Red panda - Knowledge

1468: 1186: 985: 1400: 1151: 923: 13813: 1424: 1124: 950: 1328: 866: 2277:, the home range of a radio-collared female was 0.94 km (0.36 sq mi), while that of a male was 1.11 km (0.43 sq mi). A one-year-long monitoring study of ten red pandas in eastern Nepal showed that the four males had median home ranges of 1.73 km (0.67 sq mi) and the six females of 0.94 km (0.36 sq mi) within a forest cover of at least 19.2 ha (47 acres). The females travelled 419–841 m (1,375–2,759 ft) per day and the males 660–1,473 m (2,165–4,833 ft). In the mating season from January to March, adults travelled a mean of 795 m (2,608 ft) and subadults a mean of 861 m (2,825 ft). They all had larger home ranges in areas with low forest cover and reduced their activity in areas that were disturbed by people, livestock and dogs. 1906: 1355: 893: 2225: 1776: 1298: 836: 2747:

southwestern China, the red panda is hunted for its fur, especially for the highly valued bushy tails, from which hats are produced. The red panda population in China has been reported to have decreased by 40 per cent over the last 50 years, and the population in western Himalayan areas are considered to be smaller. Between 2005 and 2017, 35 live and seven dead red pandas were confiscated in Sichuan, and several traders were sentenced to 3–12 years of imprisonment. A month-long survey of 65 shops in nine Chinese counties in the spring of 2017 revealed only one in Yunnan offered hats made of red panda skins, and red panda tails were offered in an online forum.

13819: 340: 2507: 13807: 1575: 2967: 3113: 2444: 612: 15291: 127: 188: 1500: 1218: 1017: 15297: 3020: 15280: 146: 1790: 15286: 379:. It has dense reddish-brown fur with a black belly and legs, white-lined ears, a mostly white muzzle and a ringed tail. Its head-to-body length is 51–63.5 cm (20.1–25.0 in) with a 28–48.5 cm (11.0–19.1 in) tail, and it weighs between 3.2 and 15 kg (7.1 and 33.1 lb). It is well adapted to climbing due to its flexible joints and curved semi-retractile claws. 3023: 3022: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3027: 2990:

programmes have been initiated in 10 districts in Nepal that aim to help villagers reduce their dependence on natural resources through improved herding and food processing practices and alternative income possibilities. The Nepali government ratified a five-year Red Panda Conservation Action Plan in

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typically consist of one to four cubs that are born fully furred but blind. They are entirely dependent on their mother for the first three to four months until they first leave the nest. They nurse for their first five months. The bond between mother and offspring lasts until the next mating season.

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decreases the ability of some bamboo species to regenerate. The cut lumber stock in Sichuan alone reached 2,661,000 m (94,000,000 cu ft) in 1958–1960, and around 3,597.9 km (1,389.2 sq mi) of red panda habitat were logged between the mid-1970s and late 1990s. Throughout

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involves the male mounting the female from behind and on top, though face-to-face matings as well as belly-to-back matings while lying on the sides also occur. The male will grab the female by the sides with his front paws instead of biting her neck. Intromission is 2–25 minutes long, and the couple

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and aggressive fighting, individuals curve their backs and tails while slowly moving their heads up and down. They then turn their heads while jaw-clapping, move their heads laterally and lift a forepaw to strike. They stand on their hind legs, raise the forelimbs above the head and then pounce. Two

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At least seven different vocalisations have been recorded from the red panda, comprising growls, barks, squeals, hoots, bleats, grunts and twitters. Growling, barking, grunting and squealing are produced during fights and aggressive chasing. Hooting is made in response to being approached by another

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at night. It typically rests or sleeps in trees or other elevated spaces, stretched out prone on a branch with legs dangling when it is hot, and curled up with its hindlimb over the face when it is cold. It is adapted for climbing and descends to the ground head-first with the hindfeet holding on to

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found in many carnivorans. This thumb allows the animal to grip onto bamboo stalks and both the digits and wrist bones are highly flexible. The red panda shares this feature with the giant panda, which has a larger sesamoid that is more compressed at the sides. In addition, the red panda's sesamoid

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The red panda has a relatively small head, though proportionally larger than in similarly sized raccoons, with a reduced snout and triangular ears, and nearly evenly lengthed limbs. It has a head-body length of 51–63.5 cm (20.1–25.0 in) with a 28–48.5 cm (11.0–19.1 in) tail. The

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In 2020, results of a genetic analysis of red panda samples showed that the red panda populations in the Himalayas and China were separated about 250,000 years ago. The researchers suggested that the two subspecies should be treated as distinct species. Red pandas in southeastern Tibet and northern

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meant for other wildlife have been recorded killing red pandas. In Myanmar, the red panda is threatened by hunting using guns and traps; since roads to the border with China were built starting in the early 2000s, red panda skins and live animals have been traded and smuggled across the border. In

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of a carnivore, the red panda cannot properly digest bamboo, which passes through its gut in two to four hours. Hence, it must consume large amounts of the most nutritious plant matter. It eats over 1.5 kg (3 lb 5 oz) of fresh leaves or 4 kg (9 lb) of fresh shoots in a day

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The red panda's skull is wide, and its lower jaw is robust. However, because it eats leaves and stems, which are not as tough, it has smaller chewing muscles than the giant panda. The digestive system of the red panda is only 4.2 times its body length, with a simple stomach, no noticeable divide

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Kandel, K.; Huettmann, F.; Suwal, M. K.; Regmi, G. R.; Nijman, V.; Nekaris, K. A. I.; Lama, S. T.; Thapa, A.; Sharma, H. P. & Subedi, T. R. (2015). "Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda

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unit and community-based monitoring have been established in Langtang National Park. Members of Community Forest User Groups also protect and monitor red panda habitats in other parts of Nepal. Community outreach programs have been initiated in eastern Nepal using information boards, radio

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believe that it brings good luck to wear red panda tails or hats made of its fur. In China, the fur is used for local cultural ceremonies. At weddings, the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide. Hats made of red panda tails are also used by local newlyweds as a "good-luck charm".

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As the reproductive season begins, males and females interact more, and will rest, move, and feed near each other. An oestrous female will spend more time marking and males will inspect her anogenital region. Receptive females make tail-flicks and position themselves in a

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dates no earlier than the Pleistocene and appears to have been limited to Asia. The modern red panda's lineage became adapted for a specialised bamboo diet, having molar-like premolars and more elevated cusps. The false thumb would secondarily gain a function in feeding.

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Karki, S.; Maraseni, T.; Mackey, B.; Bista, D.; Lama, S. T.; Gautam, A. P.; Sherpa, A. P.; Koju, A. P.; Koju, U.; Shrestha, A. & Cadman, T. (2021). "Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)".

5525: 2200:, it inhabits mixed coniferous forest with a dense canopy cover of more than 75 per cent, steep slopes and a density of at least 70 bamboo plants/m (6.5 bamboo plants/sq ft). In some parts of China, the red panda coexists with the giant panda. In 2559:. Two radio-collared cubs in eastern Nepal separated from their mothers at the age of 7–8 months and left their birth areas three weeks later. They reached new home ranges within 26–42 days and became residents after exploring them for 42–44 days. 2549:

lasts about 131 days. Prior to giving birth, the female selects a denning site, such as a tree, log or stump hollow or rock crevice, and builds a nest using material from nearby, such as twigs, sticks, branches, bark bits, leaves, grass and moss.

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The red panda grabs food with one of its front paws and usually eats sitting down or standing. When foraging for bamboo, it grabs the plant by the stem and pulls it down towards its jaws. It bites the leaves with the side of the

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are important habitat features, as they facilitate access to bamboo leaves. Red pandas have been recorded to use steep slopes of more than 20° and stumps exceeding a diameter of 30 cm (12 in). Red pandas observed in

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Himalayan red panda is recorded to weigh 3.2–9.4 kg (7.1–20.7 lb), while the Chinese red panda weighs 4–15 kg (8.8–33.1 lb) for females and 4.2–13.4 kg (9.3–29.5 lb) for males. It has five curved

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and kept about 25 red pandas by 2016. By the end of 2019, 182 European zoos kept 407 red pandas. Regional captive breeding programmes have also been established in North American, Australasian and South African zoos.

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imported four red pandas from India that had been caught in Nepal; their first litter was born in 1941. Cubs that were born later were sent to other zoos; by 1969, about 250 red pandas had been exhibited in zoos. The

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as daylight grows longer. Mating thus takes place from January to March, with births occurring from May to August. Reproduction is delayed by six months for captive pandas in the southern hemisphere.

1750:, as both species have false thumbs and are adapted for a specialised bamboo diet despite having the digestive system of a carnivore. Both pandas show modifications to certain limb development genes ( 1399: 1150: 922: 552:

means "ball of the foot" and "claws". The Nepali words "nigalya ponya" has been translated as "bamboo-footed" and is thought to be the red panda's Nepali name; in English, it was simply called

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Joshi, B. D.; Dalui, S.; Singh, S. K.; Mukherjee, T.; Chandra, K.; Sharma, L. K. & Thakur, M. (2021). "Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species".

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programmes for the red panda have been established in zoos around the world. It is featured in animated movies, video games, comic books and as the namesake of companies and music bands.

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Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle

1758:), which may play roles in the development of the thumbs. In switching from a carnivorous to a herbivorous diet, both species have reactivated taste receptor genes used for detecting 766:. A 1982 study examined the similarities and differences in the skull between the red panda and the giant panda, other bears and procyonids, and placed the species in its own family 3355: 2999:, was restored and fenced in cooperation with 120 herder families to protect the red panda forest habitat and improve communal land. Villagers in Arunachal Pradesh established two 13812: 2461:

with crude proteins and fats being the most easily digested. Digestion is highest in summer and fall but lowest in winter, and is easier for shoots than leaves. The red panda's

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to protect the red panda habitat from disturbance and exploitation of forest resources. China has initiated several projects to protect its environment and wildlife, including

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from the Middle Miocene of Spain and known only from one tooth, a lower second molar. The tooth shows both ancestral and new characteristics having a relatively low and simple

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with a mean annual temperature range of 18–24 °C (64–75 °F). Throughout this range, it has been recorded at elevations of 2,000–4,300 m (6,600–14,100 ft).

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Wallace, S. C. & Lyon, L. (2021). "Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

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since 2008 because the global population is estimated at 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend. A large extent of its habitat is part of protected areas.

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and leaves, but also on fruits and blossoms. Red pandas mate in early spring, with the females giving birth to litters of up to four cubs in summer. It is threatened by

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provinces. The global potential habitat of the red panda has been estimated to comprise 47,100 km (18,200 sq mi) at most; this habitat is located in the

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Thapa, K.; Thapa, G. J.; Bista, D.; Jnawali, S. R.; Acharya, K. P.; Khanal, K.; Kandel, R. C.; Karki Thapa, M.; Shrestha, S.; Lama, S. T. & Sapkota, N. S. (2020).

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to the lineage of the modern red panda. In contrast to the herbivorous modern species, these ancient pandas were likely omnivores, with highly cusped molars and sharp

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Nepal, the red panda habitat outside protected areas is negatively affected by solid waste, livestock trails and herding stations, and people collecting firewood and

6964: 2212:, shrubs, fallen logs and stumps, whereas the giant panda prefers gentler slopes with taller but lesser amounts of bamboo and less habitat features overall. Such 5264:

Chakraborty, R.; Nahmo, L. T.; Dutta, P. K.; Srivastava, T.; Mazumdar, K. & Dorji, D. (2015). "Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (

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and their allies. At the time, most prominent biologists also considered the red panda to be related to the giant panda, which would eventually be found to be a

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Triplett, J. K. & Clark, L. G. (2010). "Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies".

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is fluffier with shorter hairs. The guard hairs on the back have a circular cross-section and are 47–56 mm (1.9–2.2 in) long. It has moderately long

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analysis revealed that the red panda has close affinities with procyonids. Further genetic studies in 2005, 2018 and 2021 have placed the red panda within the

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browser and has been used as the namesake of music bands and of companies. Its appearance has been used for plush toys, t-shirts, postcards and other items.

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is mainly red or orange-brown with a black belly and legs. The muzzle, cheeks, brows and inner ear margins are mostly white while the bushy tail has red and

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and then shears, chews and swallows. Smaller food like blossoms, berries and small leaves are eaten differently, being clipped by the incisors. Having the

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The red panda's role in the culture and folklore of local people is limited. A drawing of a red panda exists on a 13th-century Chinese scroll. In Nepal's

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Wozencraft, W. C. (2013). "Carnivora". In Xie, Y.; Smith, A. T.; Smith, D. E.; Hoffmann, R. S.; Wozencraft, W. C.; MacKinnon, J. R.; Lunde, D. (eds.).

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Makungu, M.; du Plessis, W. M.; Groenewald, H. B.; Barrows, M. & Koeppel, K. N. (2015). "Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (

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The red panda is difficult to observe in the wild, and most studies on its behaviour have taken place in captivity. The red panda appears to be both

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use its skin and fur in their ritual dresses and believe that it protects against evil spirits. People in central Bhutan consider red pandas to be

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was likely a tree-climber and shared a "false thumb"—an extended wrist bone—with the modern species, suggesting the appendage was an adaptation to

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broadcasting and the annual International Red Panda Day in September; several schools endorsed a red panda conservation manual as part of their

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ailurids are classified in the subfamily Ailurinae and are known as the "true" red pandas. These animals were smaller and more adapted for an

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Alex, C. E.; Kubiski, S. V.; Li, L.; Sadeghi, M.; Wack, R. F.; McCarthy, M. A.; Pesavento, J. B.; Delwart, E. & Pesavento, P. A. (2018).

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Glatston, A. R. & Gebauer, A. (2021). "People and Red Pandas: the Red Panda's role in economy and culture". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

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lasts a day, and females can enter oestrous multiple times a season, but it is not known how long the intervals between each cycle last.

5914:"Effect of disturbances and habitat fragmentation on an arboreal habitat specialist mammal using GPS telemetry: a case of the red panda" 5072:

Dalui, S.; Khatri, H.; Singh, S. K.; Basu, S.; Ghosh, A.; Mukherjee, T.; Sharma, L. K.; Singh, R.; Chandra, K. & Thakur, M. (2020).

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individual. Bleating is associated with scent-marking and sniffing. Males may bleat during mating, while females twitter. During both

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and surrounding glands. Scent-marking is usually done on the ground, with males marking more often and for longer periods. In China's

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Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids. The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and their Relatives

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Liu, S.; Li, Y.; Yue, C.; Zhang, D.; Su, X.; Yan, X.; Yang, K.; Chen, X.; Zhuo, G.; Cai, T.; Liu, J.; Peng, X. & Huo, R. (2020).

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has a more sunken tip while the giant panda's curves in the middle. These features give the giant panda more developed dexterity.

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Nijboer, J. & Dierenfeld, E. S. (2021). "Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

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of the red panda was sequenced in 2017. Researchers have compared it to the genome of the giant panda to learn the genetics of

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Wei, F.; Zhang, Z.; Thapa, A.; Zhijin, L. & Hu, Y. (2021). "Conservation initiatives in China". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

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Huckins, G. L.; Eshar, D.; Schwartz, D.; Morton, M.; Herrin, B. H.; Cerezo, A.; Yabsley, M. J. & Schneider, S. M. (2019).

4883:"Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda ( 4634:

Wood, W. F.; Dragoo, G. A.; Richard, M. J.; Dragoo, J. W. (2003). "Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda,

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Qi, D.; Zhou, H.; Wei, W.; Lei, M.; Yuan, S.; Qi, D. & Zhang, Z. (2016). "Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (

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Dalui, S.; Singh, S. K.; Joshi, B. D.; Ghosh, A.; Basu, S.; Khatri, H.; Sharma, L. K.; Chandra, K. & Thakur, M. (2021).

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which first appear in Early Pliocene Europe, spreading across Eurasia into North America. These animals are classified as a

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represent its easternmost range in the country, where its habitat in forest patches is surrounded by villages, livestock

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EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation"

7162:"Occurrence and conservation status of small carnivores in two protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India" 3860:

Hassanin, A.; Veron, G.; Ropiquet, A.; van Vuuren, B. J.; Lécu, A.; Goodman, S. M.; Haider, J.; Nguyen, T. T. (2021).

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Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z. & Hu, J. (1999). "Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas

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of the Darjeeling Tea Festival. It has been featured on stamps and coins issued by several red panda range states.

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Bista, D.; Baxter, G. S. & Murray, P. J. (2020). "What is driving the increased demand for red panda pelts?".

4310:"Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation" 15746: 15534: 9503: 2905: 1905: 1609:

is known from its 10 cm (4 in) skull and may have been around the same size as the modern species. Its

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Acharya, K. P.; Shrestha, S.; Paudel, P. K.; Sherpa, A. P.; Jnawali, S. R.; Acharya, S. & Bista, D. (2018).

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Zhang, Z.; Wei, F.; Li, M. & Hu, J. (2006). "Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in

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Hu, Y.; Thapa, A.; Fan, H.; Ma, T.; Wu, Q.; Ma, S.; Zhang, D.; Wang, B.; Li, M.; Yan, L. & Wei, F. (2020).

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Hu, Y.; Wu, Q.; Ma, S.; Ma, T.; Shan, L.; Wang, X.; Nie, Y.; Ning, Z.; Yan, L.; Xiu, Y. & Wei, F. (2017).

11721: 5012:"Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda" 3183: 2859: 2843: 2835: 2241: 13806: 7126: 6227:

Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, A. & Hu, J. (1999). "Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda

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Gebauer, A. (2021). "The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

4161:(Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny". 3156: 3069: 2987: 2933: 2893: 2465:

is comparable to other mammals of its size, despite its poor diet. The red panda digests almost a third of

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around the mouth, lower jaw and chin. The hair on the soles of the paws allows the animal to walk in snow.

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which lived in eastern North America from the late Miocene to the Early Pliocene and species of the genus

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Kong, F.; Zhao, J.; Han, S.; Zeng, B.; Yang, J.; Si, X.; Yang, B.; Yang, M.; Xu, H. & Li, Y. (2014).

4974:"The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range" 2855: 2801: 2789: 2035: 1775: 647:, including skin, paws, jawbones and teeth "from the mountains north of India", as well as an account by 15655: 15391: 4433: 15850: 15835: 13177: 12833: 3677:"Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda ( 2897: 2821: 1910: 1677: 31: 11199: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15354: 13286: 10038: 3386: 2953: 2949: 2915: 2901: 2881: 2863: 2805: 2732:

in winter. Vehicular traffic is a significant barrier to red panda movement between habitat patches.

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constitutes the boundary between the Himalayan and Chinese red pandas. They probably diverged due to

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in Sichuan. In the adjacent Yunnan province, it was recorded only in the northwestern montane part.

448:, favouring steep slopes with dense bamboo cover close to water sources. It is solitary and largely 187: 13096: 12991: 11730: 10020: 9748: 9715: 9691: 9512: 8764: 6953:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid, and Procyonid Specialist Group. pp. 8, 12. 3008: 2817: 15296: 5988:

Wei, F.; Thapa, A.; Hu, Y. & Zhang, Z. (2021). "Red Panda ecology". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

4251:"Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas" 3862:"Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes" 3585:"Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas" 2346:

fruits and seasonal berries. In this national park, red panda droppings also contained remains of

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Bista, D.; Shrestha, S.; Kunwar, A. J.; Acharya, S.; Jnawali, S. R. & Acharya, K. P. (2017).

5388:"Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China" 2839: 2392: 2325: 1846:

and hindlimbs have flexible joints, adaptations for an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle. While not

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Jones, M. L. (2021). "A brief history of the Red Panda in captivity". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

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Tedford, R. H. & Gustafson, E. P. (1977). "First North American record of the extinct panda

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The red panda's lifespan in captivity reaches 14 years. They have been recorded falling prey to

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cover of 66 per cent that were overgrown with bamboo about 23 m (75 ft) in height. In

15772: 15456: 15316: 12982: 12734: 12547: 12423: 12035: 12017: 11845: 11539: 11530: 11172: 9910: 8702: 6193:

Sharma, H. R.; Swenson, J. E. & Belant, J. (2014). "Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (

2867: 2809: 2596: 2494: 2457: 2362: 2078: 770:. The author of the study considered the red panda to be more closely related to bears. A 1995 556:, and was the only animal known under this name for more than 40 years; it became known as the 15707: 13301: 7356: 6609:"Gastro-intestinal parasites of sympatric Red Panda and livestock in protected areas of Nepal" 5010:

Bista, D.; Baxter, G. S.; Hudson, N. J.; Lama, S. T.; Weerman, J. & Murray, P. J. (2021).

4932: 3924:

Salesa, M. J.; Peigné, S.; Antón, M. & Morales, J. (2021). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of

15810: 15767: 15568: 13159: 12414: 12396: 12387: 12378: 11863: 11854: 11226: 9996: 9987: 9978: 9927: 9865: 9847: 9838: 9775: 9724: 9562: 9553: 7990: 3100: 3092: 2923: 2793: 2696: 1630: 465: 289: 15759: 15560: 11181: 11077: 7748:

referred to in the source have since been reclassified to distinct genera occurring in Asia.

3487: 3063:

in 1908. In 1908, the first captive red panda cubs were born in an Indian zoo. In 1940, the

15594: 15412: 15363: 13279: 13000: 12901: 12860: 12574: 12085: 11813: 11139: 10204: 9954: 9945: 9901: 9856: 9479: 8985: 8720: 8546: 7286: 7208: 7091: 7006: 6830: 6493: 6338: 6275: 6110: 5831: 5685: 5591: 5475: 5360: 5089: 5023: 4898: 4830: 4690: 4647: 4262: 4170: 4123: 4068: 3969: 3873: 3596: 3188: 3033: 2535: 2113: 1747: 415: 386:

in 1825. The two currently recognised subspecies, the Himalayan and the Chinese red panda,

266: 6666:

Kearns, K. S.; Pollock, C. G. & Ramsay, E. C. (1999). "Dermatophytosis in Red Pandas (

5756: 5386:

Li, F.; Huang, X. Y.; Zhang, X. C.; Zhao, X. X.; Yang, J. H. & Chan, B. P. L. (2019).

4226: 4205: 3747: 8: 15495: 13240: 13186: 12958: 12405: 12291: 12273: 12118: 11967: 11872: 11122: 11068: 10817: 10559: 10550: 9814: 9087: 9069: 8924: 8773: 8276: 7558:

Tanaka, A. & Ogura, T. (2018). "Current husbandry situation of Red Pandas in Japan".

7064: 7043: 5404: 5387: 2692: 2630: 2387: 2224: 1666: 644: 629: 503: 461: 423: 383: 135: 15368: 10310: 7290: 7212: 7095: 7010: 6834: 6497: 6342: 6279: 6114: 5835: 5595: 5479: 5364: 5325: 5304: 5246: 5225: 5093: 5074:"Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda ( 5027: 4990: 4973: 4902: 4834: 4694: 4651: 4266: 4174: 4127: 4072: 4054:"Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America" 3973: 3877: 3600: 3451:) in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India". 1853:

The forepaws possess a "false thumb", which is an extension of a wrist bone, the radial

15845: 13055: 12282: 11804: 11494: 11217: 11190: 10453: 10195: 10047: 9150: 9042: 8942: 8882: 8267: 8203: 7880: 7775: 7713: 7699: 7625: 7594: 7509: 7495: 7468: 7454: 7382: 7368: 7107: 7024: 6912: 6877: 6853: 6810: 6737: 6706: 6679: 6648: 6635: 6608: 6584: 6557: 6463: 6361: 6322: 6298: 6259: 6244: 6163: 6079: 5940: 5913: 5895: 5855: 5760: 5663: 5614: 5575: 5498: 5463: 5285: 5141: 5112: 5073: 5046: 5011: 4853: 4814: 4790: 4611: 4580: 4561: 4464: 4456: 4391: 4377: 4334: 4309: 4285: 4250: 4186: 4139: 4092: 3992: 3957: 3896: 3861: 3730:

Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1995). "Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (

3707: 3676: 3657: 3617: 3584: 3468: 3121: 2797: 2760: 2658: 2515: 2413: 2342: 2258: 2157: 2153: 2043: 473: 441: 387: 376: 182: 6137: 6122: 5372: 4659: 2285:

The red panda is largely herbivorous and feeds primarily on bamboo, mainly the genera

2245:

the middle of the tree trunk. It moves quickly on the ground by trotting or bounding.

699:). The Himalayan subspecies has a straighter profile, a lighter coloured forehead and 15754: 15663: 15641: 15555: 15399: 15285: 12934: 12851: 12631: 12127: 12094: 11018: 10525: 10247: 10029: 9883: 9757: 9641: 8994: 8824: 8782: 8729: 8509: 8491: 8249: 7717: 7703: 7630: 7575: 7544: 7513: 7499: 7472: 7458: 7430: 7413: 7386: 7372: 7111: 6954: 6917: 6858: 6791: 6742: 6687: 6652: 6640: 6589: 6505: 6423: 6418:

Curry, E. (2021). "Reproductive biology of the Red Panda". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

6366: 6303: 6167: 5993: 5968: 5945: 5859: 5847: 5801: 5764: 5619: 5541: 5503: 5263: 5117: 5051: 4940: 4858: 4616: 4601: 4553: 4502: 4468: 4395: 4381: 4339: 4290: 4231: 4084: 4053: 4029: 3997: 3933: 3901: 3839: 3795: 3751: 3712: 3661: 3622: 3563: 3472: 3334: 2647: 2531: 2437: 2373: 2356: 2117: 2072: 2067: 2059: 1953: 1929: 1739: 1645:, whose fossils have been found throughout Eurasia and North America dating from the 771: 748: 724: 391: 372: 15279: 7238:"Camera-trap surveys reveal high diversity of mammals and pheasants in Medog, Tibet" 7028: 6988: 6083: 5843: 5667: 5289: 5230:(Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India" 5223: 4931:

Lin, A. K.; Lwin, N.; Aung, S. S.; Oo, W. N.; Lum, L. Z. & Grindley, M. (2021).

4794: 4565: 4190: 3424:(Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3250: 2070:

outside protected areas. Forests in this landscape are dominated by Himalayan oaks (

15404: 13568: 13213: 13046: 12324: 11754: 11044: 10826: 10576: 9766: 9665: 9449: 9440: 9024: 8815: 8806: 8600: 8591: 8149: 7695: 7665: 7620: 7610: 7567: 7540: 7491: 7450: 7425: 7364: 7294: 7249: 7216: 7099: 7059: 7014: 6907: 6897: 6848: 6838: 6781: 6732: 6722: 6630: 6620: 6579: 6569: 6536: 6501: 6459: 6397: 6356: 6346: 6293: 6283: 6240: 6206: 6153: 6118: 6071: 6042: 5935: 5925: 5891: 5839: 5752: 5655: 5609: 5599: 5574:

Dendup, P.; Humle, T.; Bista, D.; Penjor, U.; Lham, C. & Gyeltshen, J. (2020).

5493: 5483: 5439: 5399: 5368: 5320: 5277: 5241: 5107: 5097: 5041: 5031: 4985: 4906: 4848: 4838: 4780: 4698: 4655: 4606: 4596: 4543: 4535: 4448: 4373: 4329: 4321: 4280: 4270: 4221: 4178: 4143: 4131: 4096: 4076: 3987: 3977: 3958:"Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas" 3891: 3881: 3829: 3785: 3743: 3702: 3692: 3649: 3612: 3604: 3460: 3302: 3164: 3088: 3052: 2756: 2721: 2717: 2679: 2551: 2506: 2213: 2189: 2101: 2039: 752: 652: 616: 593: 507: 7764: – a non-profit organization committed to the conservation of wild red pandas 7414:"Transforming degraded rangelands and pastoralists' livelihoods in eastern Bhutan" 7103: 6258:

Fei, Y.; Hou, R.; Spotila, J. R.; Paladino, F. V.; Qi, D. & Zhang, Z. (2017).

3859: 15668: 15626: 15542: 13760: 13231: 13222: 13150: 13105: 12767: 12717: 12708: 12583: 12529: 12473: 12342: 12315: 12208: 12026: 11985: 11950: 11695: 10758: 10471: 10438: 10429: 9936: 9674: 9123: 8573: 8500: 8458: 8194: 7999: 7933: 7910: 7299: 7270: 6843: 6351: 6288: 5912:

Bista, D.; Baxter, G. S.; Hudson, N. J.; Lama, S. T. & Murray, P. J. (2021).

5488: 5309:

Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India"

4843: 4702: 3886: 3004: 2556: 2540: 2519: 2254: 2161: 2109: 1867: 1847: 1839: 751:

has been debated. In the early 20th century, various scientists placed it in the

732: 720: 680: 656: 648: 637: 633: 523: 499: 328: 15586: 15508: 7354: 7221: 7196: 7048:(Cuvier, 1825) from Lamjung District outside Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal" 7019: 6990: 6518: 4911: 4882: 2759:

and protected in all range countries; hunting is illegal. It has been listed as

2571:

in the wild. Faecal samples of red panda collected in Nepal contained parasitic

1738:

Analysis of 53 red panda samples from Sichuan and Yunnan showed a high level of

1625:

diet. Its placement within Ailuridae is based on the grooves on the side of its

14662: 13585: 13460: 13204: 13123: 12925: 12672: 12565: 12538: 11591: 11208: 10808: 10672: 10355: 9892: 9874: 9805: 9416: 9407: 9009: 8970: 7924: 7836: 7357:"Red Pandas in Nepal: community-based approach to landscape-level conservation" 7355:

Sherpa, A. P.; Lama, S. T.; Shrestah, S.; Williams, B. & Bista, D. (2021).

7197:"Diversity, distribution and conservation of large mammals in northern Myanmar" 7195:

Lwin, Y. H.; Wang, L.; Li, G.; Maung, K. W.; Swa, K. & Quan, R. C. (2021).

6902: 6541: 6520: 6075: 5930: 5281: 5102: 5036: 4675: 3697: 3653: 3168: 3076: 2626: 2621: 2612: 2462: 2303: 2293: 2055: 1894: 1842:

on each foot, each with curved semi-retractile claws that aid in climbing. The

1759: 1699: 1650: 1646: 1589: 716: 437:, as indicated by extinct fossil relatives found in Eurasia and North America. 394:

has been debated, but modern genetic evidence places it in close affinity with

7615: 7254: 7237: 6809:

Yang, Y.; Dong, H.; Su, R.; Li, T.; Jiang, N.; Su, C. & Zhang, L. (2019).

6401: 6210: 6047: 6014: 5911: 5684:

Zhou, X.; Jiao, H.; Dou, Y.; Aryal, A.; Hu, J.; Hu, J. & Meng, X. (2013).

5191:

and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India"

5009: 4785: 4764: 4579:

Antón, M.; Salesa, M. J.; Pastor, J. F.; Peigné, S. & Morales, J. (2006).

4368:

Fisher, Rebecca E. (2021). "Red Panda Anatomy". In Glatston, Angela R. (ed.).

4182: 3790: 3773: 3772:

Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J. & Nedbal, M. A. (2005).

3639: 3306: 2208:, red panda microhabitat is characterised by steep slopes with lots of bamboo 522:

is uncertain, but one of the most likely theories is that it derived from the

15789: 15490: 14961: 14730: 13679: 13554: 13168: 13064: 13037: 12663: 12361: 12306: 11828: 11772: 11513: 11154: 10609: 10171: 9336: 9303: 9105: 9096: 9033: 8933: 8891: 8743: 8336: 6786: 6761: 6727: 6704: 6555: 6480:

Yonzon, P. B. & Hunter, M. L. Jr. (1991). "Conservation of the Red Panda

6097:

Pradhan, S.; Saha, G. K. & Khan, J. A. (2001). "Ecology of the Red Panda

5545: 5140:

Panthi, S.; Aryal, A.; Raubenheimer, D.; Lord, J. & Adhikari, B. (2012).

4769:

in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations"

3259: 3193: 3144: 3140: 3087:

in 1985. Members of international zoos ratified a global master plan for the

3064: 2996: 2975: 2764: 2700: 2600: 2287: 2209: 2128: 2083: 2063: 2047: 1807: 1695: 1618: 1593: 576: 477: 469: 155: 77: 9793: 9605: 4812: 4325: 4275: 3982: 3834: 3817: 2555:

Cubs are fully grown at around 12 months and at around 18 months they reach

15469: 15339: 15243: 15164: 15155: 14982: 14398: 14378: 13497: 13195: 13141: 12842: 12610: 12556: 12333: 12232: 11787: 11763: 11582: 11573: 11393: 11360: 11283: 11244: 10654: 10636: 10498: 10370: 9829: 9230: 9193: 9078: 9060: 8473: 8419: 8345: 8023: 7767: 7634: 7579: 6921: 6862: 6795: 6746: 6691: 6644: 6593: 6370: 6307: 6257: 5949: 5851: 5623: 5507: 5139: 5121: 5055: 4972:

Shrestha, S.; Lama, S.; Sherpa, A. P.; Ghale, D. & Lama, S. T. (2021).

4862: 4620: 4557: 4343: 4294: 4235: 4088: 4001: 3923: 3905: 3843: 3799: 3771: 3716: 3626: 3608: 3204: 3048: 3043:

received two red pandas in 1869 and 1876, the first of which was caught in

2739: 2725: 2712: 2318: 2188:

used foremost easterly and southerly slopes with a mean slope of 34° and a

2176: 2096: 2091: 1715: 1626: 1621:

adapted for grinding (M1, M2 and m2), suggesting that it had a generalised

453: 6759: 5523: 4971: 3755: 3674: 3464: 2966: 2376:

in both seasons. Droppings were found with 23 plant species including the

1574: 126: 15689: 15635: 15547: 15438: 15348: 15220: 15004: 14857: 14652: 14598: 14558: 14528: 14511: 14440: 13659: 13652: 13613: 13595: 13513: 13474: 13374: 13361: 13307: 12809: 12000: 11917: 11890: 11639: 11553: 11485: 11411: 11402: 11369: 11327: 11292: 11009: 10902: 10734: 10274: 10186: 10094: 9739: 9312: 9132: 8797: 8711: 8694: 8671: 8634: 8518: 8482: 8327: 8116: 7971: 7850: 6521:"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in free-ranging Red Panda 6446:

Roberts, M. S. & Kessler, D. S. (1979). "Reproduction in Red pandas,

6158: 5385: 3209: 3060: 2699:

of its habitat, the causes of which include increasing human population,

2653: 2453: 2237: 2179:

within 70–240 m (230–790 ft) of water sources. Fallen logs and

2165: 2141: 2105: 2087: 2066:

landscape of Sikkim and northern West Bengal is partly connected through

1925: 1886: 1803: 1685: 1635: 1622: 1459: 1367: 1177: 1106: 976: 905: 778: 755: 736: 565: 481: 407: 395: 52: 15378: 6683: 6665: 5878:

Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. & Yan, H. (1991). "Ecology of the Red Panda

5464:"Habitat correlates of the Red Panda in the temperate forests of Bhutan" 5303:

Megha, M.; Christi, S.; Kapoor, M.; Gopal, R. & Solanki, R. (2021).

5224:

Bashir, T.; Bhattacharya, T.; Poudyal, K. & Sathyakumar, S. (2019).

4585:(Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas" 4080: 1810:

ring patterns and a dark brown tip. The colouration appears to serve as

339: 15681: 15430: 15231: 15192: 15185: 15171: 15065: 14817: 14625: 14367: 14347: 14036: 13849: 13836: 13645: 13542: 13450: 13440: 13018: 12264: 12195: 12182: 12149: 11935: 11673: 11433: 10981: 10958: 10844: 10835: 10784: 10749: 10725: 10489: 10388: 10337: 10283: 10265: 10238: 10145: 10095: 9494: 9467: 9395: 9378: 9141: 9114: 8960: 8864: 8848: 8684: 8564: 8404: 8240: 8107: 7899: 7867: 7851: 7041: 6574: 5302: 5071: 4881:

Dong, X.; Zhang, J.; Gu, X.; Wang, Y.; Bai, W. & Huang, Q. (2021).

4725:

in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India"

4460: 3199: 3044: 3040: 2980: 2608: 2584: 2470: 2466: 2443: 2347: 2270: 2262: 2180: 1882: 1878: 1823: 1811: 1710: 1690: 1681: 1614: 1598: 1491: 1419: 1350: 1280: 1209: 1119: 1008: 945: 888: 818: 790: 782: 728: 688: 432: 403: 399: 97: 62: 7670: 7649: 7571: 7042:

Ghimire, G.; Pearch, M.; Baral, B.; Thapa, B. & Baral, R. (2019).

6142:) in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species" 5604: 5573: 5428:"Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda" 4930: 4548: 4539: 4526:) evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography". 15694: 15443: 15213: 15021: 14837: 14827: 14807: 14720: 14669: 14615: 14267: 14086: 13602: 13561: 13520: 13506: 13483: 13421: 13412: 13346: 12949: 12884: 12497: 12437: 12223: 12044: 11651: 11600: 11450: 11336: 11318: 11032: 10866: 10699: 10541: 10507: 10319: 10011: 9285: 8755: 8231: 7799: 7194: 6625: 4135: 3248: 3148: 3136: 3129: 3128:; its skin is used in rituals for treating sick people, making hats, 3056: 2992: 2708: 2638: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2546: 2377: 2233: 1957: 1610: 1605: 1588:

The family Ailuridae appears to have evolved in Europe in either the

1391: 1310: 1146: 918: 848: 767: 586: 427: 249: 239: 199: 102: 15310: 7593:

Kumar, A.; Rai, U.; Roka, B.; Jha, A. K. & Reddy, P. A. (2016).

7235: 7159: 6519:

Lama, S. T.; Lama, R. P.; Regmi, G. R. & Ghimire, T. R. (2015).

4452: 3729: 546: 533: 15620: 15333: 14954: 14586: 14471: 14447: 14387: 13713: 13689: 13527: 13334: 13315: 12646: 12109: 11926: 11902: 11263: 11113: 11059: 10995: 10990: 10943: 10875: 10793: 10663: 10412: 10403: 10301: 10256: 10136: 9969: 9706: 9615: 9584: 9544: 9431: 9363: 9271: 9262: 8582: 8378: 8131: 8014: 7981: 7830: 7818: 7527:

Lewis, M. (2011). "Birth and mother rearing of Nepalese red pandas

7444: 7316:"Communities in frontline in Red Panda conservation, eastern Nepal" 7081: 4581:"Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of 3815: 3214: 3125: 3091:

of the red panda in 1993. By late 2015, 219 red pandas lived in 42

2743: 2735: 2604: 2592: 2572: 2523: 2436:, red panda faeces found in the fruiting season contained seeds of 2429: 2122: 1890: 1854: 1827: 1789: 1719: 1641: 1580: 457: 449: 219: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 7761: 7592: 4521: 3956:

Salesa, M. J.; Mauricio, A.; Peigné, S. & Morales, J. (2006).

3329:

Glatston, A. R. (2021). "Introduction". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

2473:

community in the red panda is less diverse than in other mammals.

2420:

was found in all the droppings sampled, both before and after the

2034:

ecoregion. The westernmost records to date were obtained in three

15260: 15121: 15114: 14935: 14642: 14575: 14454: 14337: 13430: 13028: 12875: 12749: 12464: 11976: 11306: 10772: 10328: 10292: 10159: 10127: 10111: 9624: 9327: 8906: 8387: 8294: 8212: 8140: 8082: 8059: 7952: 6991:"Pervasive human disturbance on habitats of endangered Red Panda 5461: 4762: 3218: 2991:

2019. From 2016 to 2019, 35 ha (86 acres) of high-elevation

2728:, human-made forest fires and the collection of bamboo as cattle 2642: 2568: 2534:

pose, with the front lowered to the ground and the spine curved.

2421: 2051: 1945: 1941: 1831: 1751: 1323: 1293: 861: 831: 759: 668: 107: 82: 6135: 5683: 4204:

Su, B.; Fu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jin, L. & Chakraborty, R. (2001).

3360:

A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language

2317:

were found in nearly 94 per cent of analysed droppings, and its

723:

and China also showed two distinct clusters indicating that the

15417: 14994: 14686: 14330: 13575: 13340: 13328: 13132: 13079: 12824: 12512: 12246: 10966: 10627: 10462: 10219: 9656: 8428: 8354: 8303: 8285: 8258: 8179: 8041: 7824: 7812: 7275:): Ecology and conservation approaches across the entire range" 6320: 6226: 5987: 4880: 3160: 3133: 2729: 2666: 2616: 2266: 2137: 1949: 1933: 1921: 1871: 1843: 1819: 1743: 1670: 1658: 801:

Phylogenetic relationship of the red panda based on analysis of

786: 611: 495: 419: 368: 229: 209: 6823:

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

6479: 5731: 5524:

Dendup, P.; Lham, C.; Wangchuk, J. & Tshering, K. (2018).

4431: 4109: 3517:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Chez Déterville. p. 138. 3333:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. xix–xxix. 2030:

In Nepal, it lives in six protected area complexes within the

659:

described a skull of a male red panda specimen under the name

15581: 14693: 14605: 14286: 13777: 13706: 13311: 13114: 12973: 12916: 12789: 12592: 12449: 12076: 12058: 11681: 11351: 10600: 10585: 9246: 8537: 8032: 7490:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 181–199. 7449:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 509–520. 7363:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 495–508. 6875: 6422:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 119–138. 5992:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 329–351. 5967:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 225–238. 5800:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 149–179. 5425: 4939:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 475–488. 4308:

Shan, L.; Wu, Q.; Wange, L.; Zhang, L. & Wei, F. (2017).

3447:

Lowther, D. A. (2021). "The first painting of the Red Panda (

2670: 2634: 2403: 2351: 2308: 1937: 1917: 1863: 794: 775: 700: 600: 491: 172: 166: 6808: 6558:"Status of gastrointestinal parasites in Red Panda of Nepal" 5962: 5641: 4933:"The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar" 4206:"Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda ( 3562:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 95–117. 2615:

was reported as the cause of death of a red panda kept in a

1584:, a large carnivorous early relative of the modern red panda 655:

in 1821, but his paper was only published in 1827. In 1902,

540: 527: 14303: 12488: 11384: 10709: 10645: 8318: 8050: 7908: 6061: 5580:) and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan" 5445:

10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2

5184: 4203: 4028:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 31–52. 3955: 3932:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 15–29. 3494:(in French). Vol. 5. Paris: A. Belin. p. LII 1–3. 3393:(Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2738:

is also a major threat. In Nepal, 121 red panda skins were

2674: 2216:

lessens competition between the two bamboo-eating species.

1815: 1755: 763: 411: 7694:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 1–14. 7689: 6323:"Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda ( 3249:

Glatston, A.; Wei, F.; Than Zaw & Sherpa, A. (2017) .

2629:. Eight captive red pandas in a Chinese zoo suffered from 2321:

were found in 59 per cent of the droppings found in June.

10618: 10227: 8555: 5690:) in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China" 5660:

10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2

4210:) as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations" 7647: 7236:

Li, X.; Bleisch, W. V.; Liu, X. & Jiang, X. (2021).

6606: 6383: 5820: 4372:(2nd ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 81–93. 4157:

Sotnikova, M. V. (2008). "A new species of lesser panda

3415: 3213:, and in several video games and comic books. It is the 2595:

were also found in red panda scat collected in Rara and

7685: 7683: 7681: 6525:

Cuvier, 1825 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) in Nepal"

4815:"Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda 4633: 4578: 3384: 7692: