525:"...the miserable village which still bears the name of Afqa at the head of the wild, romantic, wooded gorge of the Adonis. The hamlet stands among groves of noble walnut trees on the brink of the lyn. A little way off the river rushes from a cavern at the foot of a mighty amphitheater of towering cliffs to plunge in a series of cascades into the awful depths of the glen. The deeper it descends, the ranker and denser grows the vegetation, which, sprouting from the crannies and fissures of the rocks, spreads a green veil over the roaring or murmuring stream in the tremendous chasm below. There is something delicious, almost intoxicating, in the freshness of these tumbling waters, in the sweetness and purity of the mountain air, in the vivid green of the vegetation.
3006:
559:
630:. He writes that he mastered the secret rites of Adonis at the temple at Afqa and that the locals there asserted that the legend about Adonis was true and occurred in their country. Lucian describes the rites, annually performed, that involved the beating of breasts and wailing, and the "perform their secret ritual amid signs of mourning through the whole countryside. When they have finished their mourning and wailing, they sacrifice in the first place to Adonis, as to one who has departed this life: after this they allege that he is alive again, and exhibit his effigy to the sky."
1461:
163:
55:
156:
137:
1905:
1505:
1994:
1433:
71:
618:"'This river, my friend and guest, passes through the Libanus: now this Libanus abounds in the red earth. The violent winds which blow regularly on those days bring down into the river a quantity of earth resembling vermilion. It is this earth that turns the river to red. And thus the change in the river's colour is due, not to blood as they affirm, but to the nature of the soil.' This was the story of the man of
1447:
486:, wrote that the emperor ordered to demolish the Temple. Frazer attributes its construction to the legendary forebear of King Cinyras, who was said to have founded a sanctuary for Aphrodite (i.e. Astarte). Reconstructed on a grander scale in Hellenistic times, then destroyed by the Emperor Constantine the Great in the fourth century, it was partially rebuilt by the later fourth-century emperor,
478:
The waterfall at Afqa is the source for the River Adonis and is located on a 600-foot (180 m) bluff that forms an immense natural amphitheater. The river emerges from a large limestone cave in the cliff wall which stores and channels water from the melted snow of the mountains before releasing
659:
or "the Great Lady". In the early 20th century, strips of white cloth were still being attached to the ancient fig that shadows the source, and
Metawalis and Christians alike were bringing the sick to be cured at "the abode of Sa’īdat Afkā, i.e. a feminine spirit of the same name as the place. Her
469:
tax records, which did not differentiate different Muslim groups from each other, indicate Afqa, or "Ifqi", had 20 Muslim households and six bachelors in 1523, 38 Muslim households and five bachelors in 1530, and 25 Muslim households and 15 bachelors in 1543.
590:
to grow jealous. Ares sent a vicious boar to kill Adonis. At the pool at the foot of the falls of Afqa, Adonis bled to death from a deep wound in the groin. Aphrodite despaired at his death and out of pity for her the gods allowed Adonis to ascend from
664:
reported in 1919, with a photograph of the cloth-hung fig tree. W. F. Albright noted this survival of this "female saint" as the most remarkable among "very few direct reflections of paganism in the names and legends of modern
660:
husband built this temple. He was killed by a wild beast, and she searched among the mountains until she found his mangled body. This is evidently a modified view of the ancient myth of
Astarte and Adonis,"
479:
it into springs and streams below. At Afqa, several watery threads flow from the cave to form numerous cataracts, a scene of great beauty. The cave has over two miles (three km) of known passageways inside.
515:
camped at the site in 1852, merely remarking on its "shapeless ruins" and the difficulty of transport of two massive columns of
Syenite granite. Frazer describes the village at Afqa in his 1922 book,
1270:
does not mean that it was not also at a great distance in a cosmic 'never never land'". The "cultic geography" of Adonis, including Afqa, is inspected by
Brigitte Soyez in the opening section of
598:
Each spring at Afqa, the melting snows flood the river, bringing a reddish mud into the stream from the steep mountain slopes. The red stain can be seen feeding into the river and far out to the
2932:
854:
622:. But even assuming that he spoke the truth, yet there certainly seems to me something supernatural in the regular coincidence of the wind and the colouring of the river."
637:
bloom. Known as Adonis' flowers, according to legend, they spring from his blood, spilled as he lay dying beneath the trees at Afqa, and return each year in remembrance.
1982:
925:
865:
Describing the recently recovered ancient name for another source, issuing from a cave, which irrigated the
Palmyrene oasis, Jean Starcky remarked on the
2925:
1960:
1494:
586:). After several months, the tree split open and the child Adonis emerged. He was reared by Aphrodite, who became enamored of him, causing her lover
542:
of ca. 1200 BCE, described as "at the source of the rivers, amid the fountains of the deeps", with this famous source of the river Adonis and
2918:
1975:
3375:
3380:
982:
1037:
The localized particularity of Roman mountain sanctuaries in northern
Lebanon was noted in Daniel Kercker and Willy Zschietzchmann,
3385:
1968:
3405:
1401:
1347:
3308:
1487:
1139:
754:
720:
1472:
482:
A great and ancient temple is located here, where the goddess
Aphrodite was worshipped. Eusebius, the biographer of emperor
205:
1419:
1070:
2970:
1386:
950:
1990:
777:
1183:
2334:
1480:
3400:
3354:
3077:
2099:
1107:
505:
aqueduct that carried the waters of the River Adonis to the inhabitants of ancient Byblos are also located here.
3395:
2854:
929:
155:
3415:
3293:
3390:
626:
Lucian also describes practices by the
Byblians of worship which some told him centered not on Adonis, but
3263:
3042:
3032:
2990:
2839:
2539:
1845:
3303:
3243:
1939:
1835:
1512:
403:
310:
88:
54:
3248:
3005:
2789:
2439:
1406:
1266:.3 (September 1956:255-257), who remarked, "However, the identification of El's home with a place in
508:
3410:
3147:
3097:
2975:
2184:
2159:
3298:
3037:
1560:
550:
on the other side of the mountain, which Pope asserted was closely associated with it in legend.
83:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3273:
3187:
2844:
2469:
1998:
1949:
1944:
341:
978:
710:
3338:
3278:
3107:
3092:
2749:
2744:
2504:
2499:
2379:
2049:
1627:
1502:
1129:
808:"Bricks and Mortar Clientalism: Sectarianism and the Logics of Welfare Allocation in Lebanon"
744:
483:
326:
3142:
2995:
2869:
2249:
1207:
602:. Legend held this to be the blood of Adonis, renewed each year, at the time of his death.
321:. It has an average elevation of 1,200 meters above sea level and a total land area of 934
95:
1504:
1292:
558:
395:
was born and died at the foot of the falls in Afqa. The ruins of the celebrated temple of
8:
3425:
3258:
2965:
2960:
2774:
2759:
2554:
2494:
1041:(Arch. institut des deutschen Reiches, Berlin/Leipzig) 1938; R.D., reviewing the work in
487:
2910:
3253:
2799:
2109:
1020:
832:
807:
603:
1411:
1396:
3192:
3027:
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2829:
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2514:
2054:
1179:
1135:
837:
750:
716:
599:
547:
3420:
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3177:
3127:
2834:
2454:
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2384:
2339:
2294:
2224:
2194:
2174:
1825:
1820:
1804:
1614:
1573:
1012:
827:
819:
678:
517:
407:
136:
3222:
2859:
2754:
2704:
2674:
2654:
2624:
2599:
2594:
2544:
2509:
2424:
2199:
1508:
1460:
1423:
567:
431:
388:
306:
286:
193:
100:
1416:
1062:
3207:
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3082:
2889:
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2804:
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2709:
2659:
2639:
2634:
2614:
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2419:
2329:
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2069:
1791:
1695:
1452:
1438:
1256:
661:
466:
249:
954:
823:
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3022:
2864:
2794:
2729:
2684:
2649:
2474:
2239:
2234:
2179:
2164:
2074:
1928:
1923:
1652:
1390:
682:
455:
435:
381:
369:
220:
207:
1223:
Edward
Robinson and Eli Smith, "Outlines of a Journey in Palestine in 1852"
785:
3172:
2819:
2809:
2779:
2769:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2694:
2679:
2669:
2644:
2619:
2374:
2359:
2289:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2149:
2139:
841:
686:
502:
491:
365:
348:), the word can be interpreted as "source", is located in the mountains of
302:
245:
1904:
1178:. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 30.
498:
granite still mark the site, on a terrace facing the source of the river.
3288:
2879:
2814:
2784:
2714:
2664:
2484:
2414:
2314:
2064:
1772:
1466:
1048:. 3/4 (1940) p.347 added further examples of localised Syrian divinities.
361:
360:. It is the site of one of the finest waterfalls in the mountains of the
24:
3182:
3162:
3122:
3087:
3062:
2894:
2874:
2764:
2689:
2609:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2529:
2479:
2369:
2284:
2209:
2114:
2089:
2084:
2039:
2034:
1767:
1609:
1024:
644:, Burton describes the temple at Afqa as a place of pilgrimage for the
1619:
1332:.3 (September 1940:283-301) p. 299. Albright insisted on the spelling
1099:
633:
Also in the fertile valley surrounding the river, millions of scarlet
3167:
3157:
3112:
2699:
2629:
2574:
2434:
2429:
2409:
2399:
2349:
2319:
2299:
2214:
2134:
2124:
1915:
1762:
1267:
512:
419:
399:
396:
253:
1375:(PhD). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
1311:
The Annual of the
American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem
1016:
3268:
3227:
3057:
2884:
2389:
2344:
2324:
2189:
2029:
1869:
1830:
1745:
1722:
866:
645:
634:
543:
535:
2899:
443:
3137:
2955:
2549:
2534:
2489:
2464:
2404:
2394:
2364:
2309:
2304:
2259:
2229:
2144:
2119:
2104:
2044:
2009:
1993:
1855:
1840:
1815:
1786:
1706:
1604:
1547:
575:
495:
423:
411:
357:
349:
322:
318:
298:
76:
20:
3197:
3132:
3102:
3067:
2519:
2354:
2204:
2169:
2154:
2129:
2059:
2019:
1891:
1883:
1850:
1796:
1727:
1717:
1678:
1662:
1638:
1596:
1555:
1523:
690:
627:
619:
611:
579:
571:
539:
447:
427:
415:
392:
377:
353:
314:
183:
142:
3202:
3047:
2849:
2524:
2024:
2014:
1732:
1670:
1657:
1309:
Paton, "Survivals of primitive religion in modern Palestine"
1003:
W. F. Albright (September 1956). "El in the Ugaritic Texts".
652:
607:
592:
583:
402:— the Aphrodite particular to this site— are located there.
3117:
3072:
2279:
2254:
2244:
2094:
666:
649:
587:
451:
439:
1325:
Albright, "Islam and the Religions of the Ancient Orient"
1060:
566:
In classical Greek mythology, Afqa is associated with the
2940:
2449:
1737:
1373:
The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century
582:
who was transformed into a tree that bears her name (see:
534:
Marvin H. Pope (Yale University) identified the home of
410:
further attribute the temple at Afqa to the honouring of
1345:
1097:
877:, "canal" (Srarcky, "Récentes découvertes à Palmyre",
855:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Aphaca
1174:
Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980).
1155:
490:. The site was finally abandoned during the reign of
1428:
1397:
Map of Lebanon and geographical coordinates for Afqa
746:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1788
1336:: "the spelling 'Sa’īdat Afkā' is naturally wrong".
1225:
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
640:In his "Terminal Essay" in the 1885 translation of
562:The Falls of Afka, with an ancient bridge (c.1860)
981:. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.
529:
3367:
1371:Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan Salamah (February 1972).
1127:
1131:Encyclopedia of Religions Or Faiths of Man 1906
352:, about 20 kilometres from the ancient city of
1173:
1167:
1002:
708:
384:, with which it is also associated by legend.
356:, which still stands just east of the town of
2926:
1976:
1488:
806:Cammett, Melani; Issar, Sukriti (July 2010).
742:
1316:(1919/20):51-65) p. 55f and fig. 1, p. 56.2.
805:
749:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–.
1121:
2933:
2919:
1983:
1969:
1495:
1481:
1407:3D Google Map of the Afqa Grotto on gmap3d
1290:
578:, the King of Cyprus seduced his daughter
313:, 71 kilometres (44 mi) northeast of
135:
1346:Higher Relief Committee (5 August 2006).
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1255:, II) 1955:61ff; approvingly reviewed by
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1063:""Terminal Essay" (In his translation of
1056:
1054:
831:
736:
494:Massive hewn blocks and a fine column of
446:that came ashore containing the bones of
1327:Journal of the American Oriental Society
973:
971:
770:
610:by birth, describes how a local man of
557:
450:. The ark became stuck in a swamp until
182:71 kilometres (44 mi) northeast of
3294:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
473:
3368:
1370:
1277:
1161:
1134:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 23–.
1084:
1051:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
715:. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 148–.
3351:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
3309:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
2941:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
2914:
1964:
1476:
1110:from the original on 14 December 2007
968:
943:
928:. SpeleoPhilately.com. Archived from
702:
689:was one of five bridges destroyed by
422:). Afqa is aligned centrally between
1128:J. G. R. Forlong (1 February 2003).
1073:from the original on 24 October 2007
985:from the original on 4 November 2007
325:. Its inhabitants are predominantly
3376:Populated places in Byblos District
1339:
1251:Pope, "El in the Ugaritic Texts", (
1061:Sir Richard Francis Burton (1885).
996:
887:
799:
672:
290:
115:9.34 km (3.61 sq mi)
13:
3381:Shia Muslim communities in Lebanon
1903:
655:, where vows are addressed to the
30:Village in Keserwan-Jbeil, Lebanon
14:
3437:
3228:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
1380:
953:. Travel Web Site. Archived from
3004:
1992:
1503:
1459:
1445:
1431:
1098:Sir James George Frazer (1922).
681:, the Afqa bridge that connects
454:found it and carried it back to
161:
154:
69:
53:
3386:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
3355:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
1999:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
1364:
1319:
1303:
1272:Byblos et les fêtes des Adonies
1245:
1233:
1217:
1201:
1192:
1031:
743:Stefan Winter (11 March 2010).
709:Paul Doyle, Jr (1 March 2012).
3406:Tourist attractions in Lebanon
3128:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
2855:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
1261:Journal of Biblical Literature
1005:Journal of Biblical Literature
859:
848:
595:for a short period each year.
530:Possible early sanctuary of El
1:
1253:Vetus Testamentum, Supplement
696:
438:. It is from Byblos that the
1176:Natural Wonders of the World
784:. 2008-01-16. Archived from
553:
162:
123:1,200 m (3,900 ft)
7:
3284:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
3264:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
3203:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
3043:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
3033:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
2996:Roman Law school of Berytus
2991:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
2540:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
2500:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
10:
3442:
3304:Catholic Church in Lebanon
1940:Royal necropolis of Byblos
1513:Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate
1402:Afqa on www.geographic.org
873:, "exit" and the Aramaean
712:Bradt Travel Guide Lebanon
461:
404:Sir Richard Francis Burton
345:
332:Known in ancient times as
311:Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate
18:
3347:
3249:Phoenice (Roman province)
3236:
3108:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
3013:
3002:
2981:Berytus Colonnaded street
2971:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
2946:
2790:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
2440:Phoenician port of Beirut
2360:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
2005:
1914:
1901:
1531:
1519:
1069:. People with a History.
1039:Römische Tempel in Syrien
824:10.1017/s0043887110000080
574:. According to the myth,
272:
264:
259:
241:
236:
199:
189:
178:
149:
134:
119:
111:
106:
94:
82:
64:
52:
45:
35:
3208:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
3148:Monastery of Saint Maron
3098:Canalizations of Zenobia
2160:Canalizations of Zenobia
1348:"Daily Situation Report"
16:Village in Mount Lebanon
3299:Christianity in Lebanon
3063:Ain Harcha roman temple
3038:Temples of Mount Hermon
2976:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
2345:Kouachra megalith field
2235:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
1933:Jaj Cedar National Park
1393:describing Afqa in 1900
926:"Afka Falls in Lebanon"
442:was told of a mystical
364:, which feeds into the
221:34.069167°N 35.886111°E
3401:Roman sites in Lebanon
3334:6th century in Lebanon
3329:5th century in Lebanon
3324:4th century in Lebanon
3319:3rd century in Lebanon
3314:2nd century in Lebanon
3274:Marcus Valerius Probus
2961:Roman Forum of Berytus
2845:Temple of the Obelisks
2495:Roman Forum of Berytus
2395:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
2145:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
1950:Temple of the Obelisks
1945:Temple of Baalat Gebal
1908:
1100:""Adonis in Syria" in
951:"Damascus and Lebanon"
884:.3/4 (1946/48), p 335.
624:
563:
527:
3396:Ancient Roman temples
3339:551 Beirut earthquake
3279:Eudokia of Heliopolis
3213:Tripolis in Phoenicia
2505:Roman temple of Bziza
2050:Akkar plain foothills
1936:Laqlouq skiing resort
1907:
1350:. Lebanon Under Siege
1274:(Leiden: Brill) 1977.
616:
614:debunked the legend:
561:
523:
3416:Temples of Aphrodite
3198:Schleem roman temple
3178:Qal'at Bustra temple
3143:Monastery of Qozhaya
3138:Libbaya roman temple
474:Physical description
226:34.069167; 35.886111
170:Shown within Lebanon
3391:Levantine mythology
3259:Phoenice Libanensis
3133:Labweh Roman temple
2966:Berytus Roman Baths
2760:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
657:Sayyidat al-Kabirah
488:Julian the Apostate
217: /
131:
40:Apheca, Afeca, Afka
3254:Palaestina Secunda
3153:Nahle roman temple
3123:Kafr Zabad temples
2800:Tell Sultan Yakoub
2750:Tell Neba'a Litani
2745:Tell Neba'a Chaate
2110:Baidar ech Chamout
1909:
1544:Almat el-Jnoubiyeh
1541:Almat el-Chmaliyeh
1532:Towns and villages
1422:2014-07-14 at the
1230:(1854:1-35) p. 35.
1065:The Arabian Nights
662:Lewis Bayles Paton
642:The Arabian Nights
604:Lucian of Samosata
564:
430:, pointing to the
273:Public access
129:
112: • Total
19:For the spring at
3363:
3362:
3193:Saraain El Faouqa
3028:Temple of Bacchus
2986:Byzantine mosaics
2908:
2907:
2840:Temple of Jupiter
2830:Temple of Bacchus
2590:Tell Ain Ghessali
2585:Tell Ain el Meten
2515:Saraain El Faouqa
1958:
1957:
1756:Jouret el-Qattine
1417:Afqa on Localiban
1412:Afqa on Tageo.com
1141:978-0-7661-4307-4
756:978-0-521-76584-8
722:978-1-84162-370-2
600:Mediterranean Sea
570:of Aphrodite and
548:intermittent lake
501:The remains of a
280:
279:
127:
126:
59:Afka From Qartaba
3433:
3158:Nebi Safa temple
3113:Hebbariye temple
3068:Amioun Monastery
3016:(actual Lebanon)
3008:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2835:Temple of Eshmun
2445:Plain of Zgharta
2385:Maronite mummies
2340:Khirbet El-Knese
2295:Kamouh el Hermel
2225:Haret ech Cheikh
2195:Douris (Baalbek)
2175:Deir El Aachayer
1997:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1821:Mazraat es-Siyad
1615:Bichtlida -Fidar
1574:Ain el-Ghouaybeh
1507:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1376:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1337:
1323:
1317:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1291:(On-line text).
1288:
1275:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1212:Vita Constantina
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1165:
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1106:. Bartleby.com.
1102:The Golden Bough
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835:
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793:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
706:
679:2006 Lebanon War
673:2006 Lebanon War
518:The Golden Bough
434:sunset over the
408:Sir James Frazer
368:(known today as
347:
292:
232:
231:
229:
228:
227:
222:
218:
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214:
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165:
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75:
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72:
57:
33:
32:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3411:Summer solstice
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3343:
3232:
3223:Tyre Necropolis
3188:Castra El Banat
3058:Ain Aata temple
3015:
3014:Roman Phoenicia
3009:
3000:
2949:(actual Beirut)
2948:
2942:
2939:
2909:
2904:
2860:Tyre Necropolis
2755:Tell Qasr Labwe
2705:Tell Kabb Elias
2675:Tell Hoch Rafqa
2655:Tell El Ghassil
2625:Tell Bir Dakoue
2600:Tell Ain Saouda
2595:Tell Ain Nfaikh
2545:Tahun ben Aissa
2510:Sands of Beirut
2250:Jabal es Saaïdé
2200:Elaea (Lebanon)
2185:Deir Mar Maroun
2001:
1991:
1989:
1959:
1954:
1910:
1899:
1527:
1515:
1509:Byblos District
1501:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1424:Wayback Machine
1383:
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1299:. Sacred Texts.
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1017:10.2307/3261938
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757:
741:
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727:
725:
723:
707:
703:
699:
675:
556:
532:
509:Edward Robinson
476:
464:
432:summer solstice
389:Greek mythology
307:Byblos District
305:located in the
293:; also spelled
225:
223:
219:
216:
211:
208:
206:
204:
203:
194:Byblos District
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
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101:Byblos District
70:
68:
60:
48:
41:
38:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
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3408:
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3398:
3393:
3388:
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3361:
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3326:
3321:
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3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
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3276:
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3266:
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3256:
3251:
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3240:
3238:
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3205:
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3135:
3130:
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2872:
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2862:
2857:
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2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Temnin el-Foka
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Tell Taalabaya
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Tell Nahariyah
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Tell Majdaloun
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Tell El Hadeth
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Tell Derzenoun
2637:
2635:Tell Delhamieh
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Tell Bar Elias
2612:
2607:
2605:Tell Ain Sofar
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Tell Ain Cerif
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
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2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Qalaat Tannour
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:Nahle, Lebanon
2417:
2412:
2407:
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2397:
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2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
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2330:Khallet Michte
2327:
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2070:Anjar, Lebanon
2067:
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2017:
2012:
2006:
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1453:History portal
1442:
1439:Lebanon portal
1427:
1426:
1414:
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1399:
1394:
1382:
1381:External links
1379:
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1360:
1338:
1318:
1302:
1276:
1257:W. F. Albright
1244:
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1200:
1191:
1184:
1166:
1164:, p. 275.
1154:
1140:
1120:
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1011:(3): 255–257.
995:
967:
942:
886:
858:
847:
818:(3): 381–421.
812:World Politics
798:
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671:
555:
552:
540:Ugaritic texts
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250:Ancient Greece
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89:Keserwan-Jbeil
86:
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50:
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43:
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15:
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3244:Roman Lebanon
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3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Dakoue temple
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Augusti Pagus
3076:
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3073:Arca Caesarea
3071:
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3059:
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2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:Roman Berytus
2945:
2936:
2931:
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2924:
2922:
2917:
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2913:
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2823:
2821:
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2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Tell Shamsine
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
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2768:
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2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Tell Mureibit
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Tell Khardane
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Tell el-Burak
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2638:
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2501:
2498:
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2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Ras Baalbek I
2473:
2471:
2470:Qasr el Banat
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Qal'at Bustra
2453:
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2240:Hermel plains
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2180:Deir Al-Ahmar
2178:
2176:
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2165:Dahr El Ahmar
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2161:
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2101:
2100:Augusti Pagus
2098:
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2081:
2078:
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2075:Antelias cave
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1951:
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1943:
1941:
1938:
1935:
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1930:
1929:Byblos Castle
1927:
1925:
1924:Abraham River
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1777:Kfar Masshoun
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1703:Hay el-Arabeh
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1624:Birket Hjoula
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1570:Ain ed-Delbeh
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3183:Castra Chbib
3173:Qalaat Faqra
3093:Bziza temple
3083:Bakka temple
3052:
3048:Aaqbe temple
2820:Tell Zeitoun
2810:Tell Wardeen
2780:Tell Saoudhi
2775:Tell Safiyeh
2770:Tell Saatiya
2735:Tell Murtafa
2725:Tell Meouchi
2720:Tell Mekhada
2695:Tell Jezireh
2680:Tell Karmita
2670:Tell Hazzine
2645:Tell Dibbine
2620:Tell Beshara
2425:Neba'a Faour
2375:Majdal Anjar
2290:Kamid el-Loz
2275:Joub Jannine
2270:Jeita Grotto
2265:Jebel Aabeby
2220:Hadeth south
2150:Bustan Birke
2140:Belat temple
2079:
1846:Nahr Ibrahim
1565:
1522:
1372:
1365:Bibliography
1352:. Retrieved
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1295:De Dea Syria
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366:Adonis River
337:
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327:Shia Muslims
303:municipality
294:
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3289:Coele-Syria
3118:Iaat column
2880:Wadi Yaroun
2870:Umm al-Amad
2815:Tell Zenoub
2785:Tell Serhan
2715:Tell Masoud
2665:Tell Fadous
2485:Ras El Kelb
2415:Nachcharini
2315:Kafr Tebnit
2065:Amlaq Qatih
1773:Kfar Kiddeh
1590:Beer el-Hit
1467:Asia portal
1162:Bakhit 1972
1147:14 November
762:16 November
728:16 November
677:During the
362:Middle East
224: /
200:Coordinates
84:Governorate
25:Efqa Spring
3426:El (deity)
3370:Categories
3088:Batroumine
3023:Heliopolis
2895:Ain W Zain
2875:Wadi Koura
2765:Tell Rayak
2690:Tell Kirri
2610:Tell Ayoub
2570:Tell Addus
2565:Tell Ablah
2560:Tell Aalaq
2530:Sin el Fil
2480:Ras Beirut
2380:Mansourieh
2370:Lion Tower
2285:Kafr Zabad
2210:Fadous Sud
2115:Batroumine
2090:Ard Tlaili
2085:Ard Saouda
2040:Ain Harcha
2035:Ain Choaab
1780:Kfar Qouas
1768:Kfar Hitta
1610:Beithabbak
1354:2007-12-03
1214:, iii. 55.
1114:2007-12-03
1077:2007-12-03
989:2007-12-03
961:2007-12-03
936:2007-12-03
792:2016-02-11
697:References
260:Site notes
212:35°53′10″E
209:34°04′09″N
3168:Hosn Niha
2700:Tell Jisr
2630:Tell Deir
2575:Tell Ahle
2435:Hosn Niha
2430:Nebi Safa
2410:Nabi Zair
2400:Moukhtara
2350:Ksar Akil
2320:Kfar Qouq
2300:Karak Nuh
2215:Hebbariye
2135:Beit Mery
2125:Bechamoun
1916:Landmarks
1888:Tourzaiya
1863:Qorqraiya
1860:Qartaboun
1836:Mish Mish
1763:Kfar Baal
1578:Ain Jrain
1521:Capital:
1268:Phoenicia
782:Localiban
685:with the
554:Mythology
513:Eli Smith
420:Ashtaroth
400:Aphakitis
397:Aphrodite
265:Condition
254:Phoenicia
141:The Afqa
120:Elevation
3269:Ulpianus
2885:Yammoune
2390:Mayrouba
2335:Kharayeb
2325:Kfarhata
2190:Dekwaneh
2055:Al-Bireh
2030:Ain Aata
1877:Seraaita
1870:Ras Osta
1831:Mghayreh
1746:Jeddayel
1723:Hosrayel
1689:Ghorfine
1686:Gharzouz
1683:Ghalboun
1646:Chikhane
1593:Behdidat
1587:Bchilleh
1581:Ain Kfaa
1538:Aabaydat
1420:Archived
1387:A letter
1334:Seiyidet
1242:, p. 72.
1208:Eusebius
1108:Archived
1071:Archived
983:Archived
979:"Tammuz"
867:Aramaean
842:24860198
648:sect of
646:Metawali
635:anemones
544:Yammoune
323:hectares
242:Cultures
179:Location
96:District
3421:Astarte
3237:Related
2956:Berytus
2535:Sarepta
2490:Rashaya
2465:Qaraoun
2405:Mtaileb
2365:Libbaya
2310:Kefraya
2305:Kaukaba
2260:Jdeideh
2230:Hashbai
2120:Batroun
2105:Baalbek
2045:Akbiyeh
2010:Aadloun
1896:Zebdine
1880:Souaneh
1874:Rihaneh
1856:Qartaba
1841:Mounsef
1826:Mechane
1816:Mayfouq
1812:Mastita
1787:Laqlouq
1753:Jlisseh
1714:Hdayneh
1707:Hbaline
1643:Chatine
1632:Boulhos
1620:Bentaël
1605:Berbara
1601:Bekhaaz
1584:Bazyoun
1548:Amsheet
1025:3261938
833:4029429
691:Israeli
576:Cinyras
538:in the
496:Syenite
467:Ottoman
462:History
424:Baalbek
412:Astarte
358:Qartaba
350:Lebanon
319:Lebanon
309:of the
299:village
297:) is a
237:History
77:Lebanon
65:Country
47:Village
21:Palmyra
2555:Tayibe
2520:Shheem
2355:Labweh
2205:Flaoui
2170:Dakoue
2155:Byblos
2130:Beirut
2080:Apheca
2060:Amioun
2020:Aammiq
1892:Yanouh
1884:Tartej
1851:Qahmez
1805:Majdel
1797:Lehfed
1750:Jenjol
1742:Janneh
1728:Hsarat
1718:Hjoula
1679:Ghabat
1667:Ferhet
1663:Fatreh
1649:Chmout
1639:Byblos
1597:Bejjeh
1561:Adonis
1556:Aqoura
1552:Annaya
1524:Byblos
1182:
1138:
1023:
840:
830:
778:"Afqa"
753:
719:
693:jets.
628:Osiris
620:Byblos
612:Byblos
608:Syrian
580:Myrrha
572:Adonis
448:Osiris
428:Byblos
416:Ishtar
393:Adonis
378:Arabic
354:Byblos
334:Aphaca
315:Beirut
287:Arabic
190:Region
184:Beirut
143:Grotto
74:
23:, see
3218:Tyrus
2900:Zahlé
2890:Yanta
2850:Toron
2550:Taire
2525:Sidon
2025:Aaqbe
2015:Aaiha
1792:Lassa
1783:Kfoun
1733:Hsoun
1711:Hboub
1700:Haqel
1696:Halat
1692:Habil
1675:Fghal
1671:Fidar
1658:Ehmej
1635:Brayj
1389:from
1259:, in
1043:Syria
1021:JSTOR
879:Syria
871:nefaq
869:root
667:welis
653:Islam
593:Hades
584:Myrrh
546:, an
503:Roman
346:Ἄφακα
338:Afaka
268:Ruins
246:Roman
3163:Niha
3053:Afqa
2865:Tyre
2280:Jieh
2255:Jbaa
2245:Iaat
2095:Arqa
1809:Marj
1801:Maad
1759:Kafr
1653:Edde
1628:Blat
1566:Afqa
1180:ISBN
1149:2012
1136:ISBN
875:afqâ
838:PMID
764:2012
751:ISBN
730:2012
717:ISBN
650:Shia
606:, a
588:Ares
568:cult
521:as:
511:and
452:Isis
440:myth
426:and
406:and
301:and
295:Afka
291:افقا
283:Afqa
130:Afqa
107:Area
37:Afqa
2450:Qaa
1866:Ram
1738:Jaj
1240:ARI
1013:doi
828:PMC
820:doi
669:."
444:ark
414:or
387:In
376:in
372:or
336:or
317:in
276:Yes
3372::
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1330:60
1279:^
1264:75
1228:24
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1086:^
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