178:
20:
77:
31:
43:
340:). It is now often subject to restrictions, for example spraying pesticide is generally banned in Sweden, although exceptions can be made such as for an area plagued by mosquitoes during summer. The aerial spread of fertilizer has also raised concerns, for example in New Zealand fertilizer entering streams has been found to disproportionately promote growth of species that are more able to exploit the nutrients, in a process known as
311:
57:
273:
is used as an auxiliary power source for the pumping machinery instead of taking power directly from the engine (because this can be installed without any modifications of the airplane's mechanical systems). In places where dedicated use as an agricultural aircraft is uneconomic, utility types such
301:
To reduce drift of the sprayed materials, agricultural pilots attempt to fly just above the crops being treated. Fields are often surrounded by obstacles such as trees, telephone lines, and farm buildings. Purpose-built agricultural airplanes have strengthened cockpits to protect the pilot if an
289:, tanks are placed on or outside the body of the aircraft, while a spray rig, extending outward to the sides, is attached well below the main rotor blades. Hydroseeding is often done by helicopters using tanks and drop systems much like those used for
232:
In the US and Europe, agricultural aircraft are typically small, simple, and rugged. Most have spraying systems attached to the trailing edges of their wings, and pumps are usually driven by wind turbines. In places where farms are larger, such as
443:
Richard Q Boyles. Advanced
Materials for Agricultural Aircraft. Turbine Powered Executive Aircraft Meeting. Phoenix, Arizona. 9 to 11 April 1980. Paper 800610. Society of Automotive Engineers.
200:
Crop dusting with insecticides began in the 1920s in the United States. The first widely used agricultural aircraft were converted war-surplus biplanes, such as the
245:
nations, and parts of the developing world, larger and more powerful aircraft have been used, including turboprop powered aircraft such as the
177:
119:); in these roles, they are referred to as "crop dusters" or "top dressers". Agricultural aircraft are also used for
279:
476:
471:
254:
167:
205:
185:
Generally, agricultural aircraft have piston or turboprop engines. The only known exception is the
159:
49:
201:
163:
449:
19:
430:
326:
Aerial spraying has been controversial since the 1960s, due to environmental concerns about
8:
363:
290:
127:
429:
Aircraft in
Agriculture, 1958-1963: A List of Selected References. Library List No 65,
368:
358:
353:
319:
217:
189:
116:
100:
453:
407:
250:
433:. June 1965. National Agriculture Library. United States Department of Agriculture.
444:
437:
417:
373:
327:
270:
139:
341:
143:
61:
436:
B H Hyde Wyatt and R F Hill. Agricultural
Aircraft. London. 1958. Reviewed in
465:
385:
336:
331:
151:
275:
209:
155:
147:
120:
108:
96:
76:
35:
24:
30:
397:
286:
242:
234:
221:
131:
65:
412:
246:
213:
171:
135:
112:
42:
315:
238:
104:
310:
258:
92:
38:
was a mass-produced aircraft. Many were used for agricultural work.
181:
Crop spraying helicopter on a landing pad atop its refueling truck
402:
262:
69:
224:, purpose-built agricultural fixed-wing aircraft became common.
344:, which has led to restrictions on topdressing near waterways.
186:
46:
56:
322:
in 1988. The CA-28 was a crop spraying aircraft of the 1950s.
80:
266:
458:
Nazarov, V. (1971). Helicopters and the yield. Pesticides.
305:
195:
83:
helicopter. Refueling fertilizers through the auger.
463:
52:used for aerial fire-fighting in Australia.
126:The most common agricultural aircraft are
309:
220:was developed by government research in
176:
75:
55:
41:
29:
18:
464:
438:Pesticides Abstracts and News Summary
95:that has been built or converted for
306:Conflicting views on aerial spraying
196:Early use of aircraft in agriculture
265:. All tend to be of simple, rugged
13:
14:
488:
249:, twin engined types such as the
216:were developed in the 1940s, and
280:De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
1:
423:
296:
7:
347:
10:
493:
227:
380:Notable cropduster pilots
255:WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor
168:Rockwell Thrush Commander
450:Farming Takes to the Air
316:Commonwealth CA-28 Ceres
208:. After more effective
192:which has a jet engine.
160:Piper PA-36 Pawnee Brave
330:(raised for example by
202:De Havilland Tiger Moth
164:Embraer EMB 202 Ipanema
477:Agricultural machinery
323:
182:
84:
73:
53:
39:
27:
472:Agricultural aircraft
313:
180:
89:agricultural aircraft
79:
59:
45:
33:
22:
269:design. Sometimes a
16:Category of Aircraft
364:Aerial firefighting
291:aerial firefighting
369:Aerial application
359:Aerial topdressing
354:Agricultural drone
324:
320:Wangaratta Airport
218:aerial topdressing
190:PZL M-15 Belphegor
183:
117:aerial topdressing
101:aerial application
85:
74:
54:
40:
28:
454:Popular Mechanics
408:Pacific Aerospace
302:accident occurs.
251:Lockheed Lodestar
484:
282:have been used.
492:
491:
487:
486:
485:
483:
482:
481:
462:
461:
452:September 1940
426:
418:Thrush Aircraft
374:Pesticide drift
350:
328:pesticide drift
308:
299:
285:In the case of
271:ram air turbine
230:
198:
174:are also used.
140:Gippsland GA200
136:Cessna Ag-wagon
17:
12:
11:
5:
490:
480:
479:
474:
460:
459:
456:
447:
441:
434:
425:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
394:
393:
389:
388:
382:
381:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
349:
346:
342:eutrophication
307:
304:
298:
295:
229:
226:
197:
194:
144:Grumman Ag Cat
130:, such as the
99:use – usually
64:applies a low-
62:Grumman Ag Cat
25:PZL-106AR Kruk
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
489:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
467:
457:
455:
451:
448:
446:
442:
439:
435:
432:
428:
427:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
392:Manufacturers
391:
390:
387:
386:Alan Prichard
384:
383:
379:
378:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
345:
343:
339:
338:
337:Silent Spring
333:
332:Rachel Carson
329:
321:
317:
312:
303:
294:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:, the former
240:
236:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
193:
191:
188:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:M-18 Dromader
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
82:
78:
71:
67:
63:
58:
51:
50:M-18 Dromader
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
21:
335:
325:
300:
284:
278:biplane and
276:Antonov An-2
231:
210:insecticides
199:
184:
156:PAC Fletcher
148:PZL-106 KRUK
125:
121:hydroseeding
109:crop dusting
97:agricultural
88:
86:
36:Antonov An-2
398:Air Tractor
314:Australian
287:helicopters
243:Warsaw Pact
235:New Zealand
222:New Zealand
172:helicopters
132:Air Tractor
66:insecticide
466:Categories
424:References
413:PZL Mielec
297:Techniques
247:PAC Cresco
214:fungicides
128:fixed-wing
113:fertilizer
105:pesticides
68:bait on a
261:-powered
239:Australia
445:Abstract
348:See also
334:'s book
259:turbofan
253:and the
206:Stearman
93:aircraft
23:Gehling
403:Embraer
274:as the
263:biplane
228:Designs
70:soybean
187:Polish
166:, and
91:is an
72:field.
47:Polish
431:Sup 1
111:) or
81:Ka-26
267:STOL
257:– a
212:and
204:and
170:but
34:The
318:at
103:of
87:An
468::
293:.
237:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
123:.
60:A
440:.
115:(
107:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
