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budget surplus. However, following Ruiz
Cortines's 1953 suspension of all government contracts, construction companies were weakened, the national output fell, the foreign trade deficit rose by a third, and almost all employers announced layoffs. He chose to shift away from austerity and reoriented his policy towards boosting production, and announced a record $ 400 million spending plan to pump into public works projects. In April 1954, in the so-called "
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894:. His campaign began on October 14, 1951, with his slogan being "austerity and work." In one of his first speaking events during his campaign, he stated to around 20,000 women in attendance, "If the vote favors us in the next elections, we intend to initiate before the Chambers the necessary legal reforms so that women enjoy the same political rights as men," a campaign promise he would later fulfill with an amendment to Article 34 of the
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824:) which provided people with a practical education that allowed them to improve their quality of life. Furthermore, he founded the Institute of Anthropology and the State Planning Committee, among others. He also modified the local constitution to allow women to participate in the local and municipal elections. He built roads and bridges to develop Veracruz's infrastructure since it was one of the main ports of Mexico at that time.
1226:. On May 9, Sub-secretary of the Navy Alfonso Poire Ruelas was nominated to succeed Sánchez Taboada, a position which he held until the 22nd of December of that year. On January 1 1956, Ruiz Cortines nominated Viceadmiral Roberto Gómez Maqueo to fill the position, and he held it until April 1 1958. From April 1 to September 15 of 1958, Ruiz Cortines's Secretary of the Navy was Héctor Meixuerio Alexandres.
755:, who rejected Carranza's attempt to impose his successor, and took with him a large amount of the national treasure (150 million pesos in gold). When the generals captured his train and the national treasure's gold, it was the young and trusted officer, Major Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, who received it and delivered it safely and in presence of a notary to General de la Huerta in Mexico City.
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and coastal resources. Under this program, malaria was eradicated. He created the Rural Social
Welfare Program to improve the living conditions of the rural population and encouraged land distribution. Large foreign estates were expropriated. Furthermore, he implemented the Farm Security program to protect farmers from natural disasters.
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critical. Dr. Mario Díaz Tejeda went to the home to treat the condition of the former president. When the drugs took effect on him, Ruiz
Cortines fell asleep. At 9:05 am on Monday, 3 December 1973, Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines died at 83 years of age, a victim of heart failure caused by arteriosclerosis.
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Mexico's real national income had increased 7% halfway through 1954, and 10% halfway through 1955. In 1954, Mexico's electric power output increased 10%, manufacturing increased 9.8%, and crude-oil production increased 15%. By 1955, Mexico's crop, coffee, and cotton production and yield had increased
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He exercised tight control of public expenditure, supported the construction of roads, railways, dams, schools and hospitals. He also implemented a plan called "March to the Sea", which had the aim of shifting population from the highlands to the coast, and making better use and development of marine
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tell Alemán Valdés that they didn't think, "extension of the presidential term or re-election is convenient for the country." On 14 October 1951, Ruiz
Cortines was named candidate for the presidency by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) by the incumbent president, as had become practice. The
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In his last days, his friend Manuel
Caldelas García, a politician whom he had known in his youth, began living with him at his home in Veracruz. Caldelas helped with household chores and took care of the former president. On the afternoon of 3 December 1973, the health status of Ruiz Cortines became
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Pellicer De Brody, Olga
Pellicer and José Luis Reyna. "Las Modalidades Ruizcortinistas Para Mantener La Estabilidad Politica." Historia De La Revolución Mexicana, Período 1952–1960: El Afianzamiento De La Estabilidad Política, and Jose Luis Reyna, 1st ed., vol. 22, Colegio De Mexico, México, D. F.,
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Ruiz
Cortines's government decided to reduce public spending, to consolidate public finances and fight inflation. These policies led to macroeconomic stability, and contributed to the Mexican economy high growth rates during the 1950s. For first time in many years the Mexican government generated a
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After becoming president, Ruiz
Cortines proposed an alliance to Henríquez Guzmán between their parties. Henríquez Guzmán stated he would only accept if political and economic monopolies were ended. Ruiz Cortines rejected this, and repression against the party continued. The government de-registered
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In 1915 he married his first wife, Lucía
Carrillo Guitiérrez, the daughter of Veracruz's then-governor, Lauro Carrillo. Ruiz Cortines and Lucía later divorced. Their first child, María Cristina Ruiz Carrillo, was born on December 6, 1917. Their second child, Lucía Ruiz Carrillo, was born on May 1,
1488:, to visit Mexico, who used the opportunity to thank Mexico for condemning the invasion against him. In 1955, Selassie accepted the invitation, and inaugurated at plaque in Mexico City with his country's name on it. He inaugurated a plaque with Mexico's name on it in his country's capital in 1958.
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The election took place on July 7, 1952. When the results were announced, it was revealed that Ruiz
Cortines won, with 74.31% of the popular vote (2,713,419 votes). Henríquez Guzmán won 15.87% (579,745 votes), González Luna won 7.82% (285,555 votes), and Lombardo Toledano won 1.98% (72,482 votes).
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took power. Since Ruiz Cortines was opposed to the Huerta government, considered by a broad group of Mexicans as a usurper, he volunteered alongside other former students of the Instituto Veracruzano, under the command of Alfredo Robles, a right hand of the leader of the Constitutionalist faction,
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Ruiz Cortines modified the law to promote responsibility and honesty among public servants to combat increasing amounts of corruption. He created a law that forced public servants to declare their assets before beginning to work in the government, including himself. Ruiz Cortines's purpose was to
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On 1 December 1952, he assumed the presidency of the republic, at age 62. In his inaugural address, Ruiz Cortines pledged that fighting corruption in the government and in business would be key aspects of his administration, and that he would continue to maintain close relations with the United
544:", and has been praised for personal integrity and increasing confidence in the government through his anti-corruption policies. He was criticized for slower implementation of reforms than some of his predecessors. He has been ranked among the most popular Mexican presidents of the 20th century.
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At the beginning of his term, President Ruiz Cortines sent a bill to amend Article 34 of the Constitution to grant women equal political rights with men, which granted the vote to Mexican women. To promote measures to meet the need for homes, he created the National Housing Institute. He gave a
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in coastal areas. In general, President Ruiz Cortines's foreign policy was conservative and respectful of the sovereignty of other nations. His administration was looking for a closer relationship with Latin America and sought the integration into the institutional system of Latin America, the
779:
With his reputation for precise accounting and bookkeeping, a reputation for honesty, and credentials as a veteran of the Mexican Revolution, there were several options open to him in the 1920s. He served in the government's Department of National Statistics. He took classes in statistics from
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Another primary goal of his government was to improve the health of men and women in Mexico. Therefore, he fought malnutrition among children and promoted an immunization campaign. Ruiz Cortines turned his attention to social problems and imposed an era of austerity on the Mexican government.
885:
Ruiz Cortines is believed to have been chosen due to his more bland image in contrast to Alemán's more colorful personality, and was not seen as divisive to differin sectors of the PRI. Reportedly, Ruiz Cortines accepted the nomination, but he "apparently did not seek it and certainly did not
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years, he wanted to give a new image to the government and re-establish its credibility. His credo was "austerity and moralization". He prosecuted several of Alemán's political and business associates who had enriched themselves during the previous administration. He suspended all government
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In response to the technical advances in the field of nuclear energy, and considering that Mexico could not remain unaffected by this development, he created the National Nuclear Energy Commission. Primary and secondary education were boosted greatly. He specially supported the polytechnic
739:. Robles was in charge of the anti-Huerta forces in the south and center of Mexico. Ruiz Cortines did see military action in the Battle of El Ébano, but his main task was as a bookkeeper and paymaster. In 1920, Carranza was attempting to flee the country after his defeat by
950:
to protest reported electoral fraud, including the theft of ballot boxes. The government suppressed the peaceful protests, with an estimated 200 being killed, and more forced disappearances and arrests of people related to the protestors occurring in the following days.
847:, died in office, and Alemán Valdés needed to fill the position. Manuel Ávila Camacho recommended Ruiz Cortines, to which Alemán Valdés agreed. It was in this position that Ruiz Cortines distinguished himself and became a contender for the next presidential election.
689:. Adolfo learned from his mentors about liberalism, a political principle he would apply during his entire political career. In addition, it was at school where he acquired his fanatical interest in baseball. He always wanted to attend a university, but the
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and served as an official in the Department of Statistics from 1921 to 1935. Ruiz Cortines joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party and became Senior Official of the Government of the Federal District in 1935 and member of the
439:
1300:, Ruiz Cortines announced the next year's budget, 6,696,374,000 pesos ($ 535,709,920 in 1955), which was an increase from the previous year, but was still considered somewhat conservative given Mexico's rapidly growing economy.
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from $ 8.65 per dollar to $ 12.50 per dollar. Despite the devaluation, in 1955, Mexico's dollar reserves were roughly equivalent to $ 305 million, the highest since he took office. In December 1955, in a push for a
909:. His support was in largely urban areas, and included Cárdenas supporters alienated during Alemán Valdés' presidency, established military men, and members of the middle class who desired a multi-party democracy.
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In December 1944, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines became governor of Veracruz. During his administration, he expanded public education in the state. Some of the institutions he founded were the Technical Studies Institute
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On 1 December 1958, Ruiz handed over power to his successor López Mateos, and then he retired from public life almost altogether. In 1964, he attended the inauguration of López Mateos' successor, President
656:
Because of his father's premature death, Ruiz Cortines was raised and educated by his mother. María Cortines de la Cotera was the daughter of Diego Francisco Cortines y Gutiérrez de Celis (1829, Bielva,
803:, son of a revolutionary soldier, now a young lawyer who would later become president of Mexico (1946–1952). In 1940, Ruiz Cortines managed the presidential campaign of Cárdenas's choice as successor,
527:, and proposed several infrastructure bills, leading to the creation of the National Housing Institute and the National Nuclear Energy Commission. His social policies included the implementation of
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as the next candidate, with international observers seeing López Mateos as the sure winner despite his relative obscurity. López Mateos eventually won the election with 90% of the popular vote.
862:
1573:, in 1941, who would serve as his First Lady. She would become the first woman in Mexico to cast a vote after her husband passed the constitutional amendment promised during his campaign.
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because Ruiz Cortines refused to make any agreements that committed Mexico to participate in international wars. During his term, Ruiz Cortines completed the construction of projects like
784:, who was then a young teacher and later an important historian of Mexico. Ruiz Cortines argued in publications that the Department of National Statistics should be an autonomous agency.
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In total, Ruiz Cortines only made three foreign visits during his term, which was deliberately a small amount, as he did not want to waste money on planes or waste time on boats.
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578:, died two and a half months prior to his birth. His mother was María Cortines de la Cotera (1859–1932). Ruiz's grandfather was José Ruiz y Gómez de la Parra, better known as
3237:
Luna Elizarrarás, Sara Minerva. "Enriquecimiento Y Legitimidad Presidencial: Discusión Sobre Identidades Masculinas Durante La Campaña Moralizadora De Adolfo Ruiz Cortines."
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807:. Miguel Alemán asked Ruiz to join him as his sub-secretary because of their personal friendship. This position gave Ruiz the opportunity to gain influence within the
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intrigue to secure it." However, by September, Ruiz Cortines' base of support within the party had grown considerably, and included many young senators such as
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730:. Because of this influence, in 1912 at the age of 23, he moved to Mexico City. During his stay in Mexico City, President Madero was assassinated and General
515:
Ruiz Cortines protested as presidential candidate for the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1951 and was elected a year later, after winning the disputed
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once consulted Ruiz Cortines via telephone on an unspecified policy. Ruiz Cortines disagreed with Echeverría's idea, but Echeverría didn't take his advice.
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In 1951, Miguel Alemán Valdés expressed his desire to be allowed to serve a second term, but Lázaro Cárdenas and Manuel Ávila Camacho had former president
2172:
722:. This book motivated Ruiz's interest in politics. In 1910, the Mexican Revolution started and he became inspired by several of its main players such as
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2265:
602:, having to personally sign the surrender of the port in 1847. He was also reputed for organizing fundraisers in favor of the Mexican Army during the
1086:
606:, as well as for his deep involvement in the education of the local children. José Ruiz Parra was the maternal grandson of Isidro Gómez de la Parra,
2379:
673:. His mother taught him to read and write at the age of 3. Later, he entered a school directed by Joaquín Jerónimo Díaz and Florencio Veyro, called
1303:
By the end of his term in 1958, he had faced three social-political conflicts with peasants, teachers and the labor union of the railroad workers.
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compare the public servants' fortune before and after their participation in public charges to combat illicit enrichment and corruption.
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One of the oldest presidents of Mexico, Ruiz Cortines has been credited with leading a strong economy during the period known as the "
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2015:
1510:, each symbolizing the left and right sectors of the PRI respectively, he announced his hard-working but little-known Labor Minister
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1105:
1067:
799:, Ruiz Cortines's political career began at age 45, as the director in charge of Mexico City. It was during that time that he met
1502:
In 1957, Ruiz Cortines, as was tradition, was to announce the PRI's next presidential candidate. Taking input from ex-presidents
1263:
1160:
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1443:(OAS). In the Conference of Caracas, held in 1954, Mexico failed in its attempt to defend the self-determination of the people.
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905:, formerly of the PRI, who had twice before attempted to secure the party's presidential nomination, was the candidate of the
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of Canada. During the meeting, the leaders discussed immigration issues, economic cooperation, civil aviation and
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forced him to abandon his studies. His first job was as an accounting assistant at a commercial textile company.
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He continued to serve in the army after the revolution ended. In 1926, he requested and was granted retirement.
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stimulus to industry, particularly small- and medium-sized, and laid the foundation for the development of the
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997:
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916:, eventually the PRI's largest political opposition party, first participated in this election, nominating
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1735:"En Veracruz se comparte el legado de honradez y probidad del expresidente Adolfo Ruiz Cortines: Buganza"
833:
505:
2600:"El sismo de 1957 que dejó al descubierto diversos problemas de construcción en el centro de la capital"
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870:
781:
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211:
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3123:
2173:"Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, símbolo de oposición pacífica y democracia, Fallecimiento 29 de agosto"
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537:. His administration was noted for increased transparency in contrast to his predecessor.
501:
468:, and he instigated numerous public health, education, infrastructure, and works projects.
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8:
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in 1953. He was the sixth Mexican president to be featured on the cover of Time magazine.
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20% since the start of Ruiz Cortines's term, at that point an all-time high for Mexico.
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PRI was the dominant party and Ruiz Cortines's electoral victory was entirely expected.
3456:
3241:, vol. 63, no. 3 (251), 2014, pp. 1377–1420. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24369004.
2979:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México.
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María Cortines Cotera with her children María and Adolfo in a photograph taken in 1895.
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2627:(in Spanish). Emabjada de los Estados Unidos en México. 8 October 2005. Archived from
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Ruiz Cortines campaigned with the slogan "austeridad y trabajo" ("austerity and work")
367:
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2575:"Cómo fue el terremoto que sacudió México durante el sexenio de Adolfo Ruiz Cortines"
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1692:] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. México, MX: In Pearson Educación. pp. 322–394 .
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811:. After several years, the PRI designated him as candidate for governor of Veracruz.
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in 1824, who co-wrote the state's constitution. José Ruiz Parra was president of the
529:
51:
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Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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2970:
Aguilar Casas, Elsa; Serrano Álvarez, Pablo (2012). Martínez Ocampo, Lourdes (ed.).
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Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines was born on 30 December 1889 at 3:00 pm, in the state of
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678:
432:
3632:
3612:
3511:
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Fernández Pavón, Marisol (9 April 2014). Illades Rosas, María Perla del C. (ed.).
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was inaugurated on October 19, 1953, by Ruiz Cortines and United States President
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In 1935, under Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico was one of only five countries to condemn
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630:), and of his wife Dominga Casado de Toro y Tamariz, herself a descendant of the
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During Ruiz' Cortines's term, Mexico had cold diplomatic relationships with the
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1919. Their third child, Adolfo Ruiz Carrillo, was born on November 28, 1922.
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in 1937. In 1939 he was appointed treasurer of the presidential campaign of
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In 1956, Ruiz Cortines attended a meeting with US President Eisenhower and
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30 December 1889 – 3 December 1973) was a Mexican politician who served as
404:
17:
1415:, built with 58.6% American funds and 41.4% Mexican funds. The dam on the
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The day after the election, Henríquez Guzmán's supporters gathered in the
519:. During his administration, he put forward a reform to Article 34 of the
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Medios de comunicación: del destrape a las campañas electorale, 1934-1982
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1279:(UNAM) and began subsidies to support universities through the republic.
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552:
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1364:. Ruiz Cortines was in his office in the national palace at the time.
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533:. Unlike previous administrations from the PRI, he was an advocate of
1652:(in Spanish). México: Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz. Archived from
1527:
670:
658:
627:
565:
534:
475:, Ruiz Cortines was the last Mexican president to have fought in the
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Political Intelligence and the Creation of Modern Mexico, 1938-1954
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On July 28, 1957, an earthquake with an epicenter in the state of
677:, but did his secondary educational studies at the Colegio de los
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2578:
1709:"Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Dead At 82; Was Resident Of Mexico '52-'58"
623:
570:
21:
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1978, pp. 13–72. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv233pb3.5.
3161:(in Spanish) (4 ed.). Miguel Angel Porrúa Grupo Editorial.
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1899:
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2913:
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1737:(in Spanish). RTV Radiotelevisión de Veracruz. 30 December 2014
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shook Mexico City for about 90 seconds. It measured 7.7 on the
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The Essential History Of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present
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1980:
2760:"El emperador que inauguró un pedacito de África en México"
2113:(in Spanish). Presidencia de la República EPN. 16 July 2013
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1650:"Personajes Veracruzanos: Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1889-1973)"
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contracts in 1953 to cut waste and to root out corruption.
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Bribiesca, Erika; Santos Gallagher, Hugo (21 April 2017).
2708:"Presentan en FIL nueva Biografía de Adolfo Ruiz Cortines"
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them in 1954, and in 1955 the party closed their offices.
661:, Spain), and María Dolores de la Cotera y Calzada (1824,
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university. Ruiz Cortines equipped the facilities of the
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3000:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
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Posrevolucionario y estabilidad. Cronología (1917-1967)
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descent. His father, Adolfo Ruiz Tejada (1851–1889),
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Candidates in the 1952 Mexican presidential election
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Aguilar Plata, Áurea Blanca; García, Carola (2006).
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2081:"Efraín González Luna, 66; Founder Of Mexican Party"
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He married his second wife, an old girlfriend named
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1944:
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2622:"REUNIONES PRESIDENCIALES MEXICO - ESTADOS UNIDOS"
2016:"Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, Sought To Govern Mexico"
968:Official presidential portrait, December 1st, 1952
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3054:(in Spanish). Unidad de Historia y Cultura Naval.
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718:, the leader of the opposition against President
681:, and at the age twelve, he attended the reputed
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3098:] (in Spanish). México, MX: Editorial Clío.
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504:from 1944 to 1948, a position he left to become
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460:. During his presidency, which constituted the
28: and the second or maternal family name is
2885:Cabeza de Vaca, María Luisa (4 October 2016).
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2602:(in Spanish). Gobierno de México. 28 July 2021
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2427:
2425:
2423:
2170:
3882:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
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2932:Aguilar Rodríguez, Aurora (16 October 2023).
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2455:"Presidentes mexicanos en la portada de Time"
1940:
1938:
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1996:(in Spanish). Ruiz-Healy Times. 9 March 2022
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238:1 September 1937 – 9 September 1937
3199:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines: El Poder Con Honradez
3158:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines: El Poder Presidencial
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2878:
2553:
2551:
2420:
1994:"Ruiz Cortines, el verdadero transformador"
634:family, holders of the hereditary title of
547:
3437:
3423:
3018:100 años de educación en México, 1900-2000
2819:"Cool-Headed Mexican; Adolfo López Mateos"
2722:
1935:
1696:
1576:Ruiz Cortines was known to frequntly play
907:Federation of the Mexican People's Parties
50:
2572:
2229:
1683:
1648:Bermúdez Gorrochotegui, Gilberto (2006).
766:
3444:
3048:Secretarios de Marina de 1940 a la fecha
3015:Carranza Palacios, José Antonio (2004).
2875:
2844:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012
2710:(in Spanish). Universidad de Guadalajara
2665:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012
2558:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012
2548:
2198:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012
2144:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012
2132:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012
2107:"Natalicio de Vicente Lombardo Toledano"
1981:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012
1864:
1862:
1860:
1521:
1448:
1277:National Autonomous University of Mexico
1257:
963:
876:
860:
786:
770:
640:
551:
3137:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
3130:
2731:
2302:
2166:
2164:
2052:
1968:
814:
143:30 June 1948 – 30 October 1951
3849:
3196:Aguilar de la Parra, Hesiquio (2012).
3084:
3058:
2706:Loera, Martha Eva (29 November 2016).
2171:Martínez Assad, Carlos (2 July 2022).
1929:
1893:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1803:
954:
94: – 30 November 1958
3418:
3113:Melgarejo Vivanco, José Luis (1980).
2705:
2303:Sánchez, Carlos (16 September 2019).
2266:"Mexican President Acts To End Graft"
2211:"Mexico's New Head Vows To End Graft"
1857:
1310:
1238:After the corruption scandals of the
832:On February 12, 1948, Alemán Valdés'
431:
189:1 December 1944 – April 1948
37:President of Mexico from 1952 to 1958
3036:Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003).
2887:"El segundo aire de los presidentes"
2573:Izquierdo, Ignacio (13 April 2023).
2161:
1371:
1367:
1314:
1233:
980:
881:Pennant for Ruiz Cortines's campaign
851:Presidential nomination and campaign
313:
3862:Mexican secretaries of the interior
2857:"Díaz Is Sworn In As Mexico's Head"
1255:and promoted the creation of jobs.
1180:17 November 1957 – 30 November 1958
822:Departamento para Estudios Técnicos
712:The Presidential Succession of 1910
448:from 1952 to 1958. A member of the
13:
3189:
2732:del Río, Salvador (5 April 2016).
2518:"Mexico President Balances Budget"
2498:. Time Magazine. 12 September 1955
1755:
1517:
1170:1 December 1952 – 17 November 1957
1151:1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958
1132:1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958
1113:1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958
1096:1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958
1077:1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958
1058:1 December 1952 – 30 November 1958
1028:Government of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
696:
14:
3918:
3857:20th-century presidents of Mexico
3281:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
3249:
2787:. Time Magazine. 18 November 1957
2496:"MEXICO: Problems & Progress"
2380:"Monoply Reform Pushed In Mexico"
2305:"General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada"
1480:. In 1953, Ruiz Cortines invited
1197:1 December 1952 –30 November 1958
976:
809:Institutional Revolutionary Party
795:In 1935 during the presidency of
665:, Mexico), whose father was from
481:Ministry of Industry and Commerce
450:Institutional Revolutionary Party
324:Institutional Revolutionary Party
3907:20th-century Mexican politicians
3805:
3398:nominee for President of Mexico
2936:(in Spanish). El Sol de Tlaxcala
1606:List of heads of state of Mexico
1590:
1560:
1417:Rio Grande (Río Bravo in Mexico)
1375:
1318:
1019:
984:
708:La sucesión presidencial de 1910
685:, famously directed by the poet
645:Ruiz Cortines at the age of 10,
604:Second French Invasion of Mexico
397:
354:
2963:
2925:
2849:
2837:
2811:
2799:
2777:
2614:
2592:
2510:
2447:
2406:"MEXICO: The Nation Is Ashamed"
2398:
2372:
2296:
2258:
2203:
2191:
2156:Aguilar Plata & García 2006
2149:
2125:
2099:
2073:
2046:
2041:Aguilar Plata & García 2006
2034:
2008:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1957:Aguilar Plata & García 2006
1950:
1945:Aguilar Plata & García 2006
1923:
1911:
1809:
1441:Organization of American States
1262:President Ruiz Cortines on the
959:
759:Post-Revolution and resignation
452:(PRI), he previously served as
433:[aˈðolfoˈrwiskoɾˈtines]
376:
350:
2736:(in Spanish). El Sol de México
2435:. Time Magazine. 29 March 1954
1797:
1773:
1749:
1727:
1690:Contemporary history of Mexico
1622:
1:
3220:Mexican Political Biographies
2889:(in Spanish). Cuna de Grillos
2408:. Time Magazine. 27 July 1953
1616:
1498:1958 Mexican general election
857:1952 Mexican general election
702:During the Mexican Revolution
646:
600:American Invasion of Veracruz
508:during the administration of
483:during the administration of
57:
3268:Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
3259:Mexican government biography
3179:Mexican government biography
2957:, pp. 14, 187, 195–196.
2934:"70 años construyendo poder"
2785:"MEXICO: The Next President"
2307:(in Spanish). Semanario ZETA
2240:"MEXICO: Decorous President"
1492:1958 presidential succession
706:In 1909, Ruiz read the book
20:, the first or paternal
7:
3897:People from Veracruz (city)
3791:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
3517:Francisco Javier Echeverría
3497:Antonio López de Santa Anna
3091:El sexenio de Ruiz Cortines
3070:. New York: HarperCollins.
1583:
1526:Statue of Ruiz Cortines in
1291:", he had to devaluate the
737:General Venustiano Carranza
506:Secretariat of the Interior
10:
3923:
3643:Francisco León de la Barra
3153:Rodríguez Prats, Juan José
3131:Navarro, Aaron W. (2010).
3066:Mexico: Biography of Power
2433:"Mexico: Priming The Pump"
1571:María de Dolores Izaguirre
1495:
1478:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1349:
1222:, died on May 1 1955 of a
854:
425:Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines
305:Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
276:Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines
15:
3892:Politicians from Veracruz
3814:
3803:
3766:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
3618:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
3452:
3405:
3393:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3341:Secretary of the Interior
3338:
3332:
3322:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3279:
3273:
3266:
1684:Fernández, Íñigo (2008).
1476:or Abyssinia) during the
1289:crisis de la Semana Santa
1184:
1159:
1155:
1136:
1117:
1100:
1087:Finance and Public Credit
1081:
1062:
1043:
1027:
1018:
929:Vicente Lombardo Toledano
834:Secretary of the Interior
828:Secretary of the Interior
714:) published that year by
691:American Invasion of 1914
458:Secretary of the Interior
418:
410:
392:
387:
329:
319:
309:
295:
271:
266:
262:
252:
242:
231:
217:
205:
193:
182:
175:
165:
155:
147:
136:
131:Secretary of the Interior
129:
117:
105:
86:1 December 1952
79:
71:
67:
49:
42:
3713:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
3383:Party political offices
2734:"Episodios de soberanía"
2059:. Taylor & Francis.
2053:Russell, Philip (2015).
1352:1957 Guerrero earthquake
1161:Labor and Social Welfare
548:Early life and education
310:Cause of death
3683:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
3562:Manuel María Lombardini
3527:José Joaquín de Herrera
3124:Universidad Veracruzana
1896:, pp. 90, 100, 178
1213:Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada
1177:Salomón González Blanco
1092:Antonio Carrillo Flores
933:Popular Socialist Party
903:Miguel Henríquez Guzmán
574:of Veracruz during the
3638:Manuel González Flores
3557:Juan Bautista Ceballos
3202:(in Spanish). SITESA.
3021:(in Spanish). Limusa.
2955:Melgarejo Vivanco 1980
2920:Melgarejo Vivanco 1980
2908:Melgarejo Vivanco 1980
2806:Carranza Palacios 2004
2653:Melgarejo Vivanco 1980
1906:Melgarejo Vivanco 1980
1869:Carranza Palacios 2004
1792:Melgarejo Vivanco 1980
1686:México Contemporáneo I
1534:
1461:
1271:
1253:petrochemical industry
1194:Ignacio Morones Prieto
969:
882:
866:
792:
791:Ruiz Cortines, c.1930s
776:
775:Ruiz Cortines, c.1920s
767:Early political career
653:
557:
429:Spanish pronunciation:
3867:Governors of Veracruz
3698:Plutarco Elías Calles
3663:Francisco S. Carvajal
3595:Manuel Robles Pezuela
3492:Valentín Gómez Farías
3326:Ángel Carvajal Bernal
3232:University of Arizona
3038:Historia de México II
2689:Delgado de Cantú 2003
2677:Delgado de Cantú 2003
2543:Delgado de Cantú 2003
2480:Delgado de Cantú 2003
2367:Delgado de Cantú 2003
1547:Miguel Alemán Velasco
1525:
1452:
1261:
1224:myocardial infarction
1209:Secretary of the Navy
967:
914:National Action Party
880:
871:Abelardo L. Rodríguez
864:
838:Héctor Pérez Martínez
790:
782:Daniel Cosío Villegas
774:
753:Plutarco Elías Calles
683:Instituto Veracruzano
644:
555:
212:Ángel Carvajal Bernal
3736:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
3731:Miguel Alemán Valdés
3726:Manuel Ávila Camacho
3678:Roque González Garza
3577:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
3542:Pedro María de Anaya
3487:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
3477:Anastasio Bustamante
3467:José María Bocanegra
3446:Presidents of Mexico
3390:Miguel Alemán Valdés
3359:Miguel Alemán Valdés
3350:Ernesto P. Uruchurtu
3335:Ernesto P. Uruchurtu
3316:Governor of Veracruz
3116:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
3040:. Pearson Educación.
2350:Fernández Pavón 2014
2338:Fernández Pavón 2014
2326:Fernández Pavón 2014
2291:Fernández Pavón 2014
1918:Rodríguez Prats 2017
1816:Rodríguez Prats 2017
1780:Rodríguez Prats 2017
1629:Fernández Pavón 2014
1508:Miguel Alemán Valdés
1421:Dwight D. Eisenhower
918:Efraín González Luna
815:Governor of Veracruz
805:Manuel Avila Camacho
801:Miguel Alemán Valdés
636:Mariscal de Castilla
594:that ruled over the
521:Mexican Constitution
510:Miguel Alemán Valdés
502:Governor of Veracruz
498:Manuel Ávila Camacho
479:. He worked at the
454:Governor of Veracruz
414:Revolutionary Forces
353: 1915;
177:Governor of Veracruz
171:Ernesto P. Uruchurtu
161:Ernesto P. Uruchurtu
151:Miguel Alemán Valdés
112:Miguel Alemán Valdés
44:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
3820:President of Mexico
3761:Miguel de la Madrid
3756:José López Portillo
3741:Adolfo López Mateos
3708:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
3688:Adolfo de la Huerta
3668:Venustiano Carranza
3648:Francisco I. Madero
3623:José María Iglesias
3590:Félix María Zuloaga
3408:Adolfo López Mateos
3376:Adolfo López Mateos
3366:President of Mexico
3276:Óscar Fano Viniegra
2545:, pp. 290–292.
2459:El Siglo de Torreón
2087:. 12 September 1964
1854:, pp. 606–607.
1830:, pp. 605–606.
1512:Adolfo López Mateos
1486:Emperor of Ethiopia
1166:Adolfo López Mateos
955:President of Mexico
888:Adolfo López Mateos
745:Adolfo de la Huerta
716:Francisco I. Madero
687:Salvador Díaz Mirón
614:to the province of
564:, into a family of
490:Chamber of Deputies
485:Adolfo de la Huerta
473:Constitutional Army
464:, women gained the
446:President of Mexico
248:Óscar Fano Viniegra
220:Chamber of Deputies
124:Adolfo López Mateos
74:President of Mexico
3786:Enrique Peña Nieto
3746:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
3605:José Ignacio Pavón
3537:José Mariano Salas
3457:Guadalupe Victoria
3301:Political offices
3096:Ruiz Cortines Term
2861:The New York Times
2823:The New York Times
2524:. 17 December 1955
2522:The New York Times
2461:. 13 February 2014
2384:The New York Times
2272:. 29 December 1952
2270:The New York Times
2215:The New York Times
2085:The New York Times
2020:The New York Times
1713:The New York Times
1540:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
1535:
1462:
1387:. You can help by
1330:. You can help by
1311:Earthquake of 1957
1272:
1073:Jaime Torres Bodet
1054:Luis Padilla Nervo
996:. You can help by
970:
892:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
883:
867:
793:
777:
654:
620:Bernardo de Gálvez
582:, a member of the
558:
477:Mexican Revolution
291:, Veracruz, Mexico
3844:
3843:
3831:Emperor of Mexico
3798:(President-elect)
3796:Claudia Sheinbaum
3703:Emilio Portes Gil
3673:Eulalio Gutiérrez
3658:Victoriano Huerta
3582:Ignacio Comonfort
3547:Manuel de la Peña
3522:Valentín Canalizo
3413:
3412:
3406:Succeeded by
3373:Succeeded by
3348:Succeeded by
3323:Succeeded by
3309:Jorge Cerdán Lara
3293:Succeeded by
3239:Historia Mexicana
2986:978-607-7916-65-9
2863:. 2 December 1964
2825:. 2 December 1958
2634:on 15 August 2010
2246:. 8 December 1952
2217:. 2 December 1952
1715:. 4 December 1973
1432:Louis St. Laurent
1405:
1404:
1368:Foreign relations
1348:
1347:
1234:Domestic politics
1201:
1200:
1014:
1013:
732:Victoriano Huerta
584:State of Veracruz
525:the right to vote
422:
421:
200:Jorge Cerdán Lara
3914:
3809:
3808:
3507:José Justo Corro
3462:Vicente Guerrero
3439:
3432:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3388:Preceded by
3356:Preceded by
3333:Preceded by
3306:Preceded by
3287:’s 3rd district
3274:Preceded by
3264:
3263:
3257:
3213:
3184:Online biography
3177:
3172:
3148:
3127:
3121:
3109:
3081:
3069:
3055:
3053:
3041:
3032:
3011:
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2978:
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2905:
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2815:
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2029:
2027:
2022:. 31 August 1972
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
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1972:
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1933:
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1656:on 26 March 2009
1645:
1632:
1631:, pp. 18–25
1626:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1474:Ethiopian Empire
1453:The plaque that
1400:
1397:
1379:
1372:
1343:
1340:
1322:
1315:
1221:
1207:Ruiz Cortines's
1106:National Defense
1068:Public Education
1023:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1006:
988:
981:
926:
846:
651:
648:
596:Port of Alvarado
535:fiscal austerity
471:A member of the
443:
442:
441:
435:
430:
403:
401:
400:
388:Military service
380:
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358:
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302:
286:30 December 1889
285:
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267:Personal details
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61: 1952-1958
59:
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39:
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3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3781:Felipe Calderón
3771:Ernesto Zedillo
3751:Luis Echeverría
3721:Lázaro Cárdenas
3717:
3653:Pedro Lascuráin
3609:
3586:
3532:Mariano Paredes
3502:Miguel Barragán
3482:Melchor Múzquiz
3448:
3443:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3378:
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3217:Camp,Roderic A.
3210:
3192:
3190:Further reading
3175:
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3086:Krauze, Enrique
3078:
3060:Krauze, Enrique
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2078:
2074:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1875:
1867:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1682:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1646:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1611:Mexican Miracle
1596:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1563:
1551:Luis Echeverría
1520:
1518:Post-presidency
1504:Lázaro Cárdenas
1500:
1494:
1468:'s invasion of
1457:inaugurated in
1436:illegal fishing
1430:Prime Minister
1401:
1395:
1392:
1385:needs expansion
1370:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1328:needs expansion
1313:
1298:balanced budget
1236:
1215:
1128:José López Lira
1123:National Assets
1049:Foreign Affairs
1010:
1004:
1001:
994:needs expansion
979:
962:
957:
944:Alameda Central
920:
859:
853:
840:
830:
817:
797:Lázaro Cárdenas
769:
761:
704:
699:
697:Military career
649:
632:Luna y Arellano
580:José Ruiz Parra
550:
542:Mexican miracle
523:, giving women
462:Mexican Miracle
437:
436:
428:
398:
396:
383:
382:
379: 1941)
374:
370:
368:María Izaguirre
360:
357: 1935)
348:
344:
341:
320:Political party
304:
300:
299:3 December 1973
287:
281:
279:
278:
277:
253:
243:
237:
232:
227:′s 3rd district
222:
206:
194:
188:
183:
166:
156:
142:
137:
118:
106:
97:
95:
89:
87:
85:
80:
63:
60:
56:Ruiz Cortines,
45:
38:
33:
12:
11:
5:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3825:Vice president
3815:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:Álvaro Obregón
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3628:Juan N. Méndez
3625:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3600:Miguel Miramón
3597:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:Martín Carrera
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:Mariano Arista
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
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3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3442:
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3434:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:Antonio Pulido
3294:
3291:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3250:External links
3248:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3214:
3208:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:978-6075241258
3167:
3149:
3143:
3128:
3122:(in Spanish).
3110:
3104:
3082:
3076:
3056:
3042:
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2991:
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2959:
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2924:
2912:
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2874:
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2836:
2810:
2798:
2776:
2762:(in Spanish).
2747:
2721:
2693:
2691:, p. 295.
2681:
2679:, p. 293.
2669:
2667:, p. 226.
2657:
2655:, p. 203.
2645:
2613:
2591:
2577:(in Spanish).
2562:
2547:
2535:
2509:
2484:
2482:, p. 299.
2472:
2457:(in Spanish).
2446:
2419:
2397:
2386:. 12 July 1953
2371:
2369:, p. 286.
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2295:
2283:
2257:
2228:
2202:
2190:
2160:
2148:
2146:, p. 222.
2136:
2124:
2098:
2072:
2065:
2045:
2033:
2007:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1908:, p. 148.
1898:
1873:
1856:
1844:
1842:, p. 606.
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1748:
1726:
1695:
1667:
1633:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1585:
1582:
1562:
1559:
1519:
1516:
1496:Main article:
1493:
1490:
1482:Haile Selassie
1455:Haile Selassie
1403:
1402:
1382:
1380:
1369:
1366:
1350:Main article:
1346:
1345:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1309:
1235:
1232:
1199:
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1192:
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1060:
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1044:
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1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
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1024:
1012:
1011:
991:
989:
978:
977:Administration
975:
961:
958:
956:
953:
935:'s candidate.
855:Main article:
852:
849:
829:
826:
816:
813:
768:
765:
760:
757:
749:Álvaro Obregón
724:Pascual Orozco
703:
700:
698:
695:
618:(appointed by
549:
546:
517:1952 elections
500:and worked as
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
408:
407:
394:
393:Branch/service
390:
389:
385:
384:
372:
366:
365:
364:
363:
346:
342:
340:Lucía Carrillo
339:
338:
337:
336:
333:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
303:(aged 83)
297:
293:
292:
275:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
259:
258:Antonio Pulido
256:
250:
249:
246:
240:
239:
229:
228:
218:Member of the
215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
180:
179:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
134:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
77:
76:
69:
68:
65:
64:
55:
47:
46:
43:
36:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
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3774:
3772:
3769:
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3732:
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3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
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3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Porfirio Díaz
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Benito Juárez
3611:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Nicolás Bravo
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3343:
3342:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3286:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3209:9786077744443
3205:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3144:9780271037059
3140:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3105:9789706630131
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3077:0-06-016325-9
3073:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3028:968-18-6439-5
3024:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3007:970-722-577-7
3003:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2956:
2951:
2935:
2928:
2922:, p. 28.
2921:
2916:
2910:, p. 27.
2909:
2904:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2846:, p. 245
2845:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2786:
2780:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2601:
2595:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2560:, p. 238
2559:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2460:
2456:
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2434:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2407:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2352:, p. 25.
2351:
2346:
2340:, p. 23.
2339:
2334:
2328:, p. 21.
2327:
2322:
2306:
2299:
2293:, p. 19.
2292:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2200:, p. 223
2199:
2194:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2134:, p. 221
2133:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2066:9781135017217
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1995:
1989:
1983:, p. 220
1982:
1977:
1971:, p. 212
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1794:, p. 23.
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1736:
1730:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:
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1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:Mexico portal
1588:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1561:Personal life
1558:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:According to
1543:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Fascist Italy
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:United States
1399:
1390:
1386:
1383:This section
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1362:Richter scale
1359:
1353:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1326:This section
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1278:
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1225:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:Gilberto Loyo
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1008:
999:
995:
992:This section
990:
987:
983:
982:
974:
966:
952:
949:
945:
940:
936:
934:
930:
924:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
879:
875:
872:
863:
858:
848:
844:
839:
835:
825:
823:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
789:
785:
783:
773:
764:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:Porfirio Díaz
717:
713:
709:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:Escuela Amiga
672:
668:
664:
660:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Spanish Crown
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
563:
554:
545:
543:
538:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
466:right to vote
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:
434:
426:
417:
413:
409:
406:
395:
391:
386:
369:
362:
361:
335:
334:
332:
328:
325:
322:
318:
315:
314:Heart failure
312:
308:
298:
294:
290:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
251:
247:
241:
235:
230:
226:
221:
216:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
192:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
164:
160:
154:
150:
146:
140:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
116:
113:
110:
104:
83:
78:
75:
70:
66:
53:
48:
41:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3818:
3735:
3394:
3364:
3339:
3314:
3280:
3256:(in Spanish)
3238:
3219:
3198:
3176:(in Spanish)
3157:
3133:
3115:
3095:
3090:
3065:
3047:
3037:
3017:
2996:
2972:
2964:Bibliography
2950:
2938:. Retrieved
2927:
2915:
2903:
2893:24 September
2891:. Retrieved
2865:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2822:
2813:
2808:, p. 53
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2764:El Universal
2738:. Retrieved
2712:. Retrieved
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2629:the original
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2521:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2410:. Retrieved
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2345:
2333:
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1654:the original
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3776:Vicente Fox
3572:Rómulo Díaz
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2714:9 September
2183:21 February
2026:5 September
2000:9 September
1930:Krauze 1999
1894:Krauze 1999
1852:Krauze 1997
1840:Krauze 1997
1828:Krauze 1997
1806:, p. 9
1804:Krauze 1999
1532:Mexico City
1459:Mexico City
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650: 1899
608:subdelegado
598:during the
244:Preceded by
195:Preceded by
157:Preceded by
107:Preceded by
3851:Categories
3370:1952–1958
3345:1948–1951
3320:1944–1948
2940:30 October
2769:24 October
2740:21 October
2638:30 October
2606:10 October
2584:10 October
2117:29 January
2111:www.gob.mx
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1617:References
1472:(then the
1413:Falcon Dam
669:, also in
667:Peñarrubia
576:Porfiriato
566:Andalusian
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282:1889-12-30
98:1958-11-30
90:1952-12-01
2867:28 August
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2791:21 August
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1528:Los Pinos
1264:cover of
743:generals
671:Cantabria
659:Cantabria
628:New Spain
586:'s first
234:In office
185:In office
148:President
139:In office
82:In office
72:54th
3285:Veracruz
3155:(2017).
3088:(1999).
3062:(1997).
1756:Varios.
1584:See also
1470:Ethiopia
1428:Canadian
1358:Guerrero
1268:magazine
973:States.
946:park in
931:was the
901:General
679:Jesuitas
663:Veracruz
588:Congress
562:Veracruz
494:Veracruz
289:Veracruz
225:Veracruz
30:Cortines
16:In this
3234:, 1982.
3228:Arizona
2579:Infobae
1142:Economy
741:Sonoran
626:of the
624:viceroy
616:Tuxtlas
610:of the
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1190:Health
1033:Office
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3290:1937
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2061:ISBN
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2002:2023
1767:2018
1759:Guia
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