Affordable housing by country

326:

types of residents who live there. Germany has a long history of large rental areas, which can be traced back to the early 20th century. During this time, rapid urbanization and industrialization led to a housing shortage, particularly in urban areas. In response, large companies began to build housing complexes to meet the demand for affordable housing. One of the most famous examples of large rental areas in Germany is the "Gartenstadt" movement, which began in the early 1900s. The Gartenstadt Karlsruhe, or "the garden city," was a planned community that aimed to provide affordable housing for working-class families while also promoting a healthy, green lifestyle. The first Gartenstadt was built in Berlin in 1907, and soon similar communities were constructed in cities throughout Germany.

19: 744: 334:

eligible for social housing, and rents are set at a percentage of the household's income. In recent years, there has been growing concern about the shortage of affordable housing in Germany, particularly in major cities like Berlin and Munich. The government has responded by increasing funding for social housing and introducing new programs to support the construction of affordable housing. However, demand for social housing continues to outstrip supply, and many low-income households still struggle to find affordable housing in Germany.

414:

in housing and settlement development. This policy focus is also shown in the government's implementation of several low-income housing assistance schemes, including the 2003 National Movement for One Million Houses. The movement aimed to improve coordination and collaboration between local stakeholders in housing development and "improvements to the living environment," while also working to develop a housing market empowerment strategy that standardizes housing construction guidelines and public sector housing governance.

157: 256:" to a "subsidized good" and eventually to a "commodity", the price of which reflects true production costs and a market profit margin. In 1998 China accelerated its urban housing reform further moving away from an in-kind welfare benefits system to a market-oriented allocation system, with the state reducing its role in housing provision. The reform is followed by increasing home ownership, housing consumption, real estate investment, as well as skyrocketing housing price. 379: 473:

such as the UN-Habitat-United Nations Human Settlements Programme award. One of the key aspects of the project is the introduction of a woodless construction and new techniques to build public buildings, offices, and simple shelters among other examples. This process increases the demand for skilled builders, and as a consequence training courses became necessary. The economic cost of the building decreases, and as a result over 1,000 woodless buildings had been built.

165:

public/private partnership) and house people with a wide variety of incomes. These social housing units are often linked to businesses, services, and transit amenities. Justin Kadi, a researcher at the University of Technology in Vienna, states that the social housing units also drives down rents in the private market because the city is the biggest landlord. The city continually adds units to the already large existing housing stock to ensure housing availability.

276:

of the program has been decreasing ever since its inception, and the affordable housing construction rate dropped from 15.6% (1997) to 5.2% (2008). Because of the limited supply of affordable housing and excessive housing demand from the middle- to low-income populations, affordable housing are usually sold at high market price. In many cities, ineligible high-income households own affordable housing units whereas many qualified families are denied access.

677:

local authorities. Many of the homes previously under the ownership of local authorities have been transferred to newly established housing associations, including some of the largest in the country. Despite being not-for-profit organisations, housing association rents are typically higher than for council housing. Renting a home through a housing association can in some circumstances prove costlier than purchasing a similar property through a mortgage.

830:, the median homeowner with a mortgage (70% of homeowners and 48% of census respondents) spent $ 1,088 each month, or 21.7% of household income, on housing costs. The median homeowner without a mortgage (30% of all homeowners (80% of elderly homeowners) and 20% of respondents) spent $ 295 per month, or 10.5% of household income, on housing costs. Renters in 2001 (32% of respondents) spent $ 633 each month, or 29% of household income, on housing costs. 793: 205:

purchasing of energy-efficient goods, training and education, and data evaluation. SHSC manages and provides investment advice to housing providers on capital reserves valued at more than $ 390 million. Working closely with other housing sector organizations and non-governmental organizations, SHSC also supports and develops independent housing-related research, including a new Housing Internship program for graduate-level researchers.

322:

housing for those who cannot afford market-rate housing. In Germany, social housing has a long history and is considered an important part of the country's social welfare system. After World War II, the government embarked on a massive social housing program to address the shortage of affordable housing. This program resulted in the construction of millions of units of social housing across the country.

268:"The Method of Urban Affordable Housing Construction Managing," marked the start of the program. Aimed at middle- to low-income households (annual income less than 30,000 to 70,000 RMB according to the size of the household and the specific area), this public housing program provides housing (usually 60–110 square meters) at affordable price (usually 50–70% market price). 665:. The program required council housing to be brought up to a set standard was combined with restrictions on the amounts that councils could borrow and led to an increase in such arms length management organisations being set up. In some areas, significant numbers of council houses were demolished as part of 845:

and for lower income households through housing subsidy programs. In the 1970s the federal government spent similar amounts on tax reductions for homeowners as it did on subsidies for low-income housing. However, by 2005, tax reductions had risen to $ 120 billion per year, representing nearly 80

365:

launched its affordable housing policy in 2013. This policy is intended to encourage the planning and completion of "Group Housing Projects" wherein apartments of pre-defined size are made available at pre-defined rates within a time-frame as prescribed under the present policy to ensure an increased

204:

With an annual budget of $ 4.5 million, SHSC and its two subsidiaries, SOHO and SHSC Financial Inc. offers a dedicated insurance program for social housing providers, bulk gas purchasing and an innovative energy efficiency retrofit program that coordinates energy audits, expertise, funding, bulk

132:

With shared ownership, the initial cost of buying a home is reduced, as the department retains up to 30% of the property. The department's share depends on your borrowing capacity, household size, and the location and type of property. In the future, the buyer may have the option to purchase the full

472:

Development Workshop, a Canadian and French NGO, has brought a real alternative to the inhabitants to accede to affordable housing that fights the environmental degradation and offers training and employment for many people who were under-employed or unemployed. The project has received many awards,

413:

are called Rumah Subsidi and affordable apartments are called Rusunawa. The Indonesian Ministry of Housing announced its commitment to increasing the accessibility of long-term housing and refining the housing finance system, as well as incorporating more local government and stakeholder involvement

275:

The program is controversial in recent years because of insufficient construction, poor administration, and widespread corruption. Local government has limited incentive to provide affordable housing, as it means lower revenue from land-transferring fees and lower local GDP. As a result, the funding

271:

Within the policies and mandates set by the central government, local governments are responsible for the operation of the program. Local governments usually appropriate state-owned land to real estate developers, who are responsible for the finance and construction of affordable housing. The profit

141:

The Department of Housing (the Housing Authority), through the Housing Authority, now offers Affordable House Sales to the general public. Properties are available to anyone interested in purchasing a home. The department works closely with industry to ensure that properties being developed for sale

329:

During the 1920s and 1930s, large rental areas continued to be built in Germany, often with the support of the government. However, this changed after World War II, when the government began to encourage individual home-ownership as a means of rebuilding the country. As a result, large rental areas

325:

Large rental areas refer to neighborhoods or districts in cities where the majority of the housing is owned by a single landlord or company and rented out to tenants. These areas are often characterized by uniformity in the design and construction of buildings, as well as a lack of diversity in the

676:

Housing associations are not-for-profit organisations with a history that goes back before the start of the 20th century. The number of homes under their ownership grew significantly from the 1980s as successive governments sought to make them the principal form of social housing, in preference to

672:

In rural areas where local wages are low and house prices are higher (especially in regions with holiday homes), there are special problems. Planning restrictions severely limit rural development, but if there is evidence of need then exception sites can be used for people with a local connection.

656:

scheme, offering council tenants the opportunity to purchase their housing at a discount of up to 60% (70% on leasehold homes such as flats). Alongside Right to Buy, council-owned stock was further diminished as properties were transferred to housing associations. Council Tenants in some instances

567:

feedback effects were perceived as serious. A number of specific policy changes resulted from this crisis, some of which may endure. Many of these revolve around the ability or otherwise of people to afford housing, whether as would-be buyers priced out of the boom, recent buyers losing their home

267:

The Affordable Housing Program (commonly known as the "Economical and Comfortable Housing Program, or 经济适用房) is designed to provide affordable housing to middle- to low-income households to encourage home ownership. In 1998 the Department of Construction and Ministry of Finance jointly promulgated

822:

of 2007, the median household paid $ 658 per month in total housing costs (Census 2002). A total of 20% of households were deemed to be living in unaffordable housing: Nine percent of all households are renters in unaffordable housing, and eleven percent of all households are homeowners with high

788:

Some states and cities in the United States operate a variety of affordable housing programs, including supportive housing programs, transitional housing programs and rent subsidies as part of public assistance programs. Local and state governments can adapt these income limits when administering

352:

In India, it is estimated that in 2009–10, approximately 32% of the population was living below the poverty line and there is a huge demand for affordable housing. The deficit in Urban housing is estimated at 18 million units most of which are amongst the economically weaker sections of society.

333:

Social housing in Germany is an important source of affordable housing, particularly in urban areas where rents are high. Eligibility for social housing is based on income and other factors, such as family size and disability status. In general, households that earn less than a certain amount are

321:

Affordable housing in Germany, also known as social housing, refers to housing that is subsidized by the government to provide affordable rent to low-income households. Social housing is typically owned by the government or by non-profit organizations and is intended to provide decent, affordable

547:

Housing Agency of Turkey (TOKİ) is responsible for construction of houses for lower income. Low income segment houses have longer payments, and generally equal to a month's rent. Owners are chosen by draw. Applications are limited to people without homes in the same state and limited by monthly

164:

In Vienna, Austria, social housing may be completely government built and run or include a mixture of public land and private-sector construction and management. Combined, the two types of housing represent about 46 percent of the city's housing stock (26% government owned and managed and 20% a

279:

Housing Provident Fund (HPF) Program is another policy effort to provide affordable housing. China introduced the Housing Provident Fund (HPF) program nationwide in 1995. It is similar to housing fund programs in other countries such as Thailand and Singapore. HPF provides a mechanism allowing

196:

to provide group services for social housing providers (public, non-profit and co-op housing) following the downloading of responsibility for over 270,000 social housing units to local municipalities. It is a non-profit corporation governed by a board of municipal, non-profit and co-op housing

128:

The Shared Home Ownership is the only scheme of its kind in Australia. This scheme is similar to one which was set by the Housing Authority in Malta (Europe). Western Australians can purchase their own home with help from the Department of Housing with a SharedStart loan through Keystart, the

882:, and include Section 8, Section 236, Section 221(d)(3), Section 202 for elderly households, Section 515 for rural renters, Section 514/516 for farmworkers and Section 811 for people with disabilities. There are also housing subsidies through the Section 8 program that are project based. The 562:

The British housing market in the late 1980s and early 1990s experienced an almost unprecedented set of changes and pressures. A combination of circumstances produced the crisis, including changes in demography, income distribution, housing supply and tenure, but financial deregulation was

259:

High housing price is a major issue in a number of big cities in China. Starting in 2005, the high housing appreciation rate became a serious affordability problem for middle and low-income families: in 2004 the housing appreciation rate of 17.8%, almost twice the income growth rate of 10%

297:

to address climate impacts and promote a circular economy. In 2020, the government allocated EUR 5.5 billion for 'Green renovations' and the construction of new affordable housing, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 and achieving climate neutrality by 2050.

280:

potential purchasers who have an income to save for and eventually purchase a unit dwelling (which may be a formerly public housing unit). The HPF includes a subsidized savings program linked to a retirement account, subsidized mortgage rates and price discounts for housing purchases.

688:

who are responsible for the regulation of social housing from 1 April 2012. Housing associations that are registered were known as Registered Social Landlords from 1996, but in the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 the official term became Registered Providers. The latter also covers

812:(HNWI) and those in the lower quintiles, a distorted picture of real affordability is created. Using this indicator—which rates housing affordability on a scale of 0 to 5, with categories 3 and under affordable—in 2012, the United States overall market was considered 3 (affordable). 532:

has provided homes to 2.9 million households which is 15% of the national total of 19.56 million households. This includes 2.7 million newly-built public housing units and 1.03 million rental homes of which 260,000 were purchased or rented by the Land and Housing Corporation.

251:

2007). Most urban housing prior to 1978 in the planned-economy era consisted of nearly free dwellings produced and allocated by the unsustainable single-channel state-funded system. The goal of China's housing reform started in 1978 was to gradually transform housing from a

804:. The NLIHC promotes a guideline of 30% of household income as the upper limit of affordability. According to a 2012 National Low Income Housing Coalition report, in every community across the United States "rents are unaffordable to full-time working people." 309:. The report emphasizes the need for action to address the challenges related to affordable housing, which includes high prices for owner-occupied housing, a heavily regulated rental market, and extended waiting times for social housing in major cities. The 264:. Municipal governments have responded to the calling for increased housing supply to middle and low-income families through a number of policies and housing programs, among which are the Affordable Housing Program and the Housing Provident Fund Program. 807:

However, by using an indicator, such as the Median Multiple indicator which rates affordability of housing by dividing the median house price by gross annual median household income), without considering the extreme disparities between the incomes of

119:

The long-term goal of the department is to deliver at least 20,000 more affordable homes by 2020 for low to moderate income earners, through the Opening Doors Scheme. Opening Doors offers two ways for Western Australians to own their own homes.

997:. Several of these institutions (the Fannie Mae Foundation, Urban Institute, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, Enterprise Community Partners, LISC, the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, and others) partnered to create 357:

and affordable housing for this population. The Government of India has taken up various initiatives for developing properties in low cost and affordable segments. They have also looked at PPP model for the development of these properties.

661:. The tenants still remained Council tenants, and the housing stock still remained the property of the council. This change in management was encouraged by extra funding from central government to invest in the housing stock under the 708:. Social housing in Northern Ireland is regulated by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive, which was established to take on ownership of former council stock and prevent sectarian allocation of housing to people from one religion. 929:

and as of 2009 seven of the projects continue to operate as mutual housing corporations owned by their residents. These projects are among the very few definitive success stories in the history of the US public housing effort.

906:—an ordinance that requires housing developers to reserve a percentage between 10 and 30% of housing units from new or rehabilitated projects to be rented or sold at a below market rate for low and moderate-income households. 2692: 789:

local affordable housing programs; however, U.S. federal programs must adhere to the definitions above. For the Section 8 voucher program, the maximum household contribution to rent can be as high as 40% gross income.

272:

for real estate developers is controlled to be less than 3%, so as to keep the price of housing at the affordable level. Individuals need to apply for the affordable housing through household and income investigation.

179:

In Canada affordability is one of three factors, along with adequacy and suitability, used to determine core housing needs. Canada ranks among the lowest of the most developed countries for housing affordability.

288:

In Denmark, affordable housing constitutes around 20% of the housing stock, with approximately 560,000 affordable housing homes accommodating nearly 1 million people out of a total population of 5.8 million. The

1875: 606:(where a tenant rents part share in the property from a social landlord, and owns the remainder). The government has also attempted to promote the supply of affordable housing principally by using the 711:

A 2017 report by Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that 24% of new homes built in London were social, affordable or shared ownership accommodation in the three years up to 2015/16.

2655:

Calculated as percentage of owner-occupied households multiplied by percentage with a mortgage multiplied by percentage of those with a mortgage who are burdened by housing costs in excess of 30%.

582:

Research by Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that London delivered 21,500 affordable in the three years up to 2015/16. This was 24% of all homes delivered during that period.

610:

to require that housing developers provide a proportion of either social or affordable housing within new developments. This approach is known in other countries with formal zoning systems as

2848: 1963: 48:. A general rule is no more than 30% of gross monthly income should be spent on housing, to be considered affordable as the challenges of promoting affordable housing varies by location. 2696: 1804: 313:

Commission's working paper urges Denmark to take measures to make the housing market more resilient and alleviate the difficulties faced by households in accessing affordable housing.

579:

found that the UK spent £1.88bn – enough to build 72,000 homes in London – on renting temporary accommodation in 12 of Britain's biggest cities over the preceding four years.

247:

China is also experiencing a gap between housing prices and affordability as it moves away from an in-kind welfare benefits system to a market-oriented allocation system (Hui

1851: 933:

Governmental and quasi-governmental agencies that contribute to the work of ensuring the existence of a steady supply of affordable housing in the United States are the U.S.

563:

particularly important. Housing affordability became a significant policy issue when the impact on the normal functioning of the owner occupied market became severe and when

133:

amount or sell the home back to the department. With a ShareStart loan, you can purchase newly built homes and off-the–plan properties offered by the Department of Housing.

1423:

Mostafa, Anirban; Wong, Francis K. W.; Hui, Chi Mun Eddie (2006). "Relationship between Housing Affordability and Economic Development in Mainland China—Case of Shanghai".

894:

program has been the primary federal program to produce affordable units; however, the housing produced in this program is less affordable than the former HUD programs.

497:. These projects consisted of low-rise apartment buildings with 16 to 32 units each building. Since then, other affordable housing projects were also developed by the 1908: 1882: 883: 76:. The amount of rent assistance paid depends on the amount of rent payable, whether the tenant has dependents and how many dependents there are. Tenants who live in 815:

Since 1996, while incomes in the upper quintile increased, incomes in the lower quintile households decreased creating negative outcomes in housing affordability.

2553:

Wendell Cox; Hugh Pavletich (2012). 8th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2012 Ratings for Metropolitan Markets (Report). p. 16.

441:) schemes existed until 2011. First-time purchasers were offered the chance to buy newly constructed homes and apartments at prices significantly less than their 2542:

Wendell Cox; Hugh Pavletich (2012). 8th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2012 Ratings for Metropolitan Markets (Report). p. 1.

1176: 800:

Comprehensive data for the most affordable and least affordable places in the U.S. is published each year by an affordable housing non-profit organization, the

1984: 486: 302: 1051: 460:

Affordable Purchase Scheme: local authorities provide state-owned land at reduced or no cost to developers to facilitate the building of affordable homes

2505: 213:

There has been a move toward the integration of affordable social housing with market housing and other uses, such as the 2006–10 redevelopment of the

838:

The federal government in the U.S. provides subsidies to make housing more affordable. Financial assistance is provided for homeowners through the

673:

This evidence is normally provided by a housing Needs survey carried out by a Rural Housing Enabler working for the local Rural Community Council.

890:

administer these programs. HUD and USDA Rural Development programs have ceased to produce large numbers of units since the 1980s. Since 1986, the

1748: 1098: 957:

is an umbrella organization of 100+ housing and community development nonprofits. Important private sector institutions worth consulting are the

694: 607: 548:

income (5,500 TRY as of September 2020). TOKİ also constructs houses without application limits, however these have similar prices with market.

2622:

Calculated as percentage of renter households multiplied by percentage of renter households that are burdened by housing costs in excess of 30%

1155:"Cost-based social rental housing in Europe A new report by the Housing Europe Observatory outlines the cases of Austria, Denmark, and Finland" 986: 557: 2479: 2014:"Training and employment of locals. [Social Impact]. WConstruction. The promotion of Woodless Construction in West Africa (1980-2017)" 2868:

Fields, Desiree; Uffer, Sabina (31 July 2014). "The financialisation of rental housing: A comparative analysis of New York City and Berlin".

2307: 2063: 1945: 2624: 2427: 2657: 2013: 771:, as defined by the US Office of Management and Budget. For U.S. housing subsidies, households are categorized by federal law as follows: 934: 767:

or AMI. Localized AMI figures are calculated annually based on a survey of comparably sized households within geographic ranges known as

1686: 505: 463:

Affordable Rental Scheme: uses a "cost rental" model to supply low-rent accommodation while still ensuring a small profit for landlords

189: 874:, which is usually owned and operated by the government. (Some public housing projects are managed by subcontracted private agencies.) 644:

that restricted council housing construction and provided financial and policy support to other forms of social housing. In 1980, the

1246: 914: 868:"Project based" subsidies given to the owner of housing units that must be rented to lower income households at affordable rates, and 520:". New Clark City is envisioned to hold over 1.2M people and the BCDA will be building an affordable housing units for its workers. 498: 2457: 2036: 726: 720: 106:, whereby those saving for a new home are eligible for government contributions to their savings account, subject to conditions. 1321: 1271: 994: 595: 576: 961:, the National Affordable Housing Management Association (NAHMA), the Council for Affordable and Rural Housing (CARH) and the 1788: 1027: 958: 909:

One of the most unusual US public housing initiatives was the development of subsidized middle-class housing during the late

801: 764: 1354: 2401: 1705: 61: 2235: 1458:

Chiu, Rebecca (1996). "Housing affordability in Shenzhen special economic zone: A forerunner of China's housing reform".

871: 734: 658: 529: 231:

families, and other measures aimed to make sure that British Columbians can continue to live, work and raise families in

92: 2799: 1154: 1485:

Gao, Lu (April 1, 2010). "Achievements and Challenges: 30 Years of Housing Reforms in the People's Republic of China".

174: 2531:

National Low Income Housing Coalition (13 March 2012). Out of Reach 2012: America's Forgotten Housing Crisis (Report).

18: 2687: 2685: 2282: 1729: 954: 738: 1992: 390: 978: 962: 851: 2682: 1047: 2739: 2325:"Regulating to protect the interests of tenants, homeless people and others who use social landlords' services" 768: 1818: 1520: 891: 619: 2771: 1637:

Larsen, V G; Tollin, N; Antoniucci, V; Birkved, M; Sattrup, P A; Holmboe, T; Marella, G (1 September 2022).

1296: 965:. Valuable research institutions with staff dedicated to the analysis of "affordable housing" includes: The 857:

Housing assistance from the federal government for lower income households can be divided into three parts:

1399:"Action on foreign investment, consumer protection and vacancy puts British Columbians first - BC Gov News" 998: 685: 69: 2208:

Bramley, Glen (1994). "An affordability crisis in British housing: dimensions, causes and policy impact".

2916: 2379: 1436: 752: 730: 301:

However, a recent EU report highlights the critical housing situation in Denmark, particularly affecting

77: 45: 2509: 1094: 922: 705: 1105: 2498: 2375: 1730:"ESRB issues new warnings and recommendations on medium-term residential real estate vulnerabilities" 966: 827: 809: 748: 2882: 2819:

Aalbers, Manuel B. (2015). "The Great Moderation, the Great Excess and the Global Housing Crisis".

2483: 347: 103: 2346: 2067: 1537: 2431: 1001:, an online information resource devoted to affordable housing and community development issues. 645: 201:, insurance, investment and information services that add significant value to their operations. 33: 2631: 2877: 2664: 2021: 942: 662: 214: 197:

representatives. Its mandate is to provide Ontario housing providers and service managers with

84: 1490: 2272:

Planning Policy Statement No. 3: Housing, Department of Communities and Local Government 2006

1201: 970: 778: 760: 362: 88: 2371: 1654: 1608: 755:. States with median gross rents higher than the United States as a whole are in dark green. 1749:"IMF warns of 'disorderly' house price corrections in Europe as interest rates move higher" 1650: 918: 903: 743: 23: 2718: 1663: 1638: 481:

The first affordable housing projects in the Philippines was introduced by then-president

8: 2711: 2248: 990: 879: 878:"Project based" subsidies are also known by their section of the U.S. Housing Act or the 862: 701: 681: 653: 611: 599: 2159: 1222: 846:

percent of all federal housing assistance. The Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform for

669:

programmes, due to the poor quality of stock, low levels of demand and social problems.

330:

fell out of favor, however they continue to provide affordable housing for many people.

2895: 2836: 2453: 2446: 2311: 1668: 982: 819: 666: 294: 73: 1398: 2899: 2840: 1909:"Affordable housing in Jakarta: A movement required to house residents in apartments" 1826: 1784: 1672: 1582: 1486: 1422: 1325: 1023: 938: 887: 839: 833: 649: 641: 517: 290: 261: 96: 68:

paid directly to the tenant in addition to the basic Centrelink benefit, such as the

2764: 2420: 640:, but the numbers have been reduced since the early 1980s due to initiatives of the 2887: 2856: 2828: 2599: 2580: 2217: 2110:"UK gov't, BCDA partner on New Clark City Central Park, affordable housing project" 1658: 1467: 1440: 1432: 926: 603: 482: 422: 343: 232: 41: 1931:

Mahamud, Nurbaity Aqmar. "Housing Policy for the poor in Malaysia and Indonesia".

156: 2849:"Policies to promote access to good-quality affordable housing in OECD countries" 2832: 2803: 2394: 2064:"The Integration of the Relocatees into the Community of Dasmariñas: An Overview" 1778: 1553: 1350: 974: 615: 569: 236: 198: 2405: 1780:

Social Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany: The Constitution of the Social

1376: 2693:"United States – QT-H15. Mortgage Status and Selected Monthly Owner Costs:2000" 1569:

Housing Policy in the People's Republic of China: Successes and Disappointments

847: 693:, and developers and other bodies that may receive grants for development. The 591: 564: 509: 434: 224: 2584: 2566:"Do Rising Tides Lift All Prices? Income Inequality and Housing Affordability" 2324: 2221: 2183: 2088: 1471: 2910: 2891: 2796: 2472: 1830: 1568: 1177:"How European-Style Public Housing Could Help Solve The Affordability Crisis" 842: 690: 637: 631: 87:. These grants were introduced on 1 July 2000, and are jointly funded by the 2860: 2066:. Nilo D. Cabides, PhD of De La Salle University- Dasmariñas. Archived from 2109: 442: 228: 2286: 1152: 950: 602:. There are also a range of affordable home ownership options, including 220: 151: 2565: 1538:

The State Council housing organizational reform leading group in China.

861:"Tenant based" subsidies given to an individual household, known as the 792: 378: 1639:"Filling the gaps Circular transition of affordable housing in Denmark" 1444: 1313: 1247:"Red Vienna: How Austria's capital earned its place in housing history" 1043: 946: 759:

In the U.S., households are commonly defined in terms of the amount of

513: 306: 57: 37: 585: 2530: 1322:"Affordable Housing: What is the common definition of affordability?" 410: 253: 2746: 2134: 1687:"Denmark pushes billion euro investments for greener public housing" 1022:. Advances in Geographic Information Science. Springer. p. 23. 622:. (Section 75 of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997) 572:', or tenants affected by deregulation and much higher rent levels. 1153:

Alice Pittini; Dara Turnbull; Diana Yordanova (December 13, 2021).

1135: 910: 454: 354: 2506:"NLIHC: National Low Income Housing Coalition – Out of Reach 2006" 1319: 834:

Federal Subsidies and Other Forms of Government Housing Assistance

2775: 925:. These eight projects were purchased by the residents after the 614:, whilst the current mechanism in the UK is through the use of a 193: 65: 1503: 590:

The United Kingdom has a long tradition of promoting affordable

542: 160:

The George-Washington-Hof is protected public housing in Vienna.

114: 83:

Australians buying a home for the first time are eligible for a

2091:. Bases Conversion and Development Authority. December 13, 2018 1073: 897: 2855:. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers. 2016. 2372:

Median gross rent – American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

2234:

Mathiason, Nick; Hollingsworth, Victoria; Fitzgibbon, Will. '

1636: 293:

has taken steps to support the development and renovation of

56:

Australians in receipt of many social security benefits from

1020:

Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data

775:

Moderate income households earn between 80% and 120% of AMI.

366:

supply of Affordable Housing in the urban areas of Haryana.

99:

7000 to alleviate the costs of entering the housing market.

60:, who rent housing from a private landlord are eligible for 1935:- via Centre of Excellence for Facilities Management (CEFM) 457:

with reduced interest rates (2%–2.25%) to first-time buyers

1320:

Canada Mortgage; Housing Corporation (28 September 2011).

1093: 239:

supply was passed and will take effect on August 2, 2016.

95:. First home buyers are currently eligible for a grant of 2552: 2541: 884:

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

485:

in the 1970s. The Ministry of Human Settlements (now the

1807:. 32% is the 2009–10 estimate, down from 37% in 2004–05. 784:

Very low income households earn no more than 50% of AMI.

657:

have chosen to transfer management of the properties to

2597:

Table 1A-7: Financial Characteristics All Housing Units

2238:', The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 19 May 2013. 1783:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 31+. 1416: 1272:"In Vienna, public housing is affordable and desirable" 310: 2719:"American Housing Survey – Frequently Asked Questions" 1643:

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

1011: 2600:"American Housing Survey for the United States: 2001" 1506:

Urban Affordable Housing Construction Policing method

1099:"The First Home Saver Account: What you need to know" 636:

A high proportion of homes in the UK were previously

487:

Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development

142:

are affordable for those on low-to-moderate incomes.

32:

is housing that is deemed affordable to those with a

2454:"Public Housing/Section 8 Income Limits for FY 1999" 1606: 1202:"Governing: The International Issue: Haus Beautiful" 704:; inspecting and regulating activities falls to the 2732: 2160:"LH strives to expand supply of affordable housing" 1852:"Government takes to PPP Mode for low-cost housing" 1819:"Public-private partnerships in affordable housing" 586:

A tradition of social housing in the United Kingdom

2772:"President's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform" 1906: 445:. The schemes were replaced by three new schemes: 2557: 2428:"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas" 2135:"Welcome to KOREA LAND & HOUSING CORPORATION" 2908: 2535: 491:Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services 2546: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1017: 695:Department for Communities and Local Government 102:The Commonwealth government in 2008 introduced 2402:"Initiative for Affordable Housing – Glossary" 1174: 987:Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy 558:Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom 2563: 2207: 1985:"New affordable housing schemes - What's New" 796:Distribution of U.S. Median Home Values, 2005 747:Median gross rent by state from 2015 to 2019 115:Department of Housing Affordable Homes Scheme 2564:Matlack, Janna L.; Vigdor, Jacob L. (2008). 2201: 1377:"Woodward's Redevelopment – Glotman Simpson" 1170: 1168: 1123: 898:Inclusionary Housing Development Regulations 2867: 2616: 935:Department of Housing and Urban Development 2649: 2480:"Housing Choice Vouchers Fact Sheet – HUD" 1933:University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) 1566: 1042: 506:Bases Conversion and Development Authority 409:Government-subsidized affordable homes in 190:Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC) 2881: 2524: 1662: 1425:Journal of Urban Planning and Development 1199: 1165: 915:Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division 136: 1703: 1297:"Vienna's Unique Social Housing Program" 791: 742: 697:sets the policy for housing in England. 568:through mortgage default or trapped by ' 499:National Housing Authority (Philippines) 155: 123: 17: 2821:International Journal of Housing Policy 2818: 2301: 1816: 1396: 727:Subsidized housing in the United States 721:Affordable housing in the United States 2909: 2157: 1776: 1504:The Chinese Ministry of Construction. 1437:10.1061/(asce)0733-9488(2006)132:1(62) 1324:. Government of Canada. Archived from 995:Center on Budget and Policy Priorities 577:The Bureau of Investigative Journalism 80:are not eligible for rent assistance. 2034: 1805:India Country Overview September 2011 1772: 1770: 1768: 1746: 1618:. Vol. 7, no. 1. p. 30 1397:Premier, Office of the (2016-07-25). 1136:"Opening Doors to Affordable Housing" 1054:from the original on 17 December 2008 959:National Association of Home Builders 802:National Low Income Housing Coalition 2314:, 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011. 1964:"Iasacht Tithíochta Atógáil Éireann" 1609:"The Chinese Housing Provident Fund" 1567:Palomar, Joyce; Lou, Jianbo (2007). 1554:"Application for Affordable Housing" 1540:Affordable Housing Management Method 1457: 1357:from the original on August 11, 2022 913:(1940–42) under the auspices of the 659:arms-length non-profit organisations 530:Korea Land & Housing Corporation 373: 109: 2591: 2236:Scale of UK housing crisis revealed 2018:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository 1876:"Haryana Government - notification" 1484: 735:Gentrification in the United States 512:, a new metropolis designed to be " 208: 13: 2037:"Spaces of BLISS and BLISS Market" 1765: 618:. In Scotland the equivalent is a 451:Iasacht Tithíochta Atógáil Éireann 425:is the current available program. 175:Affordability of housing in Canada 14: 2928: 2812: 2460:from the original on 3 April 2008 1849: 1200:Holeywell, Ryan (February 2015). 1193: 1048:"Eligibility for Rent Assistance" 1018:Bhatta, Basudeb (15 April 2010). 763:income they earn relative to the 739:Homelessness in the United States 700:In Scotland policy is set by the 625: 551: 2308:Affordable Housing – a new dawn? 1616:International Real Estate Review 979:Joint Center for Housing Studies 963:National Association of Realtors 852:home mortgage interest deduction 781:earn between 50% and 80% of AMI. 714: 377: 129:Government's lending provider. 2790: 2364: 2347:"London's Poverty Profile 2017" 2339: 2317: 2275: 2266: 2249:"London's Poverty Profile 2017" 2241: 2228: 2176: 2151: 2127: 2102: 2081: 2056: 2028: 2006: 1989:whatsnew.citizensinformation.ie 1977: 1956: 1938: 1925: 1900: 1868: 1843: 1810: 1797: 1740: 1722: 1697: 1679: 1664:10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012078 1630: 1600: 1575: 1560: 1546: 1531: 1518: 1512: 1497: 1478: 1451: 1390: 1369: 1343: 1289: 1264: 1239: 508:(BCDA) is currently developing 353:Some developers are developing 192:was created by the Province of 93:state and territory governments 1777:Zacher, Hans F. (2012-11-15). 1215: 1146: 1087: 1066: 1036: 769:metropolitan statistical areas 523: 476: 449:Rebuilding Ireland Home Loan ( 1: 2114:Philippine Information Agency 1950:Citizens Information (Ireland 1607:Buttimer, Richard J. (2004). 1521:"Affordable Housing in China" 1004: 892:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 620:Section 75 planning agreement 2833:10.1080/14616718.2014.997431 2573:Journal of Housing Economics 2327:. Scottish Housing Regulator 2158:Herald, Korea (2013-06-04). 1747:Amaro, Silvia (2023-04-28). 1734:European Systemic Risk Board 1704:Hamilton, Ben (2023-05-25). 1175:Merrifield, Will; attorney. 686:Homes and Communities Agency 369: 51: 7: 2380:United States Census Bureau 2283:"Tenant Services Authority" 955:Housing Partnership Network 751:estimates published by the 731:Zoning in the United States 78:public housing in Australia 46:housing affordability index 10: 2933: 1817:Shankar, A. (2017-12-22). 1095:Australian Taxation Office 1074:"First Home Owners Scheme" 923:Colonel Lawrence Westbrook 724: 718: 706:Scottish Housing Regulator 629: 555: 540: 528:In South Korea the public 428: 341: 316: 283: 183: 172: 149: 145: 2585:10.1016/j.jhe.2008.06.004 2376:American Community Survey 2222:10.1080/02673039408720777 1973:(in Irish). 7 March 2018. 1472:10.1080/02673039608720875 1351:"Prices - Housing prices" 1140:www.openingdoorswa.com.au 967:Center for Housing Policy 810:high-net-worth individual 749:American Community Survey 536: 168: 104:first home saver accounts 2892:10.1177/0042098014543704 2802:16 February 2008 at the 2625:"Renter Households Data" 1907:PricewaterhouseCoopers. 684:are registered with the 608:land-use planning system 575:A 2013 investigation by 348:Illegal housing in India 337: 242: 2861:10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en 2658:"Owner Households Data" 2184:"TOKİ Housing Programs" 1655:2022E&ES.1078a2078L 921:under the direction of 594:. This may be owned by 467: 417: 89:Commonwealth government 34:median household income 943:Federal Home Loan Bank 850:proposed reducing the 797: 756: 663:Decent Homes Programme 438: 161: 137:Affordable House Sales 26: 22:Affordable housing in 2740:"Changing priorities" 1706:"The Copenhagen Post" 971:Brookings Institution 795: 779:Low income households 746: 592:social rented housing 504:The government-owned 439:tithíocht inacmhainne 363:Government of Haryana 159: 124:Shared Home Ownership 85:first homeowner grant 21: 2752:on 10 September 2008 2670:on 10 September 2008 2637:on 10 September 2008 2116:. September 21, 2020 2044:Humboldt-Universität 919:Federal Works Agency 904:Inclusionary Housing 682:housing associations 600:housing associations 433:Affordable housing ( 305:in urban areas like 24:San Jose, California 2699:on 12 February 2020 2434:on 21 February 1999 2408:on 22 December 2007 2035:Marcelino, Louise. 1946:"First Home Scheme" 1710:The Copenhagen Post 1519:Man, Joyce Yanyun. 1227:Cooperative Housing 991:New York University 902:Another program is 880:Housing Act of 1949 702:Scottish Parliament 642:Thatcher government 612:inclusionary zoning 303:low-income families 235:such as increasing 217:site in Vancouver. 215:Woodward's building 38:national government 2917:Affordable housing 2312:Jones Lang LaSalle 1971:Rebuilding Ireland 1856:The Economic Times 1379:. 19 November 2015 1223:"Austria Archives" 1111:on 3 December 2008 983:Harvard University 854:in a 2005 report. 820:real estate bubble 798: 765:Area Median Income 757: 753:U.S. Census Bureau 667:urban regeneration 518:disaster-resilient 489:) established the 389:. You can help by 295:affordable housing 162: 74:Disability Pension 30:Affordable housing 27: 2512:on 5 October 2007 1790:978-3-642-22525-3 1029:978-3-642-05298-9 939:Rural Development 888:Rural Development 840:mortgage interest 650:Margaret Thatcher 407: 406: 291:Danish government 110:Western Australia 2924: 2903: 2885: 2876:(7): 1486–1502. 2864: 2844: 2806: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2778:on 15 March 2008 2774:. Archived from 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2751: 2745:. Archived from 2744: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2695:. Archived from 2689: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2669: 2663:. Archived from 2662: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2636: 2630:. Archived from 2629: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2570: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2508:. Archived from 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2486:on 18 March 2008 2482:. Archived from 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2430:. Archived from 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2404:. Archived from 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2351:Trust for London 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2289:on 14 April 2012 2285:. Archived from 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2253:Trust for London 2245: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2164:The Korea Herald 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2089:"New Clark City" 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2020:. Archived from 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1991:. Archived from 1981: 1975: 1974: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1888:on 13 March 2016 1887: 1881:. Archived from 1880: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1850:Babar, Kailash. 1847: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1774: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1666: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1613: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1587:www.stats.gov.cn 1579: 1573: 1572: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1330: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1172: 1163: 1162: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1132: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1110: 1104:. Archived from 1103: 1097:(October 2008). 1091: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1046:(30 June 2008). 1040: 1034: 1033: 1015: 927:Second World War 828:2000 U.S. Census 604:shared ownership 483:Ferdinand Marcos 423:National Housing 402: 399: 381: 374: 344:Housing in India 233:British Columbia 209:British Columbia 44:by a recognized 42:local government 36:as rated by the 2932: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2907: 2906: 2883:10.1.1.836.5392 2847: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2804:Wayback Machine 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2229: 2210:Housing Studies 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1996: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1952:. 13 July 2022. 1944: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1915: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1860: 1858: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1745: 1741: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1702: 1698: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1536: 1532: 1517: 1513: 1502: 1498: 1483: 1479: 1460:Housing Studies 1456: 1452: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1395: 1391: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1279: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1183: 1173: 1166: 1151: 1147: 1134: 1133: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1016: 1012: 1007: 975:Urban Institute 900: 886:(HUD) and USDA 836: 823:housing costs. 741: 723: 717: 691:council housing 652:introduced the 634: 628: 616:S.106 Agreement 588: 570:negative equity 560: 554: 545: 539: 526: 479: 470: 431: 420: 403: 397: 394: 387:needs expansion 372: 350: 340: 319: 286: 245: 237:rental property 211: 199:bulk purchasing 186: 177: 171: 154: 148: 139: 126: 117: 112: 62:rent assistance 54: 12: 11: 5: 2930: 2920: 2919: 2905: 2904: 2865: 2845: 2814: 2813:External links 2811: 2808: 2807: 2789: 2763: 2731: 2710: 2681: 2648: 2615: 2590: 2579:(3): 212–224. 2556: 2545: 2534: 2523: 2497: 2471: 2445: 2419: 2393: 2363: 2338: 2316: 2300: 2274: 2265: 2240: 2227: 2216:(1): 103–124. 2200: 2175: 2150: 2126: 2101: 2080: 2055: 2027: 2024:on 2019-06-24. 2005: 1976: 1955: 1937: 1924: 1899: 1867: 1842: 1809: 1796: 1789: 1764: 1739: 1721: 1696: 1691:State of Green 1678: 1629: 1599: 1574: 1559: 1545: 1530: 1511: 1496: 1477: 1466:(4): 561–580. 1450: 1415: 1403:news.gov.bc.ca 1389: 1368: 1342: 1312: 1288: 1263: 1238: 1214: 1192: 1164: 1159:Housing Europe 1145: 1122: 1086: 1065: 1035: 1028: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1003: 899: 896: 876: 875: 872:Public Housing 869: 866: 848:President Bush 835: 832: 786: 785: 782: 776: 719:Main article: 716: 713: 648:government of 630:Main article: 627: 626:Council houses 624: 596:local councils 587: 584: 556:Main article: 553: 552:United Kingdom 550: 541:Main article: 538: 535: 525: 522: 510:New Clark City 478: 475: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 458: 430: 427: 419: 416: 405: 404: 398:September 2020 384: 382: 371: 368: 339: 336: 318: 315: 285: 282: 244: 241: 227:accessible to 225:home ownership 210: 207: 185: 182: 173:Main article: 170: 167: 150:Main article: 147: 144: 138: 135: 125: 122: 116: 113: 111: 108: 53: 50: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2929: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Urban Studies 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853:OECD iLibrary 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2720: 2714: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2549: 2538: 2527: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2269: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2090: 2084: 2070:on 2010-10-21 2069: 2065: 2059: 2045: 2038: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 1995:on 2018-09-02 1994: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1792: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1736:. 2022-02-11. 1735: 1731: 1725: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649:(1): 012078. 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1588: 1584: 1583:"中国统计年鉴-2011" 1578: 1570: 1563: 1555: 1549: 1541: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1507: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1378: 1372: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1331:on 7 May 2007 1327: 1323: 1316: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1210: 1203: 1196: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1160: 1156: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1107: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1075: 1069: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1031: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1010: 1002: 1000: 999:KnowledgePlex 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 873: 870: 867: 864: 860: 859: 858: 855: 853: 849: 844: 843:tax deduction 841: 831: 829: 824: 821: 816: 813: 811: 805: 803: 794: 790: 783: 780: 777: 774: 773: 772: 770: 766: 762: 754: 750: 745: 740: 736: 732: 728: 722: 715:United States 712: 709: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 687: 683: 678: 674: 670: 668: 664: 660: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638:council-owned 633: 632:Council house 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 583: 580: 578: 573: 571: 566: 565:macroeconomic 559: 549: 544: 534: 531: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 474: 462: 459: 456: 452: 448: 447: 446: 444: 440: 436: 426: 424: 415: 412: 401: 392: 388: 385:This section 383: 380: 376: 375: 367: 364: 359: 356: 349: 345: 335: 331: 327: 323: 314: 312: 308: 304: 299: 296: 292: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 263: 257: 255: 250: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223:to help make 222: 218: 216: 206: 202: 200: 195: 191: 188:In 2002, the 181: 176: 166: 158: 153: 143: 134: 130: 121: 107: 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 49: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 25: 20: 16: 2873: 2869: 2852: 2827:(1): 43–60. 2824: 2820: 2792: 2780:. Retrieved 2776:the original 2766: 2754:. Retrieved 2747:the original 2734: 2722:. Retrieved 2713: 2701:. Retrieved 2697:the original 2672:. Retrieved 2665:the original 2651: 2639:. Retrieved 2632:the original 2618: 2606:. Retrieved 2593: 2576: 2572: 2559: 2548: 2537: 2526: 2514:. Retrieved 2510:the original 2500: 2488:. Retrieved 2484:the original 2474: 2462:. Retrieved 2448: 2436:. Retrieved 2432:the original 2422: 2410:. Retrieved 2406:the original 2396: 2384:. Retrieved 2366: 2354:. Retrieved 2350: 2341: 2329:. Retrieved 2319: 2303: 2291:. Retrieved 2287:the original 2277: 2268: 2256:. Retrieved 2252: 2243: 2230: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2193:26 September 2191:. Retrieved 2187: 2178: 2167:. Retrieved 2163: 2153: 2142:. Retrieved 2139:www.lh.or.kr 2138: 2129: 2118:. Retrieved 2113: 2104: 2093:. Retrieved 2083: 2072:. Retrieved 2068:the original 2058: 2047:. Retrieved 2043: 2030: 2022:the original 2017: 2008: 1997:. Retrieved 1993:the original 1988: 1979: 1970: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1932: 1927: 1916:. Retrieved 1912: 1902: 1890:. Retrieved 1883:the original 1870: 1859:. Retrieved 1855: 1845: 1834:. Retrieved 1822: 1812: 1803:World Bank. 1799: 1779: 1756:. Retrieved 1752: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1713:. Retrieved 1709: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1620:. Retrieved 1615: 1602: 1590:. Retrieved 1586: 1577: 1562: 1548: 1539: 1533: 1524: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1480: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1406:. Retrieved 1402: 1392: 1381:. Retrieved 1371: 1359:. Retrieved 1345: 1333:. Retrieved 1326:the original 1315: 1304:. Retrieved 1300: 1291: 1280:. Retrieved 1278:. 2021-05-03 1275: 1266: 1255:. Retrieved 1253:. 2020-12-30 1251:City Monitor 1250: 1241: 1230:. Retrieved 1226: 1217: 1208: 1195: 1184:. Retrieved 1180: 1158: 1148: 1139: 1113:. Retrieved 1106:the original 1089: 1077:. Retrieved 1068: 1056:. Retrieved 1038: 1019: 1013: 937:(HUD), USDA 932: 908: 901: 877: 856: 837: 825: 817: 814: 806: 799: 787: 758: 710: 699: 679: 675: 671: 654:Right to Buy 646:Conservative 635: 589: 581: 574: 561: 546: 527: 516:, green and 503: 494: 490: 480: 471: 453:): provides 450: 443:market value 432: 421: 408: 395: 391:adding to it 386: 360: 351: 332: 328: 324: 320: 300: 287: 278: 274: 270: 266: 258: 248: 246: 229:middle-class 219: 212: 203: 187: 178: 163: 140: 131: 127: 118: 101: 82: 55: 29: 28: 15: 2188:toki.gov.tr 1445:10397/20905 1276:Marketplace 1115:23 November 1079:23 November 1058:23 November 951:Freddie Mac 818:Before the 524:South Korea 477:Philippines 262:(NBSC 2011) 221:Legislation 152:Gemeindebau 70:Age Pension 2374:(Report). 2356:9 February 2258:8 February 2169:2021-07-25 2144:2021-07-25 2120:2020-09-29 2095:2020-09-29 2074:2011-01-07 2049:2021-01-12 1999:2018-11-03 1918:2021-05-15 1892:3 November 1861:2022-01-07 1836:2022-01-07 1758:2023-07-21 1715:2023-07-21 1622:8 December 1383:2022-03-15 1361:August 14, 1335:8 December 1306:2022-05-19 1282:2022-05-19 1257:2022-05-19 1232:2022-05-19 1186:2021-04-04 1044:Centrelink 1005:References 993:, and the 947:Fannie Mae 725:See also: 680:All major 342:See also: 307:Copenhagen 58:Centrelink 2900:155800842 2878:CiteSeerX 2841:153584502 2331:15 August 1831:0971-751X 1823:The Hindu 1673:252276414 1592:6 January 1571:(Report). 1431:(62): 9. 1408:6 January 1209:Governing 863:Section 8 455:mortgages 411:Indonesia 370:Indonesia 254:free good 52:Australia 2911:Category 2800:Archived 2797:Partners 2782:19 March 2756:24 March 2724:19 March 2703:19 March 2674:19 March 2641:19 March 2608:19 March 2516:19 March 2490:19 March 2464:19 March 2458:Archived 2438:19 March 2412:19 March 2293:15 April 1355:Archived 1353:. OECD. 1301:HUD User 1052:Archived 985:and the 977:and the 911:New Deal 761:realized 355:low cost 91:and the 2386:May 26, 1651:Bibcode 1491:1619161 1181:NPR.org 917:of the 865:program 826:In the 429:Ireland 317:Germany 284:Denmark 194:Ontario 184:Ontario 146:Austria 72:or the 66:subsidy 2898: 2880: 2839: 2382:. 2019 1829: 1787: 1671: 1489: 1329:(.cfm) 1026: 973:, the 949:, and 941:, the 737:, and 537:Turkey 249:et al. 169:Canada 2896:S2CID 2837:S2CID 2750:(PDF) 2743:(PDF) 2668:(PDF) 2661:(PDF) 2635:(PDF) 2628:(PDF) 2603:(PDF) 2569:(PDF) 2040:(PDF) 1967:(PDF) 1886:(PDF) 1879:(PDF) 1669:S2CID 1612:(PDF) 1205:(PDF) 1109:(PDF) 1102:(PDF) 514:smart 495:BLISS 435:Irish 338:India 243:China 40:or a 2784:2008 2758:2008 2726:2008 2705:2008 2676:2008 2643:2008 2610:2008 2518:2008 2492:2008 2466:2008 2440:2008 2414:2008 2388:2021 2358:2018 2333:2012 2295:2012 2260:2018 2195:2020 1894:2018 1827:ISSN 1785:ISBN 1753:CNBC 1647:1078 1624:2011 1594:2018 1525:LILP 1487:SSRN 1410:2018 1363:2022 1337:2011 1117:2008 1081:2008 1060:2008 1024:ISBN 543:TOKİ 468:Mali 418:Iran 361:The 346:and 64:, a 2888:doi 2857:doi 2829:doi 2581:doi 2218:doi 1913:PwC 1659:doi 1468:doi 1441:hdl 1433:doi 1429:132 989:at 981:at 598:or 493:or 393:. 97:A$ 2913:: 2894:. 2886:. 2874:53 2872:. 2851:. 2835:. 2825:15 2823:. 2684:^ 2577:17 2575:. 2571:. 2456:. 2378:. 2349:. 2310:, 2251:. 2212:. 2186:. 2162:. 2137:. 2112:. 2042:. 2016:. 1987:. 1969:. 1948:. 1911:. 1854:. 1825:. 1821:. 1767:^ 1751:. 1732:. 1708:. 1689:. 1667:. 1657:. 1645:. 1641:. 1614:. 1585:. 1523:. 1464:11 1462:. 1439:. 1427:. 1401:. 1299:. 1274:. 1249:. 1225:. 1207:. 1179:. 1167:^ 1157:. 1138:. 1125:^ 1050:. 969:, 953:. 945:, 733:, 729:, 501:. 437:: 311:EU 2902:. 2890:: 2863:. 2859:: 2843:. 2831:: 2786:. 2760:. 2728:. 2707:. 2678:. 2645:. 2612:. 2587:. 2583:: 2520:. 2494:. 2468:. 2442:. 2416:. 2390:. 2360:. 2335:. 2297:. 2262:. 2224:. 2220:: 2214:9 2197:. 2172:. 2147:. 2123:. 2098:. 2077:. 2052:. 2002:. 1921:. 1896:. 1864:. 1839:. 1793:. 1761:. 1718:. 1693:. 1675:. 1661:: 1653:: 1626:. 1596:. 1556:. 1542:. 1527:. 1508:. 1493:. 1474:. 1470:: 1447:. 1443:: 1435:: 1412:. 1386:. 1365:. 1339:. 1309:. 1285:. 1260:. 1235:. 1211:. 1189:. 1161:. 1142:. 1119:. 1083:. 1062:. 1032:. 400:) 396:( 252:"

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index