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were still alive. This alerted the insurgents to the presence of more survivors; one of the guerrillas told MacLaren's group to "come here". The insurgents then opened fire on their general location, prompting MacLaren and the others to flee. Hill and the
Hansens also ran; they revealed their positions to the fighters in their haste, but successfully hid themselves behind a ridge. After Hill and the others had hidden there for about two hours, they saw the attackers return to the crash site at about 19:45. The guerrillas looted the wrecked cabin and some of the suitcases strewn around the site, filled their arms with passengers' belongings, then left again.
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Coles, and her four-year-old daughter Tracey—off in the direction of a nearby village in search of water. The other 13 remained close to the wreckage. Meanwhile, nine guerrillas made their way towards the crash site, and reached it at about 17:45. Three of the 13 survivors remaining at the crash site hid on seeing figures approaching: Rhodesian Army reservist
Anthony Hill, 39, took cover in the surrounding bush, while businessman Hans Hansen and his wife Diana did the same. This left 10 passengers in full view near the wreckage, including four women and two girls (aged 11 and 4).
1474:, a diplomat and political analyst, took a similar line, calling Hoey's proposed commemoration "a provocation ... means they only regard the death of white people alone during the struggle. There is no mention of what happened to our sons and daughters in and outside the country." ZAPU's official response to Hoey's motion included the assertion that in all conflicts "civilians get caught up in cross-fires due to faulty intelligence reports and other communication errors", and juxtaposed the civilians killed in the Viscount shootdowns with those killed at Chikumbi.
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them were too badly injured to walk, the insurgents told the able-bodied men to carry the others. The passengers were assembled into an area of about 10 square metres (110 sq ft). Standing roughly 15 metres (49 ft) away, the cadres now raised their weapons. "You have taken our land," one of them said. "Please don't shoot us!" one of the passengers cried, just before they were killed by a sustained burst of automatic gunfire. Those that survived the initial bursts were bayoneted (including a mother and her 3-week-old baby).
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358:
1073:, which he said would be applied in particular regions as and when needed. He declared Rhodesia's intent to "liquidate the internal workings of those organisations associated with terrorism", and warned neighbouring countries to prepare for "any defensive strikes we might undertake" against guerrilla bases in their respective territories. He claimed that the war had escalated because Britain and the United States were supporting the Patriotic Front.
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For its part, ZIPRA characterized its downing of civilian planes as a legitimate act of war on the grounds that the guerrillas might have believed them to have military personnel or equipment on board. In his 1984 memoirs, Nkomo repeated his claim that ZIPRA fighters had helped the crash survivors, and wrote simply that "I truly have no idea how the ten died".
1668:, p. 62 "This wicked massacre shocked the entire nation and the world. Black and white united in condemnation of the shooting down of Flight 825 and the senseless loss of innocent lives. Reports that ZAPU leader Joshua Nkomo had laughed about the incident when interviewed on television by the BBC were met with utter revulsion."
534:, but Mugabe would have no part in the talks. According to the South African military historian Jakkie Cilliers, negotiations between Smith and Nkomo progressed well and "seemed on the verge of success" by the start of September 1978. On 2 September, Smith and Nkomo revealed publicly that the secret meetings had taken place.
680:(in Zambia), the resort had endured as one of Rhodesia's choice tourist destinations. The flight on 3 September 1978, Sunday afternoon, from Kariba to Salisbury carried four crew members and 52 passengers, most of whom were holidaymakers from Salisbury, returning home after a weekend at the lake. The flight took off from
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in his memoirs that the "degree of anger ... difficult to control". White South
Africans were similarly enraged, particularly after reports appeared in the South African press that the killers had raped the female passengers before massacring them. A Friends of Rhodesia Society in South Africa offered a reward of
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In modern
Zimbabwean media, the Viscount attacks do not feature prominently. In response to a 2013 British parliamentary motion proposing to condemn the shootdowns, its largest newspaper quoted only critical voices, and cited also the mass killings—allegedly of defenceless refugees—at guerilla camps.
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armoured personnel carriers, but the former were routed and one of the latter destroyed by the
Rhodesian security forces. According to Rhodesian figures, there were "several hundred" guerrillas killed, while the security forces lost only two soldiers, one of whom was accidentally killed by a friendly
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Nkomo asserted in his 1984 memoirs that he had laughed because of his evasiveness during the interview. Hoping to avoid discussion of ZIPRA armaments, he had just told the BBC reporter that his men had downed the
Viscount by throwing rocks at it. According to an anecdote reproduced in Paul Donovan's
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often camped in or around insurgent positions, and hundreds of these had been killed in the
Rhodesian raid. Moorcraft and McLaughlin comment that for the Rhodesian airmen, it would have been "impossible to distinguish innocent refugees from young ZIPRA recruits." Sibanda describes Freedom Camp as "a
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a fortnight later described the incident as "a genuine horror story, calculated to make the most alarming of
Rhodesian doomsday prophecies seem true." The white community in Rhodesia heard the news with fury, and many turned their minds to exacting retribution for what they and many others saw as an
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was foiled by a ditch, which caused the plane to cartwheel and break up. Of the 52 passengers and four crew, 38 died in the crash; the insurgents then approached the wreckage, rounded up the 10 survivors they could see and massacred them with automatic gunfire. Three passengers survived by hiding in
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Gulab family was particularly affected by the incident, having lost eight members in the attack. Although
Rhodesian authorities did not immediately acknowledge the cause of the crash, doing so only after four days' investigation, the truth was common knowledge in Salisbury within hours. Smith wrote
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rifles, presented themselves to the 10 passengers as friendly, saying they would summon help and bring water. They spoke in
English, both to the survivors and among themselves. They told the passengers to congregate around a point a few metres from the wreckage; when the survivors said that some of
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groups sought his permission to venture into the bush around the crash site to "make the local people pay for their crime of harbouring and assisting the terrorists". He instructed them not to, according to his memoirs, telling them that many rural blacks only assisted the guerrillas under extreme
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At a memorial service held on 8 September 1978 for Flight 825's passengers and crew at Salisbury's Anglican Cathedral, about 2,000 people crowded inside, with another 500 standing outside on the steps and pavement, many listening to the service inside on portable radio sets. Prominent among those
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Having collected water from the nearby village, MacLaren and his companions were almost back at the crash site when they heard the shots. Thinking it was personal ammunition in the luggage exploding in the heat, they continued on their way, and called out to the other passengers, who they thought
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The transitional government was badly received abroad, partly because the Internal Settlement kept control of law enforcement, the military, the judiciary and the civil service under white control. No country recognised Rhodesia's interim administration. Smith again worked to bring Nkomo into the
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had been used militarily, suggesting that ZIPRA might have believed there to be Rhodesian soldiers on board. "Rhodesian television, before attacks on ZANLA in Mozambique, had shown Viscounts ferrying paratroopers for the job," he writes, "... ZIPRA intelligence knew there were paratroopers
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was being used for military purposes. Nkomo said he regretted the deaths as it was not his party's policy to kill civilians, and denied that his men had killed any survivors on the ground; by contrast, he said that his men had helped them, and had left them alive. He also accused Air Rhodesia of
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Of the 56 people on board, 38, including Hood and Beaumont, died in the crash. Eighteen survived, albeit with injuries, and climbed out of the wreckage. After briefly settling the others, one of the passengers, Cecil MacLaren, led four others—young newlyweds Robert and Shannon Hargreaves, Sharon
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programme the next day, saying the aircraft had been used for military purposes, but denied that his men had killed survivors on the ground. Most Rhodesians, both black and white, saw the attack as an act of terrorism. A fierce Rhodesian backlash followed against enemy strongholds and increased
1303:, 19 kilometres (12 miles) north of Lusaka, and Mkushi Camp; all three were to be attacked more or less simultaneously in a coordinated sweep across Zambia. Assaulting targets deep inside Zambia was a first for the Rhodesian forces; previously only guerrillas near the border had been attacked.
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The talks between Smith and the ZAPU leader that had been progressing so promisingly were immediately halted by Salisbury. Smith himself called Nkomo a "monster". Cilliers comments that the ending of the Smith–Nkomo talks at this time was "potentially the most serious result of the Viscount
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gave a sermon criticising what he described as a "deafening silence" from overseas. "Nobody who holds sacred the dignity of human life can be anything but sickened at the events attending the Viscount", he said. "But are we deafened with the voice of protest from nations who call themselves
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in 1966. He had flown Viscounts for Air Rhodesia since 1968, and had also served in the Rhodesian Air Force on a voluntary basis. His first officer, Garth Beaumont, was 31 years old, and had lived in Rhodesia for most of his life, having immigrated as a child from South Africa. The two air
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Hidden in the bush surrounding the crash site, Hill and the Hansens avoided being spotted by the cadres, but were still close enough to see and hear what was happening by the plane wreckage. They reported this final exchange between the guerrillas and the remaining passengers in newspaper
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A monument to those killed in the Rhodesian attack on Chikumbi was built in Zambia in 1998, and dedicated jointly by the Zambian and Zimbabwean governments. A memorial to the victims of the two Rhodesian Viscount incidents, dubbed the Viscount Memorial, was erected on the grounds of the
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Because ZAPU and ZIPRA were based in Zambia, many Rhodesians clamoured for a massive retaliatory strike against terrorist targets in that country, but the first external target hit by the security forces following the Viscount shootdown was the prominent cluster of ZANLA bases around
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all the same requested further military aid and better weapons from the Soviets and the British respectively. Martial law was quickly extended across Rhodesia's rural areas, and covered three-quarters of the country by the end of 1978. Air Rhodesia, meanwhile, began developing
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Rhodesian air traffic was not seriously threatened until about 1977, in the latter stages of the war; before this time, neither revolutionary force had the weapons to launch a viable attack against an aerial target. The weapon that made such attacks feasible for ZIPRA was the
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paint, with the exhaust pipes concurrently shrouded. According to tests conducted by the Air Force, a Viscount so treated could not be detected by the Strela's targeting system once it was over 2,000 feet (610 m). There were no further Viscount shootdowns in Rhodesia.
1443:, South Africa, in 2012, and inaugurated on 1 September that year. The names of the dead passengers and crew are engraved on two granite slabs that stand upright, side by side, the pair topped by an emblem symbolising an aircraft. A pole beside the monument flies the
1057:, they pass by on the other side... The ghastliness of this ill-fated flight from Kariba will be burnt upon our memories for years to come. For others, far from our borders, it is an intellectual matter, not one which affects them deeply. Here is the tragedy!"
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wing and exploded, causing the inner engine to also explode. A fuel tank and hydraulic lines ruptured, creating a fire that could not be put out. The second starboard engine failed almost immediately, leaving Hood with only his two port engines. Heaving wildly, the
998:: "They cursed until their voices became hoarse, threatening dire consequences for all "terrs" and "munts" or "kaffirs"... I sensed that some of the more derogatory remarks made in unnecessarily loud voices that evening were meant specifically for my ears."
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1099:, destroying much of the ZANLA presence there, but the insurgents had since built a complex called "New Chimoio", slightly to the east; the new camps were distributed across a far larger area than the originals. In a combined airborne-ground assault called
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Though the front superficially endured for the rest of the war, the two movements remained largely separate, with their respective guerrillas running their own campaigns and clashing on occasion. Under pressure from their overseas backers (the
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The Rhodesian attacks on ZANLA and ZIPRA bases did much to restore the morale of the Rhodesian people following the Viscount incident, though they had not made much impact on the respective guerrilla campaigns. Nkomo and the Zambian President
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massacre", as the talks had been progressing well before the incident. He surmises that an agreement between the two "at this critical stage" might have helped the transitional Rhodesian government to secure international recognition.
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airstrip in eastern Zambia as a forward base, the Rhodesian military suffered only minor casualties during the three-day operation, and afterwards claimed to have killed over 1,500 ZIPRA personnel, as well as some Cuban instructors.
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were circling the Zambian airfields under orders to shoot down any fighter that attempted to take off. The Zambians obeyed all of Green Leader's instructions, made no attempt to resist and temporarily halted civil air traffic. Using
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was agreed in London by Zimbabwe Rhodesia, the UK government and the Patriotic Front, returning the country to its former colonial status. The UK government suspended the constitution and took direct control for an interim period.
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from the mid-1970s as part of the Warsaw Pact's materiel support. By September 1978, there had been 20 reported attempts to shoot down Rhodesian military aircraft using these weapons, none of which had been successful. Some
506:. ZANU and ZAPU were invited to participate, but refused; Nkomo sardonically dubbed Smith's black colleagues "the blacksmiths". ZANU proclaimed 1978 to be "The Year of the People" as the war continued. Officials from Muzorewa's
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duress, and that it would not do to attack them. Many Rhodesians also resented the apparent lack of sympathy emanating from overseas governments, especially considering the character of the attack and its civilian target.
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government, hoping this would lend it some credence domestically, prompt diplomatic recognition overseas, and help the security forces defeat ZANLA. Starting on 14 August 1978, he attended secret meetings with Nkomo in
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unit, which had often been accused of brutalising rural civilians with the goal of shifting public opinion. Sibanda asserts that the massacre "cannot be put beyond" the Scouts, and also supports Nkomo's claim that the
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According to Eliakim Sibanda, a professor and human rights speaker who wrote a history of ZAPU, Nkomo was implying that responsibility for the massacre lay with security force pseudo-guerrillas, more specifically the
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programme, Nkomo laughed while claiming responsibility because he had already said this and had exactly the same conversation with the reporter during a previous unsuccessful attempt to record the interview.
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After the security forces mounted a successful counter-insurgency campaign during 1973 and 1974, developments overseas caused the conflict's momentum to shift in the insurgents' favour. The leftist
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for about a quarter of an hour during the initial assault on Westlands Farm, informing Lusaka tower that the attack was against "Rhodesian dissidents, and not against Zambia", and that Rhodesian
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In the elections held the following year under the Internal Settlement terms, boycotted by ZANU and ZAPU, Muzorewa won a majority, and became the first Prime Minister of the reconstituted,
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in February 2013 to retrospectively condemn the Viscount attacks and memorialise the victims on the anniversary of the second shootdown prompted outcry in the Zimbabwean press, with the
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write that this exaggerated considerably the number of guerrillas killed, as most of Nkomo's army, then numbering about 10,000 fighters, had not been touched. On the other hand, unarmed
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The survivors were found over the following days by the Rhodesian Army and police; Hill and the Hansens were taken to Kariba Hospital, while MacLaren and his group were airlifted to
626:, Air Rhodesia's flight network during the late 1970s comprised a domestic programme of passenger and cargo flights, as well as international services to the South African cities of
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329:, which had been progressing promisingly, were immediately suspended by the Rhodesians, with Smith calling Nkomo a "monster". On 10 September, Smith announced the extension of
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newspaper, later wrote in his memoirs that many whites became resentful and wary towards blacks in general, believing them all to be "terrorist sympathisers". Describing the
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radio programme the next day, laughing as he did so, to the horror of most Rhodesian observers, both black and white. He said that he had received intelligence that the
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together as the "Zimbabwe People's Army" (ZIPA) since early 1976. The uneasy, confused military co-operation did not last long; ZIPA was dead by the start of 1977.
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Two rival communist-backed black nationalist groups initiated military campaigns to overthrow the government and introduce majority rule: the Chinese-aligned
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of April 1974 caused Portugal to withdraw its key economic support for Smith's administration, and led to Mozambique's independence the following year as a
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380:
1470:, a former ZIPRA commander, described the move as a provocation motivated by race that went against the spirit of the amnesty enacted at Lancaster House.
868:, informing them that he had lost the two starboard engines and was going to crash. "We're going in," he radioed. Telling his passengers to brace for an
510:, sent to the provinces to explain the Internal Settlement to rural blacks, were killed by Marxist–Leninist guerrillas. Insurgents also began to target
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and Special Air Service wiped out much of New Chimoio on 20 September 1978. Mozambique sent armour to ZANLA's aid in the form of nine Soviet-made
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also reported a rumour that two white youths, on learning of the massacre, shot the first black man they saw. Smith says that several would-be
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article, a group of whites entered an unsegregated Salisbury bar "fingering the triggers of rifles" and forced blacks drinking there to leave.
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held unsuccessful talks between December 1975 and March 1976. ZANU and ZAPU announced in October 1976, during the run-up to the unsuccessful
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Rhodesia then attacked ZIPRA's bases in Zambia, in what Group Captain Peter Petter-Bowyer later described as "payback time" for Flight 825.
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A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969
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state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia on 1 June 1979. This new order failed to win international acceptance, however, and in December 1979 the
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On 10 September, the Prime Minister announced to the nation that certain areas of the country would be placed under a variation of
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launched several retaliatory strikes into Zambia and Mozambique over the following months, attacking both ZIPRA and its rival, the
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for the government, an allegation that Captain Pat Travers, Air Rhodesia's general manager, called a "downright, deliberate lie".
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A group of ZIPRA guerrillas, armed with a Strela-2 launcher, waited in the bush beneath Flight 825's flightpath, and fired on the
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magazine, but there was almost no acknowledgement of it by overseas governments, much to the Rhodesian government's indignation.
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was launched on 19 October 1978. It was another joint-force operation between the Air Force and the Army, which contributed
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hit a ditch, cartwheeled and exploded. The remaining fuel tanks ruptured and caught fire, setting the wrecked cabin ablaze.
514:, climaxing in the killing of nine British missionaries and four children at Elim Mission near the Mozambican border in the
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The Anglican Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints in Salisbury was the location of the memorial service on 8 September 1978.
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Following the second shootdown, Air Rhodesia created a system whereby the underside of the Viscounts would be coated with
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presumed that Rhodesia would never dare to attack a site so close to Lusaka. About 4,000 guerrillas underwent training at
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soldiers and senior officers from other military units. Smith and several government ministers also attended, including
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the surrounding bush, while a further five lived because they had gone to look for water before the guerrillas arrived.
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were won by Mugabe, who took power in April 1980, concurrently with the country's recognised independence as Zimbabwe.
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stewardesses were Dulcie Esterhuizen, 21 years old and from Bulawayo, and 23-year-old Louise Pearson, from Salisbury.
676:. Despite the occasional rocket and mortar attacks launched on Kariba by ZIPRA guerrillas on the northern side of the
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had been hit, but all had survived and landed safely. No civilian aircraft had yet been targeted during the Bush War.
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Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia
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452:, began in earnest in December 1972, when ZANLA attacked Altena and Whistlefield Farms in north-eastern Rhodesia.
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2582:. Vol. 3, no. 3. Valhalla, South Africa: South African Air Force Association. October 2012. p. 2
1077:, the co-Minister of Transport, warned the guerrillas that Rhodesia "w not let these innocents go unavenged".
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The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with Special Reference to Imperial Control
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ZANLA, aligned with China rather than the Soviets, never received such weapons. ZANLA's Mozambican ally,
498:". This created a joint black–white transitional government, with the country due to be reconstituted as
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motion" and characterizing it as an attempt to antagonise the Mugabe administration and its supporters.
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paratroopers. Operation Gatling's primary target, just 16 kilometres (10 miles) north-east of central
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Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment
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openly allied with ZANU. Around the same time, Rhodesia's other main backer, South Africa, adopted a
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The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia
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initiative that forced a ceasefire, giving the guerrillas time to regroup. Following the abortive
341:(ZANLA). The attack on ZIPRA in particular brought great controversy as many of those killed were
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in Mozambique. The Rhodesian military had struck these bases extensively in November 1977 during
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racial tension. Reports viewing the attack negatively appeared in international journals such as
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shielding for its Viscounts. Before this work was completed, ZIPRA shot down a second Viscount,
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Westlands Farm (or Freedom Camp) was ZIPRA's headquarters and Operation Gatling's main target.
28:
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Rhodesians Never Die: The Impact of War and Political Change on White Rhodesia c. 1970–1980
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newsroom the night of the incident, he relates a "vile collective temper" among the white
8:
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at very low altitudes (thereby avoiding Zambian radar) and took control of the country's
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100,000 to anybody who would either kill Nkomo or bring him to Salisbury to stand trial.
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in December, that they would henceforth attend conferences as a joint "Patriotic Front".
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Several racially motivated incidents occurred over the following days. According to the
872:, he aimed for an open field of cotton in the Whamira Hills, in the bush to the west of
526:, Zambia (where ZAPU was based), doing so with the assistance of the mining corporation
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internationally. Britain and the United Nations imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia.
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1360:"confirmed ZAPU's claim that Smith's forces struck at defenseless, civilian trainees".
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refugee camp for boys", and says "351 boys and girls" were killed. He claims that the
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2605:. Tauranga, New Zealand: Rhodesian Services Association. October 2012. pp. 21–22
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1299:, with senior ZIPRA staff also on site. The Rhodesian operation's other targets were
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1583:, did receive Soviet arms, and reportedly had Strela-2 launchers as early as 1973.
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318:
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Lindsell-Stewart, Gavin (5 September 1978). "Three Describe a Night of Terror".
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438:(ZIPRA). These guerrilla armies proceeded to wage what they called the "Second
1506:'s independence as Zambia in 1964. The name Zimbabwe has been used since 1980.
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camping in and around guerrilla positions. In February 1979, ZIPRA shot down
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Nkomo claimed responsibility for the attack in an interview with the BBC's
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about five minutes after it took off, while the aircraft was still in the
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In March 1978, Smith and non-militant nationalist groups headed by Bishop
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Soon after Flight 825 took off, a group of ZIPRA guerrillas hit it on its
1426:, who in 2013 proposed to memorialise the victims of the Viscount attacks
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was on the second and final leg of its regular scheduled journey between
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Platts, Clare (6 September 1978). "Newlyweds Tell of Crash Nightmare".
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2659:"ZAPU's response to Kate Hoey's condemnation on the Viscount disaster"
1566:), ZANLA and ZIPRA guerrillas had already been nominally fighting the
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2469:. Ellensburg, Washington: James J McGiffin: 6. 5 September 1978.
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Flight 825 was piloted by 36-year-old Captain John Hood, a native of
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A dispute over the terms for the granting of full sovereignty to the
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2828:(First ed.). Leiden and New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
2809:. Today's World. London: Batsford Academic and Educational Limited.
2573:"Inauguration of the Viscount Memorial in the VTM Garden of Statues"
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Winds of Destruction: the Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot
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1502:, but its government had used the shortened name Rhodesia since
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1284:
658:
631:
618:, established by the government on 1 September 1967 to succeed
527:
523:
415:
259:
190:
2594:
2483:"Hundreds Mourn Crash Victims: Emotional scenes at services".
2371:
1306:
Led by Squadron Leader Chris Dixon, who identified himself to
2559:. London: House of Commons of the United Kingdom. 13 May 2008
1292:
897:
873:
290:
77:
349:, another civilian flight, in an almost identical incident.
2482:
2473:
2229:
2106:
835:
Flight 825 was shot down soon after taking off from Kariba.
391:, and Rhodesia's government was dominated by the country's
387:" had recently gained ground in Britain and elsewhere amid
234:
was a scheduled passenger flight that was shot down by the
3077:
The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa
1382:, on 12 February 1979. This time there were no survivors.
383:
from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The idea of "
2771:. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm.
1031:
present in the cathedral were uniformed Air Rhodesia and
916:
Nkomo claims responsibility, but denies killing survivors
645:
aircraft with two engines on each wing. It was named the
542:
306:
281:
missile, critically damaging the aircraft and forcing an
2788:
All Our Todays: Forty Years of Radio 4's Today Programme
622:, which was dissolved at the end of that year. Based at
2459:
2199:
1498:
The official name of the country under British law was
880:
the craft. The landing was relatively stable until the
547:
3540:
Accidents and incidents involving the Vickers Viscount
375:
led the colonial government, headed by Prime Minister
301:
publicly claimed responsibility for shooting down the
2998:(First ed.). Ladysmith, Natal: Cottswold Press.
1017:
984:, who was then one of the few black reporters at the
530:. Attempts were made to also involve the ZANU leader
3038:
The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith
2517:
1971:
1053:
civilised? We are not! Like men in the story of the
3098:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing.
3017:. Trenton, NJ: Africa Research & Publications.
2883:
2710:Binda, Alexandre (2007). Heppenstall, David (ed.).
2555:
2267:
2183:
2181:
1959:
1927:
1901:
1862:
1838:
1778:
1734:
1713:
672:and Salisbury, stopping over in the resort town of
2941:Against the Grain: Memoirs of a Zimbabwean Newsman
2645:. Harare: Government of Zimbabwe. 12 February 2013
2639:"House of Commons Rhodie Motion 'A Racist Stance'"
2625:. Harare: Government of Zimbabwe. 11 February 2013
2102:
2100:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
1923:
1921:
1524:word meaning "revolutionary struggle". The "First
2390:
2225:
2223:
3521:
3074:
2571:
2430:Phiri, Brighton; Phiri, Reuben (4 August 1998).
2397:
2367:
2279:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2069:
1895:
2823:
2752:(First ed.). New York: Algora Publishing.
2691:Alexander, Yonah; Sochor, Eugene, eds. (1990).
2690:
2596:"Viscount Memorial Services 2nd September 2012"
2363:
2361:
2313:
2311:
2291:
2261:
2097:
2074:
2052:
1918:
1684:
2921:(First ed.). London: Methuen Publishing.
2487:. Salisbury: Argus Group: 1. 9 September 1978.
2478:. Salisbury: Argus Group: 1. 5 September 1978.
2220:
1955:
1953:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1450:A British parliamentary motion put forward by
1080:
864:At 17:10 Captain Hood sent a distress call to
16:Passenger aircraft which was shot down in 1978
3129:
2974:
2842:
2619:"House of Commons Rhodie Motion Raises Stink"
2501:. New York. 18 September 1978. Archived from
2319:"House of Commons Rhodie motion raises stink"
2255:
2210:
2187:
2155:
2091:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1873:
1871:
1820:
1740:
3560:Aviation accidents and incidents in Rhodesia
2637:
2617:
2382:
2358:
2308:
1752:
962:A report published in the American magazine
217:48 (38 in crash, 10 in massacre at the site)
3075:Williams, Gwyneth; Hackland, Brian (1988).
2962:(First ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2913:
2432:"KK left out of Chikumbi massacre memorial"
2273:
2214:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1950:
1856:
1832:
1784:
1772:
1719:
1698:
1661:
1659:
1175:
1060:
3136:
3122:
2869:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
2429:
2353:
2130:
2128:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1933:
1883:
1868:
1844:
1808:
1796:
1494:
1492:
471:of August 1975, Smith and the ZAPU leader
27:
3530:20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents
2334:
2332:
2116:
2114:
1676:
1674:
1644:
887:
412:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
339:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
3555:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978
3330:LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking
2766:
2747:
2731:The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry
2251:
2249:
2140:
2043:
2001:
1944:
1912:
1889:
1814:
1802:
1762:
1656:
1413:
1021:
590:
546:
356:
238:(ZIPRA) on 3 September 1978, during the
3055:
3012:
2935:
2864:
2804:
2785:
2557:"Early day motion 1552: Vumba Massacre"
2408:
2349:
2297:
2172:
2134:
2125:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1995:
1976:
1850:
1826:
1766:
1688:
1680:
1665:
1650:
1638:
1489:
1477:
931:surreptitiously hauling troops and war
444:" against the Rhodesian government and
325:Talks between Nkomo and Prime Minister
3522:
3060:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
2993:
2979:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
2957:
2733:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
2714:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
2450:
2329:
2230:Rhodesia Herald & 9 September 1978
2120:
2111:
2107:Rhodesia Herald & 5 September 1978
1692:
1671:
1626:
1409:
1225:
1043:, the co-Minister of Foreign Affairs.
750:
543:Prior threats to Rhodesian air traffic
3360:Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182
3117:
3079:(First ed.). London: Routledge.
3031:
2893:The Rhodesian War: A Military History
2728:
2709:
2246:
2240:
2014:
1877:
1790:
1758:
1596:
395:, so the unilateral declaration went
3545:Air Rhodesia accidents and incidents
3240:Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Flight 107
3093:
2657:
2491:
2461:"Search on for killers of survivors"
2338:
2285:
2047:
2020:
1746:
1122:
896:The guerrillas, who were armed with
436:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
385:no independence before majority rule
236:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
3180:Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314
2693:Aerial Piracy and Aviation Security
2539:
2372:Rhodesian Services Association 2012
2303:
1085:
13:
3058:P K van der Byl: African Statesman
2996:Exit Rhodesia: From UDI to Marxism
2665:. 12 February 2013. Archived from
2541:"Rhodesia reverts to British rule"
1143:
1018:Memorial service, 8 September 1978
957:
782:
426:(ZAPU), aligned with Soviet-style
254:'s regular scheduled service from
14:
3606:
3041:. London: John Blake Publishing.
2409:Machona, Goodson (31 July 1998).
1193:
718:
381:unilaterally declare independence
3146:Aviation accidents and incidents
2867:Encyclopedia of African Airlines
2750:A Crisis of Governance: Zimbabwe
2493:"Seeds of Political Destruction"
1224:
1208:
1192:
1174:
1158:
1142:
1135:
969:act of terrorism. The prominent
781:
766:
765:
749:
733:
717:
710:
3595:Terrorist incidents in Zimbabwe
3585:September 1978 events in Africa
3200:Continental Airlines Flight 603
2683:
2663:Zimbabwe African People's Union
2543:. London: BBC. 11 December 1979
2376:
2343:
2268:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
2234:
2204:
2193:
1965:
1960:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
1928:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
1906:
1863:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
1839:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
1779:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
1735:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
1714:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
1586:
1573:
1555:
1509:
1287:, was the formerly white-owned
569:surface-to-air missile launcher
556:surface-to-air missile launcher
508:United African National Council
424:Zimbabwe African People's Union
414:(ZANLA) and adopted aspects of
404:Zimbabwe African National Union
289:in a cotton field just west of
3350:Air Ceylon Avro HS 748 bombing
2975:Petter-Bowyer, P J H (2005) .
2824:Gowlland-Debbas, Vera (1990).
2769:Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia
2411:"Mugabe honours fallen heroes"
2391:Newspaper and journal articles
1632:
1620:
1209:
1159:
734:
637:The Flight 825 aircraft was a
448:. The resulting conflict, the
1:
3310:Helikopter Service Flight 165
2527:. London: 1343. 28 April 1979
2474:"Shot at Point Blank Range".
1614:
1277:Rhodesian Special Air Service
1037:Rhodesian Special Air Service
684:on schedule soon after 17:00
352:
250:, was flying the last leg of
3550:Airliner shootdown incidents
3390:Finnish Air Force DC-3 crash
3260:National Airlines Flight 193
3190:British Army Gazelle downing
2695:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
2455:. Salisbury: Argus Group: 1.
2404:. Salisbury: Argus Group: 1.
2280:Williams & Hackland 1988
2200:Ellensburg Daily Record 1978
1550:British South Africa Company
1363:
952:
703:
7:
3250:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
3013:Sibanda, Eliakim M (2005).
2919:Nkomo: The Story of My Life
2917:; Harman, Nicholas (1984).
1685:Alexander & Sochor 1990
1103:, the Rhodesian Air Force,
1081:Rhodesian military response
537:
242:. The aircraft involved, a
10:
3611:
3490:United Airlines Flight 173
3450:Indian Airlines Flight 410
3440:Indian Airlines Flight 403
3320:Olympic Airways Flight 411
3230:United Airlines Flight 696
2519:"Air Rhodesia Corporation"
1126:
861:began to descend rapidly.
657:and the Rhodesian capital
406:(ZANU), mostly comprising
3499:
3470:Cessna 188 Pacific rescue
3290:Iranian Chinook shootdown
3220:China Airlines Flight 831
3161:
2805:Freeman, Charles (1981).
2767:Cilliers, Jakkie (1984).
2729:Binda, Alexandre (2008).
2211:Godwin & Hancock 1995
2188:Godwin & Hancock 1995
1972:Flight International 1979
1540:(separately) against the
1399:Lancaster House Agreement
586:
558:, and one of its missiles
469:Victoria Falls Conference
335:Rhodesian Security Forces
333:over selected areas. The
305:in an interview with the
262:, via the resort town of
221:
213:
205:
197:
186:
175:
164:
154:
144:
134:
123:
118:
72:
62:
54:
49:
26:
3370:Air Caribbean Flight 309
3056:Wessels, Hannes (2010).
2850:. Harare: Baobab Books.
2846:; Hancock, Ian (1995) .
2748:Chikuhwa, Jacob (2004).
1902:UK House of Commons 2008
1482:
1281:Rhodesian Light Infantry
1105:Rhodesian Light Infantry
1061:Smith–Nkomo talks halted
852:missile hit the plane's
697:commercial pilot licence
494:agreed what became the "
273:wing with a Soviet-made
3410:Valentich disappearance
3340:Air Rhodesia Flight 825
3280:Yegoryevsk Tu-144 crash
2958:Palley, Claire (1966).
2865:Guttery, Ben R (1998).
2790:. London: Arrow Books.
2786:Donovan, Paul (1998) .
2383:The Herald & 2013 b
2215:Nkomo & Harman 1984
2150:Nkomo & Harman 1984
1380:Air Rhodesia Flight 827
1111:tanks and four Russian
910:Andrew Fleming Hospital
653:, which flowed between
620:Central African Airways
607:'s predecessor, in 1957
601:Central African Airways
347:Air Rhodesia Flight 827
232:Air Rhodesia Flight 825
22:Air Rhodesia Flight 825
2354:Phiri & Phiri 1998
1552:between 1896 and 1897.
1472:Christopher Mutsvangwa
1427:
1035:personnel, as well as
1027:
888:Massacre on the ground
651:river of the same name
608:
559:
512:Christian missionaries
364:
3590:Terrorism in Rhodesia
3575:Massacres in Rhodesia
3430:LoftleiĂ°ir Flight 001
3300:Air Canada Flight 189
2368:SAAF Association 2012
2070:Lindsell-Stewart 1978
1603:history of the BBC's
1528:" in question is the
1417:
1033:South African Airways
1025:
641:782D, a British-made
594:
550:
504:multiracial elections
502:in 1979, pursuant to
369:self-governing colony
360:
3480:Alitalia Flight 4128
3420:Aeroflot Flight 6515
3400:Aeroflot Flight 1080
3270:Aeroflot Flight 6709
3170:Air India Flight 855
3094:Wood, J R T (2008).
2994:Scully, Pat (1984).
2943:. Cape Town: Zebra.
2524:Flight International
2292:Gowlland-Debbas 1990
2137:, pp. xiii, xiv
1478:Notes and references
1437:Voortrekker Monument
1264:class=notpageimage|
1041:P K van der Byl
832:class=notpageimage|
457:Carnation Revolution
418:doctrine, while the
3570:Mass murder in 1978
3565:Communist terrorism
3508:► 1979
3502:1977 ◄
3210:LAV HS 748 accident
2897:Pen and Sword Books
2669:on 20 December 2013
2485:The Rhodesia Herald
2476:The Rhodesia Herald
2453:The Rhodesia Herald
2401:The Rhodesia Herald
2325:. 10 February 2013.
1530:Second Matabele War
1410:Legacy and memorial
1316:Rhodesian Air Force
1184:Westlands Farm
866:air traffic control
848:of its flight. The
695:who had gained his
686:Central Africa Time
578:Rhodesian Air Force
496:Internal Settlement
99: /
23:
3580:Rhodesian Bush War
3505:
3380:Finnair Flight 405
2270:, pp. 135–144
2256:Petter-Bowyer 2005
2243:, pp. 266–267
2175:, pp. 191–192
2092:Petter-Bowyer 2005
1930:, pp. 153–154
1829:, pp. 210–211
1793:, pp. 133–136
1769:, pp. 102–103
1695:, pp. 115–119
1691:, pp. 62–63;
1687:, pp. 38–39;
1683:, pp. 22–23;
1629:, pp. 742–743
1428:
1028:
614:was the country's
609:
571:, supplied by the
567:shoulder-launched
560:
488:Ndabaningi Sithole
450:Rhodesian Bush War
365:
240:Rhodesian Bush War
135:Aircraft name
124:Aircraft type
67:Airliner shootdown
21:
3514:
3513:
3105:978-1-4251-4807-2
3086:978-0-415-00245-5
3067:978-1-920143-49-7
3024:978-1-59221-276-7
3005:978-0-620-07802-3
2986:978-0-9584890-3-4
2950:978-1-77007-112-4
2937:Nyarota, Geoffrey
2928:978-0-413-54500-8
2906:978-1-84415-694-8
2889:McLaughlin, Peter
2885:Moorcraft, Paul L
2876:978-0-7864-0495-7
2857:978-0-908311-82-8
2816:978-0-7134-1230-7
2797:978-0-09-928037-8
2778:978-0-7099-3412-7
2759:978-0-87586-286-6
2740:978-1-920143-07-7
2721:978-1-920143-03-9
2702:978-0-7923-0932-1
2603:Contact! Contact!
1504:Northern Rhodesia
1500:Southern Rhodesia
1358:UN Refugee Agency
1273:Operation Gatling
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1129:Operation Gatling
1123:Operation Gatling
870:emergency landing
826:
821:
815:
809:
803:
624:Salisbury Airport
500:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
477:Geneva Conference
283:emergency landing
229:
228:
103:16.783°S 29.083°E
41:, similar to the
3602:
3535:1978 in Rhodesia
3506:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3090:
3071:
3052:
3028:
3009:
2990:
2971:
2954:
2932:
2910:
2880:
2861:
2839:
2820:
2801:
2782:
2763:
2744:
2725:
2706:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2405:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2072:
2067:
2050:
2045:
2018:
2012:
1999:
1993:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1915:, pp. 30–32
1910:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1817:, pp. 22–24
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1717:
1711:
1696:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1564:Frontline States
1559:
1553:
1532:, fought by the
1513:
1507:
1496:
1396:
1388:
1377:
1345:Peter McLaughlin
1318:group flew into
1256:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1101:Operation Snoopy
1086:Operation Snoopy
982:Geoffrey Nyarota
971:Indian-Rhodesian
824:
819:
816:
813:
807:
804:
801:
794:
785:
784:
775:
769:
768:
759:
753:
752:
743:
737:
736:
727:
721:
720:
714:
639:Vickers Viscount
616:national airline
597:Vickers Viscount
434:, mobilised the
428:Marxism–Leninism
244:Vickers Viscount
128:Vickers Viscount
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
58:3 September 1978
31:
24:
20:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3112:
3106:
3087:
3068:
3049:
3025:
3006:
2987:
2951:
2929:
2907:
2877:
2858:
2836:
2817:
2798:
2779:
2760:
2741:
2722:
2703:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2648:
2646:
2628:
2626:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2562:
2560:
2546:
2544:
2530:
2528:
2508:
2506:
2505:on 7 March 2008
2441:
2439:
2420:
2418:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2366:
2359:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2213:, p. 228;
2209:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2075:
2068:
2053:
2046:
2021:
2013:
2002:
1994:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1934:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1720:
1712:
1699:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1560:
1556:
1514:
1510:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1468:Dumiso Dabengwa
1412:
1404:Fresh elections
1394:
1386:
1375:
1366:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1131:
1125:
1097:Operation Dingo
1088:
1083:
1063:
1020:
987:Rhodesia Herald
960:
958:Racial tensions
955:
918:
890:
876:, intending to
838:
837:
836:
834:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:
805:
802:R H O D E S I A
800:
798:
797:
796:
795:
790:
786:
778:
777:
776:
773:
770:
762:
761:
760:
757:
754:
746:
745:
744:
741:
738:
730:
729:
728:
725:
722:
706:
589:
545:
540:
492:Jeremiah Chirau
486:, the Reverend
461:communist state
446:security forces
355:
285:. An attempted
279:infrared homing
277:surface-to-air
258:to the capital
108:-16.783; 29.083
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
84:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3512:
3511:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:TWA Flight 541
3458:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3091:
3085:
3072:
3066:
3053:
3047:
3029:
3023:
3010:
3004:
2991:
2985:
2972:
2955:
2949:
2933:
2927:
2911:
2905:
2881:
2875:
2862:
2856:
2840:
2834:
2821:
2815:
2802:
2796:
2783:
2777:
2764:
2758:
2745:
2739:
2726:
2720:
2707:
2701:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2655:
2635:
2615:
2592:
2569:
2553:
2537:
2515:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2457:
2448:
2427:
2406:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2357:
2342:
2328:
2307:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2245:
2233:
2219:
2203:
2192:
2177:
2154:
2139:
2124:
2110:
2096:
2073:
2051:
2019:
2000:
1975:
1964:
1949:
1932:
1917:
1905:
1894:
1882:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1761:, p. 48;
1751:
1749:, pp. 1–8
1739:
1718:
1697:
1670:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1595:
1585:
1572:
1554:
1542:administration
1508:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1462:calling it a "
1445:Rhodesian flag
1411:
1408:
1395:majority-ruled
1371:Kenneth Kaunda
1365:
1362:
1341:Paul Moorcraft
1328:Hawker Hunters
1308:Lusaka Airport
1289:Westlands Farm
1262:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:Victoria Falls
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1121:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1075:William Irvine
1062:
1059:
1055:Good Samaritan
1019:
1016:
959:
956:
954:
951:
917:
914:
912:in Salisbury.
889:
886:
830:
829:
823:
818:
811:
806:
799:
789:
788:
787:
780:
779:
772:
771:
764:
763:
758:Victoria Falls
756:
755:
748:
747:
740:
739:
732:
731:
724:
723:
716:
715:
709:
708:
707:
705:
702:
682:Kariba Airport
670:Victoria Falls
588:
585:
544:
541:
539:
536:
516:Vumba massacre
410:, created the
393:white minority
389:decolonisation
354:
351:
256:Victoria Falls
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
188:
184:
183:
177:
173:
172:
169:Victoria Falls
166:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3607:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3441:
3431:
3421:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3361:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3160:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3048:1-85782-176-9
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:Nkomo, Joshua
2912:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:Godwin, Peter
2841:
2837:
2835:0-7923-0811-5
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2581:
2580:Flying Spirit
2574:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2542:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2282:, p. 289
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2258:, p. 333
2257:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2217:, p. 146
2216:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2190:, p. 288
2189:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2152:, p. 165
2151:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2094:, p. 331
2093:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2017:, p. 266
2016:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:Cilliers 1984
1941:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:Chikuhwa 2004
1909:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1890:Cilliers 1984
1886:
1880:, p. 327
1879:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1853:, p. 211
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1815:Cilliers 1984
1811:
1804:
1803:Cilliers 1984
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1763:Cilliers 1984
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1737:, p. 155
1736:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1716:, p. 154
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1653:, p. 222
1652:
1647:
1641:, p. 273
1640:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1606:
1599:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:Shona peoples
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1391:
1387:low-radiation
1383:
1381:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1185:
1138:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1050:John de Costa
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
988:
983:
979:
977:
972:
967:
966:
950:
949:stationed ".
947:
942:
941:Selous Scouts
936:
934:
929:
925:
924:
913:
911:
906:
902:
899:
894:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
833:
793:
713:
701:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
602:
598:
593:
584:
582:
579:
574:
570:
566:
557:
554:
549:
535:
533:
532:Robert Mugabe
529:
525:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Abel Muzorewa
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:
359:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
320:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
297:ZIPRA leader
295:
292:
288:
287:belly landing
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
178:
176:Last stopover
174:
170:
167:
165:Flight origin
163:
159:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
117:
112:
83:
79:
76:Just west of
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
3516:
3339:
3095:
3076:
3057:
3036:
3014:
2995:
2976:
2959:
2940:
2918:
2895:. Barnsley:
2892:
2866:
2847:
2825:
2806:
2787:
2768:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2692:
2684:Bibliography
2671:. Retrieved
2667:the original
2661:. Bulawayo:
2647:. Retrieved
2642:
2627:. Retrieved
2622:
2607:. Retrieved
2602:
2584:. Retrieved
2579:
2561:. Retrieved
2545:. Retrieved
2529:. Retrieved
2522:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:the original
2496:
2484:
2475:
2466:Daily Record
2464:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2435:
2419:. Retrieved
2414:
2399:
2378:
2350:Machona 1998
2345:
2322:
2299:
2294:, p. 89
2287:
2275:
2263:
2236:
2206:
2195:
2173:Sibanda 2005
2135:Donovan 1998
1996:Nyarota 2006
1967:
1962:, p. 97
1947:, p. 47
1908:
1897:
1892:, p. 46
1885:
1865:, p. 88
1858:
1851:Sibanda 2005
1846:
1841:, p. 89
1834:
1827:Sibanda 2005
1822:
1810:
1805:, p. 21
1798:
1786:
1781:, p. 75
1774:
1767:Wessels 2010
1765:, p. 5
1754:
1742:
1689:Nyarota 2006
1681:Freeman 1981
1666:Nyarota 2006
1651:Guttery 1998
1646:
1639:Wessels 2010
1634:
1622:
1604:
1598:
1588:
1575:
1567:
1557:
1546:Cecil Rhodes
1525:
1515:
1511:
1459:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1392:
1384:
1367:
1338:
1312:Green Leader
1305:
1297:Freedom Camp
1271:
1183:
1118:
1116:air strike.
1089:
1068:
1064:
1045:
1029:
1006:
1002:
1000:
991:
985:
980:
963:
961:
945:
937:
927:
921:
919:
907:
903:
895:
891:
881:
863:
858:
850:heat-seeking
841:
839:
820:South Africa
791:
690:
665:
663:
646:
636:
628:Johannesburg
612:Air Rhodesia
610:
605:Air Rhodesia
573:Soviet Union
561:
520:
518:on 23 June.
481:
473:Joshua Nkomo
454:
439:
401:
397:unrecognised
366:
324:
317:
310:
302:
299:Joshua Nkomo
296:
268:
252:Air Rhodesia
247:
231:
230:
156:Registration
149:Air Rhodesia
138:
42:
39:Air Rhodesia
18:
2673:20 December
2649:18 December
2629:18 December
2609:24 December
2586:24 December
2547:22 November
2531:22 November
2509:22 November
2442:18 December
2421:18 December
2121:Platts 1978
1693:Scully 1984
1627:Palley 1966
1593:interviews.
1376:anti-Strela
1339:Historians
1241:Z A M B I A
1071:martial law
996:sub-editors
846:climb phase
655:Lake Kariba
432:Warsaw Pact
422:-dominated
331:martial law
187:Destination
106: /
3524:Categories
3033:Smith, Ian
2643:The Herald
2623:The Herald
2563:3 December
2323:The Herald
2241:Smith 1997
2015:Smith 1997
1998:, p.
1878:Binda 2007
1791:Binda 2008
1759:Binda 2008
1615:References
1568:Chimurenga
1526:Chimurenga
1517:Chimurenga
1310:tower as "
1151:Lubumbashi
1127:See also:
878:belly land
825:Mozambique
792:Crash site
649:after the
490:and Chief
441:Chimurenga
353:Background
246:named the
214:Fatalities
198:Passengers
193:, Rhodesia
182:, Rhodesia
171:, Rhodesia
2891:(2008) .
2807:Terrorism
2339:ZAPU 2013
2048:Time 1978
1747:Wood 2008
1456:Kate Hoey
1424:Kate Hoey
1364:Aftermath
1354:Red Cross
1201:Salisbury
1011:vigilante
953:Reactions
854:starboard
726:Salisbury
704:Shootdown
659:Salisbury
643:turboprop
377:Ian Smith
327:Ian Smith
271:starboard
260:Salisbury
222:Survivors
191:Salisbury
50:Shootdown
3035:(1997).
2939:(2006).
2438:. Lusaka
2436:The Post
2417:. Lusaka
2415:The Post
2304:BBC 1979
1441:Pretoria
1356:and the
1349:refugees
1324:airspace
1301:Chikumbi
1257:Rhodesia
933:materiel
814:Botswana
774:Bulawayo
693:Bulawayo
565:Strela-2
553:Strela-2
538:Incident
430:and the
373:Rhodesia
362:Rhodesia
343:refugees
275:Strela-2
145:Operator
119:Aircraft
82:Rhodesia
35:Viscount
3150: (
3148:in 1978
1581:FRELIMO
1534:Ndebele
1333:Rufunsa
1113:BTR-152
1093:Chimoio
946:Hunyani
928:Hunyani
882:Hunyani
859:Hunyani
842:Hunyani
678:Zambezi
666:Hunyani
647:Hunyani
581:Dakotas
465:détente
420:Ndebele
303:Hunyani
248:Hunyani
139:Hunyani
91:16°47′S
63:Summary
43:Hunyani
3486:Dec 28
3476:Dec 23
3466:Dec 22
3456:Dec 21
3446:Dec 20
3436:Dec 17
3426:Nov 15
3416:Oct 23
3406:Oct 21
3376:Sep 30
3366:Sep 26
3356:Sep 25
3326:Aug 30
3306:Jun 26
3296:Jun 26
3286:Jun 21
3276:May 23
3266:May 19
3246:Apr 20
3236:Mar 16
3226:Mar 13
3186:Feb 17
3176:Feb 11
3102:
3083:
3064:
3045:
3021:
3002:
2983:
2968:406157
2966:
2947:
2925:
2903:
2873:
2854:
2832:
2813:
2794:
2775:
2756:
2737:
2718:
2699:
1464:Rhodie
1460:Herald
1452:Labour
1420:Labour
1320:Zambia
1285:Lusaka
1252:Angola
1217:Kariba
1167:Lusaka
992:Herald
808:Zambia
742:Kariba
674:Kariba
632:Durban
587:Flight
528:Lonrho
524:Lusaka
416:Maoist
408:Shonas
264:Kariba
180:Kariba
160:VP-WAS
94:29°5′E
3396:Oct 7
3386:Oct 3
3346:Sep 7
3336:Sep 3
3316:Aug 9
3256:May 8
3216:Mar 9
3206:Mar 3
3196:Mar 1
3166:Jan 1
2599:(PDF)
2576:(PDF)
1605:Today
1522:Shona
1520:is a
1483:Notes
1314:", a
1293:ZIPRA
1247:Zaire
923:Today
898:AK-47
874:Karoi
379:, to
312:Today
291:Karoi
78:Karoi
3152:1978
3100:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3062:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3019:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2964:OCLC
2945:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2792:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2675:2013
2651:2013
2631:2013
2611:2012
2588:2012
2565:2012
2549:2012
2533:2012
2511:2012
2498:Time
2444:2013
2423:2013
1536:and
1343:and
1279:and
1109:T-54
1047:Dean
1007:Time
1003:Time
965:Time
664:The
630:and
319:Time
206:Crew
130:782D
73:Site
55:Date
1544:of
1454:MP
1439:in
1422:MP
1418:UK
599:of
371:of
309:'s
307:BBC
37:of
3526::
2899:.
2887:;
2641:.
2621:.
2601:.
2578:.
2521:.
2495:.
2463:.
2434:.
2413:.
2370:;
2360:^
2352:;
2331:^
2321:.
2310:^
2248:^
2222:^
2180:^
2157:^
2142:^
2127:^
2113:^
2099:^
2076:^
2054:^
2022:^
2003:^
1978:^
1952:^
1935:^
1920:^
1870:^
1721:^
1700:^
1673:^
1658:^
1548:'
1491:^
1447:.
688:.
661:.
634:.
603:,
595:A
551:A
266:.
201:52
80:,
33:A
3154:)
3137:e
3130:t
3123:v
3108:.
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2446:.
2425:.
976:R
225:8
209:4
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