3487:
157:, and supply projections in relation to the nature of social issues. Aggregate data are useful for researchers when they are interested in investigating on the relationships between two distinct variables at the aggregate level, and the connections between an aggregate variable and a characteristic at the individual level. Researchers have also made an effort to evaluate policies, practices and precepts of systems critically with the assistance of aggregate data, to investigate the corresponding
27:
3473:
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measurement error. Inference also vary from one to another when either individual firm data or aggregated data is used for analysis. For instance, calculation of country averages does not account for firm-specific variables, such as firm size, firm age, or firm-ownership concentration, but calculation of individual averages does. Differences exist between results generated from aggregate data and individual data.
3499:
394:. Researchers are able to have access towards the discoveries of international colleagues and forges collaborations to facilitate processes involved in fighting against the disease. Specifically, using aggregated healthcare data allows health care providers to unbolt actionable clinical insights when for instance, thorough views of clinical data or continuous patient records become possible.
235:, as sources of reference. In particular, administrators utilise aggregate data for assessments in current political, religious, social, or other atmosphere of a nation to track the gaps in social responses relating to time and space, and to dictate priorities for action. These assessments help administrators in evaluating current measures that are useful in future
353:, and multiple professional societies in providing support for clinical practice guidelines. Aggregate patient data are also used in time-to-event studies of meta-analyses as the results can inform investors about the worthiness to proceed to conducting more meta-analyses that are based on resource-intensive individual patient data.
54:
from various sources are used in different areas of studies such as comparative political analysis and APD scientific analysis for further analyses. Aggregate data are also used for medical and educational purposes. Aggregate data is widely used, but it also has some limitations, including drawing inaccurate
185:
of government policies, aggregate data analyses are also taken to evaluate the nature, assess the extent, recognise the trend and study the pattern of a specific phenomenon or process with the aim to devise strategies, prepare short- or long-term policies, and take efficacious and relevant procedures
53:
Aggregate data are mainly used by researchers and analysts, policymakers, banks and administrators for multiple reasons. They are used to evaluate policies, recognise trends and patterns of processes, gain relevant insights, and assess current measures for strategic planning. Aggregate data collected
494:
Aggregate data are used as components of the UK censusesâ outputs. They are obtained from analysis on the information given in the census returns. The census aggregate data are used to compare and describe population characteristics across various locations in the UK because they are able to provide
214:
In the UK, the
Integrated Urgent Care Aggregate Data Collection (IUC ADC) provides comprehensive information about IUC activity, its performance, as well as its service demand. Its data are sourced from the lead data providers responsible for offering integrated urgent care services in England. The
173:
Aggregate data are used by governments to develop more effective policies because they serve as a measure of how capable a government is to be aware of the demands and needs of its citizens and a measure of the way a government maintains social order effectively. For example, governments around the
407:
discontinuity analysis and interrupted time-series analysis. Individual-level data are not required in these non-experimental analyses. For example, interrupted time-series analysis estimates the impact brought by a school-level program through comparing a schoolâs achievement before and after the
426:
There is also a problem of âecological fallacyâ. The concept was brought about by
Robinson (1950). The meaning of the term is that the variability around the individual-level means is significantly different from the variability encompassing the aggregate means. With the aggregate concept, things
402:
Aggregate data such as aggregate school-level demographic data and aggregate school-level achievement data are used in experimental analysis to assess the relationships between student achievement and school-level interventions. Aggregate data can also be used in non-experimental analysis such as
49:
There is a distinction between aggregate data and individual data. Aggregate data refers to individual data that are averaged by geographic area, by year, by service agency, or by other means. Individual data are disaggregated individual results and are used to conduct analyses for estimation of
490:
aggregate data are data generated as outputs from the United
Kingdom censuses. They provide information about the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the countryâs population. They are a compilation of aggregated, or summarised, calculations of the number of individuals, household
422:
During the process of averaging units within some cluster or within a country, information is lost which increases the probability of drawing inaccurate inferences. Information loss occurs because aggregation of data ignores individual variation as if it were only a type of statistical noise or
210:
In
Australia, the Commonwealth Bank provides its business clients anonymised data related to their customers which are derived from card transactions. The ANZ also provides its business customers with anonymised data which is gathered from millions of merchant terminal transactions and ANZ card
308:
Aggregate data is used in comparative political analysis because analysts do not only focus on individualâs behaviour. They also focus on the behaviour of areal units, including electoral constituencies and nations. In political activity analyses, significant data such as those related to
325:. Aggregate data are widely available because demographic, socio-economic, and political data are collected and published by the nations. This facilitates researchers and analysts in carrying out longer trend studies and allows them to bring changes and developments in a deeper focus.
464:
Credit aggregates are measurements of the households and businessesâ borrowings from financial intermediaries. The amount of funds borrowed by businesses for purposes including project investments, assets purchases, or cash flow managements are also measured using credit aggregates.
427:
other than the individual equivalents of aggregate data are expressed, which means that individual-level conclusions cannot be drawn. Although aggregate data has wider applicability than individual-level data, it is more challenging for researchers to tackle with analysis on
341:, which led to most of the published meta-analyses relying upon aggregate patient data (APD). To acquire data in all trials on all patients, aggregate patient data are collected from completed studies being presented at professional meetings, published in the
382:
use this type of aggregated statistics to generate reports and indicators, and to undertake strategic planning in their health systems. Compared with aggregated data, patient data are individual data related to a single patient, including oneâs name, age,
223:(DHSC) in England stated that this collection of aggregate data is going to replace the NHS 111 minimum dataset. It will also be used as a formal source for IUC statistics, as well as to oversee the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of the IUC ADC.
495:
comparable information at a range of geographical levels over the entire UK. Census aggregate data are also utilised in the academic sector for teaching and research purposes, as well as for site location and marketing in the private sector.
491:
residents, or families in particular geographic areas with specific characteristics, or compounds of characteristics, taken from the subjects of people and places, populations, families, health, ethnicity and religion, housing and work.
186:
for control or prevention. Policymakers also utilise financial aggregates data in evaluating companies and householdsâ economic and financial activities because these data help to identify risks associated with
41:
which is acquired by combining individual-level data. For instance, the output of an industry is an aggregate of the firmsâ individual outputs within that industry. Aggregate data are applied in statistics,
278:
Sources of aggregate data can also be regarded as tools for discovering data. In the US, some of the US data are presented in the form of tables. Examples of sources for these US aggregate data include the
473:
Monetary aggregates are measurements of the money or âmoney-likeâ instruments of the banking system, which is owed to businesses and households. An example of a âmoney-likeâ instrument is deposits in the
198:
Banks collect aggregated data from a significant number of customers and then anonymise the data through eliminating personal information. The main reason for banks to use aggregate data is to estimate
275:. Official or non-official agencies also collect and compile aggregate data on an ongoing basis through utilising infrastructures available within a department at the field level.
783:
207:, but aggregate data can be shared with banksâ business customers and can be accessed by other partners who also use the same platform to acquire information on aggregate data.
631:
62:â. âEcological fallacyâ means that it is invalid for users to draw conclusions on the ecological relationships between two quantitative variables at the individual level.
231:
National or regional level of available empirical data are used by administrators and intellectuals, as well as people who are concerned about a region or a societyâs
1047:"Assessing the Use of Aggregate Data in the Evaluation of School-Based Interventions: Implications for Evaluation Research and State Policy Regarding Public-Use Data"
1123:"Taking the aggravation out of data aggregation: A conceptual guide to dealing with statistical issues related to the pooling of individual-level observational data"
174:
world use of aggregate mobile location data for analysis in response to Covid-19. Aggregate mobile location data could provide insights about the effectiveness of
387:
and medical history. Patient-based data are mainly used to track the progress of a patient, such as how the patient responds to particular treatment, over time.
811:
93:
data dramatically reduces the time to query large sets of data. Developers pre-summarise queries that are regularly used, such as Weekly Sales across several
255:, descriptive accounts and correspondence. For example, a researcher collects, collates, or compiles aggregate data through utilising multiple mechanisms of
370:
of data concerning numerous patients. A particular patient cannot be traced based on aggregate data. These aggregated data are only counts, including
2608:
3113:
350:
178:
measures launched by governments. Governments also use aggregate data to identify possible âhot spotsâ and the potential for transmission.
3263:
990:
735:
456:
in
Australia, which is utilised by policymakers in evaluating both the households and the companiesâ economic and financial activities.
2887:
1528:
759:
555:
284:
2661:
3100:
190:. Policymakers can employ aggregate data to better understand the developments of a countryâs economic and financial conditions.
513:
531:
1523:
1223:
417:
220:
2127:
1275:
1018:
345:, or were directly supplied by individual investigators. The aggregated patient data are utilised by users including the
2910:
2802:
1089:"Problems Using Aggregate Data to Infer Individual Behavior: Evidence from Law, Finance, and Ownership Concentration"
3515:
3088:
2962:
587:"Community types, socio-economic structure and IHD mortalityâA contextual analysis based on Swedish aggregate data"
431:
results when aggregate data is used. Eventually, individual information may also be required. Growth modelling and
3537:
3146:
2807:
2552:
1923:
1513:
317:, as well as mass communication networks, are not expressed readily in individual levels. They are expressed in
78:
are data combined from several measurements. When data is aggregated, groups of observations are replaced with
3197:
2409:
2216:
2105:
2063:
2137:
784:"Statistics » Integrated Urgent Care Aggregate Data Collection (IUC ADC) Experimental Statistics 2019-20"
112:
are high-level data that are composed from a multitude or combination of other more individual data, such as:
3440:
2399:
1302:
153:, evaluate the essence of social realities and a social organisation, stipulate primary issues of concern in
2991:
2940:
2925:
2915:
2784:
2656:
2623:
2449:
2404:
2234:
702:
135:, data of an entire sector of an economy composed of many firms, or of all households in a city or region.
3542:
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3335:
3136:
3060:
2361:
2115:
1784:
1248:
1181:
288:
280:
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3192:
3187:
2935:
2694:
2600:
2580:
2488:
2199:
2017:
1500:
1372:
94:
90:
20:
2952:
2720:
2441:
2366:
2295:
2224:
2144:
2132:
2002:
1990:
1983:
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1412:
740:
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3202:
3065:
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2715:
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1906:
1815:
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1686:
1377:
1216:
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2897:
2834:
2472:
2456:
2194:
2056:
2046:
1896:
1810:
346:
216:
30:
A diagram showing the basic meaning of aggregate data, which is a combination of individual data.
760:"Banks have lots of information about you â and they don't keep it all to themselves - ABC Life"
3382:
3312:
3105:
3042:
2797:
2684:
1681:
1578:
1485:
1364:
1263:
390:
The COVID-19 Data
Archive, also called the COVID-ARC, aggregates data from studies around the
3407:
3349:
3292:
3118:
3011:
2920:
2646:
2530:
2389:
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2078:
1974:
1952:
1911:
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1618:
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2204:
2122:
2095:
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2007:
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1545:
1425:
635:
523:
435:
modelling based on aggregate data are also difficult because variables can vary over time.
812:"Integrated Urgent Care Aggregate Data Collection (IUC ADC) for March 2020 (Experimental)"
8:
3477:
3402:
3325:
3006:
2770:
2763:
2725:
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2613:
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2318:
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2179:
2169:
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1979:
1940:
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1820:
1729:
1508:
1464:
1382:
1307:
1209:
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404:
187:
1088:
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Aggregate data can be a composition of various types of writings and records, including
3491:
3302:
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3001:
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2100:
1995:
1957:
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200:
79:
59:
586:
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2151:
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2012:
1935:
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1142:
1070:
969:
951:
911:
891:
676:
614:
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527:
310:
175:
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and gain insights on customer clusters. Banks are not permitted to share customersâ
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3141:
3128:
3021:
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2348:
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2174:
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2034:
1853:
1724:
1518:
1402:
1317:
1284:
1162:
1134:
1100:
1058:
959:
941:
883:
598:
585:
Starrin, Bengt; Hagquist, Curt; Larsson, Gerry; Svensson, Per-Gunnar (1993-06-01).
519:
367:
333:
Factors including the need for time, considerable resources and wide international
292:
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3083:
2945:
2872:
2547:
2421:
2394:
2371:
2340:
1967:
1962:
1916:
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1297:
379:
322:
256:
2829:
3288:
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1746:
1676:
1322:
132:
125:
117:
86:
43:
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3412:
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3047:
3016:
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2039:
1741:
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1062:
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204:
182:
26:
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1535:
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314:
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2618:
2110:
2027:
2022:
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1623:
1603:
1583:
1573:
1342:
1121:
Pollet, Thomas V.; Stulp, Gert; Henzi, S. Peter; Barrett, Louise (2015).
1104:
791:
334:
121:
930:"The strengths and limitations of meta-analyses based on aggregate data"
688:
664:
295:
are examples of transactional and international aggregate data sources.
2276:
1756:
1456:
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1337:
1312:
1232:
903:
871:
318:
71:
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1901:
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1608:
1593:
1588:
1553:
384:
264:
260:
248:
158:
101:
55:
887:
838:"Research Guides: Data resources for social science: Aggregate data"
1945:
1563:
1440:
1435:
1430:
428:
408:
program is launched where individual-level data are not necessary.
272:
162:
154:
3450:
3151:
375:
321:
terms in order to control for the variations in the areal unitsâ
232:
1045:
Jacob, Robin T.; Goddard, Roger D.; Kim, Eun Sook (2014-03-01).
1019:"Scientists launch data archive to bolster research on COVID-19"
3372:
2353:
2327:
2307:
1558:
1349:
556:"Using Aggregate Administrative Data in Social Policy Research"
487:
449:
584:
1201:
991:"3.5 Difference between Aggregated and Patient data in a HIS"
872:"The Use of Aggregate Data in Comparative Political Analysis"
391:
150:
512:
Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth; Black, John (2017-01-19).
448:
Financial aggregates data is a type of aggregate data about
239:
and provide indicators about effective corrective measures.
1292:
734:
Bank, Joel; Durrani, Kassim; Hatzvi, Eden (21 March 2019).
149:
Researchers use aggregate data to understand the prevalent
38:
418:
Cross-sectional study § Weaknesses of aggregated data
97:
for example by item hierarchy or geographical hierarchy.
1120:
366:
In a health information system, aggregate data is the
3114:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
511:
560:
Office of
Planning, Research & Evaluation | ACF
337:, impeded the use of individual patient data (IPD)
2576:
928:Lyman, Gary H.; Kuderer, Nicole M. (2005-04-25).
733:
303:
242:
3529:
438:
2662:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
1044:
328:
1217:
736:"Updates to Australia's financial aggregates"
58:and false conclusions which is also termed â
927:
703:"Mobile Location Data and Covid-19: Q&A"
443:
351:United States Preventive Services Task Force
144:
1262:
1224:
1210:
1086:
1051:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
634:(chapter 5.6 from the book "R in Action",
1875:
1016:
963:
945:
285:Statistical Abstract of the United States
869:
481:
298:
25:
757:
16:Data combined from several measurements
3530:
3188:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
1176:
1174:
1172:
1087:Holderness, Clifford G. (2016-05-12).
985:
983:
818:. England, United Kingdom. 14 May 2020
662:
518:. Oxford University Press. p. 4.
468:
3261:
2828:
2575:
1874:
1644:
1261:
1205:
1116:
1114:
1082:
1080:
1040:
1038:
1012:
1010:
923:
921:
865:
863:
861:
729:
727:
725:
723:
632:Aggregation and Restructuring of data
553:
3498:
3198:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
753:
751:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
580:
578:
576:
549:
547:
545:
543:
524:10.1093/acref/9780198759430.001.0001
459:
221:Department of Health and Social Care
3510:
2793:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1645:
1169:
980:
669:Journal of the Indian Law Institute
13:
2888:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1514:Pearson product-moment correlation
1111:
1077:
1035:
1017:Greenbaum, Zara (19 August 2020).
1007:
918:
858:
835:
720:
14:
3559:
748:
641:
573:
540:
226:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3262:
934:BMC Medical Research Methodology
3147:Least-squares spectral analysis
1127:American Journal of Primatology
829:
804:
168:
65:
2128:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1231:
776:
695:
625:
505:
411:
361:
304:Comparative political analysis
243:Sources and collection methods
139:
1:
3441:Geographic information system
2657:Simultaneous equations models
1182:"Census aggregate data guide"
758:Stewart, Emily (2019-03-22).
591:Social Science & Medicine
498:
439:Other types of aggregate data
356:
82:based on those observations.
2624:Coefficient of determination
2235:Uniformly most powerful test
665:"Analysis of Aggregate Data"
603:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90345-5
397:
329:APD scientific meta-analyses
7:
3193:Proportional hazards models
3137:Spectral density estimation
3119:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2553:Maximum posterior estimator
1785:Randomized controlled trial
870:Retzlaff, Ralph H. (1965).
289:International Monetary Fund
281:United States Census Bureau
120:, data such as the overall
10:
3564:
2953:Multivariate distributions
1373:Average absolute deviation
1186:census.ukdataservice.ac.uk
415:
291:data, World DataBank, and
21:Aggregate (disambiguation)
18:
3467:
3421:
3358:
3311:
3274:
3270:
3257:
3229:
3211:
3178:
3169:
3127:
3074:
3035:
2984:
2975:
2941:Structural equation model
2896:
2853:
2849:
2824:
2783:
2749:
2703:
2670:
2632:
2599:
2595:
2571:
2511:
2420:
2339:
2303:
2294:
2277:Score/Lagrange multiplier
2262:
2215:
2160:
2086:
2077:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1829:
1803:
1755:
1710:
1692:Sample size determination
1657:
1653:
1640:
1544:
1499:
1473:
1455:
1411:
1363:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1257:
1239:
741:Reserve Bank of Australia
515:A Dictionary of Economics
444:Financial aggregates data
267:, an opinionnaire, and a
3436:Environmental statistics
2958:Elliptical distributions
2751:Generalized linear model
2680:Simple linear regression
2450:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1907:Probability distribution
1816:Stochastic approximation
1378:Coefficient of variation
1063:10.3102/0162373713485814
193:
145:Researchers and analysts
3096:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2704:Non-standard predictors
2138:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1811:Adaptive clinical trial
1093:Critical Finance Review
876:The Journal of Politics
287:, and Social Explorer.
217:National Health Service
3538:Statistical data types
3492:Mathematics portal
3313:Engineering statistics
3221:NelsonâAalen estimator
2798:Analysis of covariance
2685:Ordinary least squares
2609:Pearson product-moment
2013:Statistical functional
1924:Empirical distribution
1757:Controlled experiments
1486:Frequency distribution
1264:Descriptive statistics
947:10.1186/1471-2288-5-14
663:Shukla, K. S. (1982).
181:As well as projecting
50:subgroup differences.
31:
3408:Population statistics
3350:System identification
3084:Autocorrelation (ACF)
3012:Exponential smoothing
2926:Discriminant analysis
2921:Canonical correlation
2785:Partition of variance
2647:Regression validation
2491:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2390:Likelihood-ratio test
2079:Frequentist inference
1991:Locationâscale family
1912:Sampling distribution
1877:Statistical inference
1844:Cross-sectional study
1831:Observational studies
1790:Randomized experiment
1619:Stem-and-leaf display
1421:Central limit theorem
554:Jacob, Robin (2016).
482:Census aggregate data
378:, or other diseases.
299:Use of aggregate data
29:
3331:Probabilistic design
2916:Principal components
2759:Exponential families
2711:Nonlinear regression
2690:General linear model
2652:Mixed effects models
2642:Errors and residuals
2619:Confounding variable
2521:Bayesian probability
2499:Van der Waerden test
2489:Ordered alternative
2254:Multiple comparisons
2133:RaoâBlackwellization
2096:Estimating equations
2052:Statistical distance
1770:Factorial experiment
1303:Arithmetic-Geometric
1105:10.1561/104.00000028
636:Manning Publications
46:, and in economics.
19:For other uses, see
3403:Official statistics
3326:Methods engineering
3007:Seasonal adjustment
2775:Poisson regressions
2695:Bayesian regression
2634:Regression analysis
2614:Partial correlation
2586:Regression analysis
2185:Prediction interval
2180:Likelihood interval
2170:Confidence interval
2162:Interval estimation
2123:Unbiased estimators
1941:Model specification
1821:Up-and-down designs
1509:Partial correlation
1465:Index of dispersion
1383:Interquartile range
469:Monetary aggregates
349:Collaboration, the
188:financial stability
3543:Summary statistics
3423:Spatial statistics
3303:Medical statistics
3203:First hitting time
3157:Whittle likelihood
2808:Degrees of freedom
2803:Multivariate ANOVA
2736:Heteroscedasticity
2548:Bayesian estimator
2513:Bayesian inference
2362:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2247:Randomization test
2217:Testing hypotheses
2190:Tolerance interval
2101:Maximum likelihood
1996:Exponential family
1929:Density estimation
1889:Statistical theory
1849:Natural experiment
1795:Scientific control
1712:Survey methodology
1398:Standard deviation
788:www.england.nhs.uk
707:Human Rights Watch
343:medical literature
237:strategic planning
80:summary statistics
60:ecological fallacy
32:
3525:
3524:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3398:National accounts
3368:Actuarial science
3360:Social statistics
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3180:Survival function
3165:
3164:
3027:Granger causality
2868:Contingency table
2843:Survival analysis
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2672:Linear regression
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2538:Credible interval
2507:
2506:
2290:
2289:
2106:Method of moments
1975:Parametric family
1936:Statistical model
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1780:Random assignment
1702:Statistical power
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1481:Contingency table
1451:
1450:
1318:Generalized/power
1139:10.1002/ajp.22405
842:guides.lib.vt.edu
597:(12): 1569â1578.
533:978-0-19-875943-0
460:Credit aggregates
380:Health facilities
311:industrialisation
176:social distancing
3555:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3475:
3474:
3378:Crime statistics
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3176:
3175:
3142:Fourier analysis
3129:Frequency domain
3109:
3056:
3022:Structural break
2982:
2981:
2931:Cluster analysis
2878:Log-linear model
2851:
2850:
2826:
2825:
2767:
2741:Homoscedasticity
2597:
2596:
2573:
2572:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2475:(KruskalâWallis)
2460:
2445:
2400:Cross validation
2385:
2367:AndersonâDarling
2314:
2301:
2300:
2272:Likelihood-ratio
2264:Parametric tests
2242:Permutation test
2225:1- & 2-tails
2116:Minimum distance
2088:Point estimation
2084:
2083:
2035:Optimal decision
1986:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1854:Quasi-experiment
1804:Adaptive designs
1655:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1519:Rank correlation
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1259:
1258:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
987:
978:
977:
967:
949:
925:
916:
915:
867:
856:
855:
853:
852:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
780:
774:
773:
771:
770:
755:
746:
745:
731:
718:
717:
715:
714:
699:
693:
692:
660:
639:
629:
623:
622:
582:
571:
570:
568:
567:
551:
538:
537:
509:
293:Penn World Table
219:(NHS) under the
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3548:Data processing
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3484:
3455:
3417:
3354:
3340:quality control
3307:
3289:Clinical trials
3266:
3241:
3225:
3213:Hazard function
3207:
3161:
3123:
3107:
3070:
3066:BreuschâGodfrey
3054:
3031:
2971:
2946:Factor analysis
2892:
2873:Graphical model
2845:
2812:
2779:
2765:
2745:
2699:
2666:
2628:
2591:
2590:
2559:
2503:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2458:
2443:
2422:Rank statistics
2416:
2395:Model selection
2383:
2341:Goodness of fit
2335:
2312:
2286:
2258:
2211:
2156:
2145:Median unbiased
2073:
1984:
1917:Order statistic
1879:
1858:
1825:
1799:
1751:
1706:
1649:
1647:Data collection
1628:
1540:
1495:
1469:
1447:
1407:
1359:
1276:Continuous data
1266:
1253:
1235:
1230:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1119:
1112:
1085:
1078:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1015:
1008:
999:
997:
989:
988:
981:
926:
919:
888:10.2307/2128120
868:
859:
850:
848:
836:Pencek, Bruce.
834:
830:
821:
819:
810:
809:
805:
796:
794:
782:
781:
777:
768:
766:
756:
749:
732:
721:
712:
710:
701:
700:
696:
661:
642:
630:
626:
583:
574:
565:
563:
552:
541:
534:
510:
506:
501:
484:
471:
462:
446:
441:
420:
414:
400:
364:
359:
331:
323:population size
306:
301:
257:social research
245:
229:
201:economic trends
196:
171:
147:
142:
110:data aggregates
68:
44:data warehouses
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3481:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3286:
3284:Bioinformatics
3280:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3089:partial (PACF)
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3036:Specific tests
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2936:Classification
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:McNemar's test
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Semiparametric
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2462:
2459:(MannâWhitney)
2454:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2384:(ShapiroâWilk)
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2296:Specific tests
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1747:Standard error
1744:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Optimal design
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1474:Summary tables
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:Contraharmonic
1305:
1300:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1168:
1133:(7): 727â740.
1110:
1076:
1034:
1006:
995:docs.dhis2.org
979:
917:
882:(4): 797â817.
857:
828:
803:
775:
747:
719:
694:
675:(4): 756â762.
640:
624:
572:
562:. pp. 1â6
539:
532:
503:
502:
500:
497:
483:
480:
470:
467:
461:
458:
445:
442:
440:
437:
413:
410:
399:
396:
363:
360:
358:
355:
330:
327:
305:
302:
300:
297:
244:
241:
228:
227:Administrators
225:
211:transactions.
195:
192:
170:
167:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:microeconomics
129:
126:inflation rate
118:macroeconomics
106:aggregate data
87:data warehouse
76:aggregate data
67:
64:
37:is high-level
35:Aggregate data
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3560:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Geostatistics
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3413:Psychometrics
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3276:Biostatistics
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3238:
3237:Log-rank test
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3108:(BoxâJenkins)
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:DurbinâWatson
3059:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:DickeyâFuller
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Cointegration
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Decomposition
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Cohen's kappa
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Nonparametric
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:Nonparametric
2463:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2435:Sample median
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
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269:questionnaire
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183:effectiveness
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3476:
3388:Econometrics
3338: /
3321:Chemometrics
3298:Epidemiology
3291: /
3264:Applications
3106:ARIMA model
3053:Q-statistic
3002:Stationarity
2898:Multivariate
2841: /
2837: /
2835:Multivariate
2833: /
2773: /
2769: /
2543:Bayes factor
2442:Signed rank
2354:
2328:
2320:
2308:
2003:Completeness
1839:Cohort study
1737:Opinion poll
1672:Missing data
1659:Study design
1614:Scatter plot
1536:Scatter plot
1529:Spearman's Ï
1491:Grouped data
1189:. Retrieved
1185:
1130:
1126:
1096:
1092:
1054:
1050:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
998:. Retrieved
994:
937:
933:
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849:. Retrieved
841:
831:
820:. Retrieved
815:
806:
795:. Retrieved
787:
778:
767:. Retrieved
763:
739:
711:. Retrieved
709:. 2020-05-13
706:
697:
672:
668:
627:
594:
590:
564:. Retrieved
559:
514:
507:
493:
485:
476:bank account
472:
463:
454:money supply
447:
433:longitudinal
425:
421:
401:
389:
365:
332:
315:urbanization
307:
277:
259:, including
246:
230:
213:
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197:
180:
172:
169:Policymakers
148:
109:
105:
99:
84:
75:
69:
66:Applications
52:
48:
34:
33:
3516:WikiProject
3431:Cartography
3393:Jurimetrics
3345:Reliability
3076:Time domain
3055:(LjungâBox)
2977:Time-series
2855:Categorical
2839:Time-series
2831:Categorical
2766:(Bernoulli)
2601:Correlation
2581:Correlation
2377:JarqueâBera
2349:Chi-squared
2111:M-estimator
2064:Asymptotics
2008:Sufficiency
1775:Interaction
1687:Replication
1667:Effect size
1624:Violin plot
1604:Radar chart
1584:Forest plot
1574:Correlogram
1524:Kendall's Ï
1099:(1): 1â40.
792:NHS England
486:In the UK,
412:Limitations
372:Tuberculous
368:integration
362:Health care
335:cooperation
140:Major users
124:or overall
122:price level
3532:Categories
3383:Demography
3101:ARMA model
2906:Regression
2483:(Friedman)
2444:(Wilcoxon)
2382:Normality
2372:Lilliefors
2319:Student's
2195:Resampling
2069:Robustness
2057:divergence
2047:Efficiency
1985:(monotone)
1980:Likelihood
1897:Population
1730:Stratified
1682:Population
1501:Dependence
1457:Count data
1388:Percentile
1365:Dispersion
1298:Arithmetic
1233:Statistics
1191:2020-10-31
1028:2020-10-31
1000:2020-11-15
851:2020-10-30
822:2020-10-30
797:2020-10-30
769:2020-10-30
713:2020-10-30
566:2020-10-30
499:References
416:See also:
405:regression
357:Other uses
319:per capita
95:dimensions
72:statistics
56:inferences
2764:Logistic
2531:posterior
2457:Rank sum
2205:Jackknife
2200:Bootstrap
2018:Bootstrap
1953:Parameter
1902:Statistic
1697:Statistic
1609:Run chart
1594:Pie chart
1589:Histogram
1579:Fan chart
1554:Bar chart
1436:L-moments
1323:Geometric
1147:1098-2345
1071:145621485
1057:: 44â66.
956:1471-2288
940:(1): 14.
912:154713056
896:0022-3816
681:0019-5731
611:0277-9536
398:Education
385:diagnosis
265:interview
261:inventory
249:biography
159:relevance
102:economics
91:aggregate
3478:Category
3171:Survival
3048:Johansen
2771:Binomial
2726:Isotonic
2313:(normal)
1958:location
1765:Blocking
1720:Sampling
1599:QâQ plot
1564:Box plot
1546:Graphics
1441:Skewness
1431:Kurtosis
1403:Variance
1333:Heronian
1328:Harmonic
1155:25810242
1023:HSC News
974:15850485
764:ABC News
689:43950840
452:and the
429:subgroup
347:Cochrane
273:schedule
163:efficacy
155:research
3504:Commons
3451:Kriging
3336:Process
3293:studies
3152:Wavelet
2985:General
2152:Plug-in
1946:L space
1725:Cluster
1426:Moments
1244:Outline
1163:1705139
965:1097735
904:2128120
619:8327920
376:Malaria
233:welfare
3373:Census
2963:Normal
2911:Manova
2731:Robust
2481:2-way
2473:1-way
2311:-test
1982:
1559:Biplot
1350:Median
1343:Lehmer
1285:Center
1161:
1153:
1145:
1069:
972:
962:
954:
910:
902:
894:
816:GOV.UK
687:
679:
617:
609:
530:
488:census
450:credit
2997:Trend
2526:prior
2468:anova
2357:-test
2331:-test
2323:-test
2230:Power
2175:Pivot
1968:shape
1963:scale
1413:Shape
1393:Range
1338:Heinz
1313:Cubic
1249:Index
1159:S2CID
1067:S2CID
908:S2CID
900:JSTOR
685:JSTOR
392:globe
194:Banks
151:ethos
128:; and
85:In a
3230:Test
2430:Sign
2282:Wald
1355:Mode
1293:Mean
1151:PMID
1143:ISSN
970:PMID
952:ISSN
892:ISSN
677:ISSN
615:PMID
607:ISSN
528:ISBN
161:and
39:data
2410:BIC
2405:AIC
1135:doi
1101:doi
1059:doi
960:PMC
942:doi
884:doi
599:doi
520:doi
271:or
131:in
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