, which measures 23 metres long and features an ornately-painted wooden ceiling, and also added an entrance outside the mosque which made it accessible to non-Muslims. This new library expansion was inaugurated in 1949. The library

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axis is the historic library of the mosque and university. It is sometimes cited as the world's oldest library that remains open. The first purpose-built library structure was added to the mosque by the Marinid sultan Abu Inan Faris in 1349 CE, though it was located at the mosque's northeastern

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Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madaris combined both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available original madaris, and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in three

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with huge doors preceded by wooden roofs covering the street in front of them. While the doors are generally made of wood, some of the gates have extensive ornate bronze overlays crafted during the Almoravid period. The most ornate and best-preserved examples include the doors of the principal

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is occasionally applied by scholars to madrasas and other pre-modern higher learning institutions out of convenience, the European university marked a major disruption between earlier institutions of higher learning and was the earliest true modern university. Many scholars consider that the

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and Arabic studies throughout the history of Morocco. There were also other religious schools like the madras of ibn yusuf and other schools in the sus. This system of basic education called al-ta'lim al-aSil was funded by the sultans of Morocco and many famous traditional families. After

2350:. Other scholars have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the madrasa versus the European university. 1762:

Al-Qarawiyyin's exterior does not generally present a monumental appearance and is integrated with the dense urban fabric around it. By one count there are 18 separate gates and entrances distributed around its perimeter. The gates vary from small rectangular doorways to enormous

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cognitivist and the more recent constructivist styles. Al-Qarawiyyin University, in Morocco, represents such an institution that is grounded in a traditional madrasah education but for example, continues to adopt ancillary subjects and modern technologies such as mobile learning.

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different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.

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The mosque's library was officially founded by Sultan Abu Inan in 1349 (750 AH), as dated by an inscription over its doorway. This first Marinid library was located at the mosque's northeastern corner (as opposed to the library's current southern location). In 1361, Sultan

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One of the biggest challenges to this story is a foundation inscription that was rediscovered during renovations to the mosque in the 20th century, previously hidden under layers of plaster for centuries. This inscription, carved onto cedar wood panels and written in a

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for learning and teaching may not have been until the 10th or the 12th century. Moroccan historian Mohammed Al-Manouni believes that it was during the reign of the Almoravids (1040–1147) that the mosque acquired its function as a teaching institution. French historian

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wall which symbolizes the direction of prayer, and in front of which the imam usually leads prayers and delivers sermons. This overall layout (a hypostyle hall with a central nave emphasized against the others) is a familiar layout for North African mosques generally.

1827:("Gate of the Barefooted"). This gate dates to the Almohad era. It is distinguished by a small water channel that runs across the floor just inside it. The channel allowed worshipers entering the mosque to wash their feet on the way in, helping with initial ablutions. 1342:

in the middle of the new southern wall, but also the reconstruction or embellishment of the prayer hall's central nave (the arches along its central axis, in a line perpendicular to the southern wall and to the other rows of arches) leading from the courtyard to the

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are slightly wider than others. These anomalies have not been fully explained but they appear to have been present since the early centuries of the mosque; they may be due to early reconstructions or alterations which have gone unrecorded in historical chronicles.

861:, is said to have lived in Fez for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at al-Qarawiyyin. The institution has produced numerous scholars who have strongly influenced the intellectual and academic history of the Muslim world. Among them are 5900:, which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a 2155:. It was kept separate from the main mosque to preserve the purity of the latter as a regular prayer space, which could be soiled by the presence of a dead body. This oratory dates back to the Almoravid period and also features embellishments such as a 2370:) in that there was no defined scholastic year, registration was not imposed, study durations were not fixed, and there was no examination to ratify studies. Students were expected to attend courses for a minimum of five years and would receive an 1466:

The Marinids, who were responsible for building many of the madrasas around Fez, made various contributions to the mosque. In 1286 they restored and protected the 10th-century minaret, which had been made from deteriorating poor-quality stone with

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Higher education has always been an integral part of Morocco, going back to the ninth century when the Karaouine Mosque was established. The mosque school, known today as Al Qayrawaniyan University, became part of the state university system in

5934:. As proof thereof and without wishing here to recount the whole history of the birth of universities, it will suffice to describe briefly how the invention of universities took the form of a polycentric process of specifically European origin. 2277:

dates al-Qarawiyyin University's foundation to the mosque's foundation in 859 and generally considers that "universities" existed outside Europe before the advent of the European university model. Other sources also refer to the historical or

1418:) report a story claiming that the inhabitants of Fez, fearful that the "puritan" Almohads would resent the lavish decoration placed inside the mosque, used whitewash to cover up the most ornate decorations from Ibn Yusuf's expansion near the 2434:. So it is very difficult to sustain the claim that the University of Qarawiyyin is the "oldest university", and not only in the Muslim world! The mosque school or college did not assume the name of university until 1960 when in a ceremony 1148:. Spanish Muslim converts frequently attend the institution, largely attracted by the fact that the sheikhs of al-Qarawiyyin, and Islamic scholarship in Morocco in general, are heirs to the rich, religious, and scholarly heritage of Muslim 3777:"Reviewed Work: Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle) by Abdul-Hadi at-Tazi" 1180:

Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque was founded in the 9th century, but its present form is the result of a long historical evolution over the course of more than 1,000 years. Successive dynasties expanded the mosque until it became the largest in

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And if you listen to some of Fez's more enthusiastic guides, the Qarawiyyin's alumni in the tenth century even included Gerbert of Aurillac, the future Pope Sylvester II, although hard evidence of his attendance appears vanishingly

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prepared too quickly and did not fully bond with the existing surface. This ended up making its removal easier during modern restorations and has helped to preserve much of the original Almoravid decoration now visible again today.

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letters. The craftsmen who worked on this expansion are mostly anonymous, except for two names that are carved on the bases of two of the cupolas: Ibrāhīm and Salāma ibn Mufarrij, who may have been of Andalusi origin. Lastly, a new

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Tibawi, A. L. (1980). "Review of Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)".

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Starting in the late 13th century, and especially in the 14th century, the Marinid dynasty was responsible for constructing a number of formal madrasas in the areas around al-Qarawiyyin's main building. The first of these was the

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The French administration implemented a number of structural reforms between 1914 and 1947, including the institution of calendars, appointment of teachers, salaries, schedules, general administration, and the replacement of the

1579: 744:. Abu Yusuf initially housed these in the nearby Saffarin Madrasa (which he had recently built), but later moved them to al-Qarawiyyin. Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the library are volumes from the 1509:, by a scholar named Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Sanhaji. Its time divisions were engraved by Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn al-Saddina al-Qarsatuni. The clock was neglected then restored between 1346 and 1349 (747–749 AH) by a new 959:

carried out further reforms, but it is unclear if this had any significant long-term effects. Between 1830 and 1906 the number of faculty decreased from 425 to 266 (of which, among the latter, only 101 were still teaching).

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The present library building dates mainly from a major expansion and modification in the 20th century, particularly in the 1940s. The new library expansion, which included a large new reading room, was inaugurated in 1949.

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do not provide any clear details on the history of teaching at the mosque, though al-Jazna'i (who lived in the 14th century) mentions that teaching had taken place there before his time. Otherwise, the earliest mentions of

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In 1947, al-Qarawiyyin was integrated into the state educational system, and women were first admitted to study there during the 1940s. In 1963, after Moroccan independence, al-Qarawiyyin was officially transformed by

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cupola and a number of ornate archways in varying forms. Spoliated capitals from al-Andalus are also re-used here in the doorways leading from the prayer hall to the funerary annex and in the columns supporting the

1439:, which Terrasse described as "the largest and most beautiful chandelier in the Islamic world," and which hangs in the central nave of the mosque today. It was commissioned by Abu Muhammad 'Abd Allah ibn Musa, the 5087:

Jelidi, Charlotte (2011). "Patrimonialisation de la médina de Fès et création architecturale sous le protectorat français (1912-1956) : à la quête d'une « couleur locale »". In Bacha, Myriam (ed.).

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At the western and eastern ends of the courtyard stand two ornate Saadian pavilions each sheltering another fountain. The pavilions have pyramidal domes and emulate the pavilions in the Court of the Lions in the

992:), social status, personal wealth, and geographic background (rural or urban) determined the group membership of the students who were segregated by the teaching facility, as well as in their personal quarters. 540:

indicates the earliest clear evidence of teaching at al-Qarawiyyin in 1121. Moroccan historian Mohammed Al-Manouni believes that the mosque acquired its function as a teaching institution during the reign of the

2267:, under its entry for "ldest higher-learning institution, oldest university", where it describes al-Qarawiyyin as the "oldest existing, and continually operating educational institution in the world", while the 6428:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. (In French; contains detailed discussion of the institution's operations prior to the French colonial period; in particular, see p. 453 and after) 1521:

763 AH), as recorded by an original inscription. It features a large astrolabe with a diameter of 71 cm, which is embedded into a wooden structure in the corner of the room, but its mechanism is no longer

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The minaret was constructed in the 10th century under the sponsorship of the Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, Abd al-Rahman III. It overlooks the courtyard from the west. Along with the contemporary minaret of the

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facilities in the courtyard were upgraded, a separate ablutions room was added to the north, and a new underground storage room was created. They also replaced the mosque's grand chandelier with one made of

1085:. Modern curricula and textbooks were introduced and the professional training of the teachers improved. Following the reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of Al Quaraouiyine" in 1965. 6072:

Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep. 1984), pp. 586-588

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decoration on the entrance arch itself, however, dates from much later. At the central outer entrance to the courtyard from the north, the cupola ceiling over the entrance vestibule of the gate called

303:, though lessons on non-Islamic subjects are also offered to students. Teaching is still delivered in the traditional methods. The university is attended by students from all over Morocco and Muslim 2313:

university model is thus widely argued to descend from this European tradition, even if other models of higher education existed in other parts of the world. Jacques Verger says that while the term

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constantly fought for control over Fez and Morocco, seen as a buffer zone between the two. Despite this uncertain period, the mosque received significant patronage and had its first expansions. The

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Al-Qarawiyyin underwent a general decline in later centuries along with Fez. The strength of its teaching stagnated and its curriculum decreased in range and scope, becoming focused on traditional

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in 1968, determined that traces of the original mosque could be found in the layout of the current building. This initial form of the mosque occupied a large space immediately to the south of the

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Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)

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Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)

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were also rebuilt or repaired in 1283 and 1296–97, while at the entrance from the courtyard to the prayer hall (leading to the central nave of the mihrab), a decorative wooden screen, called the

979: 2147:, which served as a separate oratory reserved for funerary rites. This type of facility was not particularly common in the Islamic world but there are several examples in Fez, including at the 5837:

No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the

921:) studied at al-Qarawiyyin in the 10th century. Although this claim about Gerbert is sometimes repeated by modern authors, modern scholarship has not produced evidence to support this story. 2571: 1272:

It also replaced the original minaret with a new, larger minaret still standing today. Its overall form, with a square shaft, was indicative of the subsequent development of Maghrebi and

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Students were male, but traditionally it has been said that "facilities were at times provided for interested women to listen to the discourse while accommodated in a special gallery (

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and the time factor may be ignored or dismissed as being without significance. One cannot, therefore, be too careful in attempting a comparative study of these two institutions: the

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into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education. Classes at the old mosque ceased and a new campus was established at a former French Army barracks. While the

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Elsewhere, many of the mosque's main entrances were given doors made of wood overlaid with ornate bronze fittings, which today count among the oldest surviving bronze artworks in

1692:). Al-Mansur also built a new room for the library on the south side of the mosque (around the library's current location), which was connected to the mosque via a door in the 6956: 7894: 1297:

or grooved, survives today, located above the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall. A similar dome, located across the courtyard over the northern entrance of the mosque (

1957:) dating from the Almoravid and 'Alawi periods. The muqarnas vaults are made of plaster and are suspended from a hidden framework of wooden struts above them. Many of the 8044: 6121:

Bhattacharyya, Shilpa; Guha, Debjani (2016). "Scholastic Excellence of Nalanda and Nalanda Contemporary (415 A.D. – 1200 A.D.) Al-Qarawiyyin: A Comparative Evaluation".

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wall. It probably also had a courtyard of relatively small size, and the first minaret, also of small size, reportedly stood on the location now occupied by the wooden

6474: 5904:, has since the eighteenth century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines. 1595: 1176:

Floor plan of the mosque and some of its annexes. (Based on an early 20th-century survey; since then the southern part of the complex, the library, has been modified.)

1668:

embellished the mosque by adding two prominent pavilions to the western and eastern ends of the courtyard, each of which sheltered a new fountain. The Saadian sultan

8386: 7833: 1408:

Later dynasties continued to embellish the mosque or gift it with new furnishings, though no works as radical as the Almoravid expansion were undertaken again. The

9082: 8049: 2135:

A number of annexes are attached around the mosque, serving various functions. The northwestern edge of the building is occupied by latrines. Behind the southern

10077: 8696: 7695: 1430:(r. 1199–1213), the Almohads added and upgraded a number of elements in the mosque, some of which were nonetheless marked with strong decorative flourishes. The 1251:

As Fez grew and the mosque increased in prestige, the original building was insufficient for its religious and institutional needs. During the 10th century, the

8852: 7947: 1528: 250:

system in 1963 and officially renamed "University of Al Quaraouiyine" two years later. The mosque building itself is also a significant complex of historical

6632: 8847: 7110: 6691: 3297:, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the 2617: 1937:

is distinguished from the rest of the mosque by a number of architectural embellishments. The arches that run along it are of varying shapes, including both

290:

Education at the University of al-Qarawiyyin concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths in,

2249:

has previously described al-Qarawiyyin to be the "oldest university in the world" in the World Heritage Sites entry for Medina of Fez. UNESCO describes the

1877:

wall, is marked by a central nave running between two extra lines of arches along this axis, perpendicular to the other arches. This nave leads towards the

1517:(ruled 1359–1361), is still partly preserved today. It was designed by Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman al-Laja'i and completed on November 20, 1361 (21 967:

By the late 19th century, Western scholars began to recognize al-Qarawiyyin as a "university", a description which would become more established during the

1913:, which dates from the Almoravid (12th-century) expansion, is decorated with carved and painted stucco, as well as several windows of coloured glass. The 1224:

The original mosque building was built in the 9th century. A major modern study of the mosque's structure, published by French archeologist and historian

10113: 8867: 8736: 2306: 1248:(at the central entrance to the prayer hall from the courtyard). Water for the mosque was initially provided by a well dug within the mosque's precinct. 1144:

law, or interpretation; and explains difficult points. Students from Morocco and Islamic West Africa attend al-Qarawiyyin, though some come from Muslim

8711: 7649: 1546: 1135:

Education at al-Qarawiyyin University concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths in,

7887: 2043:) is rectangular, surrounded by the prayer hall on three sides and by a gallery to the north. The floor is paved with typical Moroccan mosaic tiles ( 1573:("Gate of the Rose") was redecorated with carved stucco in 1337. The richly-sculpted archway on the inner side of the gate also dates from this time. 5115: 2354:

Al Quaraouiyine" two years later. Organization at the pre-modern al-Qarawiyyin differed from European universities and other Muslim institutions at

463:(prior to the building's later expansions). The inscription, recorded and deciphered by Gaston Deverdun, proclaims the foundation of "this mosque" ( 9324: 8406: 7705: 4988: 951:

introduced reforms that regulated the institution's program, but also imposed stricter limits and excluded logic, philosophy, and the more radical

5233: 2824:

for a modern country while maintaining an emphasis on Islamic studies. Hence, al-qarawiyin university was founded in February 1963 and, while the

8686: 1347:. This involved not only embellishing some of the arches with new forms but also adding a series of highly elaborate cupola ceilings composed in 1293:

and a dome topped by talismans in the shape of a rat, a serpent, and a scorpion. Of these, only the dome itself, whose exterior is distinctively

273:

invention. They date al-Qarawiyyin's transformation from a madrasa into a university to its modern reorganization in 1963. Some sources, such as

10148: 7074: 7033: 4943:

Rius-Piniés, Mònica; Puig-Aguilar, Roser (2015). "Al-Asf ī's Description of the Zāwiya Nasiriyya: The Use of Buildings as Astronomical Tools".

3525: 818:, issued to a man called Abdellah Ben Saleh Al Koutami in 1207 CE under the authority of three other doctors and in the presence of the chief 8559: 828:

or conservator, who oversaw the maintenance of the collection. By 1613 one conservator estimated the library's collection at 32,000 volumes.

4169:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). "II.1.k Bibliothèque Qaraouiyine".

9288: 8661: 7880: 7409: 6282: 3293:

No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the

2904: 2689: 2261:". Some historians and scholars also refer to al-Qarawiyyin as the world's oldest existing university. The claim is also published by the 2215:

The current library building dates in part from a Saadian construction by Ahmad al-Mansur (late 16th century), who built a chamber called

1869:

divided into ten transverse aisles by rows of arches running parallel to the southern wall. The southern wall of this hall also marks the

905:(d. 1163) were all connected with al-Qarawiyyin as either students or lecturers. Some Christian scholars visited al-Qarawiyyin, including 9087: 8781: 1309:

One of the most significant expansions and renovations was carried out between 1134 and 1143 under the patronage of the Almoravid ruler

10128: 9821: 8995: 8791: 8761: 8436: 1854: 1658: 1216: 457:

very similar to foundation inscriptions in 9th-century Tunisia, was found on a wall above the probable site of the mosque's original

8307: 4137:

Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2008). "A Guide to Arabic Manuscript Libraries in Morocco, with Notes on Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, and Spain".

3715:

Nagy, Péter T (2023). "al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

2403:, mentions that teaching had taken place there well before his time, but with no other details. Otherwise, the earliest mentions of 1109:

In 1988, after a hiatus of almost three decades, the teaching of traditional Islamic education at al-Qarawiyyin was resumed by King

9450: 9445: 9420: 8771: 8302: 2919:

The Quaraouiyine Mosque, founded in 859, is the most famous mosque of Morocco and attracted continuous investment by Muslim rulers.

2820:

independence, al-qarawiyin maintained its reputation, but it seemed important to transform it into a university that would prepare

2602: 2177: 1381:, and decorated with inlaid materials and intricately carved arabesque reliefs. Its style was emulated for later Moroccan minbars. 5607: 10047: 9664: 9415: 9329: 7710: 7623: 646: 269:

until after World War II. Many scholars distinguish this status from the status of "university", which they view as a distinctly

1945:

ceilings and cupolas, each slightly different from the other, as well as two "ribbed" dome cupolas (similar to the domes of the

9674: 9425: 9283: 8837: 8594: 1026:

decreed by the French authorities two months earlier. In 1937 the mosque was one of the rallying points (along with the nearby

638: 592: 5823:(courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of 3467: 2418:, indicated the earliest evidence of teaching at al-Qarawiyyin in 1121. Upon reviewing the evidence in Abdelhadi Tazi's work, 8827: 6185: 6156: 5924: 5792: 5721: 5697: 5619: 5592: 5373: 5269: 5099: 5068: 5036: 4818: 4776: 4573: 4496: 4464: 4432: 4178: 3989: 3807: 3567: 3534: 3287: 3131: 3094: 2913: 2880: 2794: 2766: 1941:

and multi-lobed arches. Instead of the plain timber ceilings, most sections of the nave are covered by a series of intricate

1672:

was responsible for building the first pavilion to the east in 1587–88, while the western pavilion was added by his grandson

4422: 1842:, "Tower of the Trumpeters"), an observation tower that is sometimes confused as a minaret but was actually part of another 1156:

visitors "in search of knowledge". In addition to being Muslim, prospective students of al-Qarawiyyin are required to have

10108: 9862: 8193: 6627: 6173: 6146: 2377:

The earliest date of formal teaching at al-Qarawiyyin is also uncertain. The most relevant major historical texts like the

1089: 1412:(later 12th century and 13th century) conquered Fez after a long siege in 1145–1146. Historical sources (particularly the 9500: 9455: 9185: 9149: 8964: 7903: 5930:

In many respects, if there is any institution that Europe can most justifiably claim as one of its inventions, it is the

4357: 3952: 560:

caliphates and their allies. During this period, the Qarawiyyin Mosque progressively grew in prestige. At some point the

5815:. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as 5311: 5196: 2049:) and at the center is a fountain. From outside the mosque, the courtyard is accessed by the main northern gate, called 1004:

but did not modernize the contents of teaching likewise which were still dominated by the traditional worldviews of the

9505: 8776: 8746: 8716: 8569: 7532: 6941: 1267:

Ahmed ibn Abi Said, one of the rulers of Fez during this period who was aligned with the Umayyads, wrote to the caliph

696:

Al-Qarawiyyin also compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the Marinid sultan

1946: 1232:, in what is now the prayer hall. It had a rectangular floor plan measuring 36 by 32 meters, covering an area of 1520 10118: 10052: 9360: 9247: 7376: 6316: 5801: 5393:

Hardaker, Glenn; Ahmad Sabki, A'ishah (2012). "An insight into Islamic pedagogy at the University of al-Qarawiyyin".

4603: 4259:

Cherradi, Younes (2020). "About the First Available and Documented MD Certificate Delivered in the World: "IJAZAH"".

4045: 3724: 3505: 3087:

A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education

2414:

dates the beginning of the madrasa and teaching to the later Marinid period (1244–1465). Another Moroccan historian,

1707:

stands) also dates from the 'Alawi period; an inscription at the top of the arch gives the year 1864–1865 (1281 AH).

1392:("Funeral Mosque" or "Mosque of the Dead"), which was separated from the main prayer hall and dedicated to providing 955:

texts from the curriculum. Other subjects also disappeared over time, such as astronomy and medicine. In 1845 Sultan

422:, considered to be the first Moroccan Islamic state. According to one of the major early sources on this period, the 9571: 1236:, and was composed of a prayer hall with four transverse aisles running roughly east–west, parallel to the southern 10143: 10123: 9669: 8756: 8466: 8325: 7402: 4231: 5142: 10153: 9867: 9739: 9495: 8726: 8471: 8446: 7542: 6961: 6241: 3562:(in French) (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 3365: 3122: 2607: 713: 7659: 6450: 6419:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

3068:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

2411: 2342:, have proposed that the latter may have been influenced by the madrasas of the Muslim world, in particular via 1645:

added a room to it, which was built above and over the adjacent street, and dedicated to readings of the Quran.

546: 10062: 9734: 9405: 9390: 8933: 8887: 8882: 8701: 8411: 6946: 5261:

A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis: A Critical Synthesis

3325:

defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.

3180:

there is very little to distinguish it from other institutions that go under the general description of madrasa

2546: 1495:. The first was commissioned by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub in the 13th century and designed by Muhammad ibn al-Habbak, a 1483:) of the mosque who was responsible for determining the precise times of prayer. The chamber was equipped with 1371: 968: 831: 358: 4893: 4396: 835:

A document from the Qarawiyyin's library which is claimed by some scholars to be the world's oldest surviving

10163: 10158: 9852: 9510: 8651: 8335: 8162: 6526: 6456: 6267: 3982:

Les historiens des Chorfa; essai sur la littérature historique et biographique au Maroc du XVIe au XXe siècle

1565:

was installed in 1289 and acted as a symbolic "outdoor" or "summer" mihrab for prayers in the courtyard. The

1491:

were built for it in this period. The first two do not exist anymore, but are described by al-Jazna'i in the

642: 17: 4960:

Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the History of Science Ithaca, 26 August-2 September 1962

4035: 2095: 1657:

One of the Saadian pavilions (late 16th and early 17th century) in the courtyard, featuring carved wood and

1653: 9709: 9175: 8741: 8691: 8676: 8039: 5949:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

4692: 3416:

Ahmed, Sumayya (26 May 2016). "Learned women: three generations of female Islamic scholarship in Morocco".

768:, a 9th-century Quran manuscript (also written on gazelle parchment), a copy of the Quran given by Sultan 664: 10138: 9996: 9965: 9960: 9872: 9806: 9704: 9535: 9252: 8969: 8706: 8008: 7861: 7851: 7803: 7777: 7537: 7497: 7395: 6809: 6711: 6670: 5119: 3558:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

2447:

A number of well-known philosophers, scholars, and politicians in the history of Morocco and the western

1634: 1121: 5000: 2872:

Women, Education, and Science within the Arab-Islamic Socio-Cultural History: Legacies for Social Change

1745: 1185:, with a capacity of 22,000 worshipers. The present-day mosque covers an extensive area of about half a 445:

build a mosque suitable for her community. Similarly, her sister Mariam is also reputed to have founded

307:, with some also coming from further abroad. Women were first admitted to the institution in the 1940s. 9729: 9724: 9699: 9602: 9545: 9046: 8822: 8731: 8681: 8656: 8250: 7746: 7613: 7418: 5496: 5167: 3337: 2396: 2186: 1950: 1642: 1514: 526: 8167: 5549: 4545:

Belhachmi, Zakia: "Gender, Education, and Feminist Knowledge in al-Maghrib (North Africa) – 1950–70",

3460:"مَوْسُوعَةُ الْجَزِيرَةِ | جَامِعَةُ الْقَرَوِيِّينَ - AJNET Encyclopedia | al-Qarawiyyin University" 2273: 10072: 10057: 9970: 9811: 9638: 9465: 9319: 9211: 8796: 8276: 8085: 7982: 7462: 6936: 6931: 6748: 6601: 5640: 5368:, Wiener islamisch-religionspädagogische Studien, vol. 1, Böhlau Verlag Wien, pp. 220–221, 4173:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 2483: 446: 5752:

Perkin, Harold (2006). "History of universities". In Forest, James J.F.; Altbach, Philip G. (eds.).

4624: 3935: 1513:, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn al-'Arabi. A third and final water clock, built on the orders of Sultan 536:(circles) for learning and teaching may not have been until the 10th or the 12th century. Historian 436:, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed al-Fihri. The al-Fihri family had migrated from 10087: 9903: 9754: 9480: 9365: 8751: 8476: 8350: 8211: 7932: 7618: 7593: 6290: 5668: 3911: 3195:

Sabki, A'ishah Ahmad; Hardaker, Glenn (1 August 2013). "The madrasah concept of Islamic pedagogy".

1280: 956: 338: 6637: 10067: 10016: 9929: 9694: 9689: 9485: 9475: 9410: 9370: 9180: 9051: 8451: 8345: 7731: 7680: 7527: 7018: 4519:

Hart, David M. (1997). "The Berber Dahir of 1930 in colonial Morocco: then and now (1930-1996)".

3398:

Mélanges d'histoire et d'archéologie de l'occident musulman - Tome II - Hommage à Georges Marçais

3317: 2530: 2518: 1451: 571: 7813: 4958:

Price, Derek J. de Solla (1964). "Mechanical Water Clocks of the 14th Century in Fez, Morocco".

4649:

Cardinal, Monique C. (2005). "Islamic Legal Theory Curriculum: Are the Classics Taught Today?".

4061:

Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

1252: 1041: 557: 10082: 9749: 9719: 9633: 9460: 9440: 9430: 9015: 8877: 8786: 8666: 8564: 8533: 8340: 8054: 7823: 7736: 7644: 7639: 7517: 6966: 6890: 6859: 6834: 6303: 2263: 1506: 1294: 1014:, the institution's teaching was reorganized into elementary, secondary, and higher education. 279: 242:

in 857–859 and subsequently became one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the

212: 5754:

International Handbook of Higher Education - Part 1: Global Themes and Contemporary Challenges

5554: 5116:"La magnifique rénovation des 27 monuments de Fès – Conseil Régional du Tourisme (CRT) de Fès" 1388:. Another interesting element added to the mosque was a small secondary oratory, known as the 10006: 10001: 9714: 9679: 9515: 9470: 9435: 9355: 9293: 9216: 9056: 9020: 8959: 8907: 8902: 8892: 8625: 8456: 8391: 8268: 8152: 8137: 8111: 7942: 7828: 7808: 7700: 7345: 7286: 7259: 7164: 7156: 7094: 5285: 3922: 2435: 2302: 2268: 2250: 2224: 1673: 1385: 1011: 948: 898: 890: 878: 251: 5364:

Pallavicini, Yahya Sergio Yahe (2009), "Islamic Knowledge in Italy", in Aslan, Ednan (ed.),

1796:

are replicas made in the 1950s that replaced the originals, whose fragments are kept by the

393: 10011: 9525: 9520: 9375: 9123: 9097: 9000: 8721: 8507: 8441: 8376: 8224: 8157: 8147: 8080: 7927: 7818: 7787: 7751: 7507: 7432: 6915: 6824: 6763: 5838: 5790:: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 5654: 5259: 4205: 2815:

in the middle of the ninth century. It has been a destination for students and scholars of

2612: 1455: 1110: 1022:, a communal prayer recited in times of calamity, to raise awareness and opposition to the 717: 552:

In the 10th century, the Idrisid dynasty fell from power and Fez was contested between the

255: 6347: 5853:– have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval 2223:

wall. Most of the building dates from a major 20th-century expansion commissioned by King

8: 9955: 9877: 9744: 9530: 9490: 9400: 9005: 8857: 8766: 8574: 8426: 8421: 8381: 8219: 7772: 7690: 7573: 7512: 7437: 7303: 7120: 7089: 7008: 6875: 6854: 6829: 6758: 6721: 6606: 5842: 3321: 2759:

A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis

2552: 2524: 2427: 2355: 2339: 2298: 2254: 1113:

in what has been interpreted as a move to bolster conservative support for the monarchy.

760: 682: 669: 567: 472: 6426:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

5197:"World's oldest library reopens in Fez: 'You can hurt us, but you can't hurt the books'" 4975:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures

4861:

Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269

3640:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

2241: 9816: 9780: 9628: 9380: 8842: 8832: 8599: 8589: 8579: 8481: 8142: 7654: 7588: 7482: 7472: 7276: 7136: 7069: 6987: 6900: 6885: 6880: 6778: 6298: 6096: 6043: 6004: 5966: 5893:

studies, but they remain nonetheless at the heart of universities throughout the world.

5854: 5846: 5568:

Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Economics, education, mobility, and space

5478: 4730: 4674: 4547:

Journal of Middle Eastern and North African Intellectual and Cultural Studies, Vol. 2–3

4312: 3692: 3441: 3220: 3171: 2419: 2148: 1677: 1062: 964:

manuscripts and 400 printed books, though many valuable historic items were retained.

906: 886: 866: 850: 746: 690: 686: 378: 259: 243: 7872: 5787: 4331: 10042: 9857: 9684: 9540: 9385: 9257: 8862: 8671: 8416: 7937: 7741: 7608: 7477: 7467: 7335: 7028: 6773: 6768: 6519: 6312: 6261: 6181: 6152: 6047: 6008: 5920: 5797: 5717: 5709: 5693: 5615: 5588: 5482: 5437: 5369: 5265: 5204: 5095: 5064: 5032: 4814: 4772: 4666: 4599: 4569: 4492: 4460: 4428: 4316: 4304: 4174: 4041: 3985: 3803: 3720: 3696: 3563: 3530: 3501: 3445: 3433: 3283: 3275: 3224: 3212: 3163: 3127: 3117: 3090: 2909: 2876: 2790: 2762: 2448: 2431: 2363: 2347: 2152: 2110: 2083: 1700: 1427: 1409: 1268: 1256: 1045:

The main entrance to the library and other southern annexes of the mosque today, off

918: 870: 553: 507: 490: 189: 72: 6202:"دعوة الحق - [كتاب] نفح الطيب للمقري، نموذج فريد في التراجم العربية القديمة" 5433: 4874:

Terrasse, Henri (1957). "La Mosquée d'Al-Qarawīyīn à Fès et l'Art des Almoravides".

1889: 725: 283:, have cited al-Qarawiyyin as the oldest university or oldest continually operating 9847: 9597: 9395: 9010: 8584: 8461: 8431: 8401: 8396: 8034: 7856: 7767: 7603: 7598: 7583: 7442: 7296: 7281: 7141: 6910: 6753: 6308: 6035: 5996: 5958: 5885:

have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the

5816: 5580: 5468: 5429: 5402: 4726: 4658: 4528: 4294: 3684: 3425: 3313: 3309: 3204: 2825: 2816: 2562: 1136: 1074: 1058: 930: 914: 854: 678: 291: 284: 247: 6201: 5681: 5420:

Gathiram, Prem; Hänninen, Osmo (2014). "Medicine and medical sciences in Africa".

4299: 4282: 3595:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

3429: 2289:

to be applicable only to the educational institutions that initially took form in

1203:

at the courtyard's western end, and a number of annexes around the mosque itself.

1030:) for demonstrations in response to a violent crackdown on Moroccan protesters in 933:

and Arabic linguistic studies. Even some traditional Islamic specializations like

8897: 7522: 7502: 7452: 7447: 7291: 7222: 7189: 7184: 7146: 7115: 7079: 6819: 6814: 6793: 6580: 6468: 6447:(includes pictures of the interior, the minbar, and other architectural elements) 5886: 5824: 5768: 5738: 5685: 4486: 4281:

Fourtassi, Maryam; Abda, Naima; Bentata, Yassamine; Hajjioui, Abderrazak (2020).

3688: 3675:

Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2011). "Les Idrissides: L'histoire contre son histoire".

3593: 3396:

Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Une nouvelle inscription idrisite (265 H = 877 J.C.)".

3243: 3208: 2832:

located in major regions of the country known for their religious influences and

2663: 2645: 2499: 2495: 2290: 1669: 1536: 1473: 1393: 1046: 1027: 769: 602: 464: 433: 419: 349: 324: 239: 203: 157: 6665: 5612:

The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100–1215

5336: 1487:

and other scientific equipment of the era in order to aid in this task. Several

1377:

was completed and installed in 1144. It is made of wood in an elaborate work of

8872: 7782: 7675: 7578: 7492: 7217: 7194: 6905: 6895: 6788: 6572: 6294: 5672:: "Universität. Die Anfänge", Vol. 8, Cols 1249–1250, Metzler, Stuttgart, –1999 5631: 3823:

Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".

3400:. Imprimerie officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie. pp. 129–146. 2594: 2540: 2415: 2379: 2294: 2101:

View from the south, with the unusual vertically-elongated lobed window visible

1989:

of the mosque, which could also be stored in a small room behind a door in the

1938: 1926: 1764: 1414: 1324: 1225: 1093: 845: 836: 815: 751: 697: 626: 537: 513: 424: 50: 5793:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

5714:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

5406: 4532: 3280:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

2387:

do not provide clear details on the history of teaching at the mosque. In the

1729: 1353:(honeycomb or stalactite-like) sculpting and further decorated with intricate 1193:

interior space for prayers (the prayer hall), a courtyard with fountains (the

1092:; al-Qarawiyyin kept the Islamic and theological courses of studies. In 1973, 10102: 7838: 7350: 7340: 7330: 7325: 7247: 7053: 6585: 6562: 6489: 6476: 6172:

Onditi, Francis; Ben-Nun, Gilad; D'Alessandro, Cristina; Levey, Zack (2019).

6039: 5890: 5874: 5635: 5521: 5473: 5456: 5208: 4670: 4662: 3520: 3437: 3301: 3216: 3167: 2477: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2258: 2229: 2032: 1970: 1954: 1665: 1318: 1310: 1287:) led a military expedition to Fez in 998. The embellishments included a new 1157: 989: 944: 894: 882: 502:

and civic activities. The al-Andalusiyyin Mosque, in the district across the

370: 164: 6024:"From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 9656: 9589: 8072: 7685: 7487: 7320: 7227: 7204: 7084: 7048: 6783: 6535: 6512: 6286: 5831: 5644:, Vol. 15, Robert Appleton Company, New York, 1912, retrieved 27 July 2012) 5441: 5234:"The World's Oldest Working Library Will Soon Open Its Doors to the Public" 4308: 3305: 1832: 1813: 1233: 1145: 1054: 1023: 917:

Jousé Ponteleimon Krestovitich also claimed that Gerbert d'Aurillac (later

902: 801:) gifted by the author in 1396. Recently rediscovered in the library is an 477: 415: 362: 231: 122: 7558: 5312:"The World's Oldest Library – Al-Qarawiyyin Library Fez to reopen in 2017" 3838: 2031:) of the Qarawiyyin Mosque, including the central fountain and one of the 824:(judge) of the city and two other witnesses. The library was managed by a 9772: 8294: 7242: 7212: 7179: 6686: 6549: 6421:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. (In French; mainly about architecture) 5985:"Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity" 3776: 3294: 2471: 2392: 2331: 1648: 1488: 1396:

for the deceased before their burial. The annex is also decorated with a

1066: 1035: 862: 858: 788: 709: 597: 575: 518: 429: 398: 304: 6100: 6059:

The scholarship on these differences is summarized in Toby Huff (2003),

5457:"Deep-time organizations: Learning institutional longevity from history" 5089: 4040:(in French). Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. 3175: 2836:. These colleges were kuliyat al-shari's in Fès, kuliyat uSul al-din in 2021: 1172: 974: 814:, which some scholars claim to be the oldest surviving predecessor of a 615:

period or shortly after were traditional religious subjects such as the

361:

of Morocco have resulted in a number of different orthographies for the

9895: 9239: 9141: 9038: 8185: 7237: 7038: 7013: 6000: 5984: 5931: 5870: 5866: 5862: 4973:

Hill, Donald R. (1997). "Clocks and watches". In Selin, Helaine (ed.).

4678: 4283:"Medical education in Morocco: Current situation and future challenges" 3256: 2504: 2455: 2343: 2279: 1273: 1149: 797: 705: 542: 486: 482: 354: 139: 70:

and center of higher learning for non-vocational sciences (before 1963)

5970: 5091:

Architectures au Maghreb (XIXe-XXe siècles): Réinvention du patrimoine

4168: 3557: 3369: 2837: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 1788:

preserve original pieces and were restored in 2005–2007, the doors of

1552:

The astrolabe of the water clock device completed in 1361 by al-Laja'i

1078: 729: 9167: 7387: 7252: 7232: 7169: 7043: 7023: 6992: 6982: 5850: 5820: 2841: 2821: 2576:(Islamic council) Notably, one of the first few women to be admitted. 2461: 2003: 1966: 1797: 1630: 1484: 1468: 1378: 1358: 1190: 1070: 811: 765: 755: 658: 650: 2828:'s residence was kept in Fès, the new university initially had four 2451:

have either studied or taught at the Qarawiyyin since its founding.

2426:

This is considerably later than the beginning of instruction at the

1505:. The second was built in 1317 or 1318 (717 AH), under the reign of 737: 661:

were never officially taught as they were considered too unorthodox.

10034: 9839: 8551: 8525: 8129: 8026: 7355: 7174: 6554: 5962: 5882: 5878: 3298: 2772: 2228:

complex underwent another major restoration in recent years led by

2063: 1917:

niche itself is a small alcove which is covered by a small dome of

1681: 1518: 1479: 1349: 1330: 1284: 940: 849:) overlooking the scholars' circle". The 12th-century cartographer 773: 630: 549:

dates the beginning of teaching to the Marinid period (1244–1465).

503: 437: 320: 7552: 6171: 6023: 4488:

Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity

2844:(all founded in 1963), and kuliyat al-shari'a in Ait Melloul near 2556: 2508: 1497: 265:

Scholars consider al-Qarawiyyin to have been effectively run as a

9620: 9347: 9275: 9203: 8951: 8925: 8499: 8103: 7957: 7919: 7715: 6660: 6444: 6373:"The Biography of Abu al_Fadl ^Abdullah bin as-Siddiq al-Ghumari" 3252: 2833: 2829: 2804: 2534: 2114: 2045: 1685: 1447: 1200: 1186: 1160:, as well as other shorter medieval Islamic texts on grammar and 733: 721: 701: 654: 608:

Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam

562: 441: 402: 266: 128: 67: 56: 6348:"Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali - Dar-us-Salam Publications" 5094:. Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais. p. 172. 3822: 712:. Part of the collection was gathered decades earlier by Sultan 9988: 9947: 9563: 9092: 9074: 7974: 6504: 6174:"Antidotes to Extremism: Africa's Refugee Hospitality Paradigm" 5808: 4232:"Al-Bayan Wa-al-Tahsil wa-al-Tawjih: Ibn Rushd. 21 Vols Arabic" 3953:"Al-Qarawiyyin University in Fes: Brainchild of a Muslim Woman" 2845: 2808: 2512: 2465: 2405: 2374:

if they were proven to have reached a high level of expertise.

2246: 2006: 1962: 1860: 1637:, Abu Malik, after its reconquest from Spanish forces in 1333. 1566: 1441: 1436: 1354: 1289: 1260: 1182: 1140: 1096:

published a three-volume history of the establishment entitled

1082: 1031: 952: 935: 910: 874: 803: 532: 459: 316: 300: 296: 274: 270: 235: 6453:(includes pictures of the interior, including the mihrab area) 5766:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

5736:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

3912:"Publications de la faculté des lettres d'Alger, fascicule 59" 3241:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

2812: 1921:(stalactite or honeycomb-like sculpting). On each side of the 1739:

today, with replicas of the original Almoravid bronze overlays

1301:

or "Gate of the Rose"), likely also dates from the same time.

1088:

In 1975, General Studies was transferred to the newly founded

329: 9798: 9311: 8987: 8814: 8643: 8617: 8368: 8000: 5828: 5168:"أوكرانيا بالعربية | جامع القرويين - سلسلة المعالم الإسلامية" 4767:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).

2491: 2367: 2359: 2119: 2067: 1974: 1898: 1689: 1619: 1362: 1244: 1238: 1006: 943:) were progressively neglected or abandoned. In 1788–89, the 741: 634: 616: 580: 454: 4280: 2282:

al-Qarawiyyin as a "university" or an "Islamic university".

1873:. The central axis of the prayer hall, perpendicular to the 506:, may have also served a similar role up until at least the 319:

name of the university means "University of the People from

9921: 9115: 8242: 8045:

Botswana International University of Science and Technology

3839:"mosque | Parts, Features, Architecture, & Information" 3101:

wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al-Fahri.

2487: 2271:

is described as the "oldest one in Europe". Similarly, the

2027: 1901:), decorated with carved stucco. The lower edge of another 1431: 1370:

in similar style and of similar artistic provenance as the

1314: 1264: 1195: 820: 808: 621: 566:(Friday sermon) was transferred from the Shurafa Mosque of 334: 6148:

Islamic Empires: Fifteen Cities that Define a Civilization

4424:

Islamic Empires: Fifteen Cities that Define a Civilization

4123:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. pp. 139–142. 3642:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 1864:, with some of the Almohad and Marinid chandeliers visible 1772:(which opens onto the courtyard), the western gate called 1334:

vault in the central nave of the mosque, made from plaster

1018:

al-Qarawiyyin strongly participated in the propagation of

8387:

Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology

5944: 5942: 4558: 1812:, also have heavy bronze fittings, including some ornate 1540:, with its double-arched window overlooking the courtyard 432:, al-Qarawiyyin was founded as a mosque in 857 or 859 by 9083:

Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources

8050:

Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources

4766: 4332:"Al-Qarawiyyin - University, Library, and Mosque in One" 4330:

Fry, Tatiana; Clevel; University, State; Curnow, Kathy.

3113: 3111: 3109: 2293:, and argue that the first universities were located in 1338:

The new expansion of the mosque involved not only a new

397:

View of the Qarawiyyin Mosque on the skyline of central

10134:

Educational institutions established in the 9th century

8697:

Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration

7902: 5497:"Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university" 4942: 3338:"Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university" 2207:

Behind the southern wall of the mosque and east of the

1585:

Marinid decoration in the cupola over the vestibule of

1461: 1403: 1034:, which ended with French troops being deployed across 700:

in 1349. The collection housed numerous works from the

8853:

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

7948:

University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene

5939: 4717:

Fauzi M. Najjar (April 1958). "The Karaouine at Fez".

3798:

Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Universities (Islamic)".

2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2395:

mentions the mosque but not its educational function.

2253:(founded in 1088 and usually recognized as the oldest 2235: 1649:

Saadian and 'Alawi period (16th-century to modern era)

672:(founded in 1323), just north of the Qarawiyyin Mosque 574:) to the Qarawiyyin Mosque, granting it the status of 258:

that features elements from many different periods of

8848:

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology

6459:(includes pictures of the minbar and the mihrab area) 6307:. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: 4894:"Qantara - Large chandelier of the Qarawīyyīn Mosque" 4769:

Le Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne

4329: 3106: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2618:

History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

1304: 1211: 975:

20th century and transformation into state university

720:

to hand over a number of works from the libraries of

6457:

The minbar of the al-Qarawīyīn Mosque at Qantara-Med

5811:

institution; indeed, it is the European institution

4455:

Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Qarawiyin University".

2584: 1961:

compositions are further embellished with intricate

1858:

The central nave of the mosque, leading towards the

475:

who governed this region of Morocco at the time) in

341:

which has no equivalent in European languages – the

217: 8868:

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

8737:

Regent University College of Science and Technology

6178:

Contemporary Africa and the Foreseeable World Order

5781: 5392: 4811:

Fès mérinide: Une capitale pour les arts, 1276-1465

4171:

Le Maroc andalou: à la découverte d'un art de vivre

3560:

Le Maroc andalou: à la découverte d'un art de vivre

2898: 2896: 1997:is most likely of similar origins as the Almoravid 1065:were founded in and outside the city: a faculty of 587: 401:: the green-tiled roofs of the prayer hall and the 8712:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 6242:"الموسوعة العربية | الكتاني (محمد بن عبد الكبير-)" 5712:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 4539: 3278:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 2706: 2126: 6463:360-degree view of the central nave of the mosque 6120: 5522:"Qarawīyīn | mosque and university, Fès, Morocco" 4121:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 2334:regimes since the beginning of the 19th century. 1933:The central nave that runs along the axis of the 1279:The mosque was embellished when the Amirid ruler 625:(Islamic jurisprudence), and other sciences like 327:'s family in Tunisia, the presence of the letter 178: 10100: 9325:Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology 8407:Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology 6123:INSIGHT Journal of Applied Research in Education 5419: 5395:Multicultural Education & Technology Journal 3081: 3079: 3077: 2893: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 8687:George Grant University of Mines and Technology 7711:Old Mosque (Mosque of the Kasbah of the Udayas) 6465:, in front of the mihrab, posted on Google Maps 5454: 5147:Discover Islamic Art - Museum With No Frontiers 4716: 1676:in 1609. The pavilions emulate the ones in the 1164:law, and to be proficient in classical Arabic. 6633:École nationale des sciences appliquées de Fès 6332:Dennerlein, Bettina (2018). "al-Fāsī family". 3526:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 3498:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 689:in 1346. A larger but much later madrasa, the 385:, another rendering using French orthography. 10078:National University of Science and Technology 8560:Addis Ababa Science and Technology University 7888: 7403: 7302:For the "Mechouars" of the Royal Palace, see 6520: 6248:. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023 6083:Tibawi, A. L. (Summer 1980). "Reviewed Work: 4450: 4448: 3910:Al-Jaznaï, Zahrat al-Âs; Bel, Alfred (1923). 3360: 3358: 3194: 3074: 3070:(in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. 2853: 1751:Fragments of the original bronze overlays of 1167: 787:) dating from 1320, and the original copy of 9289:Namibia University of Science and Technology 8662:African University College of Communications 6988:Nejjarine Museum of Wooden Arts & Crafts 6403: 4693:"Brand Review - UNIVERSITY OF AL-QARAWIYYIN" 4588: 3909: 2657: 2636: 2196: 1837: 1623:at the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall 1471:. At its southern foot, they also built the 1097: 893:(1165–1240 AD), Ibn Khaldun (1332–1395 AD), 606:of the Qarawiyyin Mosque (on display at the 342: 246:. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern 39: 9088:Malawi University of Science and Technology 8782:University of Media, Arts and Communication 6471:, 360-degree views of the mosque's interior 6226:Radtke, Bernd R. (2012). "Aḥmad b. Idrīs". 5455:Hanusch, Frederic; Biermann, Frank (2020). 5363: 5029:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 4136: 3674: 3637: 1830:Next to the mosque is a tower known as the 1189:. Broadly speaking, it consists of a large 1116: 409: 10114:Buildings and structures completed in 1135 8996:Al Asmarya University for Islamic Sciences 8792:Wisconsin International University College 8762:University of Energy and Natural Resources 8437:Misr University for Science and Technology 7895: 7881: 7410: 7396: 7282:Place Bou Jeloud (Place Pacha el-Baghdadi) 6527: 6513: 6331: 5957:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 4977:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 209. 4445: 3892:Deverdun, Gaston (1997). "al-Ḳarawiyyīn". 3657:. Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire. 3355: 6180:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. 5819:and the determination and realization of 5472: 4298: 4103:. Princeton University Press. p. 29. 3984:. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. 2001. 3791: 3514: 3500:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3495: 2868: 1589:, the central northern gate of the mosque 9451:Michael Okpara University of Agriculture 9446:Ladoke Akintola University of Technology 9421:Federal University of Technology, Owerri 8772:University of Health and Allied Sciences 8303:International University of Grand-Bassam 7443:Al-Anouar Mosque (Mosque of the Sheikhs) 6754:Al-Anouar Mosque (Mosque of the Sheikhs) 6445:Al Qaraouiyine Rehabilitation at ArchNet 5982: 5951:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5587:. Oxford University Press. p. 328. 5579: 5573: 4873: 4648: 4454: 4383:The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad 4261:Journal of Medical and Surgical Research 4258: 3896:. Vol. IV. Brill. pp. 632–635. 3891: 3797: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3652: 3395: 3065: 2603:List of Islamic educational institutions 2527:(1873–1909), writer and political leader 2117:historically issued the call to prayer ( 2020: 1888: 1853: 1823:, on its west side, is another doorway, 1800:. The northwestern gates of the mosque, 1652: 1400:cupola and ornate archways and windows. 1323: 1215: 1171: 1120: 1040: 978: 830: 663: 591: 392: 10048:Bindura University of Science Education 9665:Cape Peninsula University of Technology 9416:Federal University of Technology, Minna 9330:Maryam Abacha American University Niger 7070:Funduq al-Najjarin (Foundouk Nejjarine) 6280: 6144: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 5948: 5732: 5730: 5194: 5140: 5058: 4484: 4420: 4380: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4078: 4060: 4037:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 2537:-Moroccan political and military leader 2232:and was set to reopen in 2016 or 2017. 1605:, with Marinid-era stucco embellishment 1220:Arches in the prayer hall of the mosque 1206: 14: 10101: 9675:Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University 9426:Federal University of Technology, Yola 9284:International University of Management 8838:Dedan Kimathi University of Technology 7594:Kasbah Mosque (Moulay al-Yazid Mosque) 7417: 6225: 6082: 6021: 5751: 5544: 5542: 5359: 5357: 5286:"Restoring the world's oldest library" 5227: 5225: 5190: 5188: 5086: 5082: 5080: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4962:. Hermann Publisher. pp. 599–602. 4858: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4762: 4760: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4276: 4274: 4254: 4252: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4132: 4130: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography 4074: 4072: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 3976: 3974: 3947: 3945: 3905: 3903: 3894:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3825:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3774: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3247:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.): 3152: 2486:, historian and theologian, appointed 2474:(1332–1406), historian and philosopher 2438:invested it with that dignified title. 1125:Scholar at the Al-Qarawiyyin library, 924: 873:(d. 1015) – a leading theorist of the 867:Mohammed Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari al-Fasi 584:) according to that of al-Qarawiyyin. 405:(white tower on the left) are visible. 10149:9th-century establishments in Morocco 8828:Catholic University of Eastern Africa 7876: 7438:Ain al-Kheil Mosque (Al-Azhar Mosque) 7391: 7351:Mosara Garden (Marinid Royal Gardens) 7090:Funduq Shamma'in (Foundouk Chemmaïne) 6759:Ain al-Kheil Mosque (Al-Azhar Mosque) 6508: 6469:Virtual tour of the Qarawiyyin Mosque 5917:The Heritage of European Universities 5257: 5195:Shaheen, Kareem (19 September 2016). 5063:. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale. 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 4957: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4771:(in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4206:"Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University" 4098: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3703: 3591: 3415: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3190: 3188: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2662: 2644: 2484:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (1632-1577) 2242:Madrasa § Madrasa and university 1816:that date from the Almoravid period. 1069:in Fez, a faculty of Arab studies in 983:View of the Qarawiyyin Mosque in 1916 348: 323:". Factors such as the provenance of 9863:St. Augustine University of Tanzania 9822:University of Science and Technology 8194:Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde 6628:Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University 6451:Manar al-Athar Digital Photo Archive 6133: 6107: 5796:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 5772:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): 5727: 5716:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 5560: 4972: 4945:Journal for the History of Astronomy 4585: 4521:The Journal of North African Studies 4518: 4149: 4083:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 3744: 3714: 3418:The Journal of North African Studies 3282:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 3148: 3146: 3089:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2761:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2458:(1135/1138–1204), Jewish philosopher 2318:university was only adopted outside 1714: 1462:Marinid period (13th–14th centuries) 1446:occasions, such as on the nights of 1404:Almohad period (12th–13th centuries) 1090:Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University 365:of the university's name, including 9501:University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 9456:National Open University of Nigeria 9186:University of Technology, Mauritius 9150:University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya 8965:Stella Maris Polytechnic University 7904:Association of African Universities 7834:Sidi Ben Youssef Mosque (Essaouira) 7624:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Sliman al-Jazuli 6404: 5760: 5700:, p. 1484 (entry "university") 5614:, Stanford University Press, 1985, 5539: 5354: 5337:"Bologna | Creative Cities Network" 5222: 5185: 5108: 5077: 5015: 4989:"La clepsydre d'Al Lajaï 763/1361"" 4785: 4612: 4589: 4473: 4323: 4271: 4249: 4187: 4127: 4107: 4081:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 4069: 4054: 3971: 3942: 3900: 3856: 3816: 3753: 3733: 3661: 3602: 3576: 3540: 3482: 3404: 3384: 3235: 2658: 2637: 2338:between such madrasas and European 2257:) as the "oldest university of the 2236:Status as world's oldest university 2197: 2195:View into the modern reading room ( 1838: 1098: 596:Reconstruction of the 14th-century 468: 343: 207: 40: 24: 9506:University of Agriculture, Makurdi 8777:University of Professional Studies 8747:University for Development Studies 8717:Methodist University College Ghana 8570:Ethiopian Civil Service University 7533:Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi 6942:Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi 6394: 5915:Sanz, Nuria; Bergan, Sjur (eds.): 5258:Lulat, Y. G.-M. (30 August 2005). 5045: 4827: 4737: 4731:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1958.tb02246.x 4568:, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, 4389: 4355: 4087: 3998: 3749:. Beirut: Dar al Kitab ab Lubnani. 3264: 3185: 3126:, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, 2905:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 2840:, kuliyat al-lugha al-'arabiya in 2789:, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, 2521:(1760–1837), Moroccan Sufi scholar 1305:Almoravid expansion (12th century) 1212:Early history (9th–10th centuries) 778:Al-Bayan Wa-al-Tahsil wa-al-Tawjih 653:. By contrast, some subjects like 357:in the university's name, and the 25: 10175: 10129:Islamic universities and colleges 10053:Chinhoyi University of Technology 9361:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University 9248:Catholic University of Mozambique 8308:Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny 7829:Mosque (zawiya) of Moulay Idris I 7377:Category:People from Fez, Morocco 6432: 5742:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 5231: 4358:"La ville de Fès et Sylvestre II" 3143: 2924: 2442: 2399:, the 14th-century author of the 2089:View of the minaret from the east 716:(ruled 1258–1286), who persuaded 10027: 9981: 9940: 9914: 9888: 9832: 9791: 9765: 9670:Central University of Technology 9649: 9613: 9582: 9556: 9340: 9304: 9268: 9232: 9196: 9160: 9134: 9108: 9067: 9031: 8980: 8944: 8918: 8807: 8757:University of Education, Winneba 8636: 8610: 8544: 8518: 8492: 8467:The American University in Cairo 8361: 8318: 8287: 8261: 8235: 8204: 8178: 8122: 8096: 8065: 8019: 7993: 7967: 7956: 7912: 7557: 7551: 6534: 6400: 6365: 6340: 6325: 6274: 6234: 6219: 6194: 6165: 6076: 6066: 6053: 6015: 5976: 5909: 5745: 5703: 4566:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 4065:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 312–313. 2787:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 2587: 2543:(1910–1974), Moroccan politician 2285:Many scholars consider the term 2185: 2176: 2094: 2082: 1755:, dating to the Almoravid period 1744: 1728: 1610: 1594: 1578: 1545: 1527: 1477:, a chamber for the timekeeper ( 588:Apogee during the Marinid period 496: 440:(hence the name of the mosque), 188: 55:Courtyard of the mosque and its 49: 9868:The Open University of Tanzania 9740:University of the Witwatersrand 8727:Presbyterian University College 8472:The British University in Egypt 8447:Pharos University in Alexandria 7543:Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda 7002:Palaces & historic mansions 6962:Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda 6063:2nd ed. p. 149-159; p. 179-189. 5869:, arts, arts and sciences, and 5690:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages 5675: 5661: 5647: 5625: 5601: 5514: 5489: 5448: 5434:10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.11.003 5413: 5386: 5329: 5304: 5278: 5251: 5160: 5134: 4981: 4966: 4951: 4936: 4911: 4886: 4867: 4710: 4685: 4642: 4579: 4512: 4414: 4374: 4349: 4224: 3831: 3646: 3452: 3330: 3123:Encyclopedia of African History 2678: 2669: 2651: 2630: 2608:List of universities in Morocco 471:) by Dawud ibn Idris (a son of 10063:Harare Institute of Technology 9735:University of the Western Cape 9572:Université Nationale du Rwanda 9406:Delta State University, Abraka 9391:Bells University of Technology 8934:National University of Lesotho 8888:South Eastern Kenya University 8883:Multimedia University of Kenya 8702:Koforidua Technical University 8412:Egyptian e-Learning University 7538:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani 6952:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed esh-Shawi 6947:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani 5585:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 5557:, 2012, retrieved 26 July 2012 4564:Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: 4457:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 4397:"Qantara - Gerbert d'Aurillac" 3800:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 2785:Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: 2547:Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali 1849: 13: 1: 9853:Muslim University of Morogoro 8652:Accra Institute of Technology 8336:Catholic University of Bukavu 6439:Universite Quaraouiyine - Fes 6061:Rise of early modern science, 5566:Joseph, S, and Najmabadi, A. 4549:, 2003, pp. 55–82 (65): 4300:10.1080/0142159X.2020.1779921 3775:Tibawi, A. L. (Summer 1980). 3717:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 3655:La mosquée des Andalous à Fès 3430:10.1080/13629387.2016.1158110 2699: 2675:"zuwwaar li'l-talab fii 'ilm" 2646:[ʒaːmiʕtulqarawijiːn] 1905:cupola is visible at the top. 1126: 901:(Alpetragius) (d. 1294), and 230:, is a university located in 9710:University of the Free State 9176:Open University of Mauritius 8742:Regional Maritime University 8692:Ghana Institute of Languages 8677:Bluecrest University College 8040:Botswana Accountancy College 6957:Zawiya of Sidi Ali Boughaleb 5658:: "University", Brill, 2012) 4491:. Cornell University Press. 3689:10.1080/09503110.2011.617063 3209:10.1080/00131911.2012.668873 2916:, p. 87 (entry "Fez"): 2848:, which was founded in 1979. 2803:is the oldest university in 2255:medieval European university 2016: 1776:, and the southwestern gate 1253:Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba 913:(d. 1667). The 19th-century 85:1963 (as a state university) 7: 10109:University of al-Qarawiyyin 9966:Uganda Management Institute 9961:Uganda Christian University 9873:University of Dar es Salaam 9807:El Imam El Mahdi University 9705:University of KwaZulu-Natal 9536:University of Port Harcourt 9253:Eduardo Mondlane University 9222:University of al-Qarawiyyin 8970:United Methodist University 8707:Kumasi Technical University 8009:University of Abomey-Calavi 7804:Great Mosque of Chefchaouen 7498:Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid 7270:Streets, souqs, and squares 7228:Bab Dekkakin (Bab es-Sebaa) 7157:Fortresses & city walls 6810:Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid 6712:World Sacred Music Festival 6671:Maghreb de Fes (basketball) 6623:University of al-Qarawiyyin 6424:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 6283:"Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm" 5919:, Council of Europe, 2002, 5692:, Vol. 1, Routledge, 2000, 5366:Islamic Education in Europe 5118:(in French). Archived from 4813:. Lienart. pp. 28–44. 4459:. Oxford University Press. 4381:Messier, Ronald A. (2010). 4119:Parker, Richard B. (1981). 4063:Islam: Art and Architecture 3802:. Oxford University Press. 3638:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 3592:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 3537:, p. 257 (entry "Fez") 2580: 2330:programs or under European 2201:) of the Qarawiyyin library 1719: 1061:took his seat at Fez, four 885:. Pioneer scholars such as 527:Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Jazna'i 218: 200:University of al-Qarawiyyin 33:University of al-Qarawiyyin 10: 10180: 9730:University of Stellenbosch 9725:University of South Africa 9700:University of Johannesburg 9603:University of Sierra Leone 9546:Usman Dan Fodio University 9047:University of Antananarivo 8823:African Virtual University 8732:Radford University College 8657:Accra Technical University 7954: 7747:Mohammed V Mosque, Tangier 7614:Zawiya of Sidi Abd el-Aziz 5827:, which was the Europe of 5684:; Dobson, Richard Barrie; 4485:Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2016). 3529:, Vol. 1, A–K, Routledge, 2239: 2167: 2073: 1317:neighbourhood (before the 1168:Architecture of the mosque 969:French protectorate period 388: 287:institution in the world. 27:University in Fez, Morocco 10073:Midlands State University 10058:Great Zimbabwe University 10025: 9979: 9971:Uganda Martyrs University 9938: 9912: 9886: 9830: 9812:Omdurman Ahlia University 9789: 9763: 9647: 9639:Puntland State University 9611: 9580: 9554: 9466:Nnamdi Azikiwe University 9338: 9320:Abdou Moumouni University 9302: 9266: 9230: 9212:Mohammed First University 9194: 9158: 9132: 9106: 9065: 9029: 8978: 8942: 8916: 8805: 8797:Zenith University College 8634: 8608: 8542: 8516: 8490: 8359: 8316: 8285: 8277:Marien Ngouabi University 8259: 8233: 8202: 8176: 8120: 8094: 8086:University of Ouagadougou 8063: 8017: 7991: 7983:Agostinho Neto University 7965: 7910: 7847: 7796: 7760: 7724: 7668: 7632: 7566: 7549: 7528:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 7425: 7368: 7313: 7269: 7203: 7155: 7129: 7103: 7062: 7001: 6975: 6937:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 6932:Mausoleum of Sidi Harazem 6924: 6868: 6847: 6802: 6749:Mosque of the Andalusians 6736: 6729: 6720: 6704: 6679: 6653: 6646: 6615: 6594: 6571: 6542: 6266:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5983:Burke II, Edmund (2009). 5641:The Catholic Encyclopedia 5407:10.1108/17504971211236308 5141:Mezzine, Mohamed (2019). 5061:Fès: La ville essentielle 5059:Métalsi, Mohamed (2003). 4533:10.1080/13629389708718294 4079:Marçais, Georges (1954). 3496:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 2869:Belhachmi, Zakia (2008). 2638:جَامِعَةُ الْقَرَوِيِّينَ 2567:High Council of Knowledge 2291:medieval Christian Europe 2139:wall, to the west of the 2111:Mosque of the Andalusians 1978:from victories in Spain. 1557:The galleries around the 1158:fully memorized the Quran 572:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 187: 173: 163: 153: 145: 135: 117: 109: 99: 89: 79: 63: 48: 37: 10119:Madrasas in Fez, Morocco 10088:Zimbabwe Open University 9904:University of the Gambia 9755:Walter Sisulu University 9366:Adamawa State University 8752:University of Cape Coast 8477:University of Sadat City 8351:University of Lubumbashi 8212:Central African Republic 8163:University of Ngaoundéré 7933:Constantine 1 University 7619:Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes 6925:Mausoleums & zawiyas 6417:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 6411:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 6145:Marozzi, Justin (2019). 6040:10.1177/0011392106058837 5989:Journal of World History 5669:Lexikon des Mittelalters 5474:10.1177/2053019619886670 5264:. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. 4663:10.1163/1568519054093716 4629:Alqarawiyyeen University 4596:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 4586:Tazi, Abdelhadi (2000). 4421:Marozzi, Justin (2019). 4034:Gaudio, Attilio (1982). 3745:Tazi, Abdelhadi (1972). 3653:Terrasse, Henri (1942). 3598:. Yale University Press. 3368:. UNESCO. Archived from 3066:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 2623: 1925:'s opening is a pair of 1139:grammar/linguistics and 1117:Education and curriculum 1104:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 816:Medical Doctorate degree 807:certificate, written on 410:Foundation of the mosque 339:voiceless uvular plosive 294:grammar/linguistics and 10144:Mosques in Fez, Morocco 10124:Universities in Morocco 10068:Lupane State University 10017:Zambian Open University 9695:University of Fort Hare 9690:University of Cape Town 9486:Rivers State University 9476:Pan-Atlantic University 9411:Ebonyi State University 9371:Ahmadu Bello University 9181:University of Mauritius 9052:University of Toamasina 8452:South Valley University 8346:University of Kisangani 8251:University of N'Djamena 8168:University of Yaoundé I 7732:Grand Mosque of Tangier 7019:Dar Ba Mohammed Chergui 6563:Mellah (Jewish quarter) 5817:administrative autonomy 5550:Encyclopædia Britannica 5526:Encyclopedia Britannica 5461:The Anthropocene Review 5027:Salmon, Xavier (2016). 4999:: 66–69. Archived from 4859:Salmon, Xavier (2018). 4809:Salmon, Xavier (2021). 4651:Islamic Law and Society 4385:. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. 3843:Encyclopedia Britannica 3290:, pp. 35–76 (35): 2549:(1893–1987), translator 2531:Abd el-Krim el-Khattabi 2412:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 2274:Encyclopædia Britannica 1951:Cristo de la Luz Mosque 1947:Great Mosque of Córdoba 1897:(niche symbolizing the 1375:of the Koutoubia Mosque 1073:, and two faculties of 547:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 545:(1040–1147). Historian 418:was the capital of the 310: 10154:Almoravid architecture 10083:University of Zimbabwe 9750:University of Zululand 9720:University of Pretoria 9634:East Africa University 9461:Niger Delta University 9441:Kwara State University 9431:Gombe State University 9016:University of Benghazi 8878:Mount Kenya University 8787:Valley View University 8667:All Nations University 8565:Addis Ababa University 8534:University of Eswatini 8341:University of Kinshasa 8055:University of Botswana 7824:Great Mosque of Asilah 7645:Grand Mosque of Meknes 7640:Bab Berdieyinne Mosque 7518:Moulay Abdallah Mosque 7503:Kasbah an-Nouar Mosque 6967:Tomb of Sidi Bel Kacem 6891:Madrasa of Fes el-Jdid 6860:Al Fassiyine Synagogue 6835:Moulay Abdallah Mosque 6336:(3rd ed.). Brill. 6334:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6304:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6281:Pennell, C.R. (2004). 6230:(3rd ed.). Brill. 6228:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6089:Arab Studies Quarterly 6022:Alatas, S. F. (2006), 5936: 5906: 5902:universitas litterarum 5778: 5570:. Brill, 2003, p. 314. 5501:Guinness World Records 4555: 4099:Irwin, Robert (2019). 3930:Cite journal requires 3781:Arab Studies Quarterly 3464:learning.aljazeera.net 3342:Guinness World Records 3327: 3261: 3156:Arab Studies Quarterly 3140: 3103: 2921: 2850: 2807:. It was founded as a 2684:One single plate from 2440: 2264:Guinness World Records 2036: 1906: 1865: 1661: 1335: 1221: 1177: 1132: 1049: 984: 840: 673: 611: 447:al-Andalusiyyin Mosque 406: 280:Guinness World Records 234:. It was founded as a 83:857–859 (as a mosque), 10007:Mulungushi University 10002:Copperbelt University 9715:University of Limpopo 9680:North-West University 9516:University of Calabar 9481:Redeemer's University 9471:Osun State University 9436:Kogi State University 9356:Abia State University 9294:University of Namibia 9217:Mohammed V University 9057:University of Toliara 9021:University of Tripoli 8960:Cuttington University 8908:University of Nairobi 8903:University of Eldoret 8893:Strathmore University 8626:Omar Bongo University 8595:St. Mary's University 8457:Suez Canal University 8392:Alexandria University 8269:Republic of the Congo 8153:University of Dschang 8138:University of Bamenda 8112:University of Burundi 7943:University of Ouargla 7809:Great Mosque of Oujda 7701:Moulay Slimane Mosque 7696:Lalla Soukaina Mosque 7346:Maristan of Sidi Frej 7260:Fortifications of Fez 7258:For other gates, see 7095:Funduq al-Tetwaniyyin 6638:Collège Moulay Idriss 5928: 5896:Even the name of the 5805: 5773: 5724:, pp. 35–76 (35) 4550: 3322:medieval universities 3291: 3248: 3135: 3098: 2917: 2875:. Brill. p. 91. 2798: 2664:[alqajrawaːn] 2424: 2340:medieval universities 2322:, including into the 2269:University of Bologna 2251:University of Bologna 2024: 1892: 1857: 1784:. While the doors of 1780:, which leads to the 1674:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 1656: 1633:by the son of Sultan 1450:. The Marinid sultan 1386:Moroccan architecture 1327: 1219: 1175: 1124: 1044: 982: 971:in the 20th century. 949:Muhammad ibn Abdallah 899:Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji 879:Islamic jurisprudence 834: 681:in 1271, followed by 667: 595: 396: 10164:Saadian architecture 10159:Marinid architecture 10012:University of Zambia 9997:Cavendish University 9526:University of Ilorin 9521:University of Ibadan 9496:University of Africa 9376:Al-Hikmah University 9124:University of Bamako 9098:University of Malawi 9001:Al Zawiya University 8722:Pentecost University 8508:University of Asmara 8442:October 6 University 8377:Ain Shams University 8225:University of Bangui 8158:University of Maroua 8148:University of Douala 8081:Nazi Boni University 7928:Algiers 1 University 7819:Great Mosque of Taza 7814:Great Mosque of Salé 7788:Ould el-Hamra Mosque 7752:Sidi Bou Abid Mosque 7691:Great Mosque (Rabat) 7508:Lalla ez-Zhar Mosque 7458:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 7433:Abu al-Hassan Mosque 7356:Oued Fes (Fez River) 7130:Hammams (bathhouses) 6825:Lalla ez-Zhar Mosque 6764:Abu al-Hassan Mosque 6744:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 6490:34.06444°N 4.97333°W 5807:The university is a 5608:Ferruolo, Stephen C. 5238:Smithsonian Magazine 2690:Musée du Quai Branly 2688:is also kept by the 2613:Education in Morocco 1981:To the right of the 1456:Great Mosque of Taza 1207:Historical evolution 863:Ibn Rushayd al-Sabti 855:European exploration 718:Sancho IV of Castile 485:(July–August of 877 414:In the 9th century, 256:Islamic architecture 219:Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn 101:Administrative staff 9956:Busitema University 9878:Zanzibar University 9745:University of Venda 9531:University of Lagos 9511:University of Benin 9491:University of Abuja 9401:Crawford University 9006:Misurata University 8858:Kenyatta University 8767:University of Ghana 8575:Haramaya University 8427:Menoufia University 8422:Mansoura University 8382:Al-Azhar University 8326:Democratic Republic 7773:Al-Mohammadi Mosque 7574:Bab Doukkala Mosque 7513:Lalla Ghriba Mosque 7304:Royal Palace of Fez 7121:Sidi Moussa Tannery 7111:Ain Azliten Tannery 7063:Funduqs (foundouks) 7009:Royal Palace of Fez 6876:Al-Attarine Madrasa 6855:Ibn Danan Synagogue 6830:Lalla Ghriba Mosque 6692:Salle 11th November 6607:Fes railway station 6486: / 5861:– variously called 5804:, pp. XIX-XX: 5756:. pp. 159–205. 5143:"Qarawiyyin Mosque" 5122:on 27 February 2021 4898:www.qantara-med.org 4625:"Why Alqarawiyyeen" 4598:] (in Arabic). 4401:www.qantara-med.org 3959:. 15 September 2019 2908:, Routledge, 1996, 2565:(1932–), Member of 2553:Abdullah al-Ghumari 2525:Muhammad al-Kattani 2480:(1494–1554), author 2326:, in the course of 2305:often cited as the 1971:Arabic inscriptions 1899:direction of prayer 1426:Under the reign of 1038:and at the mosques. 925:Decline and reforms 887:Muhammad al-Idrissi 853:, whose maps aided 839:, issued in 1207 CE 772:in 1602, a copy of 754:written on gazelle 670:Al-Attarine Madrasa 359:French colonization 34: 10139:859 establishments 9930:Université de Lomé 9817:Red Sea University 9781:University of Juba 9629:Benadir University 9381:Babcock University 8843:Egerton University 8833:Daystar University 8682:Central University 8600:Wollega University 8590:Mekelle University 8580:Hawassa University 8482:Zagazig University 8143:University of Buea 7862:Mosques by country 7655:Lalla Aouda Mosque 7589:Ben Youssef Mosque 7483:Chrabliyine Mosque 7473:Bou Inania Madrasa 7419:Mosques in Morocco 7277:Kissariat al-Kifah 7137:Hammam al-Mokhfiya 6901:Mesbahiyya Madrasa 6886:Cherratine Madrasa 6881:Bou Inania Madrasa 6779:Chrabliyine Mosque 6495:34.06444; -4.97333 6413:] (in Arabic). 6377:www.riadnachef.org 6011:– via JSTOR. 6001:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 5031:. Paris: LienArt. 4356:Lebbar, Mohammed. 3197:Educational Review 3118:Shillington, Kevin 2902:Petersen, Andrew: 2769:, pp. 154–157 2420:Abdul Latif Tibawi 2153:Bab Guissa Mosques 2037: 1907: 1866: 1662: 1336: 1222: 1178: 1133: 1050: 985: 909:(d. 1542) and the 907:Nicolas Cleynaerts 851:Mohammed al-Idrisi 841: 691:Cherratine Madrasa 674: 612: 407: 379:French orthography 244:Islamic Golden Age 32: 10096: 10095: 10043:Africa University 9858:Mzumbe University 9685:Rhodes University 9541:University of Uyo 9386:Bayero University 9258:Maputo University 8863:Maseno University 8672:Ashesi University 8417:Helwan University 7938:Oran 1 University 7870: 7869: 7742:Lalla Abla Mosque 7716:Zawiya of Chellah 7609:Mosque of the Cat 7478:Bou Jeloud Mosque 7468:Bab Guissa Mosque 7463:Andalusian Mosque 7385: 7384: 7364: 7363: 7336:Jnan Sbil Gardens 6916:Sba'iyyin Madrasa 6843: 6842: 6774:Bou Jeloud Mosque 6769:Bab Guissa Mosque 6700: 6699: 6401:Tazi, Abdelhadi. 6289:; Bianquis, Th.; 6206:www.habous.gov.ma 6187:978-1-4985-9811-8 6158:978-0-241-19905-3 6028:Current Sociology 5925:978-92-871-4960-2 5839:bachelor's degree 5776:like it anywhere. 5722:978-0-521-54113-8 5698:978-1-57958-282-1 5655:Brill's New Pauly 5620:978-0-8047-1266-8 5594:978-0-1951-2559-7 5375:978-3-205-78310-7 5271:978-0-313-06866-9 5101:978-2-86906-317-4 5070:978-2-86770-152-8 5038:978-2-35906-182-6 4993:Mémorial du Maroc 4863:. Paris: LienArt. 4820:978-2-35906-335-6 4778:978-2-35031-490-7 4574:978-0-8108-5341-6 4498:978-1-5017-0424-6 4466:978-0-1951-2559-7 4434:978-0-241-19905-3 4212:. 20 October 2004 4180:978-3-902782-31-1 3991:978-2-7068-1507-2 3809:978-0-1951-2559-7 3569:978-3-902782-31-1 3535:978-0-415-96691-7 3288:978-0-521-54113-8 3132:978-1-57958-245-6 3095:978-0-313-32061-3 3085:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 2914:978-0-415-06084-4 2882:978-90-8790-579-8 2795:978-0-8108-5341-6 2767:978-0-313-32061-3 2757:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 2348:Emirate of Sicily 2307:earliest examples 1715:Current structure 1659:stucco decoration 1428:Muhammad al-Nasir 1328:The 12th-century 1269:Abd al-Rahman III 1257:Fatimid Caliphate 1002:shahada alamiyha, 919:Pope Sylvester II 871:Abu Imran al-Fasi 780:(a commentary on 687:Mesbahiya Madrasa 685:in 1323, and the 325:Fatima al-Fihriya 216: 196: 195: 16:(Redirected from 10171: 10033: 10031: 10030: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9848:Ardhi University 9838: 9836: 9835: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9598:Njala University 9588: 9586: 9585: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9396:Bowen University 9346: 9344: 9343: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9011:Sabha University 8986: 8984: 8983: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8585:Jimma University 8550: 8548: 8547: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8462:Tanta University 8432:Minya University 8402:Cairo University 8397:Benha University 8367: 8365: 8364: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8035:Botho University 8025: 8023: 8022: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7857:Islam in Morocco 7768:Hassan II Mosque 7650:Nejjarine Mosque 7604:Mouassine Mosque 7599:Kutubiyya Mosque 7584:Ben Salah Mosque 7561: 7555: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7389: 7388: 7142:Hammam Ben Abbad 6911:Saffarin Madrasa 6734: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6651: 6650: 6602:Fès–Saïs Airport 6529: 6522: 6515: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6414: 6407: 6406: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6352:dar-us-salam.com 6344: 6338: 6337: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6265: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6246:arab-ency.com.sy 6238: 6232: 6231: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6142: 6131: 6130: 6118: 6105: 6104: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5946: 5937: 5913: 5907: 5785: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5707: 5701: 5686:Lapidge, Michael 5679: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5629: 5623: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5577: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5546: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5084: 5075: 5074: 5056: 5043: 5042: 5024: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5003:on 19 April 2017 4985: 4979: 4978: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4856: 4825: 4824: 4806: 4783: 4782: 4764: 4735: 4734: 4719:The Muslim World 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4592: 4591: 4583: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4482: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4362: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4336:Bright Continent 4327: 4321: 4320: 4302: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4185: 4184: 4166: 4147: 4146: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4085: 4084: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4031: 3996: 3995: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3772: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3731: 3730: 3712: 3701: 3700: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3600: 3599: 3589: 3574: 3573: 3555: 3538: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3466:. Archived from 3456: 3450: 3449: 3413: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3372:on 6 August 2012 3362: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3334: 3328: 3273: 3262: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3150: 3141: 3134:, p. 1025: 3115: 3104: 3083: 3072: 3071: 3063: 2922: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2866: 2851: 2817:Islamic sciences 2783: 2770: 2755: 2693: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2575: 2563:Fatima al-Kabbaj 2297:, with those of 2200: 2199: 2189: 2180: 2127:Funerary annex ( 2098: 2086: 1939:horseshoe arches 1841: 1840: 1798:Dar Batha Museum 1765:horseshoe arches 1748: 1732: 1614: 1601:Inner façade of 1598: 1582: 1549: 1531: 1515:Abu Salim Ali II 1452:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf 1137:Classical Arabic 1131: 1128: 1101: 1100: 931:Islamic sciences 903:Ali ibn Hirzihim 758:, a copy of the 714:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 679:Saffarin Madrasa 558:Córdoban Umayyad 470: 352: 350:[awijiː] 346: 345: 292:Classical Arabic 260:Moroccan history 248:state university 222:), also written 221: 211: 209: 192: 183: 180: 73:State university 53: 43: 42: 35: 31: 21: 10179: 10178: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10028: 10026: 10021: 9982: 9980: 9975: 9941: 9939: 9934: 9915: 9913: 9908: 9889: 9887: 9882: 9833: 9831: 9826: 9792: 9790: 9785: 9766: 9764: 9759: 9650: 9648: 9643: 9614: 9612: 9607: 9583: 9581: 9576: 9557: 9555: 9550: 9341: 9339: 9334: 9305: 9303: 9298: 9269: 9267: 9262: 9233: 9231: 9226: 9197: 9195: 9190: 9161: 9159: 9154: 9135: 9133: 9128: 9109: 9107: 9102: 9068: 9066: 9061: 9032: 9030: 9025: 8981: 8979: 8974: 8945: 8943: 8938: 8919: 8917: 8912: 8898:Umma University 8808: 8806: 8801: 8637: 8635: 8630: 8611: 8609: 8604: 8545: 8543: 8538: 8519: 8517: 8512: 8493: 8491: 8486: 8362: 8360: 8355: 8327: 8319: 8317: 8312: 8288: 8286: 8281: 8262: 8260: 8255: 8236: 8234: 8229: 8205: 8203: 8198: 8179: 8177: 8172: 8123: 8121: 8116: 8097: 8095: 8090: 8066: 8064: 8059: 8020: 8018: 8013: 7994: 7992: 7987: 7968: 7966: 7961: 7952: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7871: 7866: 7843: 7792: 7756: 7720: 7681:As-Sunna Mosque 7664: 7628: 7562: 7556: 7547: 7453:Al-Hamra Mosque 7448:Al-Beida Mosque 7421: 7416: 7386: 7381: 7360: 7314:Other landmarks 7309: 7292:Place Seffarine 7287:Place Nejjarine 7265: 7199: 7190:Kasbah Cherarda 7185:Kasbah An-Nouar 7151: 7147:Hammam Saffarin 7125: 7116:Chouara Tannery 7099: 7080:Funduq Kettanin 7058: 6997: 6971: 6920: 6896:Madrasa el-Oued 6864: 6839: 6820:Al-Hamra Mosque 6815:Al-Beida Mosque 6798: 6716: 6696: 6675: 6642: 6611: 6590: 6567: 6538: 6533: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6435: 6397: 6395:Further reading 6392: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311:. p. 634. 6299:Heinrichs, W.P. 6279: 6275: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6143: 6134: 6119: 6108: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6054: 6034:(1): 112–132 , 6020: 6016: 5981: 5977: 5947: 5940: 5927:, p. 119: 5914: 5910: 5887:social sciences 5847:master's degree 5825:medieval Europe 5786: 5782: 5769:Studia Islamica 5765: 5761: 5750: 5746: 5739:Studia Islamica 5735: 5728: 5710:Verger, Jacques 5708: 5704: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5648: 5630: 5626: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5578: 5574: 5565: 5561: 5547: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5453: 5449: 5422:Pathophysiology 5418: 5414: 5391: 5387: 5376: 5362: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5230: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5193: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5057: 5046: 5039: 5025: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4971: 4967: 4956: 4952: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4872: 4868: 4857: 4828: 4821: 4807: 4786: 4779: 4765: 4738: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4613: 4606: 4584: 4580: 4563: 4559: 4544: 4540: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4483: 4474: 4467: 4453: 4446: 4435: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4328: 4324: 4287:Medical Teacher 4279: 4272: 4257: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4210:Muslim Heritage 4204: 4203: 4188: 4181: 4167: 4150: 4135: 4128: 4117: 4108: 4097: 4088: 4077: 4070: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4032: 3999: 3992: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3931: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3890: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3796: 3792: 3773: 3754: 3743: 3734: 3727: 3713: 3704: 3673: 3662: 3651: 3647: 3636: 3603: 3590: 3577: 3570: 3556: 3541: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3494: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3470:on 15 July 2019 3458: 3457: 3453: 3414: 3405: 3394: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3366:"Medina of Fez" 3364: 3363: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3276:Verger, Jacques 3274: 3265: 3244:Studia Islamica 3240: 3236: 3193: 3186: 3151: 3144: 3116: 3107: 3084: 3075: 3064: 2925: 2901: 2894: 2883: 2867: 2854: 2797:, p. 348 2784: 2773: 2756: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2656: 2652: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2569: 2559:(Muslim jurist) 2519:Ahmad ibn Idris 2505:Imam al-Bannani 2445: 2244: 2238: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2170: 2133: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2076: 2039:The courtyard ( 2025:The courtyard ( 2019: 1881:a niche in the 1852: 1844:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1802:Bab al-Shama'in 1782:Jama' al-Gna'iz 1768:northern gate, 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1722: 1717: 1670:Ahmad al-Mansur 1651: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1599: 1590: 1583: 1553: 1550: 1541: 1537:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1532: 1474:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1464: 1406: 1307: 1214: 1209: 1170: 1129: 1119: 1047:Place Seffarine 977: 927: 795:(including the 770:Ahmad al-Mansur 603:dar al-muwaqqit 590: 499: 449:the same year. 434:Fatima al-Fihri 420:Idrisid dynasty 412: 391: 375:Al Quaraouiyine 313: 285:higher learning 240:Fatima al-Fihri 228:Al Quaraouiyine 177: 158:Fatima al-Fihri 131: 125: 102: 92: 84: 71: 59: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10177: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10039: 10037: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9952: 9950: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9926: 9924: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9900: 9898: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9844: 9842: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9803: 9801: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9625: 9623: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9594: 9592: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9352: 9350: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9244: 9242: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9172: 9170: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9146: 9144: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9120: 9118: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9079: 9077: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9043: 9041: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8930: 8928: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8873:Moi University 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8819: 8817: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8622: 8620: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8528: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8504: 8502: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8373: 8371: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8247: 8245: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8005: 8003: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7979: 7977: 7963: 7962: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7783:Assunna Mosque 7780: 7778:Al-Quds Mosque 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7706:Moulina Mosque 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7676:Ahl Fas Mosque 7672: 7670: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7660:Er-Roua Mosque 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7579:Barrima Mosque 7576: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7493:El-Oued Mosque 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 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6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6789:El-Oued Mosque 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6559:Ville Nouvelle 6557: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6532: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6434: 6433:External links 6431: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6364: 6339: 6324: 6317: 6295:van Donzel, E. 6291:Bosworth, C.E. 6273: 6233: 6218: 6193: 6186: 6164: 6157: 6151:. Penguin UK. 6132: 6106: 6095:(3): 286–288. 6075: 6065: 6052: 6014: 5995:(2): 165–186. 5975: 5963:10.2307/604423 5938: 5908: 5813:par excellence 5780: 5759: 5744: 5726: 5702: 5682:Vauchez, André 5674: 5660: 5646: 5636:"Universities" 5624: 5600: 5593: 5581:Esposito, John 5572: 5559: 5538: 5513: 5488: 5447: 5428:(2): 129–133. 5412: 5401:(2): 106–110. 5385: 5374: 5353: 5328: 5303: 5292:. 1 March 2016 5277: 5270: 5250: 5232:Lewis, Danny. 5221: 5184: 5159: 5133: 5107: 5100: 5076: 5069: 5044: 5037: 5014: 4980: 4965: 4950: 4935: 4923:www.i24news.tv 4910: 4885: 4876:Ars Orientalis 4866: 4826: 4819: 4784: 4777: 4736: 4725:(2): 104–112. 4709: 4684: 4657:(2): 224–272. 4641: 4611: 4604: 4578: 4557: 4538: 4511: 4497: 4472: 4465: 4444: 4433: 4427:. Penguin UK. 4413: 4388: 4373: 4348: 4322: 4293:(9): 973–979. 4270: 4248: 4223: 4186: 4179: 4148: 4126: 4106: 4086: 4068: 4053: 4046: 3997: 3990: 3970: 3941: 3932:|journal= 3899: 3855: 3830: 3815: 3808: 3790: 3752: 3732: 3725: 3702: 3683:(3): 171–188. 3660: 3645: 3601: 3575: 3568: 3539: 3521:Meri, Josef W. 3513: 3506: 3481: 3451: 3424:(3): 470–484. 3403: 3383: 3354: 3329: 3304:, such as the 3263: 3234: 3184: 3162:(3): 286–288. 3142: 3105: 3097:, p. 70: 3073: 2923: 2892: 2881: 2852: 2771: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2677: 2668: 2650: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2595:Morocco portal 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2560: 2550: 2544: 2541:Allal al-Fassi 2538: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2502: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2459: 2444: 2443:Notable alumni 2441: 2416:Abdelhadi Tazi 2389:Rawd al-Qirtas 2380:Rawd al-Qirtas 2295:Western Europe 2237: 2234: 2194: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2145:Jama' al-Gnaiz 2132: 2129:Jama' al-Gnaiz 2125: 2100: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2035:-era pavilions 2018: 2015: 1851: 1848: 1810:Bab al-Maqsura 1794:Bab Sbitriyyin 1774:Bab Sbitriyyin 1750: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1701:'Alawi dynasty 1678:Court of Lions 1650: 1647: 1626: 1625: 1616: 1609: 1607: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1584: 1577: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1533: 1526: 1463: 1460: 1415:Rawd al-Qirtas 1405: 1402: 1394:funerary rites 1390:Jama' al-Gnaiz 1306: 1303: 1226:Henri Terrasse 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1169: 1166: 1118: 1115: 1094:Abdelhadi Tazi 976: 973: 926: 923: 911:Jacobus Golius 837:medical degree 740:in al-Andalus/ 698:Abu Inan Faris 589: 586: 538:Abdelhadi Tazi 514:Rawd al-Qirtas 498: 495: 425:Rawd al-Qirtas 411: 408: 390: 387: 312: 309: 208:جامعة القرويين 194: 193: 185: 184: 175: 171: 170: 167: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 127: 121: 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 93: 91:Academic staff 90: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 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3669: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3509: 3507:0-521-33767-4 3503: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3147: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2691: 2687: 2686:Bab al-Gna'iz 2681: 2672: 2665: 2654: 2647: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2585: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555:(1910–1993), 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533:(1882–1963), 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507:(1727–1780), 2506: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478:Leo Africanus 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464:(1165–1240), 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2449:Mediterranean 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2422:states that: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2344:Islamic Spain 2341: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2328:modernization 2325: 2324:Islamic world 2321: 2316: 2312: 2309:. The modern 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2259:Western world 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2230:Aziza Chaouni 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2198:قاعة المطالعة 2188: 2179: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143:axis, is the 2142: 2138: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2097: 2085: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1845: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:Bab al-Gna'iz 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778:Bab al-Gna'iz 1775: 1771: 1766: 1754: 1753:Bab al-Gna'iz 1747: 1738: 1737:Bab al-Gna'iz 1731: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1646: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1319:Mellah of Fez 1316: 1312: 1311:Ali ibn Yusuf 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1234:square meters 1231: 1227: 1218: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1123: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1099:جامع القرويين 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 993: 991: 981: 972: 970: 965: 961: 958: 957:Abd al-Rahman 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937: 932: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895:Ibn al-Khatib 892: 889:(d.1166 AD), 888: 884: 883:Leo Africanus 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847: 838: 833: 829: 827: 823: 822: 817: 813: 810: 806: 805: 800: 799: 794: 790: 786: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762: 757: 753: 749: 748: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 671: 666: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623: 618: 609: 605: 604: 599: 594: 585: 583: 582: 577: 576:Friday mosque 573: 569: 565: 564: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 539: 535: 534: 528: 524: 520: 516: 515: 509: 505: 497:Early history 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479: 474: 466: 462: 461: 456: 450: 448: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 426: 421: 417: 404: 400: 395: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 371:anglicization 369:, a standard 368: 367:al-Qarawiyyin 364: 360: 356: 351: 340: 336: 332: 331: 326: 322: 318: 308: 306: 302: 299: 298: 293: 288: 286: 282: 281: 276: 272: 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 214: 205: 201: 191: 186: 182: 176: 172: 168: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 148: 144: 141: 138: 134: 130: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 98: 94: 88: 82: 78: 74: 69: 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 36: 30: 19: 18:Al-Qarawiyyin 9657:South Africa 9590:Sierra Leone 9221: 8328:of the Congo 8073:Burkina Faso 7797:Other cities 7686:Hassan Tower 7523:R'cif Mosque 7488:Diwan Mosque 7457: 7321:Borj Neffara 7301: 7257: 7085:Funduq Sagha 7075:Funduq Barka 7049:Jamai Palace 7034:Dar Belghazi 7029:Dar el-Beida 6983:Batha Museum 6794:R'cif Mosque 6784:Diwan Mosque 6743: 6680:Sport venues 6666:Wydad de Fès 6622: 6543:Subdivisions 6536:Fez, Morocco 6425: 6418: 6410: 6402: 6380:. 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Retrieved 3341: 3332: 3306:Roman Empire 3292: 3279: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3228: 3200: 3196: 3179: 3159: 3155: 3136: 3121: 3099: 3086: 3067: 2918: 2903: 2886: 2871: 2801:al-qarawiyin 2800: 2799: 2786: 2758: 2685: 2680: 2671: 2659:القَيْرَوَان 2653: 2632: 2446: 2425: 2404: 2401:Zahrat al-As 2400: 2388: 2385:Zahrat al-As 2384: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2352: 2336: 2314: 2286: 2284: 2272: 2262: 2245: 2220: 2217:al-Ahmadiyya 2216: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2161: 2156: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2118: 2107: 2060: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2026: 2011: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1958: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1902: 1894: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1859: 1843: 1833:Borj Neffara 1831: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1819:Adjacent to 1818: 1809: 1806:Bab Chemaine 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1752: 1736: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1684:palaces (in 1663: 1639: 1635:Abu al-Hasan 1627: 1618: 1602: 1586: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1535: 1534:View of the 1510: 1502: 1496: 1493:Zahrat al-As 1492: 1489:water clocks 1478: 1472: 1465: 1440: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1397: 1389: 1383: 1372: 1367: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1329: 1308: 1298: 1288: 1278: 1250: 1243: 1237: 1229: 1223: 1194: 1179: 1161: 1154: 1146:Central Asia 1134: 1108: 1103: 1087: 1055:royal decree 1051: 1028:R'cif mosque 1024:Berber Dahir 1019: 1016: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 986: 966: 962: 934: 928: 891:Ibn al-Arabi 844: 842: 825: 819: 802: 796: 792: 784: 781: 777: 759: 745: 695: 675: 620: 613: 601: 579: 561: 551: 531: 523:Zahrat al-As 522: 512: 500: 478:Dhu al-Qadah 476: 469:"هذا المسجد" 458: 455:Kufic script 451: 423: 413: 383:Al-Karaouine 382: 377:, following 374: 366: 363:romanization 328: 314: 295: 289: 278: 264: 232:Fez, Morocco 227: 224:Al-Karaouine 223: 199: 197: 113:8,120 (2012) 95:1,025 (2012) 29: 9773:South Sudan 7243:Bab Mahrouk 7213:Bab al-Amer 7180:Dar Dbibegh 6803:Fes el-Jdid 6737:Fes el-Bali 6687:Fez Stadium 6555:Fes el-Jdid 6550:Fes el-Bali 6493: / 6309:E. J. BRILL 6287:Bearman, P. 5898:Universitas 5622:, p. 5 5214:14 December 5172:arab.com.ua 4903:21 February 3295:Middle Ages 2570: [ 2472:Ibn Khaldun 2468:philosopher 2393:Ibn Abi Zar 2364:al-Zaytouna 2219:behind the 2149:Chrabliyine 2051:Bab al-Ward 1850:Prayer hall 1839:برج النفارة 1825:Bab al-Hafa 1821:Bab al-Ward 1786:Bab al-Ward 1770:Bab al-Ward 1617:The wooden 1603:Bab al-Ward 1587:Bab al-Ward 1571:Bab al-Ward 1299:Bab al-Ward 1281:al-Muzaffar 1130: 1953 1067:Islamic law 1036:Fes el-Bali 915:orientalist 897:(d. 1374), 869:(d. 1336), 865:(d. 1321), 859:Renaissance 857:during the 789:Ibn Khaldun 710:Middle East 683:al-Attarine 643:mathematics 598:water clock 570:(today the 519:Ibn Abi Zar 430:Ibn Abi Zar 399:Fes el-Bali 305:West Africa 80:Established 10103:Categories 9896:The Gambia 9240:Mozambique 9142:Mauritania 9039:Madagascar 8186:Cape Verde 7761:Casablanca 7238:Bab Guissa 7223:Bab Chorfa 7165:City walls 7039:Dar Glaoui 7014:Dar Adiyel 6848:Synagogues 5932:university 5871:humanities 5863:philosophy 5849:, and the 5843:licentiate 5126:10 January 4882:: 135–147. 4366:24 January 4139:MELA Notes 3257:university 3203:(3): 343. 2700:References 2642:pronounced 2456:Maimonides 2436:Muhammad V 2430:under the 2397:Al-Jazna'i 2315:university 2287:university 2280:pre-modern 2240:See also: 2225:Mohammed V 1993:wall. 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