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along the bottom wall to pick it up. The dot can be seen when in a catacombs passage or when held over a normal wall, and becomes again invisible when carried or dropped in most rooms. The dot is not attracted to the magnet, unlike all other inanimate objects. The player must bring the dot along with two or more other objects to the east end of the corridor below the Golden Castle. This causes the barrier on the right side of the screen to blink rapidly, and the player avatar is then able to push through the wall into a new room displaying the words "Created by Warren
Robinett" in text which continuously changes color.
262:—the yellow Yorgle, the green Grundle, and the red Rhindle—that protect or flee from various items and attack the player's avatar. An enemy bat can roam the kingdom freely, carrying an item or a dragon around; the bat was to be named Knubberrub but the name is not in the manual. The bat's two states are agitation and non-agitation. When in the agitated state, the bat will either pick up or swap what it currently carries with an object in the present room, eventually returning to the non-agitated state where it will not pick up an object. The bat continues to fly around even offscreen, swapping objects.
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which can be used to defeat the dragons. The player may only carry one object at a time. If eaten by a dragon, the player can then opt to resurrect the dead avatar instead of completely restarting the game. The avatar reappears at the Golden Castle and all objects remain at their latest location, but all slain dragons are resurrected. The ability to resurrect the avatar without resetting the entire game is considered one of the earliest examples of a "continue game" option in video games.
438:, for additional walls in the playing field to be able to represent different rooms within the game with the same playfield. Another hardware limitation forces the left and right sides of nearly every screen to be mirrored, which fostered the creation of the game's confusing mazes. The exceptions include two screens in the Black Castle catacombs and two in the main hallway beneath the Golden Castle. They are mirrored, but contain a vertical wall object in the room to make an
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619: (equivalent to $ 36,979 in 2023) at the time of the game's release, making this change a costly endeavor. Steve Wright, the director of software development of the Atari Consumer Division, argued for retaining the message, believing it gave players additional incentive to find it and play their games more, and suggested these were like
603:, discovered it and sent a letter of explanation to Atari. Robinett had already quit the company by this point, so Atari tasked designers with finding the responsible code. The employee who found it said that if he were to fix it, he would change the message in the game to say "Fixed by Brad Stewart". Furthermore, the cost of creating a new
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changes were the possibility of being eaten by the dragon and resetting the avatar, and the addition of the sword object with which to kill the dragon. Robinett found that the various possibilities that arose from this combination of elements improved the excitement of the game, and subsequently made three dragons, reusing the same
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To develop the plot for the game, Robinett worked with Steve
Harding, the author for nearly all Atari 2600 game manuals at that time. Harding developed most of the plot after playing the game, with Robinett revising elements where he saw fit. Robinett states that he had come up with the names for the
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similar to Level 2, but the location of the objects is randomized for a greater challenge. The player can use the difficulty switches on the Atari 2600 to further control the game's difficulty; one switch controls the dragons' bite speed, and one causes them to flee when the player carries the sword.
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for players to find. Atari eventually decided to leave the access mechanism in-game, and dubbed such hidden features "Easter eggs", saying they would be adding more such secrets to later games. Wright made it an official policy at Atari that all future games should include Easter eggs, often limited
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between the executives from New York, and the
Californian programmers who were more laid back. Atari removed the names of game developers from their products, as a means to prevent competitors from identifying and recruiting Atari's programmers. This also was used as a means to deny the developers a
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The Easter egg is accessed by setting difficulty levels 2 or 3 and first retrieving the Gray Dot from the Black Castle catacombs. The dot is a single pixel object which is invisibly embedded in the south wall of a sealed chamber accessible only with the bridge, and the player must bounce the avatar
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A second prototype was completed near the end of 1978, with only about eight rooms, a single dragon, and two objects. Robinett recognized that it demonstrated his design goals, but was boring. He put the game aside for a few months and came back with additional ideas, finishing it by June 1979. Two
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Robinett overcame these limitations to introduce concepts novel to video games. He constructed thirty different rooms in the games, whereas most games of the time present only a single screen. Furthermore, off-screen objects such as the bat continue to move according to their programming behavior.
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The player's avatar is a simple square shape that can move within and between rooms, each represented by a single screen. Helpful objects include keys that open the castles, a magnet that pulls items towards the player, a magic bridge that the player can use to cross certain obstacles, and a sword
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Robinett kept the secret for more than one year, even from all Atari employees. He was unsure of whether it would be discovered by other Atari personnel prior to publishing. It is not mentioned in the game's manual, as the manual's author was unaware. After the game was released, Adam
Clayton, a
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in songs. In 2015, Robinett recalled the message as a means of self-promotion, noting that Atari had paid him only around US$ 22,000 per year without any royalties, while Atari would sell one million units of a game at US$ 25 apiece. This secret is one of the earliest known Easter eggs in a video
269:
The game offers three different skill levels. Level 1 is the easiest, as it uses a simplified room layout and doesn't include the White Castle, bat, Rhindle, nor invisible mazes. Level 2 is the full version of the game, with the various objects appearing in set positions at the start. Level 3 is
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console hardware, as well as difficulties with management within Atari. As a result of conflicts with Atari's management which denied giving public credit for programmers, Robinett programmed a secret room that contained his name within the game, only found by players after the game shipped and
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on video game consoles. It is the first video game to contain a widely known Easter egg, and the first to allow a player to use multiple, portable, on-screen items while exploring an open-ended environment, making it one of the first examples, even as small and primitive as it is, of an
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At the time, Atari programmers were generally given full control on the creative direction and development cycle for their games, and this required them to plan for their next game as they neared completion of their current one to stay productive. Robinett was finishing his work on
234:
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as general manager of their
Consumer Division, and he was later promoted to president and CEO of Atari in December 1978. Kassar interacted with the programmers rarely and generally treated their contributions with indifference. Robinett was initially discouraged from working on
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a "major design breakthrough" and that it "shatters several video-game conventions" such as scoring and time limits. They added that it was "much more ambitious" than average home video games, but the graphics were underwhelming, such as the hero being a square. The 1982 book
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that an evil magician has stolen and hidden in the kingdom and return it to the Golden Castle. The kingdom is made of a total of 30 rooms, with various obstacles, enemies, and mazes located in and around the Golden, White, and Black
Castles. The kingdom is guarded by three
442:
screen, as well as provide a secret door for an Easter egg. Robinett originally intended for all rooms to be bidirectionally connected, but programming bugs make a few such connections unidirectional, which are explained away as "bad magic" in the game's manual.
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is "a work of interpretive brilliance" that "cleverly extracted the basic elements of exploration, combat and treasure hunting from the text games and converted them into icons", but also conceded that it "seems almost unplayably basic these days".
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Warren
Robinett began work on Adventure in 1978, which, according to him, gives some validity to the copyright date of 1978 found on the Atari cartridge and manual for Adventure. But the actual code was finished and turned over to Atari in June of
474:
uses. When
Robinett developed a working prototype within one month, Atari's management team was impressed, encouraging him to continue the game. The management later tried to convince Robinett to make it a tie-in work for the upcoming
586:
Unknown to anyone else, Robinett embedded his name in his game in the form of a hidden and virtually inaccessible room displaying the text "Created by Warren
Robinett", inspired by popular rumors that
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movie, which was owned by Warner
Communication, but Robinett remained committed to his initial idea. Instead, Atari developer John Dunn agreed to take Robinett's prototype source code to make the
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and return it to the golden castle. The game world is populated by roaming enemies: three dragons that can eat the avatar and a bat that randomly steals and moves items around the game world.
1990:
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awarded the game a 9 out of 10 rating, praising its gameplay and single player gaming as excellent and outstanding respectively while only finding its graphics and sound as merely "good".
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into simple, easily recognizable graphics that the player interacts with directly, replacing text-based commands with joystick controls. Due to the system's low resolution
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were sold, and the game has been included in numerous Atari 2600 game collections for modern computer hardware. The game's prototype code was used as the basis for the
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uses hundreds of kilobytes of memory on a large computer. The final game uses nearly all of the available memory (including 5% of the cartridge storage for Robinett's
2865:"The 103 Classic Games That Did, and Didn't, Make the Atari 50 Anniversary Cut — Retailer Leak Suggests Games from Arcade to Jaguar; Surprises Apparently Still Await"
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for the behavior of all three. The magnet was created to work around a potential situation where the player could irretrievably drop an object into a wall space.
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bargaining chip in any negotiations they may have with management, according to Robinett. These attitudes led to the departure of several programmers; notably,
175:, Robinett's secret room pioneered this idea within video games and other forms of media, and since has transcended into popular culture, such as the climax of
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in 1983 stated that the game's "graphics are tame stuff", but it "still has the power to fascinate" and that "the action adventure concepts introduced in
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Generally defined as a "message, trick, or unusual behavior hidden inside a computer program by its creator", the Easter egg concept was popularized by
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received mostly positive reviews at the time of its release and in the decades since, often named as one of the industry's most influential games and
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The game has been voted the best Atari 2600 game in numerous polls, and has been noted as a significant step in the advancement of home video games.
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is a core plot element within both versions, with footage from the game (specifically the Easter egg) incorporated into the film version.
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166:. Warren Robinett spent approximately one year designing and coding the game, while overcoming a variety of technical limitations in the
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Atari Headquarters scored the game 8 of 10, noting its historical importance while panning the graphics and sound, concluding that
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received mostly positive reviews in the years immediately after its release and has generally been viewed positively since then.
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by his supervisor, George Simcock, who said the ambitious game could not be done on Atari 2600 based on knowing how much memory
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Lessard, Jonathan (February 21, 2013). "Adventure Before Adventure Games: A New Look at Crowther and Woods's Seminal Program".
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383:, with teaching him the skills needed to use the limited memory efficiently. Thompson had required his students to learn the
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magazine ranked Adventure 35th on their Top 100 Video Games. They described the game as: "challenging and incredibly fun."
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In addition to the technical limitations, Robinett had struggled with Atari's management over the game. Around the time of
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by Julius Smith, one of several friends he was sharing a house with. There, he was introduced to the 1977 version of the
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called it too unpredictable with an "illogical mission", concluding that "even devoted strategists may soon tire of
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In the Atari Classics 10-in-1 TV Games by Jakks Pacific, the creator's name was removed and replaced with "TEXT?".
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They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry Volume 1, 1971-1982
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effect in its catacombs, which obscures most of the playing area except for the player's immediate surroundings.
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351:(a debugging tool) around May to June 1978. He was soon aware that memory use was critical because Atari 2600
333:
2984:(2006). "Adventure as a Video Game: Adventure for the Atari 2600". In Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (eds.).
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standalone gaming unit, replaced with "TEXT?" It has been included in most subsequent reissues of the game.
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available to represent moving objects. Only two of these registers are capable of representing more complex
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is prominently mentioned as the inspiration for a contest to find an Easter egg hidden in the fictional
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1148:"Warren Robinett Interview: A. Merrill's Talks to the Programmer of "Adventure" for the Atari 2600"
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introduced new elements to console games, including enemies that continue to move when offscreen.
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2128:. Vol. 1, no. 1. United States: Carnegie Publications. September 1982. pp. 62–3.
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has a scene of the game's castle with an egg hidden at its center, referencing the Easter egg.
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Atari 2600 set includes three "cartridges" and three corresponding dioramas. The diorama for
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to Atari management in June 1979 and soon left Atari. Atari released the game in early 1980.
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is a good game, as video games are measured. It is neither as interesting nor as complex as
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for various technical limitations of the Atari 2600, which has only one playfield and five
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340:. After playing the game for several hours, he was inspired to create a graphical version.
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listed it as one of the most important games ever made in its "The Essential 50" feature.
8:
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Wolf, Mark J. P. (2001). "5: Narrative in the Video Game". In Mark J. P. Wolf (ed.).
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was first announced in early 1982. The planned sequel eventually evolved into the
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as a third-party 2600 developer, making many hit games in competition with Atari.
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three dragons and offered a friend's suggestion for naming the bat "Knubberrub".
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Kunkel, Bill; Laney, Frank (January 1981). "Arcade Alley: Atari's 'Adventure'".
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of games. In 2005, a sequel written by Curt Vendel was released by Atari on the
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1983:"Gaming's First Easter Egg - Adventure Let's Play with Creator Warren Robinett"
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880:
600:
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432:. Finally, he used the registers assigned for missiles, such as the bullets in
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ranked it as the 28th most important video game of all time in 2007. In 2010,
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550:, influenced by the corporate culture at Atari. After Atari's acquisition by
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was "very enjoyable" regardless of its technological shortcomings. In 1995,
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2912:"Design of Adventure for the Atari 2600: The First Action-Adventure Game"
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49:
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The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to Playstation and Beyond
888:
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are still viable today". A separate review from 1983 in the magazine's
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83:
2547:"We Build the LEGO Atari 2600 Console and It Contains a Hidden Secret"
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whose quest is to explore an open-ended environment to find a magical
33:
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1866:"A History of Gaming Platforms: Atari 2600 Video Computer System/VCS"
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Robinett began designing his graphics-based game with the help of a
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2085:. Vol. 1, no. 1. Reese Communications. 1983. p. 16.
1068:
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876:
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1960:
Frank Laney Jr., ed. (December 1981). "Electronic Games Hotline".
3372:
2795:"Atari Flashback 4 Channels 2600 Nostalgia with a 75 Game Bundle"
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375:), with 15 unused bytes from the ROM capacity. Robinett credits
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2014:
Retro Gaming Hacks: Tips & Tools for Playing the Classics
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403:
2012:
Kohler, Chris (2005). "Chapter 2. Playing Neo-Retro Games".
398:
Robinett first identified ways to translate the elements of
3362:
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1514:"Atari devs dissect Yars' Revenge, Adventure, Atari's woes"
937:
908:, but added the ability to combine them to form new items.
424:
407:
356:
219:, and a planned sequel eventually formed the basis for the
1943:
1941:
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Atari Flashback Classics, Vol. 2 (PS4, Xbox One, 2016 and
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The game was conceived as a graphical version of the 1977
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2642:
2611:
2577:
1835:"Of Dragons and Easter Eggs: A Chat With Warren Robinett"
1338:"Of Dragons and Easter Eggs: A Chat With Warren Robinett"
1293:""Could they fire me? No!" The Warren Robinett Interview"
1229:
1227:
1012:
2381:"Feature: The 52 Most Important Video Games of All Time"
203:
games, and inspired other games in the genre. More than
1938:
1443:
2731:"Review: Atari Greatest Hits Volume 1 for Nintendo DS"
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including game map and software design presentation (
898:. Robinett himself took the idea of using items from
1472:
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The player with the White Key in the White Castle's
1864:Barton, Matt; Loguidice, Bill (February 28, 2008).
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1150:. Arthur's Hall of Viking Manliness. Archived from
1139:
138:for the Atari Video Computer System (later renamed
2361:
2142:Howe, Norman (September 1980). "Capsule Reviews".
1317:
989:Atari Flashback 2 (Standalone hardware unit, 2005)
731:, but it shows great promise for things to come."
171:Robinett had left Atari. While not the first such
2986:The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology
1467:
1388:"How One Man Invented the Console Adventure Game"
1127:
1115:
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2959:Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System
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1710:Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative
1603:
1601:
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253:, the player's goal is to recover the Enchanted
2110:. Publications International. 1982. p. 59.
1959:
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1678:"Playing Catch Up: Adventure's Warren Robinett"
1610:"Easter Eggs: The Hidden Secrets of Videogames"
1329:
929:game OASIS, and finding the secret room within
857:as one of the top 10 games for the Atari 2600.
1507:
1505:
1503:
575:all left Atari due to lack of recognition and
319:when he was given an opportunity to visit the
300:was designed and programmed by Atari employee
3110:
2485:
2325:"Game Design Essentials: 20 Open World Games"
1588:
891:, which is heavily inspired by the original;
737:and Frank Laney in the January 1981 issue of
631:The text was removed from the version on the
624:to being the initials of the game developer.
1735:
1671:
1669:
1206:Mark J.P. Wolf, Bernard Perron, ed. (2013).
406:, Robinett noted the dragons look more like
2162:
2082:Electronic Games 1983 Software Encyclopedia
1558:"Good Deal Games Warren Robinett Interview"
1500:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1048:, 60 game and 70 game versions (2016, 2017)
772:Electronic Games 1983 Software Encyclopedia
321:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
282:Warren Robinett presenting a postmortem of
3701:Video games developed in the United States
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193:among the greatest video games of all time
32:
2832:"ATARI VAULT REVEALS 100 GAME COLLECTION"
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2244:(4). Harris Publications: 28. April 1995.
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391:, and Robinett carried C techniques into
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2729:Humphries, Matthew (November 12, 2010).
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534:Easter egg: "Created by Warren Robinett"
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232:
2881:from the original on September 14, 2022
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2512:
2403:
2283:
2254:
2097:
2034:
1634:
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1400:from the original on September 13, 2021
1290:
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1145:
3643:
2863:Machkovech, Sam (September 12, 2022).
2811:from the original on December 27, 2013
2774:from the original on February 27, 2014
2636:
2605:
2494:from the original on February 21, 2015
2441:. Phosphor Dot Fossils. Archived from
2322:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2069:
2011:
1706:
1675:
893:its name is used with permission from
3098:
2829:
2515:"Ready Player One's Ending Explained"
2418:from the original on January 15, 2018
2218:from the original on January 21, 2013
2185:"The Essential 50 Part 4 – Adventure"
2137:
2135:
2040:
1980:
1787:"The Secret History of 'Easter Eggs'"
1784:
1759:
1385:
1356:
1194:
826:game. The game is the first to use a
2792:
2760:Greenwald, Will (November 1, 2011).
2572:Bhatnagar, Parija (August 1, 2003).
2337:from the original on August 16, 2019
2141:
1476:
1425:"The Players Guide to Fantasy Games"
1335:
367:for program variables. In contrast,
195:. It is considered one of the first
2938:Adventure Game Program Instructions
2924:from the original on April 17, 2016
2844:from the original on March 22, 2016
2680:from the original on April 27, 2014
2637:Harris, Craig (December 15, 2004).
2618:from the original on April 27, 2014
2606:Harris, Craig (November 29, 2004).
2584:from the original on April 27, 2014
2527:from the original on March 31, 2018
2513:Rougeau, Michael (March 30, 2018).
2488:"A Future Wrapped in 1980s Culture"
2404:Morales, Aaron (January 25, 2013).
2323:Harris, John (September 26, 2007).
2173:
1914:from the original on 19 August 2019
1898:"Letter to Atari from Adam Clayton"
1845:from the original on April 17, 2021
1799:from the original on August 8, 2019
1676:Wallis, Alistair (March 29, 2007).
1622:from the original on March 30, 2016
1526:from the original on March 29, 2016
1483:The Ultimate History of Video Games
1291:Ringall, Jaz (September 29, 2015).
642:
457:s development, Atari, now owned by
363:), and the system has 128 bytes of
13:
2668:Falcone, John (October 25, 2006).
2649:from the original on April 4, 2014
2553:from the original on 2 August 2022
2287:Replay: The History of Video Games
2212:"AGH Atari 2600 Review: Adventure"
2132:
1993:from the original on July 24, 2018
1512:Machkovech, Sam (March 14, 2015).
1344:from the original on March 1, 2014
381:University of California, Berkeley
14:
3717:
3035:
2980:
2486:Maslin, Janet (August 14, 2011).
2436:
1947:
1645:
1564:from the original on May 11, 2012
1449:
1257:
1245:
1233:
2793:Tach, Dave (November 12, 2012).
2209:
1878:from the original on May 9, 2012
1745:. April 21, 1997. Archived from
1608:Yarwood, Jack (March 27, 2016).
1087:
1027:(Standalone hardware unit, 2012)
1021:(Standalone hardware unit, 2011)
970:(Standalone hardware unit, 2004)
956:(Standalone hardware unit, 2003)
814:and fantasy games for consoles,
142:). The player controls a square
2897:
2856:
2830:Petty, Jared (March 22, 2016).
2823:
2786:
2753:
2722:
2692:
2661:
2630:
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2248:
2230:
2203:
2156:
2114:
2005:
1974:
1953:
1890:
1857:
1826:
1785:Pogue, David (August 8, 2019).
1778:
1753:
1648:"Halcyon Days: Warren Robinett"
1550:
1386:Baker, Chris (March 13, 2015).
954:Atari Classics 10-in-1 TV Games
633:Atari Classics 10-in-1 TV Games
3124:
2490:. The New York Times Company.
2108:How to Win at Home Video Games
1981:Petty, Jared (March 5, 2015).
1743:"Interview 1: Warren Robinett"
961:Atari: 80 Classic Games in One
947:
819:established its namesake genre
759:s excessive trial and error."
750:How to Win at Home Video Games
686:How to Win at Home Video Games
273:
1:
3019:. University of Texas Press.
2920:. San Francisco, California.
1108:
1072:(Switch, PS4, PS5, Xbox One,
723:No. 31. Howe commented that "
515:
3494:Television Interface Adaptor
3323:American Multiple Industries
3017:The Medium of the Video Game
2574:"Garbage Pail Kids are Back"
1713:. Psychology Press. p.
1208:The Video Game Theory Reader
812:action-adventure video games
810:Considered one of the first
638:
7:
3014:
2936:
2389:. p. 3. Archived from
2367:
2290:. Yellow Ant. p. 119.
1833:Fatsquatch (May 13, 2003).
1560:. Gooddealgames.com. 2003.
1323:
1133:
1121:
1080:
228:
10:
3722:
3706:Video games set in castles
3686:Assembly language software
2918:Game Developers Conference
2670:"Atari Flashback 2 Review"
2463:. AtariAge. Archived from
1764:. CRC Press. p. 463.
1210:. Routledge. p. vii.
519:
428:to represent the player's
179:'s book and film adaption
3691:Single-player video games
3676:Video games about dragons
3629:
3594:
3547:
3481:
3401:
3305:
3217:
3141:
3132:
2948:
2406:"The 10 Best Atari Games"
2355:
2310:
2284:Donovan, Tristan (2010).
2187:. 1UP.com. Archived from
1932:
1820:
1760:Smith, Alexander (2019).
1582:
1544:
1461:
1176:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2008).
805:
655:
652:
109:
97:
89:
77:
65:
55:
43:
38:Cover art by Susan Jaekel
31:
26:
2271:10.1177/1555412012473364
1180:. ABC-CLIO. p. 82.
1146:Merrill, Arthur (1998).
1103:List of Atari 2600 games
1046:Atari Flashback Portable
387:that he had invented at
3621:Atari video game burial
2183:Parish, Jeremy (2010).
1707:Butler, Judith (1997).
1431:. June 1983. p. 47
911:In both the 2011 novel
504:Robinett submitted the
472:Colossal Cave Adventure
416:memory-mapped registers
400:Colossal Cave Adventure
369:Colossal Cave Adventure
329:Colossal Cave Adventure
241:, pursued by the green
163:Colossal Cave Adventure
3656:Action-adventure games
2439:"Atari 2600 Adventure"
2214:. Atari Headquarters.
2122:"Software Report Card"
1486:. Three Rivers Press.
599:fifteen-year-old from
543:
535:
385:C programming language
294:
246:
205:one million cartridges
3666:Atari 2600-only games
3514:Starpath Supercharger
2356:Bogost, Montfort 2009
2311:Bogost, Montfort 2009
2238:"Top 100 Video Games"
1933:Bogost, Montfort 2009
1821:Bogost, Montfort 2009
1654:on September 27, 2007
1583:Bogost, Montfort 2009
1545:Bogost, Montfort 2009
1462:Bogost, Montfort 2009
713:Norman Howe reviewed
554:in 1976, there was a
552:Warner Communications
541:
529:
520:Further information:
459:Warner Communications
410:. Robinett developed
281:
236:
128:action-adventure game
3464:Howard Scott Warshaw
2992:. pp. 690–713.
2467:on November 15, 2012
2411:Entertainment Weekly
2079:"Atari 2600 (VCS)".
2057:on November 14, 2014
1749:on February 7, 2005.
1154:on November 22, 2010
902:into his next game,
850:Entertainment Weekly
355:ROMs have only 4096
3573:Atari Greatest Hits
3548:Emulation and ports
3499:Atari joystick port
3489:Atari 2600 hardware
2762:"Atari Flashback 3"
2258:Games & Culture
2150:Steve Jackson Games
1688:on October 18, 2007
1340:. The Jaded Gamer.
1004:Atari Greatest Hits
784:wrote in 2010 that
649:
379:, his professor at
3696:Video game remakes
3069:Warren Robinett's
2126:Video Games Player
2041:Cavanaugh, Chris.
1792:The New York Times
1305:on October 1, 2015
1095:Video games portal
1058:Atari Collection 1
921:the Easter egg in
696:Video Games Player
647:
544:
536:
522:Easter egg (media)
325:computer text game
295:
247:
3638:
3637:
3477:
3476:
2973:978-0-262-01257-7
2908:(March 6, 2015).
2741:on April 28, 2014
2710:on April 28, 2014
2639:"Atari Flashback"
2608:"Atari Anthology"
2549:. 2 August 2022.
2358:, pp. 58–59.
1217:978-1-1352-0518-8
1187:978-0-313-33868-7
1052:Atari Flashback 8
1025:Atari Flashback 4
1019:Atari Flashback 3
919:2018 film version
895:Atari Interactive
875:system. In 2007,
873:Atari Flashback 2
778:Jeremy Parish of
704:
703:
393:assembly language
134:and published by
119:
118:
3713:
3661:Atari 2600 games
3651:1980 video games
3595:Related articles
3409:Steve Cartwright
3139:
3138:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3090:Internet Archive
3030:
3011:
2982:Robinett, Warren
2977:
2945:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2906:Robinett, Warren
2891:
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2784:
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2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2737:. Archived from
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2706:. Archived from
2696:
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2393:on May 21, 2007.
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2076:
2067:
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2064:
2062:
2053:. Archived from
2038:
2032:
2031:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1963:Electronic Games
1957:
1951:
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1905:Atari Compendium
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1684:. Archived from
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1650:. Archived from
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1429:Electronic Games
1421:
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1407:
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1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1336:Connelly, Joey.
1333:
1327:
1321:
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1312:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1288:
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1090:
914:Ready Player One
897:
820:
762:Electronic Games
758:
675:Electronic Games
650:
646:
618:
605:read-only memory
577:royalty payments
456:
336:and modified by
288:
197:action-adventure
182:Ready Player One
104:Action-adventure
36:
24:
23:
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3625:
3615:Racing the Beam
3590:
3567:Atari Flashback
3561:Atari Anthology
3543:
3473:
3454:Warren Robinett
3397:
3358:Parker Brothers
3348:Games by Apollo
3301:
3247:Missile Command
3213:
3128:
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2723:
2713:
2711:
2700:"Game Pack 002"
2698:
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2450:
2445:on May 7, 2006.
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2194:
2192:
2191:on May 24, 2011
2181:
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2145:The Space Gamer
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1839:The Jaded Gamer
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1478:Kent, Steven L.
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975:Atari Anthology
968:Atari Flashback
950:
927:virtual reality
892:
815:
808:
756:
720:The Space Gamer
705:
645:
641:
616:
592:hidden messages
524:
518:
454:
345:Hewlett-Packard
302:Warren Robinett
289:development at
286:
276:
231:
132:Warren Robinett
72:Warren Robinett
39:
22:
21:1980 video game
17:
16:1980 video game
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3602:Homebrew games
3598:
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3509:XG-1 light gun
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3444:Carla Meninsky
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3254:Space Invaders
3250:
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3208:Video Olympics
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3152:Air-Sea Battle
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3107:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3066:
3058:
3057:at Atari Mania
3050:
3037:
3036:External links
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:978-0292791503
3025:
3012:
2999:978-0262195362
2998:
2978:
2972:
2954:Montfort, Nick
2946:
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2505:
2478:
2457:"Atari 5200 –
2448:
2429:
2396:
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2297:978-0956507204
2296:
2276:
2265:(3): 119–135.
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2018:O'Reilly Media
2004:
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1952:
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1937:
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1771:978-1138389908
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1724:978-0415915885
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1646:Hague, James.
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2995:
2991:
2990:The MIT Press
2987:
2983:
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2969:
2965:
2964:The MIT Press
2961:
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2444:
2440:
2437:Green, Earl.
2433:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2370:, p. 97.
2369:
2364:
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2352:
2336:
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2326:
2319:
2313:, p. 16.
2312:
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2147:
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2138:
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2127:
2123:
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2101:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2029:
2027:9781449303907
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1948:Robinett 2006
1944:
1942:
1935:, p. 61.
1934:
1929:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1823:, p. 60.
1822:
1817:
1815:
1798:
1794:
1793:
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1773:
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1621:
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1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1585:, p. 59.
1584:
1579:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1547:, p. 52.
1546:
1541:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1493:0-7615-3643-4
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1464:, p. 14.
1463:
1458:
1451:
1450:Robinett 2006
1446:
1430:
1426:
1420:
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1399:
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1269:
1267:
1259:
1258:Robinett 2006
1254:
1247:
1246:Robinett 2006
1242:
1235:
1234:Robinett 2006
1230:
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1001:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
981:
980:PlayStation 2
977:
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966:
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943:
939:
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920:
916:
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909:
907:
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905:Rocky's Boots
901:
896:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
868:
863:
858:
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671:
667:
665:
664:
660:
659:
651:
648:Review scores
636:
634:
629:
625:
622:
615:, was around
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
593:
589:
584:
582:
579:, and formed
578:
574:
573:Bob Whitehead
570:
566:
562:
557:
556:culture clash
553:
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341:
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335:
334:Will Crowther
332:, created by
331:
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130:developed by
129:
125:
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115:
114:Single-player
112:
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68:
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51:
48:
46:
42:
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30:
25:
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3606:
3578:
3571:
3559:
3429:Larry Kaplan
3368:Spectravideo
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3261:Demon Attack
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
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3199:
3194:Street Racer
3192:
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3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3083:
3070:
3061:
3053:
3042:
3016:
2985:
2958:
2937:
2926:. Retrieved
2913:
2910:
2898:Bibliography
2883:. Retrieved
2870:Ars Technica
2868:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2835:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2798:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2765:
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2739:the original
2724:
2712:. Retrieved
2708:the original
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2586:. Retrieved
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2518:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2481:
2471:December 17,
2469:. Retrieved
2465:the original
2459:Adventure II
2458:
2451:
2443:the original
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2409:
2399:
2391:the original
2384:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2328:
2318:
2306:
2285:
2279:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2210:King, Adam.
2205:
2195:December 17,
2193:. Retrieved
2189:the original
2164:
2158:
2143:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2080:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:the original
2044:
2036:
2013:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1986:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1904:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1869:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1838:
1828:
1801:. Retrieved
1790:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1747:the original
1737:
1728:
1709:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:the original
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1624:. Retrieved
1613:
1578:
1568:December 12,
1566:. Retrieved
1552:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1519:Ars Technica
1517:
1481:
1457:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:
1402:. Retrieved
1391:
1346:. Retrieved
1331:
1326:, p. 6.
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1296:
1253:
1241:
1207:
1177:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1141:
1136:, p. 5.
1129:
1124:, p. 1.
1117:
1067:
1057:
1030:
1002:
973:
959:
941:
935:
930:
922:
912:
910:
903:
899:
885:Adventure II
884:
866:
861:
860:A sequel to
859:
854:
848:
842:
836:
834:
827:
816:
809:
797:
793:
791:
785:
779:
777:
770:
766:
760:
753:
749:
744:
738:
733:
728:
724:
718:
714:
712:
707:
706:
695:
685:
673:
661:
630:
626:
611:, or memory
597:
585:
565:Larry Kaplan
547:
545:
531:
509:
503:
499:
491:
484:
476:
471:
467:
461:, had hired
451:
449:
445:
440:asymmetrical
433:
423:
399:
397:
377:Ken Thompson
368:
342:
327:
314:
297:
296:
283:
268:
264:
250:
248:
220:
214:
208:
199:and console
188:
187:
180:
177:Ernest Cline
161:
156:
151:
122:
121:
120:
57:Publisher(s)
45:Developer(s)
18:
3671:Atari games
3586:Atari 2600+
3580:Atari Vault
3449:Alan Miller
3439:David Lubar
3414:David Crane
3402:Programmers
3378:Tigervision
3313:Atari, Inc.
3218:Bestselling
3065:at AtariAge
2950:Bogost, Ian
2942:Atari, Inc.
2767:PC Magazine
1849:February 3,
1692:October 11,
1658:October 11,
1074:Xbox Series
1032:Atari Vault
1009:Nintendo DS
999:, PC, 2010)
948:Re-releases
879:released a
735:Bill Kunkel
653:Publication
621:Easter eggs
588:the Beatles
569:Alan Miller
561:David Crane
506:source code
495:source code
412:workarounds
316:Slot Racers
310:Atari, Inc.
274:Development
136:Atari, Inc.
79:Platform(s)
67:Designer(s)
61:Atari, Inc.
50:Atari, Inc.
3681:Maze games
3645:Categories
3539:Atari 7800
3534:Atari 2700
3459:Carol Shaw
3383:U.S. Games
3318:Activision
3306:Publishers
3289:River Raid
3159:Basic Math
3126:Atari 2600
3077:PowerPoint
2916:(Speech).
2875:Condé Nast
1435:January 6,
1324:Atari 1980
1134:Atari 1980
1122:Atari 1980
1109:References
1076:, PC 2022)
1035:(PC, 2016)
964:(PC, 2003)
889:Atari 5200
867:Swordquest
829:fog of war
824:open world
617:US$ 10,000
581:Activision
516:Easter egg
463:Ray Kassar
373:Easter egg
222:Swordquest
173:Easter egg
168:Atari 2600
140:Atari 2600
126:is a 1980
84:Atari 2600
3608:Atari Age
3524:CompuMate
3424:Rob Fulop
3353:M Network
3282:Adventure
3240:Asteroids
3187:Star Ship
3166:Blackjack
3084:Adventure
3071:Adventure
3062:Adventure
3054:Adventure
3048:MobyGames
3043:Adventure
2848:March 22,
2805:Vox Media
2778:April 27,
2745:April 27,
2714:April 27,
2704:Microsoft
2684:April 27,
2653:April 27,
2622:April 27,
2588:April 27,
2531:March 30,
2498:April 20,
2368:Wolf 2001
2330:Gamasutra
2222:April 25,
2091:0736-8488
2061:April 19,
2045:Adventure
1871:Gamasutra
1803:August 8,
1682:Gamasutra
1626:March 27,
1530:March 27,
1404:March 25,
1158:March 20,
993:Game Room
942:Adventure
931:Adventure
923:Adventure
900:Adventure
862:Adventure
855:Adventure
817:Adventure
794:Adventure
786:Adventure
767:Adventure
754:Adventure
745:Adventure
725:Adventure
715:Adventure
708:Adventure
644:Reception
639:Reception
548:Adventure
532:Adventure
510:Adventure
468:Adventure
452:Adventure
353:cartridge
338:Don Woods
306:published
298:Adventure
284:Adventure
251:Adventure
245:, Grundle
239:catacombs
209:Adventure
189:Adventure
152:Adventure
123:Adventure
27:Adventure
3632:Category
3529:GameLine
3482:Hardware
3419:Tod Frye
3343:Data Age
3338:CommaVid
3275:Atlantis
3233:Pitfall!
3201:Surround
3180:Indy 500
3008:58919795
2956:(2009).
2928:April 8,
2922:Archived
2885:June 16,
2879:Archived
2842:Archived
2809:Archived
2772:Archived
2735:Geek.com
2678:Archived
2647:Archived
2616:Archived
2582:Archived
2557:2 August
2551:Archived
2525:Archived
2520:GameSpot
2492:Archived
2422:April 5,
2416:Archived
2341:July 31,
2335:Archived
2216:Archived
1997:July 24,
1991:Archived
1970:(1): 14.
1918:29 April
1909:Archived
1882:April 5,
1876:Archived
1843:Archived
1797:Archived
1620:Archived
1562:Archived
1524:Archived
1480:(2001).
1398:Archived
1348:March 2,
1342:Archived
1309:April 5,
1081:See also
1069:Atari 50
1062:Evercade
997:Xbox 360
917:and its
887:for the
877:AtariAge
729:Superman
485:Superman
478:Superman
389:AT&T
229:Gameplay
215:Superman
99:Genre(s)
3373:Telesys
3296:Kaboom!
3226:Pac-Man
3088:at the
2815:May 28,
2800:Polygon
2386:GamePro
2051:Allgame
2047:Review"
1298:USgamer
1064:, 2020)
1015:, 2010)
986:, 2004)
844:1UP.com
838:GamePro
781:1UP.com
743:called
663:AllGame
420:sprites
260:dragons
255:Chalice
225:games.
201:fantasy
148:chalice
110:Mode(s)
90:Release
3555:Stella
3333:Coleco
3328:Imagic
3173:Combat
3143:Launch
3086:manual
3023:
3006:
2996:
2970:
2294:
2148:(31).
2089:
2024:
1768:
1721:
1490:
1214:
1184:
1054:(2017)
1040:Switch
869:series
853:named
806:Legacy
607:(ROM)
595:game.
571:, and
435:Combat
430:avatar
404:pixels
347:1611A
304:, and
287:'s
243:dragon
144:avatar
3393:Zimag
3388:Xonox
3134:Games
2944:1980.
2169:: 28.
2166:Video
2152:: 27.
1912:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1730:1979"
1615:Paste
1393:Wired
1042:2018)
757:'
740:Video
656:Score
483:1979
455:'
408:ducks
357:bytes
213:1979
3363:Sega
3268:E.T.
3073:page
3021:ISBN
3004:OCLC
2994:ISBN
2968:ISBN
2930:2016
2887:2023
2850:2016
2817:2015
2780:2014
2747:2014
2716:2014
2686:2014
2674:CNet
2655:2014
2624:2014
2590:2014
2559:2022
2533:2018
2500:2014
2473:2012
2424:2016
2343:2016
2292:ISBN
2242:Flux
2224:2014
2197:2012
2087:ISSN
2063:2015
2022:ISBN
1999:2018
1920:2019
1884:2016
1851:2021
1805:2019
1766:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1694:2007
1660:2007
1628:2016
1570:2012
1532:2016
1488:ISBN
1437:2015
1406:2016
1350:2014
1311:2016
1212:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1160:2013
984:Xbox
938:Lego
936:The
799:Flux
690:4/10
680:9/10
613:chip
609:mask
590:had
530:The
508:for
487:game
425:Pong
293:2015
217:game
93:1980
3046:at
2837:IGN
2643:IGN
2612:IGN
2578:CNN
2267:doi
1987:IGN
1013:iOS
717:in
668:5/5
365:RAM
359:(4
308:by
291:GDC
249:In
207:of
3647::
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2676:.
2672:.
2645:.
2641:.
2614:.
2610:.
2598:^
2580:.
2576:.
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2016:.
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