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important. Pope Leo fears that many philosophers were forsaking the solid philosophical foundation of antiquity and turning toward “a foundation open to change.” And another danger: while Leo affirms the important work of scholarship, he cautions that philosophical pursuits should not be characterized by “mere erudition”; what is required, rather, is an authentic development of learning.
835:. Pope Leo XIII had recognized the detrimental effects to both society and religion when reason is privileged over faith. In an effort to promote Thomistic scholarship, Pope Leo XIII commissioned a critical edition of Aquinas’s works, referred to as the “Leonine” edition. Although Thomism had already enjoyed a half-century revival before 1879 through the writings of scholars such as
765:“who are the growing hope of the Church.” Scholastic thought is likened to a strong weapon with which one may best defend the Catholic faith against the assault waged against her by the “machinations and craft of a certain false wisdom.” Scholastic philosophy is presented as second only to the “supernatural help of God,” in its ability to defend the faith.
349:, most pontiffs had preferred to condemn the errors in contemporary philosophy, not to recommend explicitly a return to the old. The encyclical, however, was no surprise to any acquainted with Cardinal Pecci, who had for years been spearheading a Thomistic renaissance in the schools in his diocese of Perugia, leading to such
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truths by faith. Philosophy is characterized as a handmaid to faith that humbly accepts revelation. Revelation has the “force of certain truth” so that what is contrary to faith is also contrary to reason. Thus, the philosopher is discouraged from accepting any conclusion that is opposed to revealed doctrine.
637:,” whose contribution to the tradition was their “diligently collecting, and sifting, and storing up, as it were, in one place, for the use and convenience of posterity the rich and fertile harvests of Christian learning scattered abroad in the voluminous works of the holy Fathers.” Pope Leo XIII quotes
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The purpose of Leo XIII was the revival of St. Thomas's philosophy and the continuing of his spirit of investigation, but not necessarily the adoption of every argument and opinion to be found in the works of the scholastics. According to the encyclical, the philosophy most conformable and useful for
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24. The “struggling innovators of the sixteenth century” philosophized without regard for faith. Their inventions were in accordance with their own whims, and so, naturally, there arose a great diversity of philosophies, “differing and clashing” even in those matters of human knowledge that are most
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9. The human mind is limited and needs the truth of revelation to avoid error. Without the supernatural truth of revelation the human mind is subject to error and opinion. The fact that revelation assists the philosopher in reasoning correctly does not detract from the dignity of the human intellect
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31. This paragraph emphasizes that the revival of scholasticism and, in particular, Thomism for which the encyclical calls is not a recommendation to practice a slavish adherence to outdated doctrines and ideas: “if there is anything that ill agrees with the discoveries of a later age … it does not
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10. The history of philosophy is marked by those who lacked “the gift of faith”—an error that led to doubtful claims about the nature of reality but especially divinity. However, Christ, “as the power and wisdom of God,” restores knowledge through his followers, and by their efforts redeems what is
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17. The following paragraph names Thomas
Aquinas as the preeminent example of scholasticism. He is praised for collecting together all the other arguments of scholastics, and then made valuable additions as well. Apart from his contributions to theology, Thomas, the encyclical claims, also touched
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The interpretations and effects of the encyclical have been varied, some using it to authorize a return to a strict adherence to St. Thomas, others believing the document urges more a return to the spirit of
Thomistic thinking. However various the effects may have been, the document has at least
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18. In paragraph 18, Thomas is said to have triumphed over previous errors, and supplied those who follow him with the means to defeat other errors that would arise. Thomas also distinguished, “as is fitting,” faith from reason, without infringing upon the legitimate rights of either of them and
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8. Philosophy and revelation represent two realms of knowledge. Philosophy represents the profane realm of natural truth whereas revelation represents the divine realm of supernatural truth. Revelation or supernatural truth is beyond the reach of reason and therefore philosophy must accept these
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requires philosophy in order to be a genuine science: in order to assume the nature, form, and genius of a true science, theology requires the solid foundation of philosophy. Moreover, Philosophy complements theology in that true understanding and knowledge are better and more easily attained by
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2. The errors of philosophy have caused problems in public and private life. Philosophy alone is insufficient to emerge from error or prevent further erroneous conclusions “concerning divine or human things.” The faith of the
Christian religion preserves philosophic truth by bringing to men “the
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Zigliara, a member of seven Roman congregations including the
Congregation for Studies, was a co-founder of the Academia Romano di San Tommaso in 1870. Zigliara's fame as a scholar at the forefront of the Thomist revival at the time of his rectorship of the College of St. Thomas after 1873 was
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26. Both paragraphs use ornamental language in speaking of the “beauty” of the “pure streams” from the “precious fountainhead of the
Angelic Doctor.” The language may appeal implicitly to a Thomistic understanding of Beauty as a transcendental quality inseparable from the Good and the Truth.
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15. The quotation from Sixtus V continues through paragraph 15, and it is here that scholasticism, drawing together and compiling the sacred writings, the work of the “sovereign
Pontiffs, the holy Fathers and the councils,” is portrayed as beneficial to the posterity in three ways: for (1)
527:) are given as literal and metaphorical examples of using philosophy in a defensive and offensive manner. The Church “commands” Christian teachers to enlist the help of philosophy in instructing the faithful but cautions against philosophical arguments that are contrary to revealed truth.
610:, who Leo says “ould seem to have wrested the palm from all.” The genius of Augustine was his ability to combat “most vigorously all the errors of his age,” as well as his ability to lay down the “safe foundations and sure structure of human science.” The paragraph ends with mention of
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28. The restoring of the teachings of Thomas
Aquinas in the universities and the strong foundation this will offer the students will also help society as a whole by offering it a “more peaceful and secure existence,” as well as protecting it from the “plague of perverse opinions.”
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to bring faith and reason together in a fruitful dialectic. The spirit and thought of Saint Thomas
Aquinas advocated by the encyclical has proven a valuable resource for Catholic philosophy and theology in bringing both faith and reason to bear on the problems of modern life.
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4. In the fourth paragraph, the encyclical begins to articulate the ways in which philosophy can aid and complement true faith. Reason is characterized as a “steppingstone” to
Christian faith, in that philosophy, when used rightly, fortifies the road to faith and prepares the
480:. A comparison is drawn between the way in which the Hebrews took with them Egyptian treasures to offer to the service of God, and the way in which truths discovered by the philosophy of the pagans are to be turned to the use and purposes of revealed doctrine.
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25. Paragraph 25, which acknowledges that, in the face of these dangers, some already have already returned to the superior philosophy of St. Thomas
Aquinas, is followed by the hortatory and encouraging remarks in paragraph 26.
653:, (2) understanding the Fathers, and (3) combating heresies and errors. The last way is highlighted in the paragraph for the particular importance it plays in “confirming the dogmas of Catholic faith and confuting heresies.”
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in August 1879. It was subtitled "On the Restoration of Christian Philosophy in Catholic Schools in the Spirit (ad mentem) of the Angelic Doctor, St. Thomas Aquinas". The aim of the encyclical was to advance the revival of
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7. Philosophy is characterized as both a defensive and offensive tool of faith. Defensively it protects the revealed truth from distortion; offensively it weakens arguments contrary to revealed truth. The examples of the
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20. The twentieth paragraph of the encyclical refers to all the great universities of the scholastic period where Thomistic theology enjoyed prominence, creating harmony among all the schools adhering to his teaching.
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because wisdom is gained in recognizing the limits of reason. “Faith frees and saves reason from error, and endows it with manifold knowledge.” Revelation serves as a lamp for the philosopher’s path toward truth.
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21. The twenty-first paragraph of the encyclical continues the list of testimonials to St. Thomas’s greatness by mentioning some of the popes who have honored, borrowed from, and praised the work of St. Thomas.
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23. Aquinas has been equally esteemed even among critics of the Church, “who openly declared that, if the teaching of Thomas Aquinas were only taken away, they could easily battle with all Catholic teachers.”
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examines three major rival traditions of moral inquiry: encyclopaedic, genealogical and traditional. Each was given defense from a canonical piece published in the late 19th century (the 9th Edition of the
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the faith is that of St. Thomas. The vigorous reintroduction of St. Thomas into the Catholic philosophical teaching was perceived by many as a bold and unprecedented step by the new pope. Indeed, since the
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enter Our mind to propose that for imitation in Our age.” It is crucial, as well, that Aquinas’s own writings be read and studied, rather than derivative works that may already be affected by errors.
976:). MacIntyre ultimately conducts a complex series of both interior and exterior critiques of the encyclopaedic and genealogical positions in an attempt to vindicate philosophical
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12. The encyclical continues the list of those early Christian thinkers who have labored to defend the faith from error and develop a philosophically informed account of it:
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30. In particular, scholastic philosophy does not oppose the “advance and development of natural science.” On the contrary, philosophy is in accord with the conclusions of
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19. The nineteenth paragraph begins a discussion of the many ways in which Aquinas’s authority has been recognized through the centuries. The encyclical describes how many
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has even from its very beginning been made manifest by certain wonderful signs.” The spread, sanctity, and unity of the Church is another sign that reason can recognize.
923:(1904–1995) explored the historical background of Thomas Aquinas and its relationship to theology. One of the best known French Dominicans of the twentieth century was
432:: to promote the kind of philosophy that “shall respond most fitly to the excellence of faith, and at the same time consonant with the dignity of human science.”
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5. The great and noble fruits gathered from natural reason, as described in the fifth paragraph, include its ability to recognize “that the doctrine of the
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29. Scholastic philosophy, with its “sound judgment,” “right method,” and “spirit,” will strengthen and guide all the different disciplines, including the
428:). Although philosophy can and has deceived men about important matters, it is also capable of illuminating the other sciences. This, then, is the aim of
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13. In paragraph 13, Pope Leo XIII continues his list of those who have advanced the Christian intellectual tradition. He turns his attention first to
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on October 15, 1879, and ordered the publication of the critical edition, the so-called "leonine edition", of the complete works of Aquinas, the
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908:(1932) are still widely popular among students of Thomism. Together, Gilson and Maritain are sometimes called "existential Thomists."
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was the reintroduction of Thomism into Catholic educational centers for the purpose of bringing faith and reason back into a fruitful
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and in a number of other locations - Ripperger, Fr. Chad Ph.D, Introduction to the Science of Mental Health, footnote on page 309
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27. The encyclical goes on in paragraph 27 to urge the teaching of scholastic philosophy and theology, especially to the young
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Progressive Scholasticism. A Contribution to the Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Encyclical “Aeterni Patris”
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demonstrated and proved conclusions, using only their natural reason, which supported certain truths regarding faith: the
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heralded a renaissance of Thomism that still reverberates in modern theological and philosophical discourse.
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16. In paragraph 16, the praise of scholastic theology is extended to the philosophy upon which it is based.
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succeeded in reestablishing since its promulgation St. Thomas as a central figure in Catholic philosophy.
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22. Thomas Aquinas has long been held “in singular honor” in the ecumenical councils, including those of
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Hill, Harvey. “Leo XIII, Loisy, and the 'Broad School': An Early Round of the Modernist Crisis,”
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and strongly opposed traditionalism and ontologism in favor of the moderate realism of Aquinas."
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The Church's recognition of how theology and philosophy relate can be found in Pope Leo XIII,
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true in pagan philosophy. In doing so, Catholic doctrine was developed and defended against
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those who join together philosophic studies with the love of faith and integrity of life.
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Pereira, Jose. “Thomism and the Magisterium: From Aeterni Patris to Veritatis Splendor,”
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in the West, all of whom Pope Leo says “dded largely to the patrimony of philosophy.”
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In August 1879, eighteen months into his pontificate, Pope Leo XIII (formerly Joachim
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Volume 1 of the Leonine edition of the works of St. Thomas Aquinas (1882)
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One Hundred Years of Thomism: Aeterni Patris and Afterwards. A Symposium
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Francisco J. Romero Carrasquillo. "Ite ad Thomam", Accessed Feb. 6, 2013
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The Relationship between Philosophy and Faith: How Faith Aids Philosophy
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The Relationship between Philosophy and Faith: How Philosophy Aids Faith
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professor from 1870 to 1879 at the College of Saint Thomas, the future
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The Teachings of Modern Christianity on Law, Politics, and Human Nature
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The Relationship between Philosophy and Faith in Historical Perspective
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to set all men free by teaching the truth of the faith to all nations (
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14. Paragraph 14 speaks of the “doctors of the middle ages,” the “
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Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 18 November 2015
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Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 4 October 2016
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6. The sixth paragraph draws attention to the fact that sacred
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O'Riordan, Michael. "Æterni Patris." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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O'Riordan, Michael. "Æterni Patris." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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and other adversaries who sought to propose contrary views.
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From Unity to Pluralism: The Internal Evolution of Thomism
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instead strengthening each through the aid of the other.
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The content of the encyclical was strongly influenced by
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Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
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Knasas, John F. X. “Whither the Neo-Thomist Revival?”
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mandated the study of his works to their members: the
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1. The opening paragraph begins with a reference to
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The Need for a Thomistic and Scholastic Renaissance
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1127:Zur Enzyklika "Aeterni Patris." Text und Kommentar
323:. The encyclical attempts to clarify the roles of
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1162:Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture
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374:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas,
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556:11. In combating these adversaries, Catholic
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440:nor philosophy is destroyed by faith;
1175:Hittinger, Russell. "Pope Leo XIII",
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1022:The Cambridge History of Christianity
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48:Please help
43:verification
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921:Yves Congar
900:. Gilson’s
860:Karl Rahner
847:(d. 1893),
839:(d. 1891),
763:seminarians
635:Scholastics
581:Athenagoras
478:natural law
351:theologians
307:Middle Ages
1257:Categories
886:Vatican II
799:Conclusion
719:, and the
686:Carmelites
678:Dominicans
601:Tertullian
558:apologists
466:revelation
329:philosophy
299:philosophy
253:issued by
251:encyclical
209:In English
148:Encyclical
106:March 2015
76:newspapers
968:and Pope
960:Nietzsche
833:dialectic
651:Scripture
573:Aristides
569:Quadratus
521:Goliath’s
376:Angelicum
1083:Archived
984:See also
970:Leo XIII
776:and the
717:Florence
624:Boethius
585:Irenaeus
551:heretics
513:17:16–34
492:theology
422:Apostles
418:Christ’s
272:Cardinal
204:In Latin
154:Leo XIII
1209:Portals
978:Thomism
947:(1990)
898:Ontario
894:Toronto
721:Vatican
694:Jesuits
577:Hermias
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519:use of
517:David’s
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321:Thomism
311:Angelic
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296:secular
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274:Pecci,
247:English
233: →
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219:←
181:Subject
90:scholar
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628:Anselm
618:, and
597:Origen
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485:Gospel
470:pagans
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731:altar
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325:faith
152:Pope
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97:JSTOR
83:books
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933:Rome
626:and
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383:and
327:and
197:Text
69:news
972:'s
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