259:
improvements related to reliability, performance and maintenance, including a reduction in occupational radiation exposure related to containment activities during maintenance outages. These pumps are powered by wet-rotor motors with the housings connected to the bottom of the RPV and eliminating large diameter external recirculation pipes that are possible leakage paths. The 10 internal recirculation pumps are located at the bottom of the annulus downcomer region (i.e., between the core shroud and the inside surface of the RPV). Consequently, internal recirculation pumps eliminate all of the jet pumps in the RPV, all of the large external recirculation loop pumps and piping, the isolation valves and the large diameter nozzles that penetrated the RPV and needed to suction water from and return it to the RPV. This design therefore reduces the worst leak below the core region to effectively equivalent to a 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) leak. The conventional BWR3-BWR6 product line has an analogous potential leak of 24 or more inches in diameter. A major benefit of this design is that it greatly reduces the flow capacity required of the ECCS.
224:
water enclosed in the wetwell (or torus in the case of the Mark I), the low temperature of which will condense the steam back into liquid water. This will keep containment pressure low. Notably, the typical ABWR containment has numerous hardened layers between the interior of the primary containment and the outer shield wall, and is cubical in shape. One major enhancement is that the reactor has a standard safe shutdown earthquake acceleration of .3G; further, it is designed to withstand a tornado with >320 mph wind speed. Seismic hardening is possible in earthquake-prone areas and has been done at the
Lungmen facility in Taiwan which has been hardened up 0.4
460:
first two plants in
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. In contrast other modern nuclear power plants like the Korean
136:(RPV) – 10 in total – which achieve improved performance while eliminating large recirculation pumps in containment and associated large-diameter and complex piping interfaces with the RPV (e.g. the recirculation loop found in earlier BWR models). Only the RIP motor is located outside of the RPV in the ABWR. According to the Tier 1 Design Control Document (which is the officially certified Nuclear Regulatory Commission document generally describing the design of the plant), each RIP has a nominal capacity of
2854:
2844:
2824:
110:
912:
2834:
22:
926:
344:
293:). Older BWRs use a hydraulic locking piston system to move the control rods in six-inch increments. The electric fine motion control rod design greatly enhances positive actual control rod position and similarly reduces the risk of a control rod drive accident to the point that no velocity limiter is required at the base of the cruciform control rod blades.
415:(COL) request for these plants with the NRC. NRG Energy is a merchant generator and CPS Energy is the nation's largest municipally owned utility. The COL was approved by the NRC on February 9, 2016. Due to market conditions, these two planned units may never be built and do not have a planned construction date.
194:
Eighteen SORVs (safety overpressure relief valves), eight of which are part of the ADS (automatic depressurization system), ensure that RPV overpressure events are quickly mitigated, and that if necessary, that the reactor can be depressurized rapidly to a level where low pressure core flooder (LPCF,
177:
In particular, the reactor is automated for startup (i.e., initiate the nuclear chain reaction and ascent to power) and for standard shutdown using automatic systems only. Of course, human operators remain essential to reactor control and supervision, but much of the busy-work of bringing the reactor
206:
Though one division of the ECCS does not have high pressure flood (HPCF) capacities, there exists a steam-driven, safety-rated reactor core isolation cooling (RCIC) turbopump that is high-pressure rated and has extensive battery backup for its instrumentation and control systems, ensuring cooling is
173:
Fully digital reactor controls (with redundant digital backup and redundant manual (analog) backups) allow the control room to easily and rapidly control plant operations and processes. Separate redundant safety and non-safety related digital multiplexing buses allow for reliability and diversity of
160:
A fully digital
Reactor Protection System (RPS) (with redundant digital backups as well as redundant manual backups) ensures a high level of reliability and simplification for safety condition detection and response. This system initiates rapid hydraulic insertion of control rods for shutdown (known
446:
becoming the new owner. The 'Development
Consent Order' for Wylfa was accepted in June 2018 and in August Bechtel were appointed as project managers. The first reactor was expected online in the mid-2020s with construction at Oldbury expected to start a few years after this. However, on January 17,
202:
Though the Class 1E (safety-related) power bus is still powered by 3 highly-reliable emergency diesel generators that are safety related, an additional Plant
Investment Protection power bus using a combustion gas turbine is located on-site to generate electricity to provide defense-in-depth against
217:
pad under the RPV that will both catch and hold any heated core melt that might fall on that pad in extraordinarily contingent situations. In addition, there are several fusible links within the wall separating the wetwell from the lower drywell that flood the pad using the wetwell's water supply,
895:
A number of design variants have been considered, with power outputs varying from 600 to 1800 MWe. The most developed design variant is the ABWR-II, started in 1991, an enlarged 1718 MWe ABWR, intended to make nuclear power generation more competitive in the late 2010s. None of these designs have
223:
The containment has been significantly improved over the conventional Mark I type. Like the conventional Mark I type, it is of the pressure suppression type, designed to handle evolved steam in the event of a transient, incident, or accident by routing the steam using pipes that go into a pool of
165:
by nuclear engineers) when needed. Two-out-of-four per parameter rapid shutdown logic ensures that nuisance rapid shutdowns are not triggered by single instrument failures. RPS can also trigger ARI, FMCRD rod run-in to shut down the nuclear chain reaction. The standby liquid control system (SLCS)
459:
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The
International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed-in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The
281:
The internal pumps reduce the required pumping power for the same flow to about half that required with the jet pump system with external recirculation loops. Thus, in addition to the safety and cost improvements due to eliminating the piping, the overall plant thermal efficiency is increased.
147:
adjustment capabilities have been supplemented with the addition of an electro-hydraulic Fine Motion
Control Rod Drive (FMCRD), allowing for fine position adjustment using an electrical motor, while not losing the reliability or redundancy of traditional hydraulic systems which are designed to
198:
Further, LPCF can inject against much higher RPV pressures, providing an increased level of safety in the event of intermediate-sized breaks, which could be small enough to result in slow natural depressurization but could be large enough to result in high pressure corespray/coolant injection
190:
The overall system has been divided up into 3 divisions; each division is capable – by itself – of reacting to the maximally contingent
Limiting Fault/Design Basis Accident (DBA) and terminating the accident prior to core uncovery, even in the event of loss of offsite power and loss of proper
258:
The RPV and
Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) have significant improvements, such as the substitution of RIPs, eliminating conventional external recirculation piping loops and pumps in the containment that in turn drive jet pumps producing forced flow in the RPV. RIPs provide significant
118:
326:
In July 2016 Toshiba withdrew the U.S. design certification renewal for the ABWR because "it has become increasingly clear that energy price declines in the US prevent
Toshiba from expecting additional opportunities for ABWR construction projects".
628:, all restarted units were shut down and safety improvements are being carried out. As of October 2017, no units have been restarted, and the earliest proposed restart date is in April 2019 (for reactors 6 and 7 that using ABWR).
899:
The new designs hoped to achieve 20% reductions in operating costs, 30% reduction in capital costs, and tight planned construction schedule of 30 months. The design would allow for more flexibility in choices of nuclear fuels.
1531:
231:
The ABWR is designed for a lifetime of at least 60 years. The comparatively simple design of the ABWR also means that no expensive steam generators need to be replaced either, decreasing total cost of operation.
1631:
156:
from receipt of an initiating signal, or ARI (alternate rod insertion) in a greater but still insignificant time period. The FMCRD also improves defense-in-depth in the event of primary hydraulic and ARI
1770:
52:. The ABWR generates electrical power by using steam to power a turbine connected to a generator; the steam is boiled from water using heat generated by fission reactions within nuclear fuel.
207:
maintained even in the event of a full station blackout with failure of all 3 emergency diesel generators, the combustion gas turbine, primary battery backup, and the diesel firewater pumps.
2888:
1529:
1512:
1044:
1802:
1663:
2347:
191:
feedwater. Previous BWRs had 2 divisions, and uncovery (but no core damage) was predicted to occur for a short time in the event of a severe accident, prior to ECCS response.
308:, meaning that its performance, efficiency, output, and safety have already been verified, making it bureaucratically easier to build it rather than a non-certified design.
1613:
1639:
2541:
121:
Pressure vessel from the ABWR. 1: Reactor core 2: Control rods 3: Internal Water Pump 4: Steam pipeline to the Turbine generator 5: Cooling water flow to the core
1310:
2857:
1480:
1710:
1780:
228:
in any direction. The containment is inerted with nitrogen before operation to prevent fires, and can be deinerted after reactor shutdown for maintenance.
1552:
1089:
1265:
1988:
1744:
1006:
1292:
2652:
1902:
2797:
1951:
1888:
335:
The ABWR is licensed to operate in Japan, the United States and Taiwan, although most of the construction projects have been halted or shelved.
1869:. International Conference on Global Environment and Advanced Nuclear Power Plants. GENES4/ANP2003, Sep. 15–19, 2003, Kyoto, JAPAN – Paper 1161
471:
The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants
1446:
2883:
1587:
1071:
187:(ECCS) has been improved in many areas, providing a very high level of defense-in-depth against accidents, contingencies, and incidents.
1048:
475:
section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%.
1934:
1810:
1660:
2047:
1221:
203:
station blackout contingencies as well as to power important but non-safety-critical systems in the event of a loss of offsite power.
2286:
2497:
2337:
2276:
1199:
1143:
195:
the high-capacity mode of the residual heat removal system, which replaces the LPCI and LPCS in previous BWR models) can be used.
2417:
1026:
2242:
1981:
1243:
592:
404:
364:
75:
design to be fully built, with several reactors complete and operating. The first reactors were built on time and under budget
53:
125:
The ABWR represents an evolutionary route for the BWR family, with numerous changes and improvements to previous BWR designs.
949:
625:
282:
Eliminating the external recirculation piping also reduces occupational radiation exposure to personnel during maintenance.
2878:
2293:
1832:
2210:
412:
167:
2492:
1147:
991:
831:
305:
1314:
776:
1974:
1680:
1113:
2827:
2802:
2667:
1487:
959:
1419:
2745:
2579:
2181:
2059:
1961:
652:
2735:
2584:
718:
1859:
2509:
2342:
1556:
1269:
665:
The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
431:
400:
320:
267:
235:
184:
2589:
2298:
2052:
976:
964:
686:
465:
1731:
2847:
2809:
2647:
2474:
2412:
2237:
2141:
2027:
844:
In December 2014 J-Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026.
735:
701:
670:
427:
384:
368:
348:
1909:
1336:
2695:
2374:
1571:
944:
375:
2 commenced commercial operations on March 15, 2006. Another two partially constructed reactors are in
812:
2672:
2281:
2064:
954:
931:
752:
633:
372:
64:
45:
2837:
2762:
2662:
2574:
1956:
1481:
The failings of the Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) proposed for Wylfa Nuclear Power Station
1135:
2792:
2767:
2381:
2158:
80:
2750:
2657:
1001:
76:
72:
38:
1591:
387:
3) in Japan. Work on Lungmen halted in 2014. Work on Shimane halted after the 2011 earthquake
2687:
2642:
2104:
2032:
1882:
795:
448:
423:
312:
304:
In 1997 the GE-Hitachi U.S. ABWR design was certified as a final design in final form by the
239:
41:
301:
Slightly different versions of the ABWR are offered by GE-Hitachi, Hitachi-GE, and Toshiba.
2637:
2622:
757:
605:
8:
2772:
2557:
2151:
2019:
1998:
1177:
849:
214:
84:
60:
1394:
1354:
2677:
2514:
2441:
2252:
1858:
Katsumi Yamada1; Satoko Tajima; Masaaki Tsubaki; Hideo Soneda (September 15–19, 2003).
1857:
238:, a core damage event would occur no more often than once in six million years as the
2009:
1928:
1454:
748:
434:
in England. Both projects were paused in March 2012 by the shareholders at the time (
696:
On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government.
1966:
218:
ensuring cooling of that area even with the failure of standard mitigation systems.
68:
319:
began the process of generic design assessment of the Hitachi-GE ABWR with the UK
63:
with a direct cycle design that uses fewer large steam supply components than the
2755:
2715:
2169:
1775:
1667:
1535:
862:
352:
2247:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2450:
2357:
2326:
2308:
1836:
133:
2730:
789:
2872:
2186:
1458:
1293:"Regulators approve new nuclear reactors near Houston - HoustonChronicle.com"
1151:
939:
917:
472:
113:
Cross section of UK ABWR design Reinforced Concrete Containment Vessel (RCCV)
1745:"Tepco contemplates 2019 restart for giant Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant"
1372:
199:
systems' capacities for response being overwhelmed by the size of the break.
2461:
1860:"ABWR Design and Its Evolution – Primary System Design of ABWR and ABWR-II"
211:
178:
to power and descending from power can be automated at operator discretion.
132:
The addition of reactor internal pumps (RIP) mounted on the bottom of the
83:. ABWRs were on order in the United States, including two reactors at the
2519:
2109:
1732:
Reuters: Tepco shares slump after anti-nuclear novice wins Japan election
1688:
286:
144:
87:
site. The projects in both Taiwan and US are reported to be over-budget.
1711:"Tepco may ask U.S. utility to inspect Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant"
262:
The first reactors to use internal recirculation pumps were designed by
109:
2225:
1577:
IAEA – Nuclear Power Reactors in the World – 2010 Edition – Vienna 2010
872:
868:
451:
announced the suspension of both these projects for financial reasons.
408:
396:
2230:
2220:
1652:
289:
drives, first used in the BWRs of AEG (later Kraftwerk Union AG, now
263:
2725:
1771:"J-Power forges ahead with Oma nuclear plant despite local tensions"
90:
The standard ABWR plant design has a net electrical output of about
2599:
2594:
2534:
2203:
2131:
2114:
2099:
2074:
1155:
996:
680:
461:
166:
actuation is provided as diverse logic in the unlikely event of an
93:
285:
An operational feature in the ABWR design is electric fine motion
2740:
2720:
2119:
2094:
911:
443:
439:
376:
363:
As of December 2006, four ABWRs were in operation in Japan:
316:
271:
225:
59:
Boiling water reactors (BWRs) are the second most common form of
49:
21:
67:(PWR), which employs an indirect cycle. The ABWR is the present
2529:
2524:
2504:
2484:
2469:
2352:
2089:
2069:
2037:
1027:"Reactor Database Global Dashboard – World Nuclear Association"
981:
712:
380:
356:
278:. These plants have operated very successfully for many years.
275:
1523:
1505:
884:
License granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
825:
2566:
2422:
2215:
2079:
1835:. World Nuclear Association. October 22, 2012. Archived from
986:
646:
611:
371:
unit 5, opened 2004 having started construction in 2000, and
290:
251:
162:
149:
56:
is considered the first Generation III reactor in the world.
2889:
Nuclear power stations using advanced boiling water reactors
1395:"Oldbury nuclear power station site – Horizon Nuclear Power"
1355:"Oldbury nuclear power station site – Horizon Nuclear Power"
1063:
2427:
2316:
2126:
2084:
1656:
343:
2400:
2264:
1673:
1373:"RWE and E.On halt UK nuclear plans at Wylfa and Oldbury"
435:
1047:. The Dallas Morning New. April 19, 2011. Archived from
117:
1447:"Hitachi scraps ÂŁ16bn nuclear power station in Wales"
1180:. Nuclear Engineering International. January 16, 2013
1996:
907:
1606:
1128:
1957:NRC's Issued Design Certification page on the ABWR
1580:
1420:"Horizon suspends UK nuclear new build activities"
1222:"Toshiba withdraws ABWR certification application"
270:by way of mergers and buyouts, which was owned by
1624:
2870:
1803:"NRG ends project to build new nuclear reactors"
1311:"Feds approve new nuclear reactors near Houston"
1045:"NRG ends project to build new nuclear reactors"
296:
1200:"Hitachi-GE ABWR design cleared for use in UK"
1136:"Design Certification Information Page – ABWR"
1108:
1106:
367:units 6 and 7, which opened in 1996 and 1997,
2653:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
1982:
1244:"Construction of Japanese reactor to resume"
71:in boiling water reactors, and is the first
1887:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1725:
1661:Japan: Nuclear Power Reactors – Alphabetic“
1547:
1545:
1543:
1472:
1214:
1192:
1103:
494:Operating Factor since commissioning start
79:, with others under construction there and
2833:
1989:
1975:
250:, second in lowest CDF probability to the
1825:
1072:"$ 6.1 million spent to end nuclear deal"
970:
104:
2565:
1540:
1114:"Bechtel to manage Wylfa Newydd project"
342:
323:. This was completed in December 2017.
116:
108:
20:
1588:"Hitachi to cover faulty turbine costs"
1444:
1202:. World Nuclear News. December 14, 2017
1144:Federal Government of the United States
426:had plans to build Hitachi-GE ABWRs at
2871:
2580:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
1962:Engineered Safety Features in the ABWR
1952:GE Energy's official page for the ABWR
1933:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1478:
593:Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant
2585:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
1970:
1291:Blum, By Jordan (February 10, 2016).
1246:. World Nuclear News. October 1, 2012
1116:. World Nuclear News. August 22, 2018
950:Economics of new nuclear power plants
468:show operating factors of about 90%.
1646:
1486:(Report). Greenpeace. Archived from
1290:
1069:
128:Major areas of improvement include:
2590:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
1779:. December 16, 2014. Archived from
1266:"Nuclear Engineering International"
1178:"ABWR set for UK design assessment"
581:Year Completed (First criticality)
442:) to put Horizon up for sale, with
413:Construction and Operations License
403:to build two 1358 MWe ABWRs at the
338:
311:In 2013, following its purchase of
168:Anticipated Transient Without Scram
44:. The ABWR is currently offered by
13:
2884:Nuclear power in the United States
2399:
1445:Vaughan, Adam (January 17, 2019).
1313:. February 9, 2016. Archived from
1224:. World Nuclear News. July 1, 2016
1148:U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
399:filed a Letter Of Intent with the
306:U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
14:
2900:
1945:
1140:Design Certification Applications
1070:Ruff, Julie (September 5, 2010).
890:
418:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2673:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
1809:. April 19, 2011. Archived from
1653:Power Reactor Information System
960:Reduced moderation water reactor
924:
910:
390:
210:There exists an extremely thick
1895:
1851:
1795:
1763:
1737:
1721:– via Japan Times Online.
1703:
1438:
1412:
1387:
1365:
1347:
1337:"Wylfa Newydd – About Our Site"
1329:
1303:
1284:
1268:. June 23, 2006. Archived from
1258:
1236:
1090:"ABWR General Description Book"
777:HigashidĹŤri Nuclear Power Plant
730:Construction suspended in 2011
653:Hokuriku Electric Power Company
2663:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
1734:, accessdate: December 4, 2016
1170:
1082:
1037:
1019:
719:Chugoku Electric Power Company
555:
454:
31:advanced boiling water reactor
1:
1012:
624:First Installation.After the
407:site. On September 25, 2007,
401:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
321:Office for Nuclear Regulation
268:Westinghouse Electric Company
236:Probabilistic Risk Assessment
185:Emergency Core Cooling System
174:instrumentation and control.
2463:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
965:Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
771:Construction halted in 2014
330:
297:Certifications and approvals
7:
2879:Nuclear power reactor types
2810:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
1399:www.horizonnuclearpower.com
1359:www.horizonnuclearpower.com
1341:www.horizonnuclearpower.com
903:
736:Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant
702:Shimane Nuclear Power Plant
671:Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant
486:(planned net output power)
411:and CPS Energy submitted a
385:Shimane Nuclear Power Plant
349:Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant
10:
2905:
2648:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
1479:Thomas, Steve (May 2018).
945:Nuclear safety in the U.S.
25:Model of the Toshiba ABWR.
2818:
2785:
2773:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
2686:
2668:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
2633:
2616:
2556:
2483:
2475:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
2449:
2440:
2392:
2372:
2325:
2307:
2263:
2168:
2150:
2018:
2005:
955:Pressurized water reactor
932:Nuclear technology portal
753:Republic of China(Taiwan)
659:
637:
634:Shika Nuclear Power Plant
626:March 11, 2011 earthquake
517:
65:pressurized water reactor
54:Kashiwazaki-Kariwa unit 6
46:GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy
2838:List of nuclear reactors
2678:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
2294:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
1833:"Nuclear Power in Japan"
1553:"PRIS - Reactor Details"
347:Construction of ABWR at
2828:Nuclear fusion reactors
2793:Organic nuclear reactor
1999:nuclear fission reactor
813:ĹŚma Nuclear Power Plant
134:reactor pressure vessel
97:, generated from about
1666:July 18, 2011, at the
971:Other Gen III+ designs
360:
122:
114:
105:Overview of the design
73:Generation III reactor
26:
16:Nuclear reactor design
1534:June 4, 2011, at the
1375:. BBC. March 29, 2012
796:Tohoku Electric Power
578:Construction Started
529:KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA-7
515:KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA-6
489:Commercial operation
449:Horizon Nuclear Power
424:Horizon Nuclear Power
346:
313:Horizon Nuclear Power
242:(CDF) of the ABWR is
240:core damage frequency
120:
112:
42:boiling water reactor
24:
2658:Traveling-wave (TWR)
2142:Supercritical (SCWR)
1867:Pintassilgo2.ipen.br
1839:on February 20, 2012
758:Taiwan Power Company
2028:Aqueous homogeneous
1158:, USA. June 3, 2009
1097:nuclear.gepower.com
850:South Texas Project
566:Number of Reactors
405:South Texas Project
234:According to GEH's
215:reinforced concrete
85:South Texas Project
61:light water reactor
2848:Nuclear technology
1713:. October 30, 2014
1426:. January 17, 2019
543:1108 MW (1304 MW)
504:1212 MW (1325 MW)
365:Kashiwazaki-Kariwa
361:
123:
115:
101:of thermal power.
27:
2866:
2865:
2858:Nuclear accidents
2781:
2780:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2552:
2551:
2436:
2435:
2368:
2367:
1594:on March 13, 2017
1559:on August 7, 2016
1493:on April 20, 2019
1424:Hitachi in Europe
1297:Houston Chronicle
1031:world-nuclear.org
888:
887:
749:Gongliao Township
553:
552:
484:Net output power
395:On June 19, 2006
2896:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2768:Helium gas (GFR)
2631:
2630:
2626:
2563:
2562:
2447:
2446:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1915:on July 18, 2013
1914:
1908:. Archived from
1907:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1813:on June 19, 2019
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1783:on March 4, 2017
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1751:. April 22, 2017
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1687:. Archived from
1677:
1671:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1642:on June 4, 2011.
1638:. Archived from
1628:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1590:. Archived from
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1555:. Archived from
1549:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
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1442:
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1416:
1410:
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1407:
1405:
1391:
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1384:
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1380:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1317:on April 7, 2019
1307:
1301:
1300:
1288:
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1277:
1262:
1256:
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1190:
1189:
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1125:
1123:
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1110:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1051:on April 9, 2016
1041:
1035:
1034:
1023:
934:
929:
928:
927:
920:
915:
914:
865:, United States
859:
822:
786:
745:
709:
677:
643:
602:
560:
559:
478:
477:
383:, and one more (
339:Japan and Taiwan
249:
247:
155:
139:
100:
96:
69:state of the art
2904:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2814:
2777:
2682:
2627:
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2604:
2548:
2479:
2454:
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2404:
2386:
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2377:
2364:
2330:
2321:
2303:
2268:
2259:
2173:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2060:Natural fission
2014:
2013:
2001:
1995:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:"Archived copy"
1901:
1900:
1896:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1776:The Japan Times
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1749:The Japan Times
1743:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1691:on June 6, 2019
1685:entrac.iaea.org
1679:
1678:
1674:
1668:Wayback Machine
1651:
1647:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1536:Wayback Machine
1528:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1483:
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1318:
1309:
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1304:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1272:on May 17, 2007
1264:
1263:
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1083:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1007:Framatom Kerena
973:
930:
925:
923:
916:
909:
906:
896:been deployed.
893:
863:Bay City, Texas
857:
820:
784:
743:
707:
675:
641:
600:
569:Rated Capacity
558:
495:
490:
485:
457:
421:
393:
353:New Taipei City
341:
333:
299:
274:) and built in
245:
243:
153:
137:
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91:
17:
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5:
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2650:
2645:
2643:Integral (IFR)
2640:
2634:
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2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
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2134:
2129:
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2097:
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2072:
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2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1946:External links
1944:
1941:
1940:
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1645:
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891:ABWR-II design
889:
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879:
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842:
840:
837:
834:
829:
823:
818:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
802:
801:No firm plans
799:
793:
787:
782:
779:
773:
772:
769:
768:$ 9.2 Billion
766:
763:
760:
755:
746:
741:
738:
732:
731:
728:
726:
724:
721:
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502:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
481:Reactor block
464:or the German
456:
453:
420:
419:United Kingdom
417:
392:
389:
340:
337:
332:
329:
298:
295:
256:
255:
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208:
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196:
192:
181:
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179:
171:
158:
157:contingencies.
150:rapid shutdown
141:
106:
103:
39:Generation III
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2901:
2890:
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2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2688:Generation IV
2685:
2679:
2676:
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2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
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2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Breeder (FBR)
2636:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2615:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
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2209:
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2199:
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2128:
2125:
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2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
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2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
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2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
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2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1936:
1930:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1712:
1706:
1690:
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1658:
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1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1593:
1589:
1583:
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1558:
1554:
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1526:
1518:
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1508:
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1441:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1245:
1239:
1223:
1217:
1201:
1195:
1179:
1173:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
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993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:Nuclear power
938:
937:
933:
922:
919:
918:Energy portal
913:
908:
901:
897:
883:
881:$ 14 billion
880:
878:
876:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
841:
838:
835:
833:
830:
827:
824:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
807:
805:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
750:
747:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
729:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
714:
711:
706:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
679:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
662:
656:
654:
651:
648:
645:
640:
635:
632:
631:
627:
623:
621:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
604:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
534:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
514:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
493:
488:
483:
480:
479:
476:
474:
473:steam turbine
469:
467:
463:
452:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:in Wales and
429:
425:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:United States
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
354:
350:
345:
336:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
302:
294:
292:
288:
283:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
253:
241:
237:
233:
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227:
222:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
186:
182:
176:
175:
172:
169:
164:
159:
151:
146:
142:
138:6912 m/h
135:
131:
130:
129:
126:
119:
111:
102:
95:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2696:Sodium (SFR)
2623:fast-neutron
2462:
2042:
2008:
1917:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1897:
1883:cite journal
1871:. Retrieved
1866:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1806:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
1774:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1748:
1739:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1684:
1675:
1648:
1640:the original
1636:www.iaea.org
1635:
1626:
1618:www.iaea.org
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1582:
1573:
1563:February 12,
1561:. Retrieved
1557:the original
1525:
1517:www.iaea.org
1516:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1451:The Guardian
1450:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1305:
1296:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1139:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1096:
1084:
1075:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1039:
1030:
1021:
898:
894:
871:, TEPCO and
858:1358 MW
821:1383 MW
785:1385 MW
744:1350 MW
708:1373 MW
676:1267 MW
642:1358 MW
601:1356 MW
470:
458:
422:
394:
362:
334:
325:
310:
303:
300:
284:
280:
261:
257:
127:
124:
99:3926 MW
89:
58:
34:
30:
28:
18:
2731:Superphénix
2558:Molten-salt
2510:VHTR (HTGR)
2287:HW BLWR 250
2253:R4 Marviken
2182:Pressurized
2152:Heavy water
2136:many others
2065:Pressurized
2020:Light water
1873:October 31,
1843:October 31,
1807:Dallas News
1755:October 16,
1717:February 7,
1464:January 17,
1184:January 26,
790:HigashidĹŤri
765:After 2017
606:Kashiwazaki
584:Cost (USD)
563:Plant Name
556:Deployments
546:15.03.2006
532:02.07.1996
521:07.11.1996
507:18.01.2005
496:until 2011
455:Reliability
287:control rod
154:2.80 s
148:accomplish
145:control rod
2873:Categories
2515:PBR (PBMR)
1670:(englisch)
1614:"HAM Site"
1513:"KAS Site"
1404:October 3,
1206:January 3,
1162:August 28,
1120:August 23,
1013:References
873:CPS Energy
869:NRG Energy
798:and TEPCO
704:Reactor 3
619:1996,1996
616:1992,1993
501:HAMAOKA-5
409:NRG Energy
397:NRG Energy
92:1.35
48:(GEH) and
2567:Fluorides
2231:IPHWR-700
2226:IPHWR-540
2221:IPHWR-220
2010:Moderator
1997:Types of
1497:April 20,
1459:0261-3077
1430:April 10,
1379:March 29,
1152:Rockville
1055:March 14,
575:Operator
572:Location
331:Locations
264:ASEA-Atom
81:in Taiwan
2600:TMSR-LF1
2595:TMSR-500
2575:Fuji MSR
2535:THTR-300
2375:Graphite
2238:PHWR KWU
2204:ACR-1000
2132:IPWR-900
2115:ACPR1000
2110:HPR-1000
2100:CPR-1000
2075:APR-1400
1929:cite web
1817:June 18,
1787:March 3,
1695:June 18,
1681:"ENTRAC"
1664:Archived
1598:July 17,
1532:Archived
1321:June 18,
1276:June 18,
1250:June 18,
997:VVER-TOI
904:See also
828:, Japan
792:, Japan
715:, Japan
683:, Japan
681:Omaezaki
649:, Japan
608:, Japan
540:SHIKA-2
518:1315 MW
462:OPR-1000
212:basaltic
77:in Japan
2741:FBR-600
2721:CFR-600
2716:BN-1200
2382:coolant
2309:Organic
2194:CANDU 9
2191:CANDU 6
2159:coolant
2120:ACP1000
2095:CAP1400
2033:Boiling
1655:of the
1228:July 5,
992:US-APWR
832:J-Power
444:Hitachi
432:Oldbury
377:Lungmen
369:Hamaoka
317:Hitachi
272:Toshiba
50:Toshiba
37:) is a
2786:Others
2726:Phénix
2711:BN-800
2706:BN-600
2701:BN-350
2530:HTR-PM
2525:HTR-10
2505:UHTREX
2470:Magnox
2465:(UNGG)
2358:Lucens
2353:KS 150
2090:ATMEA1
2070:AP1000
2053:Kerena
1919:May 9,
1632:"IAEA"
1457:
982:AP1000
713:Matsue
687:Chuden
587:Notes
549:47,1%
535:68,5%
510:46,7%
491:start
466:Konvoi
447:2019,
381:Taiwan
357:Taiwan
276:Sweden
2803:Piqua
2798:Arbus
2756:PRISM
2498:MHR-T
2493:GTMHR
2423:EGP-6
2418:AMB-X
2393:Water
2338:HWGCR
2277:HWLWR
2216:IPHWR
2187:CANDU
2048:ESBWR
1913:(PDF)
1906:(PDF)
1863:(PDF)
1491:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
987:ESBWR
839:2026
836:2010
762:1997
723:2007
691:2000
660:2005
657:2001
647:Shika
612:TEPCO
428:Wylfa
373:Shika
291:AREVA
266:(now
252:ESBWR
163:SCRAM
2763:Lead
2746:CEFR
2736:PFBR
2618:None
2428:RBMK
2413:AM-1
2343:EL-4
2317:WR-1
2299:AHWR
2243:MZFR
2211:CVTR
2200:AFCR
2127:VVER
2085:APWR
2080:APR+
2043:ABWR
1935:link
1921:2013
1889:link
1875:2012
1845:2012
1819:2019
1789:2017
1757:2017
1719:2017
1697:2019
1657:IAEA
1600:2011
1565:2013
1499:2019
1466:2019
1455:ISSN
1432:2019
1406:2018
1381:2012
1323:2019
1278:2019
1252:2019
1230:2016
1208:2018
1186:2013
1164:2009
1122:2018
1076:mySA
1057:2015
524:72%
440:E-ON
438:and
183:The
143:The
35:ABWR
29:The
2751:PFR
2542:PMR
2520:AVR
2442:Gas
2380:by
2348:KKN
2282:ATR
2197:EC6
2157:by
2105:EPR
2038:BWR
1002:ACR
977:EPR
826:ĹŚma
436:RWE
379:in
351:in
244:1.6
161:as
152:in
2875::
2485:He
2451:CO
2327:CO
2248:R3
1931:}}
1927:{{
1885:}}
1881:{{
1865:.
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1773:.
1747:.
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1659::
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1616:.
1542:^
1515:.
1453:.
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1422:.
1397:.
1357:.
1339:.
1295:.
1156:MD
1154:,
1150:,
1146:,
1142:.
1138:.
1105:^
1095:.
1074:.
1029:.
854:2
817:1
781:3
751:,
740:2
638:1
597:2
355:,
315:,
248:10
94:GW
2625:)
2621:(
2453:2
2405:O
2403:2
2401:H
2329:2
2269:O
2267:2
2265:H
2174:O
2172:2
2170:D
1990:e
1983:t
1976:v
1937:)
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246:Ă—
226:g
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140:.
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