246:
27:
137:
Services allowed state-specific exemptions as long as the change was "in the spirit of AFDC" in order to allow some experimentation. By 1996 spending was $ 24 billion per year. When adjusted for inflation, the highest spending was in 1976, which exceeded 1996 spending by about 8%. In 1967 the federal government began requiring states to establish the paternity of children eligible for the program, and extended benefits to "unemployed male parents with a work history".
93:
159:. Thereafter, families with males in the household were eligible for benefits if they were not deemed to be actual or substitute parents, although any financial contribution on the part of the male to the family was still considered a part of the family's total income. By 1981, the Supreme Court went further and required that states take into consideration the income earned by step-fathers.
136:
in the 1960s expanded the scope of welfare entitlements to include black women. The welfare rolls’ racial demographics changed drastically. The majority of welfare recipients still remained white and most black female recipients continued to work. Starting in 1962, the
Department of Health and Human
145:
A number of states enacted so called "man-in-the-house" rules, which disqualified families if there was any adult male present in the household whatsoever. This was part of a broader attempt to discourage welfare dependency by the undeserving, in particular black families where the man didn't have
316:
Legislative
Counsel, said that TANF gives states an incentive "to deny benefits to those who need it most. The solution to getting people out of the cycle of poverty is not to prematurely kick them off welfare. Too many have been denied aid unfairly, creating a false impression that the number of
124:
The federal government required contributions from individual states, and authorized state discretion to determine who received aid and in what amount. In 1961 a change in the law permitted states to extend benefits to families where the father was unemployed, a measure which 25 states eventually
275:
he AFDC program tended to treat households with a cohabiting male who was not the natural father of the children much more leniently than those with a resident spouse or father of the children. This feature created a clear disincentive for marriage and also a clear incentive for divorce, because
222:
The year 1967 saw the establishment of the thirty-and-a-third rule, which allowed families to keep their first $ 30 earned along with one third of their income following the first $ 30 without the change affecting their eligibility for benefits. This and other factors led to a large increase in
120:
entitlement which subsidized the income of families where fathers were "deceased, absent, or unable to work". It provided a direct payment of $ 18 per month for one child, and $ 12 for a second child. In 1994, the average payment was $ 420/month.
1227:
Schoeni, Robert F. and
Rebecca M. Blank. 2000. "What Has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Structure." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7627. Cambridge, MA:
280:
One economist was unable to find convincing evidence that welfare programs have a strong effect on the dissolution of marriages. But right or wrong, this argument was among the stepping stones leading to the modification of AFDC toward TANF.
305:, which drastically restructured the program. Among other changes, a lifetime limit of five years was imposed on the receipt of benefits; the newly limited nature of the replacement program was reinforced by calling AFDC's successor
726:
1466:
1243:
Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 was a devastating dissection of welfare programs and is widely credited with helping inspire the welfare reforms of the 1990s.
323:
editorial wrote, "A broad consensus now holds that welfare reform was certainly not a disaster—and that it may, in fact, have worked much as its designers had hoped."
1461:
1048:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J.; Wilson, Elizabeth C. (November 3, 2011).
1433:
54:
31:
1254:
1456:
988:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (August 9, 2010).
20:
1451:
928:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Munson, Martha L. (December 5, 2007).
302:
958:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (January 7, 2009).
1078:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Wilson, Elizabeth C.; Mathews, T.J. (August 28, 2012).
1018:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (December 8, 2010).
72:
with federal funding. However, it was criticized for offering incentives for women to have children, and for providing disincentives for
125:
adopted. The words "families with" were added to the name in 1962, partly due to concern that the program's rules discouraged marriage.
1206:
1176:
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1116:
1086:
1056:
1026:
996:
966:
936:
906:
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846:
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756:
257:
898:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon (September 29, 2006).
868:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (September 8, 2005).
838:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (December 17, 2003).
631:
513:
808:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M.; Sutton, Paul D. (December 18, 2002).
332:
306:
81:
1438:, Executive Summary, Center for the Future of Children, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, at Princeton University website
1401:
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734:
260:
58:
1255:
ACLU Says
Current Welfare Reform Measure Ineffective, Calls for Civil Rights Protections, Better Poverty Elimination Efforts
1245:" This is also supported by "George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography", by Webster G. Tarpley & Anton Chaitkin Chapter 11
237:(1979) that two-parent families with an unemployed mother are entitled to Aid to Families with Dependent Children benefits.
534:
133:
730:
150:
1330:
1316:
1108:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Mathews, T.J. (June 28, 2013).
677:
588:
552:
490:
1198:
Hamilton, Brady E.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015).
1428:
1214:
1184:
1168:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (January 15, 2015).
1154:
1124:
1094:
1064:
1034:
1004:
974:
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914:
884:
854:
824:
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764:
636:
253:
249:
778:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M. (February 12, 2002).
313:
223:
enrollment. For example, caseloads rose 24% from 1960 to 1965, but rose 126% in the period from 1965 to 1970.
271:. Some advocates complained that the rule had the effect of breaking up marriages and promoting matriarchy:
1363:
1471:
245:
263:. Note: Before 1969, the rates for all minority groups were consolidated in the category of "Non-White."
482:
618:
Men in the House: Race, Welfare, and the
Regulation of Men's Sexuality in the United States, 1961–1972
415:
Blank, Susan W.; Blum, Barbara B. (1997). "A Brief
History of Work Expectations for Welfare Mothers".
1138:
Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C. (December 30, 2013).
1411:
669:
620:(Report). Journal of the History of Sexuality. Vol. 20. University of Texas Press. p. 21.
26:
1282:
The
Promise of Welfare Reform: Political Rhetoric and the Reality of Poverty in the Twenty-First
417:
349:
298:
73:
294:
129:
64:
The program grew from a minor part of the social security system to a significant system of
369:
337:
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1049:
1019:
989:
959:
929:
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839:
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779:
8:
749:
391:
109:
50:
719:
146:
work or where the woman had a relationship with men who didn't take care of the family.
1379:
603:
450:
434:
46:
1385:
700:
1343:
1326:
1312:
673:
584:
577:
548:
486:
442:
343:
454:
1353:
1309:
Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of
William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age
426:
319:
268:
92:
1405:
1395:
663:
538:
476:
1391:
478:
Marriage and the
Economy: Theory and Evidence from Advanced Industrial Societies
1360:"Is the Great Society to Blame? If Not, Why Have Problems Worsened Since '60s?"
1238:
1392:"The New Child Care Block Grant, State Funding Choices and Their Implications"
1445:
1373:
1369:
155:
1296:
When Work Is Not Enough: State and
Federal Policies to Support Needy Workers
475:
Grossbard, Shoshana A. (28 April 2003). Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman (ed.).
1359:
290:
540:
Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980, 10th Anniversary Edition
446:
544:
49:
program in the United States in effect from 1935 to 1997, created by the
1266:
Fared Well. New Republic, September 4, 2006, Vol. 235, Issue 10, Page 7.
617:
252:
rates by race in the United States from 1940 to 2014. Data are from the
34:, which administered the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program
1289:
Welfare Reform: State Sanction Policies and Number of Families Affected
438:
309:(TANF). Many Americans continue to refer to TANF as "welfare" or AFDC.
117:
69:
579:
Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty
267:
Early in the program, there were concerns about whether it encouraged
77:
430:
276:
women who married face the reduction or loss of their AFDC benefits.
113:
748:
Ventura, Stephanie J.; Bachrach, Christine A. (October 18, 2000).
57:
that provided financial assistance to children whose families had
1415:
1323:
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life
96:
The overall decline in welfare monthly benefits (in 2006 dollars)
65:
312:
TANF has remained controversial. In 2003, LaShawn Y. Warren, an
1388:
from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (website)
1349:
1382:
from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website
1237:"Transcendental goods", Reason (magazine), April 1, 2004, by
1107:
1077:
1047:
807:
777:
725:(Report). Public Health Service Publication. Vol. 1677.
1197:
1167:
1137:
1205:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64.
1175:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64.
1145:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62.
1115:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62.
1085:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 61.
1055:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 60.
1025:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 59.
1017:
995:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 58.
987:
965:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 57.
957:
935:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 56.
927:
905:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 55.
897:
875:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54.
867:
845:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52.
837:
815:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 51.
785:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 50.
755:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48.
149:
The "man-in-the-house" rule was struck down in 1968 by the
80:. In July 1997, AFDC was replaced by the more restrictive
16:
Federal assistance program in the U.S. from 1935 to 1997
1394:
by Sharon K. Long & Sandra J. Clark, posted to the
604:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (website)
1467:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
750:
Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, 1940-99
720:
Vital Statistics Rates in the United States 1940-1960
55:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
32:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
21:
Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center
576:
727:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
1462:Former United States Federal assistance programs
1443:
317:people who need help has decreased." In 2006, a
303:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
747:
1429:Aid to Families with Dependent Children at HHS
632:"Aid To Dependent Children: The Legal History"
514:"Aid to Dependent Children: The Legal History"
657:
655:
665:Health Work with the Poor: A Practical Guide
1457:1997 disestablishments in the United States
718:Grove, Robert D.; Hetzel, Alice M. (1968).
717:
568:
19:"AFDC" redirects here. For other uses, see
1207:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1177:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1147:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1117:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1087:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1057:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1027:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
997:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
967:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
937:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
907:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
877:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
847:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
817:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
787:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
757:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
701:"Califano v. Westcott, 443 U.S. 76 (1979)"
652:
162:
1402:"Women, Children, and Poverty in America"
1380:"Federal and State Expenditures for AFDC"
1321:Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994).
615:
606:"Federal and State Expenditures for AFDC"
474:
414:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
1452:1935 establishments in the United States
1342:Nick Gillespie. "Transcendental goods".
529:
527:
525:
523:
333:Administration for Children and Families
244:
140:
91:
25:
1303:George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography
1301:Webster G. Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin.
574:
470:
468:
466:
464:
307:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
226:
100:The program was created under the name
82:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
39:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
1444:
1311:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006.
1287:Clarita A. Mrena and Patricia Elston.
661:
575:Roberts, Dorothy (1997). "Chapter 5".
533:
397:
1412:"Timeline of National Welfare Reform"
1386:"A Brief History of the AFDC Program"
1337:Losing Ground: American Social Policy
1211:National Center for Health Statistics
1181:National Center for Health Statistics
1151:National Center for Health Statistics
1121:National Center for Health Statistics
1091:National Center for Health Statistics
1061:National Center for Health Statistics
1031:National Center for Health Statistics
1001:National Center for Health Statistics
971:National Center for Health Statistics
941:National Center for Health Statistics
911:National Center for Health Statistics
881:National Center for Health Statistics
851:National Center for Health Statistics
821:National Center for Health Statistics
791:National Center for Health Statistics
761:National Center for Health Statistics
735:National Center for Health Statistics
520:
392:2008 Indicators of Welfare Dependence
261:National Center for Health Statistics
1294:Robert P Stoker and Laura A Wilson.
1280:Keith M. Kilty, Elizabeth A. Segal.
461:
134:National Welfare Rights Organization
13:
1273:
14:
1483:
1422:
1215:National Vital Statistics System
1185:National Vital Statistics System
1155:National Vital Statistics System
1125:National Vital Statistics System
1095:National Vital Statistics System
1065:National Vital Statistics System
1035:National Vital Statistics System
1005:National Vital Statistics System
975:National Vital Statistics System
945:National Vital Statistics System
915:National Vital Statistics System
885:National Vital Statistics System
855:National Vital Statistics System
825:National Vital Statistics System
795:National Vital Statistics System
765:National Vital Statistics System
637:Virginia Commonwealth University
254:National Vital Statistics System
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53:(SSA) and administered by the
1:
616:Lefkovitz, Alison D. (2011).
378:
662:Kiefer, Christie W. (2000).
240:
7:
1200:Births: Final Data for 2014
1170:Births: Final Data for 2013
1140:Births: Final Data for 2012
1110:Births: Final Data for 2011
1080:Births: Final Data for 2010
1050:Births: Final Data for 2009
1020:Births: Final Data for 2008
990:Births: Final Data for 2007
960:Births: Final Data for 2006
930:Births: Final Data for 2005
900:Births: Final Data for 2004
870:Births: Final Data for 2003
840:Births: Final Data for 2002
810:Births: Final Data for 2001
780:Births: Final Data for 2000
326:
233:The Supreme Court ruled in
10:
1488:
1350:"The Bell Curve Flattened"
731:U.S. Public Health Service
483:Cambridge University Press
87:
18:
1364:Investor's Business Daily
256:Reports published by the
102:Aid to Dependent Children
1325:. New York: Free Press.
670:Rutgers University Press
355:
1398:website October 1, 1997
1352:by Nicholas Lemann, in
163:Thirty-and-a-third rule
132:and the efforts of the
112:of 1935 as part of the
1435:The Future of Children
1376:in Reason (March 1995)
1335:Charles Murray, 1984.
1217:. pp. 7 & 41.
418:The Future of Children
350:Universal basic income
278:
264:
116:. It was created as a
97:
35:
273:
248:
141:Man-in-the-house rule
130:civil rights movement
95:
29:
1362:by Michael Fumento,
1257:(September 10, 2003)
370:single-parent family
338:Criticism of welfare
293:negotiated with the
235:Califano v. Westcott
228:Califano v. Westcott
68:administered by the
1404:by Prudence Brown,
289:In 1996, President
169:
110:Social Security Act
51:Social Security Act
1472:1935 introductions
583:. Pantheon Books.
516:. 19 January 2011.
265:
167:
98:
47:federal assistance
36:
1344:Reason (magazine)
1307:Joel N. Shurkin.
767:. pp. 28–31.
640:. 19 January 2011
537:(4 August 2008).
344:Goldberg v. Kelly
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84:(TANF) program.
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1370:"Cracked Bell"
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1356:(January 1996)
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