119:, farm lobbies in developed countries strongly resisted compromises on agriculture. In this context, the idea of exempting production and "trade-neutral" subsidies from WTO commitments was first proposed by the United States in 1987, and echoed soon after by the EU. By guaranteeing farmers continued support, it also neutralised opposition. In exchange for bringing agriculture within the disciplines of the WTO and committing to future reduction of trade-distorting subsidies, developed countries would be allowed to retain
1963:
104:, and the perception that opening up markets could improve economic conditions led to calls for a new round of multilateral trade negotiations. The round would open up markets in services and high-technology goods, ultimately generating much needed efficiency gains. In order to engage developing countries, many of which were "demandeurs" of new international disciplines, agriculture, textiles, and clothing were added to the grand bargain.
149:
reduction commitments. Detailed rules for green box payments are set out in Annex 2 of the AoA. However, all must comply with the "fundamental requirement" in paragraph 1, to cause not more than minimal distortion of trade or production, and must be provided through a government-funded programme that does not involve transfers from consumers or price support to producers.
352:
A Special
Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) would allow developing countries to impose additional safety measures in the event of an abnormal surge in imports or the entry of unusually cheap imports. Debates have arisen around this question, some negotiating parties claiming that SSM could be repeatedly and
326:
on 18 July 2017 India and China jointly submitted a proposal to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) calling for the elimination — by developed countries — of the most trade-distorting form of farm subsidies, known in WTO parlance as Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) or 'Amber Box' support as a
148:
by "boxes" depending on consequences of production and trade: amber (most directly linked to production levels), blue (production-limiting programmes that still distort trade), and green (minimal distortion). While payments in the amber box had to be reduced, those in the green box were exempt from
357:
bloc of developing countries, a major SSM proponent, has argued that breaches of bound tariffs should not be ruled out if the SSM is to be an effective remedy. A 2010 study by the
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development simulated the consequences of SSM on global trade for both
339:
have fought to protect their interest and population, afraid of competing on the global market with strong developed and exporting economies. In many countries large populations living in rural areas, with limited access to infrastructure, farming resources and few employment alternatives. Thus,
297:
Third World
Network stated, "This has allowed the rich countries to maintain or raise their very high subsidies by switching from one kind of subsidy to another...This is why after the Uruguay Round the total amount of subsidies in OECD countries have gone up instead of going down, despite the
280:
A 2009 book by the
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) showed how green box subsidies distorted trade, affecting developing country farmers and harming the environment. While some green box payments only had a minor effect on production and trade, others have a
344:, becoming increasingly vulnerable to market instability and import surges as tariff barriers are removed. Several mechanisms have been suggested in order to preserve those countries: the Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) and treatment of Special Products (SPs).
75:
The 1958 Haberler Report stressed the importance of minimising the effect of agriculture subsidies on competitiveness and recommended replacing price support with direct supplementary payments not linked with production, anticipating discussion on green box
139:
The first pillar of the
Agreement on Agriculture is "domestic support". AoA divides domestic support into two categories: trade-distorting and non-trade-distorting (or minimally trade-distorting). The WTO Agreement on Agriculture negotiated in the
293:
notified €48 billion ($ 91 billion) in 2005, around half of all support. The EU's large and growing green box spending was decoupled from income support, which could lead to a significant impact on production and trade.
237:
to reduce export subsidies by at least 36% (by value) or by 21% (by volume) over six years. For developing countries, the agreement required cuts were 24% (by value) and 14% (by volume) over ten years.
747:
761:
100:
down. The fiscal burden of protective measures increased, due both to lower receipts from import duties and higher domestic expenditure. In the meantime, the global economy had entered a cycle of
734:
448:
918:
92:
By the 1980s, government payments to agricultural producers in industrialised countries had caused large crop surpluses, which were unloaded on the world market by means of export
56:
The idea of replacing agricultural price support with direct payments to farmers decoupled from production dates back to the late 1950s, when the twelfth session of the
2198:
958:
176:. These subsidies end up flooding global markets with below-cost commodities, depressing prices, and undercutting producers in poor countries, a practice known as
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
2148:
2698:
2243:
744:
758:
725:
813:
731:
445:
374:, WTO members agreed to allow developing countries to assign or make appropriate list of products for tariff lines as Special Products (SPs) based on "
2133:
711:
302:
argued that the green and blue box subsidies can be just as trade-distorting — as "the protection is better disguised, but the effect is the same".
1063:
593:
1250:
2163:
928:
641:
2773:
836:
2828:
2008:
340:
these countries are concerned that domestic rural populations employed in import-competing sectors might be negatively affected by further
2218:
1625:
317:
argued that EU export subsidies comprise for only 3.5% of its overall agricultural support. United States, removed export subsidies for
2688:
872:
718:
779:
277:
members to reduce their trade-distorting "amber box" and "blue box" support, developed countries' green box spending has increased.
2748:
2668:
2023:
923:
856:
391:
157:
643:
Simulations on the
Special Safeguard Mechanism: A Look at the December 2008 Draft Agriculture Modalities (Issue Paper No. 25)
2778:
2193:
1945:
1225:
2788:
2273:
933:
908:
806:
40:
509:
2568:
697:
2733:
2583:
2523:
1255:
573:
2003:
1740:
943:
164:
dismissed the EU and the United States' argument that small farmers needed protection, noting that more than half of the
2423:
2308:
1863:
552:
481:
192:(or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO members. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture consists of tariff reductions of:
2673:
2648:
2633:
2458:
2103:
1285:
799:
668:
273:(blue and green boxes), which escape discipline and thus can be increased. As efficient agricultural exporters press
2718:
2693:
2603:
2528:
2233:
2173:
1615:
948:
2723:
2643:
2503:
2493:
2473:
2443:
2433:
2398:
2383:
2268:
2168:
2128:
2053:
1993:
672:
131:
The
Agreement on Agriculture consists of three pillars — domestic support, market access, and export subsidies.
2803:
2683:
2653:
2533:
2478:
2428:
2348:
2328:
2298:
2038:
2028:
1998:
1715:
1125:
172:
subsidies go to 1% of producers while in the United States 70% of subsidies go to 10% of its producers, mainly
2823:
2783:
2728:
2708:
2703:
2663:
2658:
2593:
2573:
2558:
2488:
2453:
2323:
2213:
2208:
2158:
2118:
2113:
2098:
2083:
2058:
1823:
1790:
1745:
417:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2768:
2753:
2638:
2613:
2608:
2543:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2418:
2413:
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2353:
2338:
2333:
2293:
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2253:
2238:
2223:
2203:
2178:
2108:
2078:
2063:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2013:
1750:
1325:
123:
that cause "not more than minimal trade distortion" in order to deliver various public policy objectives.
2818:
2763:
2758:
2713:
2623:
2618:
2588:
2563:
2548:
2483:
2448:
2408:
2393:
2378:
2358:
2313:
2303:
2288:
2258:
2188:
2153:
2123:
2093:
2088:
2068:
2018:
1580:
759:
Simulations on the
Special Safeguard Mechanism: a look at the December 2008 Draft Agricultural Modalities
2813:
2743:
2678:
2628:
2598:
2538:
2518:
2468:
2438:
2388:
2373:
2363:
2343:
2318:
2283:
2263:
2228:
2143:
2073:
1988:
1893:
1660:
1595:
1555:
851:
590:
401:
354:
169:
2738:
2578:
2553:
2463:
2403:
2248:
2183:
2138:
211:
1450:
1350:
822:
406:
177:
72:
prices and the failure of export earnings to keep pace with import demand in developing countries.
32:
780:
Agricultural
Subsidies in the WTO Green Box: Ensuring Coherence with Sustainable Development Goals
732:
Agricultural Subsidies in the WTO Green Box: Ensuring Coherence with Sustainable Development Goals
544:
Agricultural Subsidies in the WTO Green Box: Ensuring Coherence with Sustainable Development Goals
474:
Agricultural Subsidies in the WTO Green Box: Ensuring Coherence with Sustainable Development Goals
1665:
1650:
1635:
1475:
1190:
846:
649:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. p. viii.
527:
289:
provided $ 76 billion (more than 90% of total spending) in green box payments in 2007, while the
1680:
1620:
1535:
1420:
1300:
1265:
1105:
973:
877:
1883:
1685:
1645:
1520:
1510:
1485:
1460:
1430:
1410:
1320:
1260:
1220:
1150:
1079:
469:
496:
258:, while simultaneously allowing rich countries to continue subsidizing agriculture at home.
1878:
1760:
1670:
1655:
1540:
1490:
1385:
1370:
1340:
1140:
1130:
693:
341:
336:
255:
204:
8:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1808:
1780:
1700:
1695:
1675:
1585:
1570:
1505:
1470:
1365:
1305:
1280:
1275:
1245:
1210:
1205:
1175:
1155:
1059:
953:
234:
215:
197:
81:
80:. Only more recently, though, has this shift become the core of the reform of the global
673:"Indicators for the Selection of Agricultural Special Products: Some Empirical Evidence"
1908:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1765:
1755:
1735:
1720:
1640:
1550:
1525:
1515:
1500:
1445:
1440:
1395:
1375:
1335:
1290:
1200:
1195:
1170:
1145:
1135:
1115:
1110:
768:, April 2010, by Raul Montemayor, Federation of Free Farmers Cooperatives, Inc. (FFFCI)
61:
1069:
705:
701:
1928:
1898:
1873:
1853:
1843:
1818:
1775:
1730:
1725:
1690:
1610:
1605:
1575:
1560:
1495:
1465:
1425:
1405:
1390:
1355:
1345:
1215:
1185:
1180:
1160:
1120:
887:
650:
548:
477:
379:
222:— or "bind" their tariffs, creating a ceiling that could not be increased in future.
327:
prerequisite for consideration of other reforms in domestic support negotiations.
1923:
1888:
1868:
1770:
1710:
1630:
1600:
1545:
1530:
1455:
1415:
1400:
1380:
1360:
1330:
1315:
1295:
1240:
1235:
1165:
882:
230:
1705:
1590:
1565:
1480:
1435:
1310:
1270:
1230:
938:
782:
by Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz, Christophe Bellmann, Jonathan Hepburn, September 2009.
765:
751:
738:
597:
577:
542:
452:
1962:
567:
1952:
1084:
841:
615:
541:
Meléndez-Ortiz, Ricardo; Bellmann, Christophe; Hepburn, Jonathan, eds. (2009).
310:
290:
173:
165:
112:
472:. In Meléndez-Ortiz, Ricardo; Bellmann, Christophe; Hepburn, Jonathan (eds.).
43:, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO on 1 January 1995.
1982:
785:
654:
375:
286:
247:
219:
141:
65:
36:
528:"WTO | Understanding the WTO - Agriculture: Fairer markets for farmers"
1967:
963:
892:
791:
411:
396:
281:
significant impact. According to countries' latest official reports to the
214:(LDCs) were exempt from tariff reductions, but they either had to convert
1089:
1074:
299:
97:
152:
The Agreement on Agriculture's domestic support system currently allows
788:
by Anwarul Hoda and Ashok Gulati, (2007) Johns Hopkins University Press
161:
269:(the "amber box"), which have to be reduced, and non-trade-distorting
371:
306:
298:
apparent promise that Northern subsidies will be reduced." Moreover,
270:
266:
200:— with a minimum of 15% per-tariff line reduction in next six years.
145:
120:
101:
93:
77:
69:
207:— with a minimum of 10% per-tariff line reduction in next ten years.
569:
TWN Statement on Agriculture at the UN ECOSOC High-Level Session"
233:
are the third pillar. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture required
116:
1946:
Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China
745:
World Trade Organization and Agriculture: Selective Bibliography
667:
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development and
318:
251:
189:
153:
28:
1953:
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu
601:
540:
476:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–35.
314:
160:
to spend $ 380 billion a year on agricultural subsidies. The
774:
757:
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development,
108:
60:
Contracting Parties selected a Panel of Experts chaired by
57:
776:
website for ACP-EU agriculture and fisheries trade issues.
265:
for categorizing subsidies into trade-distorting domestic
1948:, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".
367:
282:
274:
262:
254:
protections for small farmers, a key source of income in
786:
WTO Negotiations on Agriculture and Developing Countries
754:, prepared by Hugo H.R. van Hamel, Peace Palace Library
726:
The Indian Experience of Liberalisation of Agriculture
330:
939:
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
353:
excessively invoked, distorting trade. In turn, the
16:
International treaty of the World Trade Organization
1951:
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "
591:"WTO agreement a betrayal of development promises"
467:
719:WTO Agreement on Agriculture: A Decade of Dumping
497:"Agriculture Negotiations: Background Fact Sheet"
2199:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1980:
639:
347:
1789:
807:
547:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2699:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
821:
717:Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy,
710:Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy,
616:"India,China Join Hand in WTO for Amber Box"
2244:Treaties entered into by the European Union
446:Agricultural Subsidies in the WTO Green Box
321:which only covers 10% of overall spending.
144:(1986–1994) includes the classification of
2149:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
814:
800:
313:and equivalent payments by 2013. However,
470:"The Historical Context of the Green Box"
188:Market access refers to the reduction of
2134:Treaties of the Central African Republic
635:
633:
392:Agricultural policy of the United States
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
1981:
909:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
692:Text of the Agreement on Agriculture:
463:
461:
64:to examine the effect of agricultural
41:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2164:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
795:
630:
246:The Agreement has been criticised by
87:
2774:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
613:
430:
358:developed and developing countries.
2829:World Trade Organization agreements
2009:Treaties entered into force in 1995
919:Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
661:
534:
458:
361:
331:Mechanisms for developing countries
225:
134:
13:
2219:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
490:
14:
2840:
2689:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
1955:", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
929:Trade-Related Investment Measures
686:
669:Food and Agriculture Organization
510:"Fine words - now we need action"
1961:
1251:Democratic Republic of the Congo
309:, countries agreed to eliminate
261:The Agreement was criticised by
183:
126:
2749:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
2669:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
2024:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
712:Agreement on Agriculture Basics
35:. It was negotiated during the
2779:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2194:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1626:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
640:Raul Montemayor (April 2010).
607:
584:
561:
520:
502:
335:During the Doha negotiations,
218:to tariffs — a process called
1:
2789:Treaties of the United States
2274:Treaties of Georgia (country)
423:
418:Sustainable Development Goals
2569:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
241:
7:
2734:Treaties of North Macedonia
2584:Treaties of the Philippines
2524:Treaties of the Netherlands
924:Technical Barriers to Trade
618:. No. Online. ABC Live
596:September 28, 2011, at the
499:, World Trade Organization.
468:NĂ©stor Stancanelli (2009).
385:
348:Special Safeguard Mechanism
305:At the 2005 WTO meeting in
10:
2845:
2004:Treaties concluded in 1994
852:International Trade Centre
576:December 27, 2010, at the
402:Common Agricultural Policy
378:, livelihood security and
370:Ministerial Conference in
170:Common Agricultural Policy
111:Ministerial Conference in
107:In leading up to the 1986
51:
46:
2424:Treaties of Liechtenstein
2309:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
1941:
1098:
1052:
972:
901:
865:
829:
750:27 September 2011 at the
212:Least developed countries
203:24% average reduction —
196:36% average reduction —
2674:Treaties of South Africa
2649:Treaties of Sierra Leone
2634:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
2459:Treaties of the Maldives
2104:Treaties of Burkina Faso
1226:Central African Republic
857:Chronology of key events
837:Accession and membership
823:World Trade Organization
741:, ICTSD, September 2009.
455:, ICTSD, September 2009.
407:Dumping (pricing policy)
33:World Trade Organization
21:Agreement on Agriculture
2719:Treaties of Switzerland
2694:Treaties of Saint Lucia
2604:Treaties of South Korea
2529:Treaties of New Zealand
2234:Treaties of El Salvador
2174:Treaties of Ivory Coast
847:Dispute Settlement Body
679:Number 1. July 1, 2007.
2724:Treaties of Tajikistan
2644:Treaties of Seychelles
2504:Treaties of Mozambique
2494:Treaties of Montenegro
2474:Treaties of Mauritania
2444:Treaties of Madagascar
2434:Treaties of Luxembourg
2399:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
2384:Treaties of Kazakhstan
2269:Treaties of the Gambia
2169:Treaties of Costa Rica
2129:Treaties of Cape Verde
2054:Treaties of Bangladesh
1994:Agricultural economics
949:Information Technology
944:Government Procurement
878:Doha Development Round
677:ICTSD Information Note
27:) is an international
2804:Treaties of Venezuela
2684:Treaties of Sri Lanka
2654:Treaties of Singapore
2534:Treaties of Nicaragua
2479:Treaties of Mauritius
2429:Treaties of Lithuania
2349:Treaties of Indonesia
2329:Treaties of Hong Kong
2299:Treaties of Guatemala
2039:Treaties of Australia
2029:Treaties of Argentina
1999:Agricultural treaties
1256:Republic of the Congo
1080:Supachai Panitchpakdi
2824:Treaties of Zimbabwe
2784:Treaties of Tanzania
2729:Treaties of Thailand
2709:Treaties of Eswatini
2704:Treaties of Suriname
2664:Treaties of Slovenia
2659:Treaties of Slovakia
2594:Treaties of Portugal
2574:Treaties of Paraguay
2559:Treaties of Pakistan
2489:Treaties of Mongolia
2454:Treaties of Malaysia
2324:Treaties of Honduras
2214:Treaties of Dominica
2209:Treaties of Djibouti
2159:Treaties of Colombia
2119:Treaties of Cameroon
2114:Treaties of Cambodia
2099:Treaties of Bulgaria
2084:Treaties of Botswana
2059:Treaties of Barbados
1741:United Arab Emirates
614:Srinivas, Vasudeva.
342:trade liberalization
337:developing countries
256:developing countries
250:groups for reducing
205:developing countries
2809:Treaties of Vietnam
2799:Treaties of Vanuatu
2794:Treaties of Uruguay
2769:Treaties of Ukraine
2754:Treaties of Tunisia
2639:Treaties of Senegal
2614:Treaties of Romania
2609:Treaties of Moldova
2544:Treaties of Nigeria
2514:Treaties of Namibia
2509:Treaties of Myanmar
2499:Treaties of Morocco
2419:Treaties of Liberia
2414:Treaties of Lesotho
2369:Treaties of Jamaica
2354:Treaties of Ireland
2339:Treaties of Iceland
2334:Treaties of Hungary
2294:Treaties of Grenada
2279:Treaties of Germany
2254:Treaties of Finland
2239:Treaties of Estonia
2224:Treaties of Ecuador
2204:Treaties of Denmark
2179:Treaties of Croatia
2109:Treaties of Burundi
2079:Treaties of Bolivia
2064:Treaties of Belgium
2049:Treaties of Bahrain
2044:Treaties of Austria
2034:Treaties of Armenia
2014:Treaties of Albania
1716:Trinidad and Tobago
1616:St. Kitts and Nevis
1126:Antigua and Barbuda
1060:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
954:Marrakesh Agreement
764:3 June 2018 at the
737:2 June 2018 at the
516:. 15 November 2005.
451:2 June 2018 at the
235:developed countries
216:non-tariff barriers
198:developed countries
82:agricultural system
2819:Treaties of Zambia
2764:Treaties of Uganda
2759:Treaties of Turkey
2714:Treaties of Sweden
2624:Treaties of Rwanda
2619:Treaties of Russia
2589:Treaties of Poland
2564:Treaties of Panama
2549:Treaties of Norway
2484:Treaties of Mexico
2449:Treaties of Malawi
2409:Treaties of Latvia
2394:Treaties of Kuwait
2379:Treaties of Jordan
2359:Treaties of Israel
2314:Treaties of Guyana
2304:Treaties of Guinea
2289:Treaties of Greece
2259:Treaties of France
2189:Treaties of Cyprus
2154:Treaties of Taiwan
2124:Treaties of Canada
2094:Treaties of Brunei
2089:Treaties of Brazil
2069:Treaties of Belize
2019:Treaties of Angola
1286:Dominican Republic
88:Historical context
62:Gottfried Haberler
2814:Treaties of Yemen
2744:Treaties of Tonga
2679:Treaties of Spain
2629:Treaties of Samoa
2599:Treaties of Qatar
2539:Treaties of Niger
2519:Treaties of Nepal
2469:Treaties of Malta
2439:Treaties of Macau
2389:Treaties of Kenya
2374:Treaties of Japan
2364:Treaties of Italy
2344:Treaties of India
2319:Treaties of Haiti
2284:Treaties of Ghana
2264:Treaties of Gabon
2229:Treaties of Egypt
2144:Treaties of Chile
2074:Treaties of Benin
1989:Agrarian politics
1976:
1975:
1937:
1936:
934:Trade in Services
888:Quota Elimination
724:Devinder Sharma,
380:rural development
2836:
2739:Treaties of Togo
2579:Treaties of Peru
2554:Treaties of Oman
2464:Treaties of Mali
2404:Treaties of Laos
2249:Treaties of Fiji
2184:Treaties of Cuba
2139:Treaties of Chad
1968:World portal
1966:
1965:
1787:
1786:
1581:Papua New Guinea
1064:Director-General
959:Doha Declaration
883:Singapore issues
816:
809:
802:
793:
792:
680:
665:
659:
658:
648:
637:
628:
627:
625:
623:
611:
605:
588:
582:
565:
559:
558:
538:
532:
531:
524:
518:
517:
506:
500:
494:
488:
487:
465:
456:
443:
362:Special Products
231:Export subsidies
226:Export subsidies
135:Domestic support
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1960:
1933:
1785:
1661:Solomon Islands
1556:North Macedonia
1094:
1070:Roberto AzevĂŞdo
1048:
975:
968:
897:
861:
825:
820:
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604:December 2005
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376:food security
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220:tariffication
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184:Market access
181:
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158:United States
155:
150:
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143:
142:Uruguay Round
132:
127:Three pillars
124:
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118:
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110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
85:
83:
79:
73:
71:
67:
66:protectionism
63:
59:
44:
42:
38:
37:Uruguay Round
34:
30:
26:
22:
1959:
1958:
1666:South Africa
1651:Sierra Leone
1636:Saudi Arabia
1191:Burkina Faso
964:Bali Package
913:
893:Peace Clause
771:
676:
663:
642:
620:. Retrieved
609:
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514:The Guardian
513:
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412:Peace Clause
397:Cairns Group
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1894:Netherlands
1681:Switzerland
1596:Philippines
1536:New Zealand
1421:South Korea
1301:El Salvador
1266:Ivory Coast
1106:Afghanistan
1090:Rufus Yerxa
1075:Pascal Lamy
1044:13th (2024)
1039:12th (2022)
1034:11th (2017)
1029:10th (2015)
976:Conferences
974:Ministerial
914:Agriculture
721:, Feb 2005.
622:1 September
300:Martin Khor
98:food prices
1983:Categories
1884:Luxembourg
1686:Tajikistan
1646:Seychelles
1521:Mozambique
1511:Montenegro
1486:Mauritania
1461:Madagascar
1431:Kyrgyzstan
1411:Kazakhstan
1321:The Gambia
1261:Costa Rica
1221:Cape Verde
1151:Bangladesh
1024:9th (2013)
1019:8th (2011)
1014:7th (2009)
1009:6th (2005)
1004:5th (2003)
999:4th (2001)
994:3rd (1999)
989:2nd (1998)
984:1st (1996)
902:Agreements
424:References
162:World Bank
96:, pushing
1879:Lithuania
1761:Venezuela
1671:Sri Lanka
1656:Singapore
1621:St. Lucia
1541:Nicaragua
1491:Mauritius
1386:Indonesia
1371:Hong Kong
1341:Guatemala
1141:Australia
1131:Argentina
873:Criticism
772:Agritrade
655:1817-356X
372:Hong Kong
307:Hong Kong
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