318:
degrading and inconsistent with freedom, but others pooled their resources to purchase the abandoned estates of their former masters and created village communities. Establishing small settlements provided the new Afro-Guyanese communities an opportunity to grow and sell food, an extension of a practice under which slaves had been allowed to keep the money that came from the sale of any surplus produce. The emergence of an independent-minded Afro-Guyanese peasant class, however, threatened the planters' political power, inasmuch as the planters no longer held a near-monopoly on the colony's economic activity.
232:
467:
271:, who rapidly became a key element in the colonial economy. By the 1660s, the slave population numbered about 2,500; the number of indigenous people was estimated at 50,000, most of whom had retreated into the vast hinterland. Although African slaves were considered an essential element of the colonial economy, their working conditions were brutal. The mortality rate was high, and the dismal conditions led to more than half a dozen slave rebellions. Slaves produced coffee, sugar and cotton for the Dutch market.
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453:
36:
2419:
895:
317:
Even though there was still a demand for plantation labour, the labour conditions were no better post-emancipation, so former slaves were less inclined to work in the plantation system, favouring self-reliance or skilled work. Some ex-slaves moved to towns and villages, feeling that field labour was
321:
Emancipation also resulted in the introduction of new ethnic and cultural groups into
British Guiana, such as Chinese and Portuguese indentured labourers, who upon completing their contracts, became competitors with the new Afro-Guyanese middle class. The largest group of indentured labourers came
402:
Slavery had a devastating impact on family and social structure, as individual family member were bought and sold with little regard to kinship or relation. Marriage was not legally recognized for slaves, and even after emancipation, weddings and legal marriages were cost-prohibitive. Household
398:
A popular element of Afro-Guyanese culture is the Kwe-Kwe. The Kwe-Kwe is a pre-wedding dance of West
African origin that is done before the wedding and is unique to the Afro-Guyanese. It is a dance with heavy West African influence and uniting of the 2 families with friends as well.
322:
from India, and would later grow into a thriving and competitive class. Unlike future immigrant groups, former slaves were not granted land or passage to their home country, and this, in addition to other race-based treatment and favouritism, created tension among the ethnic groups.
287:(now the national hero of Guyana), the African freedom fighters came to number about 3,000 and threatened European control over the Guianas. The freedom fighters were defeated with the assistance of troops from neighbouring French and British colonies and from Europe.
330:
By the early twentieth century, the majority of the urban population of the country was Afro-Guyanese. Many Afro-Guyanese people living in villages had migrated to the towns in search of work. Until the 1930s, Afro-Guyanese people, especially those of
250:. Coming from a wide array of backgrounds and enduring conditions that severely constrained their ability to preserve their respective cultural traditions contributed to the adoption of Christianity and the values of British colonists.
418:
Afro-Guyanese make up a significant portion of the public sector workforce. Afro-Guyanese face challenges to private sector involvement, such as access to financing. In politics, Afro-Guyanese make up a large portion of
282:
in
Berbice, slaves rebelled, taking control of the region. As plantation after plantation fell to the slaves, the European population fled; eventually only half of the whites who had lived in the colony remained. Led by
335:
descent, comprised the bulk of the non-white professional class. During the 1930s, as Indo-Guyanese began to enter the middle class in large numbers, they began to compete with Afro-Guyanese for professional positions.
414:
Although the greatest numbers of Afro-Guyanese are
Christian, there are also followers of obeah, a folk religion of African origin, which incorporates beliefs and practices of all the immigrant groups.
677:
2129:
781:
942:
306:
rose up against their masters. Although the rebellion was easily crushed, the momentum for abolition remained, and by 1838 total emancipation had been effected.
309:
The system of apprentice-ship was established to create a buffer period for plantation owners; to keep former slaves as labour but providing payment.
831:
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757:
368:(Ghana)), Metemgee (Twi metem = plantains or bananas; gye = to delight (delighted bananas) ), Cou-Cou (Twi:nkuku) and Cookup Rice (known as
806:
361:
2443:
1100:
2341:
1796:
928:
550:
2241:
1605:
2368:
2326:
1811:
1910:
1301:
100:
17:
1580:
72:
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644:
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1885:
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expert group determined that Afro-Guyanese face discrimination in law enforcement, employment, and education.
1987:
1950:
1850:
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1767:
1511:
1445:
1062:
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223:
1880:
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678:"Afro-Guyanese must unite, learn about self-identity, lobby for oil money, land reform – renowned academic"
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68:
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Colonial life was changed radically by the demise of slavery. Although the international slave trade was
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1840:
1440:
1425:
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1955:
1679:
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46:
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in 1807, slavery itself continued in the form of "apprentice-ship". In what is known as the
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93:
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1806:
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1997:
1960:
1920:
1855:
1570:
303:
173:
169:
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1203:
782:"Limited access to finance sparks formation of credit union catering to Afro-Guyanese"
2311:
2251:
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1977:
1845:
1736:
1492:
1467:
885:
875:
652:
623:
1516:
2084:
1753:
1706:
1674:
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920:
185:
2009:
2035:
1967:
1890:
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1662:
1635:
1625:
1531:
1410:
1230:
1213:
1176:
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1001:
485:
395:
also are related to the Akans. This could be due to the close border they share.
379:
This high influence of
Ghanaian culture on the Afro-Guyanese could be due to the
246:
from the coast of West Africa to work on sugar plantations during the era of the
207:
189:
2378:
2363:
1875:
1865:
1823:
1791:
1786:
1726:
1630:
1575:
1565:
1526:
1368:
1363:
1252:
1161:
1052:
1011:
967:
427:
408:
384:
353:
295:
284:
2437:
2079:
2004:
1940:
1870:
1731:
1721:
1689:
1657:
1452:
1373:
1306:
1235:
1196:
1057:
989:
984:
899:
656:
472:
458:
388:
373:
889:
2336:
2331:
2170:
1828:
1818:
1550:
1156:
1021:
2353:
2195:
2019:
1982:
1972:
1945:
1560:
1472:
1181:
720:
345:
279:
2321:
1992:
1932:
1650:
1257:
1245:
807:"Guyana – A Commitment to Racial Harmony, A Presidential Pronouncement"
404:
1590:
1016:
861:
211:
35:
1741:
1694:
1640:
1457:
1341:
1311:
1294:
1078:
392:
383:
historically speaking, establishing rich ties established with the
1186:
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West Africa. There is a lot of cultural evidence to support this.
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996:
898:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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332:
364:
eaten in Guyana originated in Ghana. Examples are: Foo-Foo (Twi:
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1585:
1543:
1218:
977:
972:
832:"Afro-Guyanese continuing to experience racism, discrimination"
369:
243:
156:
2060:
1684:
1006:
860:
MacDonald, Scott B. (1993). "Guyana". In
Merrill, Tim (ed.).
356:, a national Afro-Guyanese hero is an Akan from Ghana, so is
349:
215:
278:, began on the 23 February 1763. On two plantations on the
242:
are generally descended from the enslaved people brought to
758:"Afro-Guyanese urged to own businesses, seek gov't support"
372:
in Ghana). Sorrel may also be influenced by this culture. (
365:
643:
Yahya-Sakur, Nafeeza; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (2020-09-10).
620:
The
Abolition of Slavery The British Debate, 1787-1840
161:
Georgetown, Linden, Essequibo Coast and New
Amsterdam
950:
642:
448:
391:(Aukan) who inhabit the Western side of neighboring
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2435:
551:The forgotten history of Dutch slavery in Guyana
1094:
936:
645:"Killings Reignite Racial Tensions in Guyana"
344:Afro-Guyanese are largely descended from the
1101:
1087:
943:
929:
859:
743:
707:
574:
538:
509:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
617:
433:
387:. It is also important to note that the
230:
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721:"Guyana - FAMILY AND KINSHIP STRUCTURE"
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274:The most famous slave uprising, the
151:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
146:29.3% of Guyana's population (2012)
24:
2444:Guyanese people of African descent
866:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
863:Guyana and Belize: country studies
762:Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana
682:Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana
27:Guyanese people of African descent
25:
2470:
694:
608:
580:
555:
515:
2417:
2408:
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1290:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
952:Ancestry and ethnicity in Guyana
893:
465:
451:
421:A Partnership for National Unity
34:
824:
799:
774:
749:
737:
713:
618:RĂ©vauger, Marie-CĂ©cile (2008).
325:
312:
45:needs additional citations for
853:
669:
636:
544:
503:
491:Guyanese in the United Kingdom
403:compositions vary, and can be
13:
1:
756:Chabrol, Denis (2019-01-28).
676:Chabrol, Denis (2019-05-13).
591:"Reflections on Emancipation"
496:
362:A lot of Afro-Guyanese dishes
267:turned to the importation of
224:Traditional African religions
440:List of Afro-Guyanese people
7:
444:
10:
2475:
2449:African diaspora in Guyana
2302:African diaspora religions
1426:Indigenous Black Canadians
912:: CS1 maint: postscript (
437:
339:
300:Demerara rebellion of 1823
258:
253:
235:Slave revolt leader, Cuffy
2454:People of African descent
2403:
2292:
2277:African Hebrew Israelites
2262:
2216:
2153:
2142:
2122:
2053:Afro-Asians in South Asia
2018:
1931:
1766:
1616:
1401:
1327:
1137:
1123:
1116:
1030:
958:
868:Federal Research Division
200:
195:
184:
179:
155:
150:
145:
140:
1319:Turks and Caicos Islands
265:Dutch West India Company
2459:Ethnic groups in Guyana
220:Afro-American religions
2307:Anti-African sentiment
276:Berbice Slave Uprising
236:
2359:Civil rights movement
2247:Afro-Caribbean people
1556:Chestnut Ridge people
1478:African-American Jews
1280:Saint Kitts and Nevis
481:Afro-Caribbean people
434:Notable Afro-Guyanese
234:
2317:Atlantic slave trade
2005:United Arab Emirates
622:. pp. 105–106.
302:10–13,000 slaves in
248:Atlantic slave trade
54:improve this article
18:Afro-Guyanese people
2206:Sierra Leone Creole
2057:India and Pakistan
1302:Trinidad and Tobago
1152:Antigua and Barbuda
872:Library of Congress
813:. September 9, 2020
811:www.nycaribnews.com
137:
2349:Black Lives Matter
1956:Ethiopian Israelis
1606:African immigrants
1581:Louisiana Redbones
1517:Chickasaw freedmen
1446:African immigrants
1214:Dominican Republic
649:The New York Times
304:Demerara-Essequibo
237:
135:
2431:
2430:
2399:
2398:
2312:Anti-Black racism
2252:British Jamaicans
2242:African Americans
2227:African Americans
2181:Americo-Liberians
2166:African Americans
2138:
2137:
1961:Sudanese refugees
1762:
1761:
1532:Seminole freedmen
1512:Cherokee freedmen
1493:Black Southerners
1468:African Americans
1416:African Americans
1076:
1075:
908:cite encyclopedia
725:countrystudies.us
358:Quamina Gladstone
229:
228:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2466:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2151:
2150:
1539:Creoles of color
1522:Choctaw freedmen
1488:Black Mennonites
1421:Black Mennonites
1268:Jamaican Maroons
1224:Samaná Americans
1135:
1134:
1121:
1120:
1110:African diaspora
1103:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1079:
945:
938:
931:
922:
921:
917:
911:
903:
897:
896:
847:
846:
844:
843:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
803:
797:
796:
794:
793:
778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
753:
747:
741:
735:
734:
732:
731:
717:
711:
710:, p. 40-41.
705:
692:
691:
689:
688:
673:
667:
666:
664:
663:
640:
634:
633:
615:
606:
605:
603:
602:
587:
578:
572:
553:
548:
542:
536:
513:
507:
475:
470:
469:
468:
461:
456:
455:
454:
141:Total population
138:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2395:
2369:Genetic history
2294:
2288:
2264:
2258:
2238:United Kingdom
2212:
2191:Afro-Brazilians
2146:
2144:
2134:
2118:
2023:
2014:
1927:
1770:
1758:
1618:
1612:
1483:Alabama Creoles
1403:
1397:
1329:
1323:
1128:
1112:
1107:
1077:
1072:
1026:
954:
949:
905:
904:
894:
882:
856:
851:
850:
841:
839:
830:
829:
825:
816:
814:
805:
804:
800:
791:
789:
780:
779:
775:
766:
764:
754:
750:
742:
738:
729:
727:
719:
718:
714:
706:
695:
686:
684:
674:
670:
661:
659:
641:
637:
630:
616:
609:
600:
598:
589:
588:
581:
573:
556:
549:
545:
537:
516:
508:
504:
499:
486:Guyanese people
471:
466:
464:
457:
452:
450:
447:
442:
436:
423:party voters.
342:
328:
315:
261:
256:
205:
190:Guyanese Creole
164:
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Afro-Guyanese"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2379:Pan-Africanism
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Creole peoples
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2080:Black Dutchmen
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1896:United Kingdom
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1527:Creek freedmen
1524:
1519:
1514:
1500:
1498:Black Hispanic
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1464:United States
1462:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1369:Miskito people
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1177:Cayman Islands
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1031:Non-Indigenous
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
992:
982:
981:
980:
970:
964:
962:
956:
955:
948:
947:
940:
933:
925:
919:
918:
880:
855:
852:
849:
848:
823:
798:
773:
748:
744:MacDonald 1993
736:
712:
708:MacDonald 1993
693:
668:
635:
628:
607:
579:
575:MacDonald 1993
554:
543:
541:, p. 6-7.
539:MacDonald 1993
514:
510:MacDonald 1993
501:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
488:
483:
477:
476:
462:
446:
443:
438:Main article:
435:
432:
428:United Nations
409:nuclear family
385:Ashanti Empire
341:
338:
327:
324:
314:
311:
296:British Empire
269:African slaves
260:
257:
255:
252:
227:
226:
198:
197:
193:
192:
182:
181:
177:
176:
166:United Kingdom
153:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2471:
2460:
2457:
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65:Find sources:
59:
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49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2130:Saint Helena
2066:in Karnataka
1983:Saudi Arabia
1701:
1551:Brass Ankles
1192:Cape Verdean
862:
840:. Retrieved
838:. 2017-10-07
835:
826:
815:. Retrieved
810:
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790:. Retrieved
788:. 2019-07-07
785:
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765:. Retrieved
761:
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685:. Retrieved
681:
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648:
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599:. Retrieved
597:. 2009-08-27
594:
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326:20th century
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313:Emancipation
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203:Christianity
132:Ethnic group
116:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2389:Reparations
2354:Black power
2102:New Zealand
1933:Middle East
1886:Switzerland
1846:Netherlands
1561:Dominickers
1436:Nova Scotia
1354:El Salvador
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1275:Puerto Rico
854:Works cited
426:In 2017, a
405:matriarchal
374:Zobo/Sobolo
280:Canje River
2438:Categories
2322:Coromantee
1737:Paramaccan
1651:Quilombola
1591:Melungeons
1349:Costa Rica
1258:Coromantee
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960:Indigenous
842:2021-02-12
817:2021-02-12
792:2021-02-12
767:2021-02-12
730:2021-02-12
687:2021-02-12
662:2021-02-12
601:2021-02-12
497:References
206:Minority:
201:Majority:
80:newspapers
2143:Secondary
2107:Sri Lanka
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2041:Guangzhou
2031:Australia
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180:Languages
110:June 2023
2413:Category
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1998:Africans
1916:Scotland
1861:Portugal
1782:Abkhazia
1742:Saramaka
1717:Suriname
1707:Paraguay
1695:Saramaka
1663:Colombia
1641:Kalungas
1571:Garifuna
1507:Freedmen
1458:Mascogos
1391:CimarrĂłn
1364:Honduras
1342:Garifuna
1312:Merikins
1295:Garifuna
1209:Dominica
1167:Barbados
1147:Anguilla
1125:Americas
1002:Patamona
890:28066032
445:See also
393:Suriname
196:Religion
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2374:Maroons
2293:Related
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1441:Ontario
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244:Guyana
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157:Guyana
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82:
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333:mixed
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216:Comfa
208:Islam
101:JSTOR
87:books
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2020:Asia
1973:Oman
1946:Iraq
1941:Iran
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1182:Cuba
914:link
886:OCLC
876:ISBN
653:ISSN
624:ISBN
366:Fufu
354:Kofi
263:The
73:news
2022:and
348:of
56:by
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