40:
672:(DDR) although the use of signalling other than SDR is uncommon outside of RAM. An example of this is PCIe which uses SDR. Within each data transfer there can be multiple bits of data. This is described as the width of a bus which is the number of bits the bus can transfer per clock cycle and can be synonymous with the number of physical electrical conductors the bus has if each conductor transfers one bit at a time. The data rate in bits per second can be obtained by multiplying the number of bits per clock cycle times the frequency times the number of transfers per clock cycle. Alternatively a bus such as
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223:
1077:. They also tend to be very flexible in terms of their physical connections, allowing them to be used both as internal buses, as well as connecting different machines together. This can lead to complex problems when trying to service different requests, so much of the work on these systems concerns software design, as opposed to the hardware itself. In general, these third generation buses tend to look more like a
867:. Memory and other devices would be added to the bus using the same address and data pins as the CPU itself used, connected in parallel. Communication was controlled by the CPU, which read and wrote data from the devices as if they are blocks of memory, using the same instructions, all timed by a central clock controlling the speed of the CPU. Still, devices
1026:
However, these newer systems shared one quality with their earlier cousins, in that everyone on the bus had to talk at the same speed. While the CPU was now isolated and could increase speed, CPUs and memory continued to increase in speed much faster than the buses they talked to. The result was that
779:
for the peripheral to become ready. This was a waste of time for programs that had other tasks to do. Also, if the program attempted to perform those other tasks, it might take too long for the program to check again, resulting in loss of data. Engineers thus arranged for the peripherals to interrupt
680:
which groups 2 bits into symbols which are then transferred instead of the bits themselves, and allows for an increase in data transfer speed without increasing the frequency of the bus. The effective or real data transfer speed/rate may be lower due to the use of encoding that also allows for error
188:
Given technological changes, the classical terms "system", "expansion" and "peripheral" no longer have the same connotations. Other common categorization systems are based on the bus's primary role, connecting devices internally or externally. However, many common modern bus systems can be used for
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implemented similar designs. Generally, the channel controllers would do their best to run all of the bus operations internally, moving data when the CPU was known to be busy elsewhere if possible, and only using interrupts when necessary. This greatly reduced CPU load, and provided better overall
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An increasing number of external devices started employing their own bus systems as well. When disk drives were first introduced, they would be added to the machine with a card plugged into the bus, which is why computers have so many slots on the bus. But through the 1980s and 1990s, new systems
328:
became common. In a multiplexed address scheme, the address is sent in two equal parts on alternate bus cycles. This halves the number of address bus signals required to connect to the memory. For example, a 32-bit address bus can be implemented by using 16 lines and sending the first half of the
731:
Over time, several groups of people worked on various computer bus standards, including the IEEE Bus
Architecture Standards Committee (BASC), the IEEE "Superbus" study group, the open microprocessor initiative (OMI), the open microsystems initiative (OMI), the "Gang of Nine" that developed
172:
topology, or connected by switched hubs. Many modern CPUs also feature a second set of pins similar to those for communicating with memory—but able to operate with different speeds and protocols—to ensure that peripherals do not slow overall system performance. CPUs can also feature smart
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accepted data from the CPU side to be moved to the peripherals side, thus shifting the communications protocol burden from the CPU itself. This allowed the CPU and memory side to evolve separately from the device bus, or just "bus". Devices on the bus could talk to each other with no CPU
299:-enabled device needs to read or write to a memory location, it specifies that memory location on the address bus (the value to be read or written is sent on the data bus). The width of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address. For example, a system with a
315:
Early processors used a wire for each bit of the address width. For example, a 16-bit address bus had 16 physical wires making up the bus. As the buses became wider and lengthier, this approach became expensive in terms of the number of chip pins and board traces. Beginning with the
345:) at once. In these instances the least significant bits of the address bus may not even be implemented - it is instead the responsibility of the controlling device to isolate the individual byte required from the complete word transmitted. This is the case, for instance, with the
332:
Typically two additional pins in the control bus – row-address strobe (RAS) and column-address strobe (CAS) – are used to tell the DRAM whether the address bus is currently sending the first half of the memory address or the second half.
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controller would signal the CPU that new data was ready to be read, at which point the CPU would move the data by reading the "memory location" that corresponded to the disk drive. Almost all early microcomputers were built in this fashion, starting with the
663:
The frequency or the speed of a bus is measured in Hz such as MHz and determines how many clock cycles there are per second; there can be one or more data transfers per clock cycle. If there is a single transfer per clock cycle it is known as
568:
are not generally regarded as buses, although the difference is largely conceptual rather than practical. An attribute generally used to characterize a bus is that power is provided by the bus for the connected hardware. This emphasizes the
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intervention. This led to much better "real world" performance, but also required the cards to be much more complex. These buses also often addressed speed issues by being "bigger" in terms of the size of the data path, moving from 8-bit
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707:
is composed of 8 physical wires dedicated to the 8-bit data bus, 20 physical wires dedicated to the 20-bit address bus, 21 physical wires dedicated to the control bus, and 15 physical wires dedicated to various power buses.
149:" is sometimes used to refer to all other buses apart from the system bus, the "expansion bus" has also been used to describe a third category of buses separate from the peripheral bus, which includes bus systems like PCI.
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Increasing the speed of the CPU becomes harder, because the speed of all the devices must increase as well. When it is not practical or economical to have all devices as fast as the CPU, the CPU must either enter a
699:
has completely separate input data lines, output data lines, and address lines. To reduce cost, most microcomputers have a bidirectional data bus, re-using the same wires for input and output at different times.
723:. The various "serial buses" can be seen as the ultimate limit of multiplexing, sending each of the address bits and each of the data bits, one at a time, through a single pin (or a single differential pair).
526:
the bus. Often, a serial bus can be operated at higher overall data rates than a parallel bus, despite having fewer electrical connections, because a serial bus inherently has no timing skew or crosstalk.
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Early computer buses were parallel electrical wires with multiple hardware connections, but the term is now used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical function as a parallel
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Later computer programs began to share memory common to several CPUs. Access to this memory bus had to be prioritized, as well. The simple way to prioritize interrupts or bus access was with a
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764:. Almost always, there was one bus for memory, and one or more separate buses for peripherals. These were accessed by separate instructions, with completely different timings and protocols.
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were introduced to serve this need, leaving most slots in modern systems empty. Today there are likely to be about five different buses in the typical machine, supporting various devices.
1966:
110:, CPUs use high-performance system buses that operate at speeds greater than memory to communicate with memory. The internal bus (also known as the internal data bus, memory bus or
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These simple bus systems had a serious drawback when used for general-purpose computers. All the equipment on the bus had to talk at the same speed, as it shared a single clock.
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the bus speeds were now much slower than what a modern system needed, and the machines were left starved for data. A particularly common example of this problem was that
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the CPU. The interrupts had to be prioritized, because the CPU can only execute code for one peripheral at a time, and some devices are more time-critical than others.
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addressed some of these problems. They typically separated the computer into two "worlds", the CPU and memory on one side, and the various devices on the other. A
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than the original concept of a bus, with a higher protocol overhead needed than early systems, while also allowing multiple devices to use the bus at once.
818:. In this case, a single mechanical and electrical system can be used to connect together many of the system components, or in some cases, all of them.
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141:. In such systems, the expansion bus may not share any architecture with their host CPUs, instead supporting many different CPUs, as is the case with
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just to drive the video card. By 2004 AGP was outgrown again by high-end video cards and other peripherals and has been replaced by the new
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and others) have not been made uniform at all, and still generate distinct CPU signals, that could be used to implement a separate I/O bus.
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are one example of a system that would formerly be described as internal, while certain automotive applications use the primarily external
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Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
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Bus multiplexing requires fewer wires, which reduces costs in many early microprocessors and DRAM chips. One common multiplexing scheme,
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1484:, much used in laptop computers and other portables, but fading with the introduction of USB and built-in network and modem connections
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825:. In this case signals will naturally flow through the bus in physical or logical order, eliminating the need for complex scheduling.
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2273:
2718:
506:, and data connections in each direction usually means that most serial buses have more conductors than the minimum of one used in
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715:, has already been mentioned. Another multiplexing scheme re-uses the address bus pins as the data bus pins, an approach used by
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2018:
1991:
1950:
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Such bus systems are also difficult to configure when constructed from common off-the-shelf equipment. Typically each added
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Some processors use a dedicated wire for each bit of the address bus, data bus, and the control bus. For example, the 64-pin
462:, modern memory buses are designed to connect directly to DRAM chips, and thus are designed by chip standards bodies such as
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1940:
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into the memory bus, so that the input and output devices appeared to be memory locations. This was implemented in the
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origins of bus architecture as supplying switched or distributed power. This excludes, as buses, schemes such as serial
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across parallel buses become more and more difficult to circumvent. One partial solution to this problem has been to
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307:(4,294,967,296) memory locations. If each memory location holds one byte, the addressable memory space is 4 GB.
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142:
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devices may use the bus supplied power, but often use a separate power source. This distinction is exemplified by a
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252:
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395:
244:
102:, the CPU and main memory tend to be tightly coupled, with the internal bus connecting the two being known as the
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917:, or work at a slower clock frequency temporarily, to talk to other devices in the computer. While acceptable in
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ports in modern computers support multiple peripherals, allowing multiple hard drives to be connected without an
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in the first generation, to 16 or 32-bit in the second, as well as adding software setup (now standardised as
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2713:
1981:
1308:
1290:
833:
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1250:, a proprietary front side CPU bus developed by Hewlett-Packard for use by its PA-RISC microprocessor family
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which, despite being carefully designed to minimize the effect, has been criticized for its higher latency.
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correction such as 128/130b (b for bit) encoding. The data transfer speed is also known as the bandwidth.
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connection. A phone line connection scheme is not considered to be a bus with respect to signals, but the
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17:
1256:, a proprietary peripheral bus developed by Hewlett-Packard for use by its PA-RISC microprocessor family
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connection and associated modulated signalling scheme is not considered a bus, and is analogous to an
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1312:
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787:, which were essentially small computers dedicated to handling the input and output of a given bus.
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However, this distinction‍—‌that power is provided by the bus‍—‌is not the case in many
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350:
233:
1474:(also known as GPIB, General-Purpose Interface Bus, and HPIB, Hewlett-Packard Instrumentation Bus)
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in 1958, and they became a common feature of their platforms. Other high-performance vendors like
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Historically, there were also some examples of computers which were only able to address words --
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in order to set memory addresses, I/O addresses, interrupt priorities, and interrupt numbers.
894:, although similar physical architecture can be employed, instructions to access peripherals (
652:, i.e. have a single source LRI/LRU or, as with ARINC 629, MIL-STD-1553B, and STANAG 3910, be
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2754:
2526:
2374:
2215:
2008:
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649:
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134:
99:
56:
2245:
C. Gordon Bell; R. Cady; H. McFarland; B. Delagi; J. O'Laughlin; R. Noonan; W. Wulf (1970).
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movement in an attempt to further remove legal and patent constraints from computer design.
502:, which carry data in bit-serial form. The addition of extra power and control connections,
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bus card slots (from top to second from bottom: Ă—4, Ă—16, Ă—1 and Ă—16), compared to a 32-bit
2289:
2272:
Bray, Andrew C.; Dickens, Adrian C.; Holmes, Mark A. (1983). "28. The One
Megahertz bus".
341:
Accessing an individual byte frequently requires reading or writing the full bus width (a
8:
2853:
2408:
1560:
921:, this problem was not tolerated for long in general-purpose, user-expandable computers.
479:
1069:"Third generation" buses have been emerging into the market since about 2001, including
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1213:
929:
784:
606:
1262:, a proprietary bus developed by Hewlett-Packard for use by its HP3000 computer family
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2401:
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2133:
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2014:
1987:
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The internal computer bus is a parallel transmission scheme; within the computer....
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are serial data buses (not to be confused with the parallel "data bus" section of a
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connections do not work well for fast serial buses, so most modern serial buses use
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1208:(also known as Advanced Technology Attachment, ATA, PATA, IDE, EIDE, ATAPI, etc.),
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918:
716:
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610:
561:
447:
342:
288:
137:, but which communicate by buses instead of networks, the system bus is known as a
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interfaces and
Ethernet, since these devices also needed separate power supplies.
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2556:
2536:
1736:
1704:
1674:
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1417:
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2060:"PCIe 5.0 is just beginning to come to new PCS, but version 6.0 is already here"
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electrical characteristics and then specify their own protocol and connector:
122:, which in turn connects the computer to peripherals. Bus systems such as the
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3079:
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2858:
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2789:
2571:
2470:
2460:
2435:
2396:
2174:
2154:"PCIe 7.0 Draft 0.5 Spec Available: 512 GB/S over PCIe x16 on Track for 2025"
2046:"PCIe 7.0 Draft 0.5 Spec Available: 512 GB/S over PCIe x16 on Track for 2025"
1689:
1231:
1160:
1100:
1032:
856:
629:
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30:
This article is about buses in computer hardware. For buses in software, see
636:) are commonly referred to as “data buses” or, sometimes, "databuses". Such
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2759:
2611:
2516:
1812:. Applications of Computers, University of Nottingham 15–19 September 1958.
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To provide modularity, memory and I/O buses can be combined into a unified
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31:
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633:
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515:
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325:
44:
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memory address, immediately followed by the second half memory address.
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were designed from the start to be used both internally and externally.
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1429:
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111:
103:
1875:
Guide to
Digital Interface Standards For Military Avionic Applications
803:
2961:
2951:
2918:
2913:
2848:
2723:
2511:
2496:
2491:
2271:
2220:(2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 33, 179–181.
1684:
1604:
1589:
1535:
1525:
1495:
1397:
1363:
1242:
1223:
1110:-to-device and CPU-to-memory, designed to accelerate next-generation
880:
868:
860:
768:
668:(SDR), and if there are two transfers per clock cycle it is known as
625:
621:
582:
540:
519:
455:
198:
165:
115:
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2193:. University of Melbourne Computing Science. pp. 8–11, 13, 91.
2034:
https://www.theregister.com/2022/01/12/final_pcie_60_specs_released/
945:
373:
222:
181:. Low-performance bus systems have also been developed, such as the
2971:
2908:
2641:
2501:
2278:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Microcomputer Centre. pp. 442–443.
2074:"PCIe 6.0: Everything you need to know about the upcoming standard"
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1359:
1177:
1136:
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connected directly or through buffer amplifiers to the pins of the
745:
617:
602:
565:
532:
88:
76:
114:) connects internal components of a computer to the mother board.
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2631:
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2521:
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Computer hardware buses and slots pinouts with brief descriptions
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1402:
1344:
1270:
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792:
349:
which lacks the two least significant bits, limiting this bus to
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in a fashion more similar to a system bus. Other examples, like
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891:
849:
845:
761:
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656:, allow all the connected LRI/LRUs to act, at different times (
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471:
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317:
153:
27:
System that transfers data between components within a computer
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1304:
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1007:
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The transition from parallel to serial buses was allowed by
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2784:
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2621:
1236:
1133:
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computer, they were named after electrical power buses, or
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677:
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598:
321:
190:
123:
79:, or between computers. This expression covers all related
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are usually characterized by having several equipments or
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2601:
2596:
1775:
What Every
Engineer Should Know about Data Communications
1576:
1316:
1298:
1107:
864:
788:
772:
528:
177:
to place the data directly in memory, a concept known as
2217:
The essentials of computer organization and architecture
2190:
The Last of The First, CSIRAC: Australias First
Computer
2254:. Spring Joint Computer Conference. pp. 657–675.
1453:
1117:
518:, power consumption, electromagnetic interference and
2213:
2248:
1655:
558:
in integrated circuits which are used in computers.
2338:"Odds & Ends: Opti Local Bus, Aria sound cards"
691:Bus encoding § Other examples of bus encoding
2275:The Advanced User Guide for the BBC Microcomputer
3135:
2719:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)
1799:
1031:quickly outran even the newer bus systems like
133:In systems that have a similar architecture to
1824:"bus Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia"
767:One of the first complications was the use of
2382:
2165:
2163:
836:(DEC) further reduced cost for mass-produced
2186:
1643:Yapbus, a proprietary bus developed for the
1583:Examples of internal/external computer buses
466:. Examples are the various generations of
1873:Avionic Systems Standardisation Committee,
1805:
974:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
871:the CPU by signaling on separate CPU pins.
402:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
251:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
71:) is a communication system that transfers
2389:
2375:
2160:
2006:
1143:Computer Automated Measurement and Control
660:), as transmitters and receivers of data.
514:. As data rates increase, the problems of
450:. Originally, general-purpose buses like
164:connections, and can be wired in either a
994:Learn how and when to remove this message
752:and peripherals. Anecdotally termed the "
748:buses were bundles of wire that attached
712:
644:(LRI/LRUs) connected to a common, shared
485:
422:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:Learn how and when to remove this message
2265:
1979:
1942:PC Systems, Installation and Maintenance
1867:
802:
783:High-end systems introduced the idea of
324:, address multiplexing implemented with
38:
1877:, ASSC/110/6/2, Issue 2, September 2003
1771:
890:In some instances, most notably in the
859:bus systems were essentially a passive
676:can use modulation or encoding such as
554:which allowed for the incorporation of
470:, and serial point-to-point buses like
310:
14:
3136:
1938:
1023:) to supplant or replace the jumpers.
2370:
2177:). Section "Bus Organization". p. 82.
1806:Hollingdale, Stuart H. (1958-09-19).
1006:"Second generation" bus systems like
156:. Modern computer buses can use both
2187:McCann, Doug; Thorne, Peter (2000).
972:adding citations to reliable sources
939:
935:
771:. Early computer programs performed
400:adding citations to reliable sources
367:
249:adding citations to reliable sources
216:
2007:Oklobdzija, Vojin G. (2019-07-05).
1468:High Performance Parallel Interface
1454:Examples of external computer buses
1145:(CAMAC) for instrumentation systems
1118:Examples of internal computer buses
1058:
828:
739:
684:
287:is a bus that is used to specify a
24:
1915:Foundations of Computer Technology
648:. They may, as with ARINC 429, be
498:in parallel on multiple wires, or
118:connect the CPU and memory to the
25:
3170:
2355:
2010:The Computer Engineering Handbook
1792:from the original on 2018-01-17.
1307:, a proprietary bus developed by
1289:, a proprietary bus developed by
1200:Peripheral Component Interconnect
1035:, and computers began to include
620:, where data connections such as
336:
3120:
3119:
2261:from the original on 2011-11-27.
2234:from the original on 2018-01-17.
2214:Linda Null; Julia Lobur (2006).
1658:
944:
613:for connections between phones.
372:
221:
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2238:
2207:
2180:
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2120:
2094:
2080:
2066:
2052:
2038:
2027:
2000:
1973:
1830:from the original on 2015-02-07
1616:Small Computer System Interface
2103:IBM z15 (8561) Technical Guide
1959:
1932:
1906:
1889:IBM z15 (8561) Technical Guide
1880:
1841:
1816:
1765:
1331:, the VERSAmodule Eurocard bus
1155:Industry Standard Architecture
438:is the bus which connects the
212:
13:
1:
2714:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
1980:Buchanan, Bill (2000-04-25).
1758:
1458:
1309:Digital Equipment Corporation
1291:Digital Equipment Corporation
834:Digital Equipment Corporation
363:
2692:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
2682:Direct Media Interface (DMI)
2106:. IBM Redbooks. 2022-07-13.
1939:Beales, R. P. (2006-08-11).
1892:. IBM Redbooks. 2022-07-13.
1850:The Boundary — Scan Handbook
1772:Clifton, Carl (1986-09-19).
1600:PCI Express External Cabling
1541:Other serial buses include:
1506:), several of which use the
642:Line Replaceable Items/Units
106:. In systems that include a
75:between components inside a
7:
2129:Upgrading and Repairing PCS
1809:Session 14. Data Processing
1651:
1610:Scalable Coherent Interface
1517:("Controller Area Network")
1489:
1436:Serial Peripheral Interface
1122:
1088:have been developed by the
632:(STANAG 3838), and EFABus (
51:bus card slot (very bottom)
10:
3175:
2677:Compute Express Link (CXL)
1273:(for STD-80 and STD32 ),
1132:proprietary, used on some
1062:
756:" in the early Australian
726:
688:
63:(historically also called
29:
3113:
3072:
3051:
3000:
2914:IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
2836:
2829:logical device interface)
2732:
2484:
2418:
1918:. CRC Press. 2020-10-25.
1826:. pcmag.com. 2014-05-29.
1778:. CRC Press. p. 27.
1742:List of device bandwidths
1732:Master/slave (technology)
1626:peripheral attachment bus
1432:peripheral attachment bus
1375:
1226:or IEEE 696, used in the
1220:peripheral attachment bus
458:were used, but to reduce
168:(electrical parallel) or
3159:Communication interfaces
2171:"TV Typewriter Cookbook"
1853:. Springer. 2003-06-30.
797:Control Data Corporation
791:introduced these on the
593:system with a connected
303:address bus can address
1967:"How Motherboards Work"
478:. An exception is the
93:communication protocols
2476:List of bus bandwidths
1721:External Bus Interface
1695:Communication endpoint
1480:, previously known as
1180:for industrial systems
811:
539:are examples of this.
486:Implementation details
100:computer architectures
52:
1747:List of network buses
806:
57:computer architecture
42:
2919:IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
2657:PCI Extended (PCI-X)
2318:Compute Express Link
1727:Harvard architecture
1645:Pixar Image Computer
1630:Serial Attached SCSI
1097:Compute Express Link
1090:open source hardware
968:improve this section
800:system performance.
713:address multiplexing
587:Universal Serial Bus
564:connections such as
504:differential drivers
396:improve this section
311:Address multiplexing
245:improve this section
183:Universal Serial Bus
179:direct memory access
98:In most traditional
3149:Digital electronics
2760:Parallel ATA (PATA)
1561:IEEE 1394 interface
1202:or Conventional PCI
785:channel controllers
480:Fully Buffered DIMM
193:and the associated
2667:PCI Express (PCIe)
1666:Electronics portal
1426:optical disc drive
1280:2012-02-27 at the
1214:optical disk drive
842:mapped peripherals
812:
638:avionic data buses
611:cross-bar switches
353:32-bit transfers.
145:. While the term "
83:components (wire,
53:
3131:
3130:
3117:
2844:Apple Desktop Bus
2821:PCI Express (via
2780:Serial ATA (SATA)
2466:Network on a chip
2227:978-0-7637-3769-6
2139:978-0-7897-2745-9
2113:978-0-7384-5812-0
2088:"PAM-4 Signaling"
2020:978-1-4398-3316-2
1993:978-1-4200-4168-2
1952:978-1-136-37442-5
1925:978-1-000-11716-5
1899:978-0-7384-5812-0
1860:978-1-4020-7496-7
1634:serial SCSI buses
1422:solid-state drive
1004:
1003:
996:
936:Second generation
887:computer system.
777:waiting in a loop
444:memory controller
432:
431:
424:
281:
280:
273:
154:electrical busbar
16:(Redirected from
3166:
3123:
3122:
3115:
2577:HP Precision Bus
2391:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2288:. Archived from
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2184:
2178:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1769:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1632:(SAS) and other
1370:computer systems
1325:or VLB or VL-bus
1059:Third generation
999:
992:
988:
985:
979:
948:
940:
919:embedded systems
905:
901:
897:
874:For instance, a
829:Minis and micros
740:First generation
717:conventional PCI
685:Bus multiplexing
670:Double Data Rate
666:Single Data Rate
609:uses buses with
547:or hub designs.
448:computer systems
427:
420:
416:
413:
407:
376:
368:
289:physical address
276:
269:
265:
262:
256:
225:
217:
49:conventional PCI
21:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3068:
3047:
2996:
2909:IEEE-488 (GPIB)
2832:
2728:
2707:Infinity Fabric
2537:Europe Card Bus
2480:
2414:
2395:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2169:Don Lancaster.
2168:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1983:Computer Busses
1978:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1737:Network on chip
1705:Crossbar switch
1675:Address decoder
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1620:Hard disk drive
1585:
1492:
1487:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1418:Hard disk drive
1378:
1373:
1350:PCI/104-Express
1282:Wayback Machine
1210:Hard disk drive
1125:
1120:
1106:for high-speed
1067:
1061:
1000:
989:
983:
980:
965:
949:
938:
903:
899:
895:
831:
750:computer memory
742:
729:
693:
687:
618:avionic systems
488:
428:
417:
411:
408:
393:
377:
366:
339:
313:
277:
266:
260:
257:
242:
226:
215:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Computer buses
3129:
3128:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Intel HD Audio
3015:
3010:
3008:ADAT Lightpipe
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2702:HyperTransport
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Bus contention
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Front-side bus
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:computer buses
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2356:External links
2354:
2351:
2350:
2329:
2305:
2284:
2264:
2237:
2226:
2206:
2199:
2179:
2159:
2145:
2138:
2119:
2112:
2093:
2079:
2065:
2051:
2037:
2026:
2019:
1999:
1992:
1972:
1958:
1951:
1931:
1924:
1905:
1898:
1879:
1866:
1859:
1840:
1815:
1798:
1784:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1715:Front-side bus
1712:
1710:Memory address
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Bus contention
1677:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1504:expansion card
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:HyperTransport
1385:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1323:VESA Local Bus
1320:
1302:
1284:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:microcomputers
1221:
1203:
1197:
1192:used on early
1190:OPTi local bus
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1130:Asus Media Bus
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1084:Buses such as
1071:HyperTransport
1060:
1057:
1017:parallel buses
1012:bus controller
1002:
1001:
952:
950:
943:
937:
934:
928:requires many
926:expansion card
902:) and memory (
830:
827:
741:
738:
728:
725:
689:Main article:
686:
683:
607:Central Office
494:, which carry
492:parallel buses
487:
484:
430:
429:
380:
378:
371:
365:
362:
347:VESA Local Bus
338:
337:Implementation
335:
312:
309:
279:
278:
229:
227:
220:
214:
211:
147:peripheral bus
139:front-side bus
135:multicomputers
128:expansion card
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3171:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3126:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Multidrop bus
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:External PCIe
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Parallel SCSI
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Commodore bus
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Fibre Channel
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Plug and play
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Bus mastering
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Back-side bus
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2339:
2333:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2295:on 2006-01-14
2291:
2287:
2285:0-946827-00-1
2281:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2200:0-7340-2024-4
2196:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2175:TV Typewriter
2172:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2132:. Que. 2003.
2131:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2076:. 2024-06-30.
2075:
2069:
2062:. 2022-01-12.
2061:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2013:. CRC Press.
2012:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1986:. CRC Press.
1985:
1984:
1976:
1969:. 2005-07-20.
1968:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1945:. Routledge.
1944:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1785:9780824775667
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Bus mastering
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:Precision Bus
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:motherboards.
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:Low Pin Count
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1114:performance.
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:open standard
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
998:
995:
987:
977:
973:
969:
963:
962:
958:
953:This section
951:
947:
942:
941:
933:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
910:
907:
893:
888:
886:
882:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:microcomputer
853:
852:around 1969.
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:minicomputers
835:
826:
824:
819:
817:
810:
805:
801:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
735:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
706:
701:
698:
695:The simplest
692:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:MIL-STD-1553B
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:Buses can be
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
426:
423:
415:
405:
401:
397:
391:
390:
386:
381:This section
379:
375:
370:
369:
361:
359:
358:word machines
354:
352:
348:
344:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
275:
272:
264:
254:
250:
246:
240:
239:
235:
230:This section
228:
224:
219:
218:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
120:expansion bus
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
85:optical fiber
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2612:TURBOchannel
2411:
2402:
2342:. Retrieved
2340:. 2015-07-21
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:(zipped PDF)
2290:the original
2274:
2267:
2247:
2240:
2216:
2209:
2189:
2182:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2102:
2096:
2082:
2068:
2054:
2040:
2029:
2009:
2002:
1982:
1975:
1961:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1774:
1767:
1752:Software bus
1540:
1531:MIL-STD-1553
1493:
1481:
1239:or IEEE 1496
1230:and similar
1206:Parallel ATA
1186:or IEEE 1196
1172:MicroChannel
1149:Extended ISA
1139:motherboards
1104:interconnect
1099:(CXL) is an
1094:
1083:
1068:
1045:
1025:
1011:
1005:
990:
981:
966:Please help
954:
923:
911:
908:
889:
873:
854:
832:
820:
813:
782:
766:
753:
743:
730:
710:
702:
694:
662:
615:
597:, where the
560:
549:
500:serial buses
489:
435:
433:
418:
409:
394:Please help
382:
355:
340:
331:
326:multiplexers
314:
304:
300:
284:
282:
267:
258:
243:Please help
231:
187:
151:
132:
97:
91:, including
87:, etc.) and
68:
65:data highway
64:
60:
54:
36:
32:Software bus
3154:Motherboard
3085:CoreConnect
3064:ExpressCard
2992:Thunderbolt
2982:Camera Link
2765:Bus and Tag
2451:Address bus
2446:Control bus
2441:Daisy chain
2314:"ABOUT CXL"
1700:Control bus
1639:Thunderbolt
1572:Thunderbolt
1556:ExpressCard
1546:Camera Link
1496:field buses
1408:PCI Express
1340:PC/104-Plus
1228:Altair 8800
1194:Intel 80486
1112:data center
1065:Bus network
1041:PCI Express
1029:video cards
1021:Plug-n-play
885:Altair 8800
869:interrupted
823:daisy chain
754:digit trunk
658:half duplex
634:STANAG 3910
577:, parallel
552:Moore's law
545:daisy-chain
524:double pump
516:timing skew
440:main memory
285:address bus
213:Address bus
175:controllers
170:daisy chain
116:Local buses
45:PCI Express
18:Address bus
3138:Categories
2938:ACCESS.bus
2837:Peripheral
2637:InfiniBand
2632:HP GSC bus
2426:System bus
2344:2021-02-19
2323:2019-08-09
2299:2008-03-28
1834:2014-06-21
1759:References
1624:tape drive
1595:InfiniBand
1563:(FireWire)
1500:system bus
1430:tape drive
1414:Serial ATA
1366:, used in
1319:computers.
1315:and later
1311:for their
1301:computers.
1297:and early
1293:for their
1248:Runway bus
1218:tape drive
1075:InfiniBand
1063:See also:
915:wait state
876:disk drive
816:system bus
809:system bus
769:interrupts
697:system bus
579:Centronics
537:Serial ATA
496:data words
436:memory bus
364:Memory bus
203:InfiniBand
162:bit serial
112:system bus
104:system bus
2899:Lightning
2849:Atari SIO
2724:SpaceWire
2557:Zorro III
2497:S-100 bus
2492:SS-50 bus
2485:Standards
2405:standards
2398:Technical
1685:Bus error
1605:QuickRing
1590:Futurebus
1536:IEEE 1355
1526:ARINC 429
1438:(SPI) bus
1398:I3C (bus)
1364:Zorro III
1243:SS-50 Bus
1224:S-100 bus
984:June 2023
955:does not
881:S-100 bus
861:backplane
626:ARINC 629
622:ARINC 429
591:telephone
583:IEEE 1284
541:Multidrop
520:crosstalk
456:S-100 bus
412:June 2023
383:does not
293:processor
291:. When a
261:June 2023
232:does not
199:IEEE 1394
166:multidrop
3125:Category
3100:Wishbone
3073:Embedded
3052:Portable
2972:Profibus
2904:DMX512-A
2790:Parallel
2642:Ethernet
2552:Zorro II
2502:Multibus
2403:de facto
2256:Archived
2232:Archived
1828:Archived
1790:Archived
1652:See also
1618:(SCSI),
1472:IEEE-488
1459:Parallel
1416:(SATA),
1360:Zorro II
1278:Archived
1178:Multibus
1137:Socket 7
1123:Parallel
1086:Wishbone
746:computer
719:and the
603:Ethernet
566:Ethernet
533:FireWire
454:and the
158:parallel
89:software
81:hardware
77:computer
3105:SLIMbus
3059:PC Card
3043:TOSLINK
2733:Storage
2687:RapidIO
2567:FASTBUS
2522:STD Bus
2419:General
1515:CAN bus
1478:PC Card
1410:or PCIe
1403:SLIMbus
1355:PCI/104
1345:PCI-104
1271:STD Bus
1254:GSC/HSC
1151:or EISA
1079:network
976:removed
961:sources
930:jumpers
883:in the
848:of the
807:Single
793:IBM 709
762:busbars
736:, etc.
727:History
650:simplex
562:Network
460:latency
442:to the
404:removed
389:sources
351:aligned
253:removed
238:sources
185:(USB).
69:databus
3038:S/PDIF
2929:1-Wire
2894:RS-485
2889:RS-423
2884:RS-422
2879:RS-232
2740:ST-506
2697:NVLink
2547:STEbus
2507:Unibus
2282:
2224:
2197:
2136:
2110:
2017:
1990:
1949:
1922:
1896:
1857:
1782:
1567:RS-232
1521:Modbus
1508:RS-485
1490:Serial
1482:PCMCIA
1383:1-Wire
1376:Serial
1335:PC/104
1329:VMEbus
1295:PDP-11
1287:Unibus
1266:STEbus
1174:or MCA
1163:or LPC
1157:or ISA
892:IBM PC
855:Early
850:PDP-11
846:Unibus
840:, and
758:CSIRAC
744:Early
705:STEbus
654:duplex
575:RS-232
571:busbar
556:SerDes
535:, and
508:1-Wire
472:SLDRAM
452:VMEbus
318:Mostek
301:32-bit
189:both.
3033:McASP
3001:Audio
2946:SMBus
2942:PMBus
2924:UNI/O
2864:HP-IL
2817:SATAe
2802:ESCON
2775:HIPPI
2607:NuBus
2562:CAMAC
2532:Q-Bus
2527:SMBus
2512:VAXBI
2409:wired
2259:(PDF)
2252:(PDF)
1723:(EBI)
1717:(FSB)
1612:(SCI)
1551:eSATA
1494:Many
1466:HIPPI
1447:SMBus
1442:UNI/O
1368:Amiga
1305:Q-Bus
1184:NuBus
1047:like
1043:bus.
1008:NuBus
646:media
595:modem
512:UNI/O
476:RDRAM
468:SDRAM
464:JEDEC
320:4096
195:eSATA
108:cache
43:Four
3090:AMBA
3028:MADI
3013:AES3
2874:MIDI
2827:NVMe
2823:AHCI
2785:SCSI
2770:DSSI
2745:ESDI
2622:SBus
2582:EISA
2517:MBus
2407:for
2400:and
2280:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1622:and
1362:and
1237:SBus
1167:MBus
1134:Asus
1095:The
1073:and
1051:and
1049:SCSI
959:any
957:cite
898:and
734:EISA
721:8086
678:PAM4
674:PCIe
599:RJ11
510:and
474:and
434:The
387:any
385:cite
343:word
322:DRAM
236:any
234:cite
205:and
191:SATA
160:and
124:SATA
73:data
59:, a
3094:AXI
3023:I²S
2977:USB
2962:D²B
2957:SPI
2952:I3C
2934:I²C
2869:HIL
2854:DCB
2825:or
2812:SSA
2795:SAS
2755:SMD
2750:IPI
2672:AGP
2662:PXI
2652:PCI
2647:UPA
2627:VLB
2617:MCA
2602:VPX
2597:VXS
2592:VXI
2587:VME
2572:LPC
2542:ISA
2173:. (
1577:USB
1502:or
1393:I²C
1317:VAX
1313:PDP
1299:VAX
1275:FAQ
1108:CPU
1053:IDE
1037:AGP
1033:PCI
970:by
904:mov
900:out
865:CPU
789:IBM
775:by
773:I/O
529:USB
446:in
398:by
297:DMA
295:or
283:An
247:by
207:I²C
143:PCI
67:or
61:bus
55:In
3140::
2944:,
2940:,
2316:.
2230:.
2162:^
1788:.
1428:,
1424:,
1420:,
1216:,
1212:,
896:in
628:,
624:,
581:,
531:,
360:.
130:.
95:.
3096:)
3092:(
2948:)
2936:(
2390:e
2383:t
2376:v
2347:.
2326:.
2302:.
2203:.
2156:.
2142:.
2116:.
2090:.
2048:.
2023:.
1996:.
1955:.
1928:.
1902:.
1863:.
1837:.
997:)
991:(
986:)
982:(
978:.
964:.
425:)
419:(
414:)
410:(
406:.
392:.
305:2
274:)
268:(
263:)
259:(
255:.
241:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
