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395:, major African ports' output of forced labor during the sixteenth century were the islands of Santiago in Cape Verde, São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea and Luanda in Angola, confirming what Rodney Hilton called "almost exclusive relations between Upper Guinea and the middle region of America." In West Africa existed, by then, a group of Portuguese merchants called "reindeiros", who had a monopoly on the sale of captives and "selling" the right to sell slaves, of whose earnings the Crown received a percentage. The buying and selling of people involved a complex network of officials and employees installed at key points in the sales network and was articulated across the Atlantic.
282:, Anton Mandinga or Domingo Congo-and the conclusion of a peace treaty in 1607, which granted some freedom, but with restrictions, to thousands of former slaves), and is still cultivated by the "Congo" (a culture, and genre of Afrocolonial dance from Republic of Panama, characterized by a violent expression and erotic dancing, and is almost always associated with some sort of mime and theater, with themes of infamous historical episodes of African slave trade, slavery and the resulting slave rebellions during the time of the conquest and colonialism. Students of this culture did find parallels as their
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contract with the idea of returning to their home islands once the project concluded. However, after construction of the canal was complete many Afro-Antillean people chose to stay in Panama. Many who remained got jobs in the Canal Zone, becoming the largest immigrant group in Panama. On the subject of Afro-Antillean Panama, Leslie B. Rout said that when the canal was opened in 1914, some 20,000 Afro-West
Indians remained in Panama.{cn|October 2022}
535:, 148 West Indian blacks, and 3,500 African slaves. By 1625, Afro-Panamanians numbered 12,000 and by 1630 white Panamanians were outnumbered ten to one by Afro-Panamanians. By 1789, Afro-Panamanians numbered 23,000 out of a population of 36,000. Some slaves were able to buy their freedom or were emancipated by their masters. A few free blacks were able to get an education. Some became artisans and a few became lower bureaucrats in the government.
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601:, who had African ancestry, was elected. He became authoritarian and the United States in 1989 invaded Panama and removed Noriega. The hardest hit were Afro-Panamanian neighborhoods. During the 1990s, more congresses were formed to address the problems of Afro-Panamanians, like the destruction of black property during the invasion. Also the study of Afro-Panamanian took root. The Center of Panamanian Studies was formed. The
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few. This confirms the contribution of slaves from
Senegambia, Ghana, Central Africa and Mozambique. Thus, the name of Africans living in Panama allows us to draw some lines on its possible origin: Mozambique, Congo and the region Kasanga, Congo-Angola, Sao Tome, the island of the same name in the equatorial region, and the region situated between Portuguese Guinea and Senegal in West Africa: Manding, specifically, gelofo/
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Afro-Panamanians were disappointed with the rate of societal progress. In 1838, Panama City had a major race riot which was quelled by the
Hispanic elite. Afro-Panamanians continued life at the bottom of the racial caste system, with white Panamanians at the top. Mulattoes and Mestizos who claimed Hispanic heritage, and indigenous Panamanians were above blacks in the caste system. Job discrimination and
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company faced was that Panama did not have the labor force needed to provide workers for the construction of railroad. Simultaneously, an overpopulation crisis in the
Caribbean was causing labor surpluses. These two situations combined the need for workers in Panama and unemployment in the Antilles, which resulted the influx of Afro-Antillean people to the isthmus.
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1130:, journalist, television newscaster, and author. Hosted a nationally televised U.S. public affairs program called Washington Week in Review. Co-anchor and co-managing editor of the PBS NewsHour. Moderated the 2004 and 2008 U. S. vice-presidential debates. Authored the best-selling book “The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama”.
278:. The presence of this factor determined the ethnic-cultural core musical features of the Panamanian people. The form of communication used by Africans since 1607 (due to their songs, their instruments and their dances, their numerous uprisings - many of whom fled to settle in the forests, under the guidance of legendary figures like
391:, and Bran. They came through several circuits and networks that joined the "Middle America" with the economy in the South Atlantic, in which Panama and Cartagena were central ports and points of passage required for the transfer of Africans during the colonial period. On the African side, and according to
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Slaves were used in many functions in the areas of
Portobelo and Panama City. Most worked as domestic servants in their enslavers' houses. Some were engaged in the production of textile and dyes. Others were skilled tradesmen—blacksmiths, carpenters, and cobblers. The discovery of gold also saw their
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Moreover, besides the slaves which some authors may have been imported to Panama from, mostly, Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, Congo and Angola (which originated culture "Congos" in 1607), according to Guzman
Navarro, many of the slaves who arrived in Panama in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries
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advocated getting slaves from Africa. By 1517, the trade in
Africans was underway. Initially slaves were used to work and maintain the ships and port. It later turned to transporting goods across the isthmus. The transportation of goods was grueling not only due to the 60 kilometers of harsh tropical
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Some
African slaves used the isolated nature of transporting goods as an opportunity to escape slavery. Many people of African descent escaped into the sparsely settled terrain and formed Cimarroneras, or marooned societies. These ex-slaves were known as Cimarrones. Cimarrones would mount attacks on
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By the 1960s, Afro-Panamanians began to organize themselves politically, aligned with the labor movement. National Center of
Panamanian Workers (CNTP) was at the center of Afro-Panamanian rights. A few Afro-Panamanians broke into the upper circle. A few were elected to the national assembly of the
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The third event that caused Afro-Caribbean immigration to Panama was the construction of the Panama Canal by the French. Due to the endurance shown by Afro-West
Indians in the construction of railroads and projects in Bocas del Toro and Puerto Limon, the French company returned to the Caribbean to
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who had a social status above blacks were also discriminated against. These groups were deeply offended and engaged in rampant discrimination of all blacks outside the general canal locale. Native blacks began to resent the West Indians, who they felt made things worse for them. In 1914, when the
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In 1904, the construction of the Panama Canal was taken over by the United States due to the failure of the French company, again resulting in an influx of West Indian workers to Panama. Although between 1904 and 1914, the vast majority of Afro-West Indians who arrived in Panama worked a one-year
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began in 1849, and the subsequent attraction of wealth highlighted the need to facilitate travel between the east and west coasts of the United States. This raised the urgency of building a railroad across the narrowest point of the American continent, but the problem the engineers of the railway
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When registered as slaves, certain Africans used their African ethnicity and possible places of origin as first or last names. This resulted in names such as Luis Mozambique, Congo Anton, Christopher Sape, Miguel Biafara, Bran Gaspar, Pedro Mandinga, Anton Bañol and John Jolofo (Wolof), to name a
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In 1821, Panama (at that time a part of Spain), sued for independence successfully. Independence brought about the end of slavery, but little changed for Afro-Panamanians. Changes did not come with independence and emancipation as was expected. Numerous race riots broke out in the 1830s, as many
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While there were a small number of traders traveling from Africa to America during the sixteenth century, the fact is that it was this a small number who had direct control of large contracts to take enslaved Africans in Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Angola. In this last stand Gomez Reinel and Juan
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People Party, aligned with CNTP. One Afro-Panamanian was elected to the supreme court.{cn|october 2022} During the 1970s, they organized congresses dealing with issues surrounding Afro-Panamanians, like discrimination of the National Symphony Orchestra against blacks. In 1980,
294:, who are of Congolese and Ghanaian origin. The study of this culture helps determine at least some origins of Afro-Panamanians), is the greeting with feet and talking backwards, as a mixture of European, African and Indigenous cultures. Already by 1560, there were
518:. In 1570, all Maroons were pardoned to stop the raiding. Famous Cimarrones proceeded to found Cimarroneras. Luis de Mozambique founded Santiago del Principe Cimarronera and Antón de Mandinga founded Santa la Real. It was with the Cimarrones of Panama that
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Rodríguez Coutiño (governor of Angola), who lived in Panama working ranches in the early seventeenth century with his brother Manuel de Souza Coutinho, known as Louis de Sousa, the Dominican friar who in 1602 was responsible for the seats in Cartagena.
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use in mining. This strong dependency on slaves saw an increase in the slave population. For most of the 1600s and 1700s, Afro-Panamanians outnumbered whites. In 1610, the population consisted of 548 white men, 303 white women, 156 white children, 146
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and other black workers were paid less than white workers. Discrimination was rampant. Most supervisors were from the southern US, and implemented a type of southern segregation. The presence of West Indians had other repercussions. Creoles and
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of African descent. The population can be mainly broken into two categories: "Afro-Colonials", those descended from slaves brought to Panama during the colonial period; and "Afro-Antilleans", West Indian immigrant descendants with origins in
246:
It is difficult to pinpoint and identify the place of origin of the African slaves brought to Panama during the colonial era. According to the study of Martin Jamieson, some authors point out that most were from
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Panama Canal was completed, 20,000 West Indians remained in the country. 1926 Panamanian laws decreased immigration from the West Indies and later barred non-Spanish speaking blacks from entering the country.
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491:. Between 1906-1907, Panama received more than 2,800 workers from Martinique and about 2,000 from Guadeloupe. An estimated 50,000 Guadeloupeans and Martinicans participated in the construction of the
262:. In fact, according to other authors, whether from 1514 began arriving Africans, brought from West Africa to work on plantations in Panama, from 1523, men and women who arrived mainly came from
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350:. In the last decades of the eighteenth century the Spanish Gaditana Company was authorized to import African slaves, although most came from other American colonies, including
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221:, in 1513. Panama was a very important territory because it had the shortest route from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Goods were taken from ports in
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between 1904 and 1914. In 2014, it was estimated that there were between 60,000 and 70,000 descendants of these West Indians living in Panama.
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transport caravans so often that the attacks became very disruptive to trade by the 1550s. The most famous of these Cimarrones was
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recruit workers. According to Lobinot Marrero, many of the West Indians who arrived in Panama during these years were from the
1297:(in Spanish: The language of Black Congos in Panama and the lumbalú... Abolition of slavery in El Salvador and Latin America).
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Peter Szok, "'La Patria es el Recuerdo', Hispanophile Nationalism in Early Twentieth-Century Panama, 1903-1941."
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because of ethnicity was rampant. Afro-Panamanians remained in a world apart from the greater culture.
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alliance in 1572 in order to carry out his first independent attack on the New World Spanish colonies.
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also began to focus more on Afro-Panamanian subjects as a discipline.
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rainforest, but also to bad weather and attacks by indigenous people.
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1245:. Word Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Archived from
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La expresión musical popular centroamericana y la herencia africana
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475:). These events again raised the need for Caribbean labor.
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Afro-Panamanians can be found in the towns and cities of
946:, reggaeton artist and producer of Afro-Jamaican descent
27:
Racial or ethnic group in Panama with African ancestry
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Word Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
894:, American singer, record producer, philanthropist
463:and the Chiriqui Land Company were established in
964:, American actress of partial Panamanian heritage
415:During the immigration of 1844, people came from
374:African ethnic groups and their arrival to Panama
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992:, professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
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174:, whose ancestors were brought in to build the
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310:were transported by French traffickers, from
1178:first black PhD in United States Space Force
1104:, American rapper of Afro-Panamanian descent
1050:, American rapper of Afro-Panamanian descent
1044:, American rapper of Afro-Panamanian descent
647:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1142:, first Black CEO of a Fortune 500 company
937:, world boxing champion and member of the
403:Afro-Antillean migration waves (1849–1910)
39:
667:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1056:, former Major League Baseball All-Star
1004:, professional American football player
998:, boxing's fist Latin-American champion
443:(Dutch and Venezuelan islands north of
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1098:, Major League Baseball Hall of Famer
1092:, Major League Baseball Hall of Famer
201:, the Canal Zone and the province of
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645:adding citations to reliable sources
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51:Regions with significant populations
286:is similar to funeral practices of
45:Afro-Panamanian man in Casco Viejo.
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683:, Panamanian–American jazz drummer
570:. The workers were referred to as
346:), but also came some slaves from
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939:International Boxing Hall of Fame
924:, professor and historian at the
545:Independence of Panama from Spain
79:, villages in the Darién Province
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1577:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1345:from the original on 2017-02-28.
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1068:, professional basketball player
1038:, professional basketball player
1010:, professional basketball player
908:Princess Angela of Liechtenstein
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457:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
213:The first Africans to arrive in
930:Florida State University-Panama
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75:, the Canal Zone, province of
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318:. During the period when the
1357:Journal of Caribbean History
1274:Countries and Their Cultures
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1062:, American fashion designer
914:Angela Brown, born 1958 in
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288:San Basilio de Palenque
2759:Ancestry and ethnicity
2594:Anti-African sentiment
1032:, Canadian News Anchor
687:Adalberto Carrasquilla
302:, and Cerro de Cabra,
298:communities in Bayano
235:Bartolomé de Las Casas
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1843:Chestnut Ridge people
1765:African-American Jews
1567:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1359:31.1 (1997): 149–184.
1016:, American hip-hop DJ
986:, American hip-hop DJ
219:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
113:Related ethnic groups
94:Bocas del Toro Creole
2604:Atlantic slave trade
2292:United Arab Emirates
926:University of Panama
922:Melva Lowe de Goodin
862:Michael Amir Murillo
641:improve this section
603:University of Panama
461:United Fruit Company
409:California Gold Rush
393:Enriqueta Vila Vilar
2493:Sierra Leone Creole
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1589:Trinidad and Tobago
1439:Antigua and Barbuda
352:Cartagena de Indias
322:was granted to the
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2636:Black Lives Matter
2243:Ethiopian Israelis
1893:African immigrants
1868:Louisiana Redbones
1804:Chickasaw freedmen
1733:African immigrants
1501:Dominican Republic
1312:2013-10-29 at the
1276:. EveryCulture.com
1268:MOORE, ALEXANDER.
1249:on 3 December 2012
1239:"AFRO-PANAMANIANS"
1176:Dr. Gaddiel Israel
1122:Miss Universe 2021
1080:, American actress
1020:Gloria Karamañites
900:, Afro-Panamanian
712:Silvano Ward Brown
692:Alejandro Yearwood
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1134:Veronica Chambers
1048:Casanova (rapper)
974:basketball player
956:Roy Bryce-Laporte
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2353:in Karnataka
2270:Saudi Arabia
1838:Brass Ankles
1672:
1479:Cape Verdean
1356:
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1321:
1302:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1273:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1242:
1233:
1140:Ursula Burns
1114:Brenda Smith
882:Aníbal Godoy
847:Renan Addles
812:Roman Torres
807:José Córdoba
782:Felipe Baloy
727:Óscar Linton
681:Billy Cobham
663:
654:
639:Please help
627:
595:
579:
575:
571:
561:
548:
539:Independence
529:
512:
497:
493:Panama Canal
477:
469:Puerto Limon
414:
406:
397:
377:
319:
308:
253:
245:
212:
209:Early Period
180:
176:Panama Canal
126:
125:
30:Ethnic group
2819:Ngöbe–Buglé
2676:Reparations
2641:Black power
2389:New Zealand
2220:Middle East
2173:Switzerland
2133:Netherlands
1848:Dominickers
1723:Nova Scotia
1641:El Salvador
1572:Saint Lucia
1562:Puerto Rico
1280:17 December
1253:17 December
1102:Uncle Murda
1066:Gary Forbes
1024:Miss Panamá
1008:Kevin Daley
962:Tatyana Ali
857:Luis Tejada
827:Ismael Diaz
792:Jean McLean
722:Omar Browne
707:César Yanis
360:Puerto Rico
336:Ivory Coast
300:palanqueras
272:Congo Basin
199:Panama City
144:Saint Lucia
131:Panamanians
73:Panama City
2923:Categories
2771:Indigenous
2609:Coromantee
2024:Paramaccan
1938:Quilombola
1878:Melungeons
1636:Costa Rica
1545:Coromantee
1225:References
1151:Eric Davis
1054:Carlos Lee
950:El General
892:Aloe Blacc
837:Jesus West
822:Blas Perez
817:Eric Davis
767:Jair Catuy
580:Antilleans
572:Antilleans
564:Martinique
503:Cimarrones
489:Guadeloupe
485:Martinique
473:Costa Rica
433:Guadeloupe
429:Martinique
370:colonies.
366:, and the
348:Senegambia
340:Gold Coast
338:) and the
334:- west of
316:Senegambia
284:cryptolect
217:came with
148:Guadeloupe
140:Martinique
2430:Secondary
2394:Sri Lanka
2372:Mardijker
2362:Indonesia
2333:Hong Kong
2328:Guangzhou
2318:Australia
2265:Palestine
2193:Liverpool
2188:Cambridge
2041:Venezuela
1913:Argentina
1668:Nicaragua
1646:Guatemala
1426:Caribbean
1404:Geography
1090:Rod Carew
1060:Karl Kani
1042:Pop Smoke
970:, former
944:El Chombo
902:reggaeton
777:Pop Smoke
628:does not
558:Antillean
533:mulattoes
453:St. Kitts
445:Venezuela
383:, Bañol (
223:Portobelo
195:Río Abajo
187:Cristóbal
84:Languages
69:Río Abajo
61:Cristóbal
2860:Cimarron
2700:Category
2550:Asia and
2519:Haitians
2474:Nigeria
2464:Liberia
2434:diaspora
2410:Atlantic
2384:Malaysia
2285:Africans
2203:Scotland
2148:Portugal
2069:Abkhazia
2029:Saramaka
2004:Suriname
1994:Paraguay
1982:Saramaka
1950:Colombia
1928:Kalungas
1858:Garifuna
1794:Freedmen
1745:Mascogos
1678:Cimarrón
1651:Honduras
1629:Garifuna
1599:Merikins
1582:Garifuna
1496:Dominica
1454:Barbados
1434:Anguilla
1412:Americas
1343:Archived
1310:Archived
1270:"Panama"
1183:See also
585:mestizos
568:Trinidad
437:Dominica
425:Barbados
417:Trinidad
292:Colombia
268:Cameroon
197:area of
168:Barbados
152:Dominica
136:Trinidad
100:Religion
71:area of
2892:Mexican
2887:Mestizo
2877:Italian
2867:Chinese
2855:African
2710:Commons
2671:Slavery
2661:Maroons
2580:Related
2552:Oceania
2510:France
2399:Kaffirs
2311:Oceania
2178:Ukraine
2153:Romania
2123:Ireland
2106:Germany
2089:Finland
2084:Denmark
2079:Belgium
2074:Austria
2036:Uruguay
2014:Matawai
1962:Ecuador
1933:Macombo
1918:Bolivia
1906:America
1728:Ontario
1691:America
1617:America
1615:Central
1540:Jamaica
1528:Marabou
1518:Grenada
1491:Curaçao
1459:Bermuda
1449:Bahamas
1036:Ed Cota
984:DJ Clue
649:removed
634:sources
576:chombos
526:Slavery
449:Grenada
421:Jamaica
389:Biafara
364:Jamaica
332:Liberia
320:asiento
242:Origins
172:Jamaica
156:Grenada
2909:Portal
2882:Jewish
2872:Indian
2804:Movere
2789:Embera
2779:Bokota
2763:Panama
2629:Yoruba
2582:topics
2559:Israel
2504:Europe
2449:Ghana
2442:Africa
2280:Turkey
2255:Jordan
2238:Israel
2198:London
2168:Sweden
2158:Russia
2143:Poland
2138:Norway
2116:Blacks
2111:Greece
2094:France
2060:Blacks
2055:Europe
2019:Ndyuka
2009:Kwinti
1989:Guyana
1977:Ndyuka
1955:Raizal
1923:Brazil
1888:Yoruba
1873:Lumbee
1853:Fulani
1831:Gullah
1740:Mexico
1698:Canada
1673:Panama
1624:Belize
1533:Marron
1506:Cocolo
1072:Bayano
904:artist
516:Bayano
385:Banyun
356:Havana
296:maroon
280:Bayano
276:Angola
270:, the
215:Panama
193:, the
191:Balboa
170:, and
164:Belize
65:Balboa
2897:White
2814:Ngäbe
2784:Cueva
2624:Tikar
2619:Kongo
2571:Japan
2458:Tabom
2379:Japan
2348:Siddi
2323:China
2297:Yemen
2275:Syria
2208:Wales
2163:Spain
2128:Italy
2099:Paris
1972:Aluku
1945:Chile
1904:South
1863:Igbos
1689:North
1550:Igbos
1523:Haiti
1474:Arará
1444:Aruba
381:Wolof
344:Ghana
312:Goree
183:Colón
160:Haiti
57:Colón
2809:Naso
2799:Guna
2614:Igbo
2483:Saro
2307:Asia
2260:Oman
2233:Iraq
2228:Iran
1999:Peru
1469:Cuba
1282:2012
1255:2012
1026:1980
928:and
898:Sech
632:any
630:cite
487:and
274:and
258:and
225:and
189:and
129:are
63:and
2761:in
2309:and
972:NBA
912:née
643:by
483:of
447:),
178:.
2925::
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1272:.
1241:.
1022:,
578:.
455:,
451:,
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431:,
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185:,
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