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trauma-informed care argue the principles and strategies should be applied to individuals experiencing mental illness, substance dependence, and trauma as these three often occur simultaneously or as result of each other. The paradigms surrounding trauma-informed care began to shift in 1998 and 1999. In 1998, the Center for Mental Health
Services, the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, and the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention collaborated to fund 14 sites to develop integrated services in order to address the interrelated effects of violence, mental health, and substance abuse. In 1999, the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors passed a resolution recognizing the impact of violence and trauma and developed a toolkit of resources for the implementation of trauma services in state mental health agencies. Trauma-informed care has been supported in academia as well. Scholars claim that neglecting the role of trauma in a person's story can interfere with recovery in the form of misdiagnosis, inaccurate treatment, or retraumatization. Some principles of trauma-informed care include validating survivor experiences and resiliency, aiming to increase a survivor's control over her/his/their recovery, creating atmospheres for recovery that embody consistency and confidentiality, minimizing the possibilities of triggering past trauma, and integrating survivors/recovering persons in service evaluation. In practice, trauma-informed care has shown to be most effective when every participant in a service providing context to be committed to following these principles. In addition, these principles can apply to all steps of the recovery process within a service providing context, including outreach and engagement, screening, advocacy, crisis intervention, and resource coordination. The overall goal in trauma-informed care is facilitating healing and empowerment using strengths-based empowerment practices and a comprehensive array of services that integrate co-occurring disorders and the multitude of needs a recovering person might have, such as drug treatment, housing, relationship building, and parenting support.
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individual needs and can effectively rehabilitate those recovering from issues such as sexual violence and drug addiction without criminalization. Additionally, safe houses provide a comfortable space where survivors can be listened to and uplifted through compassion. In practice, this can be accomplished through one on one interviews with other recovering persons, engaging in communal story circles, or peer-led support groups. Those who share the same values and outlooks more generally (not just in the area of mental health) may also be particularly important. It is said that one-way relationships based on being helped can actually be devaluing and potentially re-traumatizing, and that
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the intervention among a population with higher baseline values on the need for recovery and providing opportunities for physical activity, such as organizing lunchtime walking or yoga classes at work. Additionally, they recommended strategically integrating a social media platform with incentives for regular use, linking it to other platforms like
Facebook, and considering more drastic physical interventions, such as restructuring an entire department floor, to enhance the intervention's effectiveness. The study concluded that relatively simple environment modifications, such as placing signs to promote stair use, did not lead to changes in the need for recovery.
101:, coupled with studies demonstrating that many people do recover. A recovery-oriented approach has since been explicitly embraced as the guiding principle of mental health and substance dependency policies in numerous countries and states. Practical measures are being implemented in many cases to align services with a recovery model, although various obstacles, concerns, and criticisms have been raised by both service providers and recipients of services. Several standardized measures have been developed to assess different aspects of recovery, although there is some divergence between professionalized models and those originating in the
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isolating the conditions of a recovering person and not addressing conditions such as substance abuse and mental illness simultaneously as part of one source. Specific practices in traditional service delivery systems, such as unnecessary procedures, undressing for examinations, involuntary hospitalizations, crowded emergency rooms, and limited time for providers to meet with patients, have all been critiqued as insensitive to persons recovering from trauma and consequential mental illness or substance abuse. Limited resources and time in the United States healthcare system can make the implementation of trauma-informed care difficult.
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commitment from leadership in an agency to train staff members to be trauma-aware, but this training can be costly and time-consuming. "Trauma-informed care" and "trauma" also have contested definitions and can be hard to measure in a real world service setting. Another barrier to trauma-informed care is the necessity of screening for histories of trauma. While agencies need to screen for histories of trauma in order to give the best care, there can be feelings of shame and fear of being invalidated that can prevent a recovering person from disclosing their personal experiences.
632:. The commission's emphasis on recovery has been interpreted by some critics as saying that everyone can fully recover through sheer will power and therefore as giving false hope and implicitly blaming those who may be unable to recover. However, the critics have themselves been charged with undermining consumer rights and failing to recognize that the model is intended to support a person in their personal journey rather than expecting a given outcome, and that it relates to social and political support and empowerment as well as the individual.
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taking, rebuilding broken relationships or forging new ones, actively engaging in meaningful activities and taking steps to build a home and provide for themselves and their families. Milestones could be as simple as gaining weight, re-establishing relationships with friends, or building self-esteem. What is key is that recovery is sustained.". Key to the philosophy of the recovery movement is the aim for an equal relationship between "Experts by
Profession" and "Experts by Experience".
681:) uses definitions and terminology that are inconsistent with a recovery model, leading to suggestions that the next version, the DSM-V, requires: greater sensitivity to cultural issues and gender; to recognize the need for others to change as well as just those singled out for a diagnosis of disorder; and to adopt a dimensional approach to assessment that better captures individuality and does not erroneously imply excess psychopathology or chronicity.
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place within society; and to validate the self. Recovery can thus be viewed as one manifestation of empowerment. Such an empowerment model may emphasize that conditions are not necessarily permanent; that other people have recovered who can be role models and share experiences; and that "symptoms" can be understood as expressions of distress related to emotions and other people. One such model from the US
578:(or alternatively requiring total abstinence) recovery approaches have emphasized the need to simultaneously address the whole of people's lives, and to encourage aspirations while promoting equal access and opportunities within society. Some examples of harm reduction services include overdose reversal medications (such as
582:), substance testing kits, supplies for sterile injections, HIV, HBV, and HCV at-home testing equipment– and trauma-informed care in the form of group therapy, community building/events, case management, and rental assistance services. The purpose of this model is to rehabilitate those experiencing addiction in a
493:, empowerment and real-world personal experience. "Recovery from", the medical approach, is defined by a dwindling of symptoms, whereas "recovery in", the peer approach, may still involve symptoms, but the person feels they are gaining more control over their life. Similarly, recovery may be viewed in terms of a
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There are other challenges to trauma-informed care besides limits in the United States healthcare system that can make trauma-informed care ineffective for treating persons recovering from mental illness or substance dependence. Advocates of trauma-informed care argue implementation requires a strong
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Recovery of a durable sense of self (if it had been lost or taken away) has been proposed as an important element. A research review suggested that people sometimes achieve this by "positive withdrawal"—regulating social involvement and negotiating public space in order to only move towards others in
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A common aspect of recovery is said to be the presence of others who believe in the person's potential to recover and who stand by them. According to
Relational Cultural Theory as developed by Jean Baker Miller, recovery requires mutuality and empathy in relationships. The theory states this requires
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points and possible crisis points, and to understand and develop personal ways of responding and coping. Developing a sense of meaning and overall purpose is said to be important for sustaining the recovery process. This may involve recovering or developing a social or work role. It may also involve
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are said to often be of wider and longer-term importance. Case managers can play the role of connecting recovering persons to services that the recovering person may have limited access to, such as food stamps and medical care. Others who have experienced similar difficulties and are on a journey of
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For many, recovery has a political as well as personal implication—where to recover is to: find meaning; challenge prejudice (including diagnostic "labels" in some cases); perhaps to be a "bad" non-compliant patient and refuse to accept the indoctrination of the system; to reclaim a chosen life and
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A consensus statement on mental health recovery from US agencies, that involved some consumer input, defined recovery as a journey of healing and transformation enabling a person with a mental health problem to live a meaningful life in a community of his or her choice while striving to achieve his
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is also an important part of empowerment. Advocates of Women's
Empowerment Theory argue it is important to recognize that a recovering person's view of self is perpetuated by stereotypes and combating those narratives. Empowerment according to this logic requires reframing a survivor's view of self
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It has been emphasized that each individual's journey to recovery is a deeply personal process, as well as being related to an individual's community and society. A number of features or signs of recovery have been proposed as often core elements and comprehensively they have been categorized under
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Some concerns have been raised about a recovery approach in theory and in practice. These include suggestions that it: is an old concept; only happens to very few people; represents an irresponsible fad; happens only as a result of active treatment; implies a cure; can only be implemented with new
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According to a study, a combined social and physical environment intervention has the potential to enhance the need for recovery. However, the study's focus on a general healthy and well-functioning population posed challenges in achieving significant impact. The researchers suggested implementing
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Doug Banks, Jim
Burdett, Vicki Burnett, Deb Christensen, Susie Crooks, Elva Edwards, Stewart Fenton, Seulata Fui, Maria Glanville, Sonja Goldsack, Alex Handiside, Chris Hansen, Anne Helm, Iwa Natana, Mary O'Hagan, Lina Samu, Ana Sokratov, Te Wera Te Kotua, John Tovey, Debra Wells and Ranui Wilson
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reports developing national and state initiatives to empower consumers and support recovery, with specific committees planning to launch nationwide pro-recovery, anti-stigma education campaigns; develop and synthesize recovery policies; train consumers in carrying out evaluations of mental health
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What constitutes 'recovery', or a recovery model, is a matter of ongoing debate both in theory and in practice. In general, professionalized clinical models tend to focus on improvement in particular symptoms and functions, and on the role of treatments, while consumer/survivor models tend to put
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are said to be important to recovery for reducing the social and psychological effects of stress and trauma. Women's
Empowerment Theory suggests that recovery from mental illness, substance abuse, and trauma requires helping survivors understand their rights so they can increase their capacity to
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These approaches are in contrast to traditional care systems. Advocates of trauma-informed care critique traditional service delivery systems, such as standard hospitals, for failing to understand the role of trauma in a patient's life. Traditional service delivery systems are also critiqued for
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A number of standardized questionnaires and assessments have been developed to try to assess aspects of an individual's recovery journey. These include the
Milestones of Recovery (MOR) Scale, Recovery Enhancing Environment (REE) measure, Recovery Measurement Tool (RMT), Recovery Oriented System
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way rather than through law enforcement and criminal justice-based intervention which can fail to address victims’ circumstances on a need-by-need basis. From the perspective of services the work may include helping people with "developing the skills to prevent relapse into further illegal drug
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Various stages of resistance to recovery approaches have been identified amongst staff in traditional services, starting with "Our people are much sicker than yours. They won't be able to recover" and ending in "Our doctors will never agree to this". However, ways to harness the energy of this
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A review of research suggested that writers on recovery are rarely explicit about which of the various concepts they are employing. The reviewers classified the approaches they found in to broadly "rehabilitation" perspectives, which they defined as being focused on life and meaning within the
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issued a 2008 policy paper proposing that the recovery approach is an idea "whose time has come" and, in partnership with the NHS Confederation Mental Health
Network, and support and funding from the Department of Health, manages the Implementing Recovery through Organisational Change (ImROC)
81:
William
Anthony, Director of the Boston Centre for Psychiatric Rehabilitation developed a cornerstone definition of mental health recovery in 1993. "Recovery is a deeply personal, unique process of changing one's attitudes, values, feelings, goals, skills and/or roles. It is a way of living a
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Other criticisms focused on practical implementation by service providers include that: the recovery model can be manipulated by officials to serve various political and financial interests including withdrawing services and pushing people out before they're ready; that it is becoming a new
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perspective, a number of additional qualities of the recovery process have been suggested, including that it: can occur without professional intervention, but requires people who believe in and stand by the person in recovery; does not depend on believing certain theories about the cause of
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model of rehabilitation. This approach supports victims of trauma through a community-centered, transitional housing method that provides social services, healthcare, and psychological support to navigate through and past experiences. Safe houses aim to support survivors on account of their
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along with service users, Tidal is a particular model that has been specifically researched. Based on a discrete set of values (the Ten Commitments), it emphasizes the importance of each person's own voice, resourcefulness and wisdom. Since 1999, projects based on the Tidal Model have been
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Trauma-Informed care is a philosophy for recovery that combines the conditions and needs of people recovering from mental illness and/or substance abuse into one framework. This framework combines all of the elements of the Recovery Approach and adds an awareness of trauma. Advocates of
160:(built in 1349) became a pilgrimage destination for those seeking help with their psychiatric conditions. By the late 1400s, so many pilgrims were coming to Geel that the townspeople began hosting them as guests in their homes. This tradition of community recovery continues to this day.
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or her full potential. Ten fundamental components were elucidated, all assuming that the person continues to be a "consumer" or to have a "mental disability". Conferences have been held on the importance of the "elusive" concept from the perspectives of consumers and psychiatrists.
171:, wrote of his personal recovery from the psychosis that he experienced from 1830 until 1832, a recovery that he obtained despite the "treatment" he received from the "lunatic" doctors who attended him. But by consensus the main impetus for the development came from within the
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of recovery has also been a powerful force behind the development of recovery approaches and policies. A key issue became how service consumers could maintain the ownership and authenticity of recovery concepts while also supporting them in professional policy and practice.
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and the world. In practice, empowerment and building a secure base require mutually supportive relationships between survivors and service providers, identifying a survivor's existing strengths, and an awareness of the survivor's trauma and cultural context.
309:, mutuality, and a sense of social belonging; and is often challenging in the face of the typical barrage of overt and covert negative messages that come from the broader social context. Being able to move on can mean having to cope with feelings of
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In general, recovery may be seen as more of a philosophy or attitude than a specific model, requiring fundamentally that "we regain personal power and a valued place in our communities. Sometimes we need services to support us to get there".
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Secker, J; Membrey, H; Grove, B; Seebohm, Patience. (June 2002). "Recovering from Illness or Recovering your Life? Implications of Clinical Versus Social Models of Recovery from Mental Health Problems for Employment Support Services".
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in daily life. Cultural biases and uncertainties were also noted in the 'North American' model of recovery in practice, reflecting views about the sorts of contributions and lifestyles that should be considered valuable or acceptable.
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207:. The concept of recovery was often defined and applied differently by consumers/survivors and professionals. Specific policy and clinical strategies were developed to implement recovery principles although key questions remained.
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conditions; can be said to occur even if symptoms later re-occur, but does change the frequency and duration of symptoms; requires recovery from the consequences of a psychiatric condition as well as the condition itself; is not
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satisfying, hopeful, and contributing life even with limitations caused by the illness. Recovery involves the development of new meaning and purpose in one's life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness."
756:'s National Mental Health Plan 2003-2008 states that services should adopt a recovery orientation although there is variation between Australian states and territories in the level of knowledge, commitment and implementation.
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recovery can also play a role in establishing community and combating a recovering person's feelings of isolation. An example of a recovery approach that fosters a sense of community to combat feelings of isolation is the
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The data-collection systems and terminology used by services and funders are said to be typically incompatible with recovery frameworks, so methods of adapting them have been developed. It has also been argued that the
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but a sustainable belief in oneself and a willingness to persevere through uncertainty and setbacks. Hope may start at a certain turning point, or emerge gradually as a small and fragile feeling, and may fluctuate with
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Recovering Consumers and a Broken Mental Health System in the United States: Ongoing Challenges for Consumers/ Survivors and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Part II: Impact of Managed Care and Continuing
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Gibbs, Deborah A.; Hardison Walters, Jennifer L.; Lutnick, Alexandra; Miller, Shari; Kluckman, Marianne (July 2015). "Services to domestic minor victims of sex trafficking: Opportunities for engagement and support".
651:- at least when genuinely chosen and shaped by each unique individual on the ground - serious social, institutional and personal difficulties made it essential that there be sufficient ongoing effective support with
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Gibbs, Deborah A.; Hardison Walters, Jennifer L.; Lutnick, Alexandra; Miller, Shari; Kluckman, Marianne (2015). "Services to domestic minor victims of sex trafficking: Opportunities for engagement and support".
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resources; adds to the burden of already stretched providers; is neither reimbursable nor evidence based; devalues the role of professional intervention; and increases providers' exposure to risk and liability.
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Elliott, Denise E.; Bjelajac, Paula; Fallot, Roger D.; Markoff, Laurie S.; Reed, Beth Glover (2005). "Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: Principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women".
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Developments were fueled by a number of long-term outcome studies of people with "major mental illnesses" in populations from virtually every continent, including landmark cross-national studies by the
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perceived resistance and use it to move forward have been proposed. In addition, staff training materials have been developed by various organisations, for example by the National Empowerment Center.
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from the 1970s and 1990s, showing unexpectedly high rates of complete or partial recovery, with exact statistics varying by region and the criteria used. The cumulative impact of personal stories or
1932:
Huntington, Nicholas; Moses, Dawn Jahn; Veysey, Bonita M. (2005). "Developing and implementing a comprehensive approach to serving women with co-occurring disorders and histories of trauma".
729:, already report redesigning their mental health systems to stress recovery model values like hope, healing, empowerment, social connectedness, human rights, and recovery-oriented services.
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relationships that embody respect, authenticity, and emotional availability. Supportive relationships can also be made safer through predictability and avoiding shaming and violence. While
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systems; and help further the development of peer-run services. Mental Health service directors and planners are providing guidance to help state services implement recovery approaches.
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experience; that it hides the continued dominance of a medical model; and that it potentially increases social exclusion and marginalizes those who don't fit into a recovery narrative.
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to facilitate this. A 2006 review of nursing in Scotland recommended a recovery approach as the model for mental health nursing care and intervention. The Mental Health Commission of
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There have been specific tensions between recovery models and "evidence-based practice" models in the transformation of US mental health services based on the recommendations of the
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movement in particular, began to incorporate the concept from the early 1990s in the United States, followed by New Zealand and more recently across nearly all countries within the "
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but does tend to take place as a series of small steps; does not mean the person was never really psychiatrically disabled; focuses on wellness not illness, and on consumer choice.
1075:"Effectiveness of a Worksite Social & Physical Environment Intervention on Need for Recovery, Physical Activity and Relaxation; Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial"
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Building a positive culture of healing is essential in the recovery approach. Since recovering is a long process, a strong supportive network can be helpful. Appropriate
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Anthony, W.A., Cohen, M., Farkas, M, & Gagne, C. (2002). Psychiatric Rehabilitation. 2nd edition. Boston: Boston University Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation.
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a way that feels safe yet meaningful; and nurturing personal psychological space that allows room for developing understanding and a broad sense of self, interests,
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Coffeng, Jennifer K.; Boot, Cécile R. L.; Duijts, Saskia F. A.; Twisk, Jos W. R.; van Mechelen, Willem; Hendriksen, Ingrid J. M. (2014-12-26). Jepson, Ruth (ed.).
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have been required by government policy to use a recovery approach and mental health professionals are expected to demonstrate competence in the recovery model.
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More widespread application of recovery models to psychiatric disorders is comparatively recent. The concept of recovery can be traced back as far as 1840, when
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Davidson L, O'Connell M, Tondora J, Styron T, Kangas K (May 2006). "The top ten concerns about recovery encountered in mental health system transformation".
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context of enduring disability, and "clinical" perspectives which focused on observable remission of symptoms and restoration of functioning. From a
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is implementing a recovery approach in at least some regions, and has developed a new professional role of Support Time and Recovery Worker.
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187:". Similar approaches developed around the same time, without necessarily using the term recovery, in Italy, the Netherlands and the UK.
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reports that its guiding documents place the service user at the core and emphasize an individual's personal journey towards recovery.
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Ramon S, Healy B, Renouf N (March 2007). "Recovery from mental illness as an emergent concept and practice in Australia and the UK".
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Ahern L, Fisher D. Personal Assistance in Community Existence: A Recovery Guide. Lawrence, Mass: National Empowerment Center; 1999.
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Heslin, Kevin C.; Andersen, Ronald M.; Gelberg, Lillian (2003-01-01). "Case Management And Access To Services For Homeless Women".
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Increasingly, recovery became both a subject of mental health services research and a term emblematic of many of the goals of the
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2254:"What we talk about when we talk about recovery: a systematic review and best-fit framework synthesis of qualitative literature"
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768:(NIMHE) endorsed a recovery model as a possible guiding principle of mental health service provision and public education. The
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Fisher D, Chamberlin J. PACE/Recovery Peer Training Recovery Curriculum. Lawrence, Mass: National Empowerment Center; 2004.
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The New Freedom Commission on Mental Health has proposed to transform the mental health system in the US by shifting the
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proposes a number of principles of how people recover and seeks to identify the characteristics of people in recovery.
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focuses on the continuous process of change inherent in all people, conveying the meaning of experiences through water
129:. The broader concept of "recovery" as a general philosophy and model was first popularized in regard to recovery from
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that emphasizes and supports a person's potential for recovery. Recovery is generally seen in this model as a personal
17:
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1546:"Shelter from the Storm: Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Services Settings~!2009-08-20~!2009-09-28~!2010-03-22~!"
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Francis East, Jean; Roll, Susan J. (2015). "Women, Poverty, and Trauma: An Empowerment Practice Approach: Figure 1".
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948:""I'm in this world for a reason": Resilience and recovery among American Indian and Alaska Native two-spirit women"
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or bandwagon that neglects the empowerment aspects and structural problems of societies and primarily represents a
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Harris, Maxine; Fallot, Roger D. (2001). "Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift".
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78:. Recovery sees symptoms as a continuum of the norm rather than an aberration and rejects sane-insane dichotomy.
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The Place of Volition in Addiction: Differing Approaches and their Implications for Policy and Service Provision
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Theodora Campbell-Orde, M.P.A., Judi Chamberlin, Jenneth Carpenter, M.S.W., & H. Stephen Leff, Ph.D. (2005)
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region, have adopted recovery as a guiding principle for reforming and developing the mental health system.
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Rights, Relationships and Recovery: The Report of the National Review of Mental Health Nursing in Scotland
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Ahern L, Fisher D (April 2001). "Recovery at your own PACE (Personal Assistance in Community existence)".
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has included the promotion and support of recovery as one of its four key mental health aims and funded a
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have also been proposed as important tools to empowering someone and increasing her/his self-sufficiency.
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and about which methods fit with the consumer's life and their journey of recovery. Developing coping and
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3262:"Contents, Acknowledgements, About this project & Chapter summaries « Scottish Recovery Network"
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A conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: systematic review and narrative synthesis
305:, etc. It was suggested that the process is usually greatly facilitated by experiences of interpersonal
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2157:"Scientific and consumer models of recovery in schizophrenia: concordance, contrasts, and implications"
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Indicators (ROSI) Measure, Stages of Recovery Instrument (STORI), and numerous related instruments.
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1142:"Lessons to be learned from the oldest community psychiatric service in the world: Geel in Belgium"
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nationwide project that aims to put recovery at the heart of mental health services in the UK. The
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Finding and nurturing hope has been described as a key to recovery. It is said to include not just
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2834:"Stages of recovery instrument: development of a measure of recovery from serious mental illness"
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Jacobson, Nora; Greenley, Dianne (2001). "What Is Recovery? A Conceptual Model and Explication".
1050:"Resolution on APA Endorsement Of The Concept Of Recovery For People With Serious Mental Illness"
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Culture, Stress and Recovery from Schizophrenia: Lessons from the Field for Global Mental Health
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Ahern L, Fisher D. PACE/Recovery Curriculum. Lawrence, Mass: National Empowerment Center; 2001.
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of care from traditional medical psychiatric treatment toward the concept of recovery, and the
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can offer a particular limited kind of relationship and help foster hope, relationships with
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647:. It was concluded that while the approach may be a useful corrective to the usual style of
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125:, recovery has long been used to refer to the end of a particular experience or episode of
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3300:"A Recovery Approach within the Irish Mental Health Services: A Framework for Development"
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US Dept of Health and Human Services and SAMHSA Center for Mental Health Services (2004)
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Carlos Pratt, Kenneth J. Gill, Nora M. Barrett, Kevin K. Hull, Melissa M. Roberts (2002)
1987:
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Reeves, Elizabeth (2015-09-02). "A Synthesis of the Literature on Trauma-Informed Care".
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Elm, Jessica H. L.; Lewis, Jordan P.; Walters, Karina L.; Self, Jen M. (1 October 2016).
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156:—the patron saint of mental illness—was martyred there by her father in the 7th century.
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of connectedness, hope & optimism, identity, meaning & purpose and empowerment.
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Addressing Resistance to Recovery:Strategies for working with staff resistant to change
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skills to manage individual traits and problem issues (which may or may not be seen as
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Tools In Development: Measuring Recovery at the Individual, Program, and System Levels
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during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The professional literature, starting with the
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in response to a perceived failure by services or wider society to adequately support
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1635:
1627:
1567:
1505:
1497:
1376:
1276:
1174:
1122:
1104:
977:
901:
869:
3368:
A Critical Exploration of Social Inequities in the Mental Health Recovery Literature
3168:
2347:
2003:
1969:"Recovering the self in schizophrenia: an integrative review of qualitative studies"
1647:
1579:
1288:
3774:
3156:
3022:
2912:
2845:
2774:
2673:
2615:
2580:
2492:
2327:
2300:
2278:
2270:
2214:
2176:
2168:
2137:
2095:
2067:
2030:
2019:"From narrative wreckage to islands of clarity: stories of recovery from psychosis"
1983:
1941:
1881:
1813:
1769:
1694:
1619:
1557:
1489:
1345:
Recovery as Policy in Mental Health Services: Strategies Emerging from the States.
1318:
1268:
1246:
Office of the Surgeon General and various United States Government agencies (1999)
1164:
1156:
1112:
1094:
967:
959:
382:
362:
358:
318:
168:
98:
67:
2778:
2460:
Our Lives in 2014: A recovery vision from people with experience of mental illness
2274:
1836:
The Politicization of Safety: Critical Perspectives on Domestic Violence Responses
1623:
963:
537:
is valued; and different domains are explored such as sense of security, personal
3845:
3825:
3804:
3739:
3724:
3709:
3704:
3689:
3684:
3674:
3408:
3128:
3109:
3090:
2997:
2978:
2932:
2899:
2880:
2820:
2712:
2651:
2466:
2384:
1735:
1099:
804:
639:
Some positives and negatives of recovery models were highlighted in a study of a
467:
463:
447:
370:
130:
94:
43:
2893:
Data Collection With Recovery In Mind: Involve service users as much as possible
2664:
Daly, R. (July 6, 2007). "Tensions Complicate Efforts to Transform MH Systems".
1562:
1545:
1248:
Mental Health: A report of the Surgeon General. Section 10: Overview of Recovery
3865:
3840:
3734:
3590:
3467:
3306:
2915:
Conference Report, Medscape Psychiatry & Mental Health, October 11–14, 2007
2315:
1435:
Leamy, M., Bird, V.J., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J. & Slade, M. (2011).
1415:
571:
471:
366:
281:
134:
2218:
3929:
3749:
3694:
3679:
3477:
3027:
3010:
2619:
2203:
2079:
2071:
1953:
1893:
1885:
1781:
1773:
1706:
1631:
1571:
1501:
1272:
1199:
The remarkable story of Geel: 700 years of community-based mental health care
1160:
1108:
644:
455:
354:
176:
86:
3551:
American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization
2252:
Stuart, Simon Robertson; Tansey, Louise; Quayle, Ethel (20 September 2016).
2172:
1870:"Neo-liberal Subjectivity, Self-branding and 'My Rape Story' YouTube Videos"
1854:
1834:
3835:
3799:
3769:
3764:
3699:
3347:
The Strengths Model: A Recovery-Oriented Approach to Mental Health Services
3265:
3036:
2859:
2786:
2627:
2592:
2584:
2504:
2339:
2292:
2190:
2087:
2044:
1995:
1789:
1639:
1509:
1280:
1178:
1126:
981:
622:
490:
302:
3906:
We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
2677:
2496:
2469:
Published with the assistance of the New Zealand Mental Health Commission.
277:
175:, a grassroots self-help and advocacy initiative, particularly within the
3754:
3664:
2972:
Consumer-Directed Transformation to a Recovery-Based Mental Health System
906:
896:
854:
749:
522:
431:
427:
260:
184:
93:
led to more individuals living in the community. It gained momentum as a
63:
2524:
The Road to Recovery: A New Approach to Tackling Scotland's Drug Problem
2113:
Recovery rediscovered: Implications for the Ontario mental health system
1493:
3779:
3160:
1945:
1698:
714:
702:
has endorsed a recovery model from a psychiatric services perspective.
534:
440:
403:
387:
350:
306:
247:
234:
122:
1544:
Hopper, Elizabeth K.; Bassuk, Ellen L.; Olivet, Jeffrey (2010-04-07).
3605:
2812:
Website of the National Association of State Mental Health Directors
2536:
1322:
753:
722:
618:
538:
459:
451:
444:
349:) is said to be an important element. This can involve making use of
346:
333:
Formation of healthy coping strategies and meaningful internal schema
322:
242:
196:
450:
and help-seeking which translates into proper medication and active
3719:
2874:
Measuring the Promise: A Compendium of Recovery Measures, Volume II
2803:. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 2010 September; 34(3): 500–528.
695:
583:
570:
services. While interventions in this area have tended to focus on
526:
423:
395:
391:
272:
217:
118:
3377:
2946:"Recovery Model Will Strengthen Psychiatrist-Patient Relationship"
2645:'Recovery' approach in mental health is idea 'whose time has come'
2605:
2126:
1802:
1373:
Social Inclusion and Recovery: A Model for Mental Health Practice.
259:
relationships and mutual support networks can be of more value to
2926:
Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America
1212:"Radical Experiment in Mental Health Care, Tested Over Centuries"
786:
737:
454:
practices. Achieving social inclusion and overcoming challenging
399:
374:
285:
153:
126:
2715:
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 58-70.
2481:"Harm Reduction: A New Perspective on Substance Abuse Services"
579:
530:
511:
419:
378:
238:
54:
rather than a set outcome, and one that may involve developing
2991:
Implementing Recovery-based Care: Tangible Guidance for SMHAs
2397:"Recovery Movement Gains Influence In Mental Health Programs"
1030:. Hamilton County Mental Health & Recovery Services Board
415:
314:
310:
223:
51:
1683:
377:
of mental disorder) may require a person becoming their own
3103:
Recovery Competencies for New Zealand Mental Health Workers
2924:
President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003)
726:
326:
289:
55:
3373:
National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives
3083:
2902:
Behavioral Healthcare: Tools for Transformation, September
2437:"Empowerment Model of Recovery From Severe Mental Illness"
3372:
3149:
Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health
3059:
Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health
1728:
1209:
566:
Particular kinds of recovery models have been adopted in
409:
406:
perspective, this can be seen as developing a narrative.
3357:
NASW Practice Snapshot: The Mental Health Recovery Model
1002:. Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation. Archived from
684:
317:. When an individual is ready for change, a process of
3011:"What is recovery? A conceptual model and explication"
2728:
Behavioral Healthcare: Tools for Transformation, March
2378:
National Consensus Statement on Mental Health Recovery
1072:
1931:
1759:
675:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
561:
2313:
1966:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
922:
United States Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association
3891:
The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise
2831:
2316:"Concepts of recovery: competing or complementary?"
2111:Canadian Mental Health Association, Ontario (2003)
1762:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
945:
439:make autonomous choices. This can mean develop the
3649:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
2838:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
2251:
2107:
2105:
1543:
1304:"Recovery: The lived experience of rehabilitation"
1210:Stevis-Gridneff, Matina; Ryckewaert, Koba (2023),
3052:"Recovery in New Zealand: Lessons for Australia?"
2314:Davidson L, Lawless MS, Leary F (November 2005).
2284:20.500.11820/84053d0a-9b25-47ff-9bdb-963bf6c70312
1352:
3927:
3049:
3008:
2057:
1479:
1258:
1252:
2697:
2102:
766:National Institute for Mental Health in England
2943:
677:(and to some extent any system of categorical
280:. It is said to involve trusting, and risking
58:, a secure base and sense of self, supportive
3490:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement
3393:
3222:Shepherd, G., Boardman, J., Slade, M. (2008)
2639:
2637:
1439:. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199:445-452.
2570:
1829:
1827:
1242:
1240:
743:
321:is initiated. It may require accepting past
2764:
1721:
1550:The Open Health Services and Policy Journal
689:
590:
3400:
3386:
3305:. Mental Health Commission. Archived from
3142:"Recovery in Australia: Slowly but surely"
2654:Psychminded.co.uk Retrieved on 29 Aug 2008
2634:
2434:
2154:
1867:
1139:
748:Since 1998, all mental health services in
707:US Department of Health and Human Services
541:and relationships. Initially developed by
386:renewing, finding or developing a guiding
224:Connectedness and supportive relationships
3026:
2913:Recovery: Patients, Families, Communities
2891:Lori Ashcraft, William A. Anthony (2007)
2849:
2724:Lori Ashcraft, William A. Anthony (2008)
2573:New Directions for Mental Health Services
2478:
2282:
2180:
2034:
1967:Sells DJ, Stayner DA, Davidson L (2004).
1824:
1561:
1301:
1237:
1168:
1116:
1098:
971:
3139:
2663:
2526:by the Scottish Government, May 29, 2008
2451:
2407:(1): 10. January 3, 2003. Archived from
1408:"What helps - Scottish Recovery Network"
1295:
3631:Royal Association for Disability Rights
3297:
3202:"Support, time, recovery (STR) workers"
2441:Medscape Psychiatry & Mental Health
1028:"Recovery: Definition & Components"
630:New Freedom Commission on Mental Health
478:
210:
14:
3928:
2832:Andresen R, Caputi P, Oades L (2006).
2423:Confessions of a non-compliant patient
2016:
1729:Recovery Is Impossible Without Friends
1679:
1677:
1609:
1539:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
521:One approach to recovery known as the
410:Empowerment and building a secure base
3381:
3122:National Mental Health Plan 2003-2008
3082:New Zealand Mental Health Commission
3009:Jacobson N, Greenley D (April 2001).
2970:US Dept of Health and Human Sciences
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2122:
2120:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
719:California Mental Health Services Act
483:
205:Consumer/Survivor/Ex-Patient Movement
173:consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement
3566:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
1371:Repper, J. & Perkins, R. (2006)
865:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
685:National policies and implementation
3571:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
3407:
3259:
2799:Neely, Laurenzo & Myers (2010)
2692:Treatment Advocacy Center Statement
1868:Harrington, Carol (November 2019).
1405:
1347:Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal
1311:Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal
1140:van Bilsen, Henck P. J. G. (2016).
994:
24:
3530:Self-help groups for mental health
3362:Recovery as a Journey of the Heart
3326:
3208:. 12 February 2007. Archived from
2694:Newswire. Retrieved on Aug 12 2008
2547:
2541:The Whole Person Recovery Handbook
2332:10.1097/01.yco.0000184418.29082.0e
2130:Children and Youth Services Review
2117:
1988:10.1023/B:PSAQ.0000007563.17236.97
1908:
1806:Children and Youth Services Review
1740:
1654:
1586:
1516:
1442:
1343:Jacobson, N. and Curtis, L. (2000)
887:Self-help groups for mental health
734:Canadian Mental Health Association
679:classification of mental disorders
562:Recovery from substance dependence
546:established in several countries.
533:is seen as involving opportunity;
148:Mental health recovery emerged in
25:
3962:
3596:International Disability Alliance
3340:
2767:J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv
1839:. Vol. 10. NYU Press. 2019.
759:
216:the concept of CHIME. CHIME is a
27:Mental health focused on recovery
3351:St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne
3101:Mental Health Commission (2002)
2851:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01921.x
2535:
2142:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.04.003
1818:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.04.003
1233:History of the Recovery Movement
700:American Psychiatric Association
313:, which may include despair and
3856:Interpretation of Schizophrenia
3581:Disability Rights International
3291:
3279:
3253:
3228:
3216:
3194:
3182:
3133:
3114:
3095:
3076:
3043:
3002:
2983:
2964:
2937:
2918:
2905:
2885:
2866:
2825:
2806:
2793:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2718:
2684:
2657:
2599:
2529:
2517:
2472:
2428:
2415:
2389:
2370:
2354:
2307:
2245:
2233:
2197:
2148:
2051:
2010:
1960:
1934:Journal of Community Psychology
1861:
1796:
1687:Journal of Community Psychology
1612:Issues in Mental Health Nursing
1429:
1399:
1385:
1336:
912:Soteria (psychiatric treatment)
641:community mental health service
325:and lost opportunities or lost
3644:Socialist Patients' Collective
3505:Psychiatric survivors movement
3428:Controversies about psychiatry
3190:Guiding Statement on Recovery.
1226:
1203:
1192:
1133:
1066:
1042:
1020:
988:
939:
103:psychiatric survivors movement
13:
1:
3936:Treatment of mental disorders
3601:Learning Disability Coalition
3495:Political abuse of psychiatry
2779:10.3928/0279-3695-20010401-11
2275:10.1080/09638237.2016.1222056
1624:10.3109/01612840.2015.1025319
997:"Toward a Vision of Recovery"
964:10.1080/10894160.2016.1152813
933:
927:Wellness Recovery Action Plan
663:
3626:Rehabilitation International
3561:Autism Network International
1100:10.1371/journal.pone.0114860
337:The development of personal
7:
3616:National Empowerment Center
3576:Critical Psychiatry Network
3443:History of mental disorders
2425:National Empowerment Center
1563:10.2174/1874924001003020080
830:Critical Psychiatry Network
792:
732:At least some parts of the
607:
552:National Empowerment Center
499:medical model of disability
381:, in order to identify key
295:
231:mental health professionals
158:The Church of Saint Dymphna
85:The concept of recovery in
10:
3967:
3941:Psychiatric rehabilitation
3886:The Myth of Mental Illness
3621:Radical Psychology Network
3285:Scottish Executive (2006)
2911:Michael T. Compton (2007)
2241:Psychiatric Rehabilitation
952:Journal of Lesbian Studies
860:Mentalism (discrimination)
643:for people diagnosed with
507:psychiatric rehabilitation
495:social model of disability
181:psychiatric rehabilitation
112:
3914:
3818:
3657:
3611:MindFreedom International
3543:
3423:Biopsychiatry controversy
3415:
3206:London Development Centre
2479:MacMaster, S. A. (2004).
2219:10.1080/09687590220140340
800:Addiction recovery groups
783:Scottish Recovery Network
744:New Zealand and Australia
426:, and adequate access to
193:World Health Organization
3871:Madness and Civilization
3861:Liberation by Oppression
3332:Karasaki et al.,(2013).
3225:Centre for Mental Health
3140:Rickwood, Debra (2004).
3028:10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.482
2620:10.1176/appi.ps.57.5.640
2262:Journal of Mental Health
2207:Disability & Society
2155:Bellack AS (July 2006).
2072:10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.482
1886:10.1177/0896920518778107
1774:10.1177/1049208902238822
1273:10.1177/0020764006075018
1161:10.1192/pb.bp.115.051631
774:Centre for Mental Health
713:Some US states, such as
690:United States and Canada
591:Trauma-Informed Recovery
167:, son of Prime Minister
3500:Positive disintegration
3438:Hearing Voices Movement
3298:Higgins, Agnes (2008).
2956:(20): 3. Archived from
2944:Sharfstein, S. (2005).
1375:Bailliere Tindall, UK.
840:Hearing Voices Movement
770:National Health Service
574:, particularly through
266:
143:California Sober method
3831:Anatomy of an Epidemic
3586:Hearing Voices Network
3458:Martha Mitchell effect
3448:Involuntary commitment
3120:Australian Government
2585:10.1002/yd.23320018903
2017:Gold E (August 2007).
892:Shared decision making
875:Recovery International
845:Hearing Voices Network
576:substitute prescribing
91:deinstitutionalization
40:psychological recovery
3901:The Radical Therapist
3896:The Protest Psychosis
3535:Therapeutic community
3510:Psychoanalytic theory
3453:Involuntary treatment
3050:Mary O'Hagan (2004).
2678:10.1176/pn.42.13.0014
2173:10.1093/schbul/sbj044
1393:"Recovery principles"
1062:on December 22, 2012.
1055:. APA. Archived from
917:Therapeutic community
152:in the 13th century.
137:, for example within
3951:Twelve-step programs
3485:Nouthetic counseling
3015:Psychiatric Services
2989:NASMHPD/NTAC (2004)
2608:Psychiatric Services
2320:Curr Opin Psychiatry
2060:Psychiatric Services
1727:Hack Thyself (2012)
1261:Int J Soc Psychiatry
543:mental health nurses
479:Concepts of recovery
365:to, including about
252:transitional housing
211:Elements of recovery
165:John Thomas Perceval
139:twelve-step programs
48:substance dependence
3946:Drug rehabilitation
3525:Rosenhan experiment
3520:Rhetoric of therapy
3433:Critical psychiatry
3236:"What is recovery?"
3065:(1). Archived from
2497:10.1093/sw/49.3.353
2435:Fisher, D. (2005).
1091:2014PLoSO...9k4860C
825:Critical Psychiatry
815:Capability approach
810:Clinical psychology
568:drug rehabilitation
3876:Radical Psychology
3851:Doctoring the Mind
3556:Aspies For Freedom
3161:10.5172/jamh.3.1.8
3127:2008-08-28 at the
3108:2008-04-14 at the
3089:1998-02-14 at the
2996:2007-09-29 at the
2977:2006-11-30 at the
2931:2008-07-05 at the
2898:2010-08-13 at the
2879:2014-01-04 at the
2819:2007-04-17 at the
2711:2016-11-07 at the
2703:McLean, A. (2003)
2650:2020-08-03 at the
2643:George, C. (2008)
2465:2008-10-16 at the
2411:on August 2, 2003.
2383:2008-09-07 at the
1946:10.1002/jcop.20059
1880:(7–8): 1181–1194.
1874:Critical Sociology
1734:2016-10-04 at the
1699:10.1002/jcop.20063
1302:Deegan PE (1988).
995:Anthony, William.
881:Rethinking Madness
835:Emotions Anonymous
820:Celebrate Recovery
779:Scottish Executive
484:Varied definitions
436:self-determination
357:if the patient is
42:is an approach to
18:Addiction recovery
3923:
3922:
3917:Psychiatry portal
3881:The Gene Illusion
3785:Elizabeth Packard
3745:Peter C. Gøtzsche
3730:Leonard Roy Frank
3670:Giorgio Antonucci
3260:Hopkins, Andrew.
3212:on 29 April 2007.
2844:(11–12): 972–80.
2023:Can Fam Physician
1846:978-1-4798-0564-8
1494:10.1093/sw/swv030
1406:Hopkins, Andrew.
902:Social psychiatry
870:Recovery coaching
489:more emphasis on
339:coping strategies
36:recovery approach
16:(Redirected from
3958:
3775:Joanna Moncrieff
3635:Paranoia Network
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3264:. Archived from
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3238:. Archived from
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3171:. Archived from
3146:
3137:
3131:
3118:
3112:
3099:
3093:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3006:
3000:
2987:
2981:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2950:Psychiatric News
2941:
2935:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2829:
2823:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2666:Psychiatric News
2661:
2655:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2568:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2476:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2401:Psychiatric News
2393:
2387:
2374:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2286:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1929:
1906:
1905:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1757:
1738:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1681:
1652:
1651:
1607:
1584:
1583:
1565:
1541:
1514:
1513:
1477:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1414:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1369:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1325:. Archived from
1323:10.1037/h0099565
1308:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:, archived from
1207:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1172:
1149:BJPsych Bulletin
1146:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1102:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1001:
992:
986:
985:
975:
958:(3–4): 352–371.
943:
443:for independent
169:Spencer Perceval
119:general medicine
99:social inclusion
68:social inclusion
21:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3910:
3846:Crazy Therapies
3826:Against Therapy
3814:
3810:Robert Whitaker
3805:Stephen Ticktin
3740:James Gottstein
3725:Michel Foucault
3710:Judi Chamberlin
3705:Ted Chabasinski
3690:Richard Bentall
3685:Lauretta Bender
3675:Franco Basaglia
3653:
3539:
3411:
3409:Anti-psychiatry
3406:
3343:
3329:
3327:Further reading
3324:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3129:Wayback Machine
3119:
3115:
3110:Wayback Machine
3100:
3096:
3091:Wayback Machine
3081:
3077:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3007:
3003:
2998:Wayback Machine
2988:
2984:
2979:Wayback Machine
2969:
2965:
2942:
2938:
2933:Wayback Machine
2923:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2900:Wayback Machine
2890:
2886:
2881:Wayback Machine
2871:
2867:
2830:
2826:
2821:Wayback Machine
2811:
2807:
2798:
2794:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2713:Wayback Machine
2702:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2662:
2658:
2652:Wayback Machine
2642:
2635:
2604:
2600:
2569:
2548:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2477:
2473:
2467:Wayback Machine
2456:
2452:
2433:
2429:
2421:Chamberlin, J.
2420:
2416:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2385:Wayback Machine
2375:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2312:
2308:
2256:
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2246:
2238:
2234:
2202:
2198:
2153:
2149:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2056:
2052:
2015:
2011:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1930:
1909:
1866:
1862:
1847:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1801:
1797:
1758:
1741:
1736:Wayback Machine
1726:
1722:
1682:
1655:
1608:
1587:
1542:
1517:
1478:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1404:
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1391:
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1370:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1085:(12): e114860.
1071:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1006:
999:
993:
989:
944:
940:
936:
931:
805:Anti-psychiatry
795:
762:
746:
692:
687:
666:
655:management and
649:case management
610:
593:
564:
486:
481:
448:decision making
422:, freedom from
418:, a sufficient
412:
371:problem solving
367:adverse effects
343:self-management
335:
298:
269:
226:
213:
131:substance abuse
115:
95:social movement
44:mental disorder
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Mad in America
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Sascha Scatter
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Erving Goffman
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
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3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Icarus Project
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Recovery model
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3468:Medicalization
3465:
3463:Medical ethics
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
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3417:
3413:
3412:
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3342:
3341:External links
3339:
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3323:
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3290:
3278:
3252:
3227:
3215:
3193:
3181:
3178:on 2007-08-31.
3132:
3113:
3094:
3075:
3072:on 2007-08-31.
3042:
3001:
2982:
2963:
2960:on 2008-03-25.
2936:
2917:
2904:
2884:
2865:
2824:
2805:
2792:
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2739:
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2717:
2696:
2690:Torrey (2003)
2683:
2656:
2633:
2598:
2546:
2528:
2516:
2491:(3): 356–363.
2471:
2450:
2427:
2414:
2388:
2369:
2353:
2306:
2269:(3): 291–304.
2244:
2232:
2213:(4): 403–418.
2196:
2161:Schizophr Bull
2147:
2116:
2101:
2066:(4): 482–485.
2050:
2009:
1959:
1940:(4): 395–410.
1907:
1860:
1845:
1823:
1795:
1739:
1720:
1693:(4): 461–477.
1653:
1618:(9): 698–709.
1585:
1515:
1488:(4): 279–286.
1441:
1428:
1398:
1384:
1351:
1335:
1332:on 2007-09-26.
1294:
1251:
1236:
1225:
1216:New York Times
1202:
1191:
1155:(4): 207–211.
1132:
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760:UK and Ireland
758:
745:
742:
736:, such as the
691:
688:
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683:
665:
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609:
606:
592:
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572:harm reduction
563:
560:
497:rather than a
485:
482:
480:
477:
411:
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359:fully informed
334:
331:
297:
294:
282:disappointment
268:
265:
263:and recovery.
225:
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135:drug addiction
114:
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32:recovery model
26:
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3766:
3763:
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3760:Peter Lehmann
3758:
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3751:
3750:Jacques Lacan
3748:
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3723:
3721:
3718:
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3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Peter Breggin
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Ernest Becker
3678:
3676:
3673:
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3668:
3666:
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3544:Organizations
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3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3383:
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3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3312:on 2016-07-05
3308:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3268:on 2007-05-13
3267:
3263:
3256:
3242:on 2012-06-26
3241:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3188:NIMHE (2005)
3185:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3024:
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3016:
3012:
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2995:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2672:(13): 14–15.
2671:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
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2590:
2586:
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2578:
2574:
2567:
2565:
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2559:
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2553:
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2542:
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2520:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:1-878512-11-0
2363:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:
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2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
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2255:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:(3): 432–42.
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2029:(8): 1271–5.
2028:
2024:
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2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
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1970:
1963:
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1807:
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1787:
1783:
1779:
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1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1754:
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1746:
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1716:
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1708:
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1696:
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1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1556:(2): 80–100.
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
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1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
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1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1418:on 2020-10-31
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1381:0-7020-2601-8
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:(2): 108–22.
1266:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1222:on 2023-04-25
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
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1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1029:
1023:
1009:on 2016-12-30
1005:
998:
991:
983:
979:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
938:
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925:
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920:
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900:
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890:
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885:
883:
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866:
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811:
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803:
801:
798:
797:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
764:In 2005, the
757:
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741:
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724:
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711:
708:
703:
701:
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502:
500:
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492:
476:
473:
469:
465:
462:about mental
461:
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456:social stigma
453:
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446:
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355:psychotherapy
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