Psychiatric survivors movement

171:(now the Rockland Psychiatric Center) in the mid to late 1940s, and continued to meet as an ex-patient group. Their goal was to provide support and advice and help others make the difficult transition from hospital to community. At this same time, a young social worker in Detroit, Michigan, was doing some pioneering work with psychiatric patients from the “back wards” of Wayne County Hospital. Prior to the advent of psychotropic medication, patients on the “back wards” were generally considered to be "hopelessly sick." John H. Beard began his work on these wards with the conviction that these patients were not totally consumed by illness but retained areas of health. This insight led him to involve the patients in such normal activities as picnics, attending a baseball game, dining at a fine restaurant, and then employment. Fountain House had, by now, recognized that the experience of the illness, together with a poor or interrupted work history often denied members the opportunity to obtain employment. Many lived in poverty and never got the chance to even try working on a job. 491:

effective facilitators of community integration that provide opportunities to connect members to the community at large. System-level activism was perceived to result in changes in perceptions by the public and mental health professionals (about mental health or mental illness, the lived experience of consumer/survivors, the legitimacy of their opinions, and the perceived value of CSIs) and in concrete changes in service delivery practice, service planning, public policy, or funding allocations. The authors noted that the evidence indicated that the work benefits other consumers/survivors (present and future), other service providers, the general public, and communities. They also noted that there were various barriers to this, most notably lack of funding, and also that the range of views represented by the CSIs appeared less narrow and more nuanced and complex than previously, and that perhaps the consumer/survivor social movement is at a different place than it was 25 years ago.

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preferred term. "In 1991 Ontario led the world in its formal recognition of CSI's as part of the core services offered within the mental health sector when it began to formally fund CSI's across the province. Consumer Survivor Initiatives in Ontario Building an Equitable Future' (2009) pg 7. The movement may express a preference for the "survivor" label over the "consumer" label, with more than 60 percent of ex-patient groups reported to support anti-psychiatry beliefs and considering themselves to be "psychiatric survivors." There is some variation between the perspective on the consumer/survivor movement coming from psychiatry, anti-psychiatry or consumers/survivors themselves.

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participated in CSIs showed significant improvement in social support and quality of life (daily activities), less days of psychiatric hospitalization, and more were likely to have stayed in employment (paid or volunteer) and/or education. There was no significant difference on measures of community integration and personal empowerment, however. There were some limitations to the findings; although the active and nonactive groups did not differ significantly at baseline on measures of distress or hospitalization, the active group did have a higher mean score and there may have been a natural pattern of recovery over time for that group (

275:. Though it only lasted six months, it had a notable influence in the history of North American ex-patients groups. News that former inmates of mental institutions were organizing was carried to other parts of North America. Individuals such as Howard Geld, known as Howie the Harp for his harmonica playing, left Portland where he been involved in ILF to return to his native New York to help found the Mental Patients Liberation Project in 1971. During the early 1970s, groups spread to California, New York, and Boston, which were primarily 305:

poor, ethnic minorities, feminists, prisoners & gay rights than with the white middle classes. The leaders were sometimes considered to be merely reformist and, because of their "stratified position" within society, to be uncomprehending of the problems of the poor. The "radicals" saw no sense in seeking solutions within a capitalist system that creates mental problems. However, they were united in considering society and psychiatric domination to be the problem, rather than people designated mentally ill.

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the Network to Abolish Psychiatry". Many, however, felt that they had survived the psychiatric system and its "treatments" and resented being called consumers. The National Association of Mental Patients in the United States became the National Association of Psychiatric Survivors. "Phoenix Rising: The Voice of the Psychiatrized" was published by ex-inmates (of psychiatric hospitals) in Toronto from 1980 to 1990, known across Canada for its antipsychiatry stance.

2979: 542:. Torrey has said the term "psychiatric survivor" used by ex-patients to describe themselves is just political correctness and has blamed them, along with civil rights lawyers, for the deaths of half a million people due to suicides and deaths on the street. His accusations have been described as inflammatory and completely unsubstantiated, however, and issues of self-determination and self-identity has been said to be more complex than that. 2989: 175:

opportunities were in integrated settings and not just with other persons with disabilities. The concept of what was normal was pervasive in all of what Fountain House set out to do. Thus, Fountain House became a place of both social and vocational rehabilitation, addressing the disabilities that so often accompany having a serious mental illness and setting the wheels in motion for a life of recovery and not disability.

112:. A number of ex-patients published pamphlets against the system in the 18th century, such as Samuel Bruckshaw (1774), on the "iniquitous abuse of private madhouses", and William Belcher (1796) with his "Address to humanity, Containing a letter to Dr Munro, a receipt to make a lunatic, and a sketch of a true smiling hyena". Such reformist efforts were generally opposed by madhouse keepers and medics. 314:

self-determination and self-reliance. In general, the work of some psychiatrists, as well as the lack of criticism by the psychiatric establishment, was interpreted as an abandonment of a moral commitment to do no harm. There was anger and resentment toward a profession that had the authority to label them as mentally disabled and was perceived as infantilizing them and disregarding their wishes.

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was established in 1920 by angry ex-patients sick of their experiences and complaints being patronisingly discounted by the authorities who were using medical "window dressing" for essentially custodial and punitive practices. In 1922, ex-patient Rachel Grant-Smith added to calls for reform of the system of neglect and abuse she had suffered by publishing "The Experiences of an Asylum Patient".

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traditional mental health system, which they believed was necessary. Instead, they wanted to reform it and have more choice. Consumer groups encouraged their members to learn as much as possible about the mental health system so that they could gain access to the best services and treatments available. In 1985, the National Mental Health Consumers' Association was formed in the United States.

159:(1908), described his experience with mental illness and the treatment he encountered in mental hospitals. Beers' work stimulated public interest in more responsible care and treatment. However, while Beers initially blamed psychiatrists for tolerating mistreatment of patients, and envisioned more ex-patient involvement in the movement, he was influenced by 413:. After a "long and difficult discussion", ENUSP and WNUSP (European and World Networks of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry) decided to employ the term (ex-)users and survivors of psychiatry in order to include the identities of the different groups and positions represented in these international NGOs. WNUSP contributed to the development of the UN's 104:

mental hospital patients", although few were able to tell their stories publicly or to openly confront the psychiatric establishment, and those who did so were commonly considered so extreme in their charges that they could seldom gain credibility. In 1620 in England, patients of the notoriously harsh

455:

events, organized by loosely connected groups in at least seven countries including Australia, South Africa, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Ghana, draw thousands of participants. For some, the objective is to continue the destigmatization of mental illness. Another wing rejects the

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The major spokespeople of the movement have been described in generalities as largely white, middle-class and well-educated. It has been suggested that other activists were often more anarchistic and anti-capitalist, felt more cut off from society and more like a minority with more in common with the

482:

A 2006 series of studies in Canada compared individuals who participated in CSIs with those who did not. The two groups were comparable at baseline on a wide range of demographic variables, self-reported psychiatric diagnosis, service use, and outcome measures. After a year and a half, those who had

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In the United States, the number of mental health mutual support groups (MSG), self-help organizations (SHO) (run by and for mental health consumers and/or family members) and consumer-operated services (COS) was estimated in 2002 to be 7,467. In Canada, CSI's (Consumer Survivor Initiatives) are the

163:

and the psychiatric establishment, and toned down his hostility as he needed their support for reforms. His reliance on rich donors and his need for approval from experts led him to hand over to psychiatrists the organization he helped establish. In the UK, the National Society for Lunacy Law Reform

362:

The most common terms in Germany are "Psychiatrie-Betroffene" (people afflicted by/confronted with psychiatry) and "Psychiatrie-Erfahrene" (people who have experienced psychiatry). Sometimes the terms are considered as synonymous but sometimes the former emphasizes the violence and negative aspects

326:

A 1986 report on developments in the United States noted that "there are now three national organizations ... The ‘conservatives’ have created the National Mental Health Consumers' Association ... The ‘moderates’ have formed the National Alliance of Mental Patients ... The ‘radical’ group is called

308:

Some activists condemned psychiatry under any conditions, voluntary or involuntary, while others believed in the right of people to undergo psychiatric treatment on a voluntary basis. Voluntary psychotherapy, at the time mainly psychoanalysis, did not therefore come under the same severe attack as

243:

had emerged. It was in this context that former mental patients began to organize groups with the common goals of fighting for patients' rights and against forced treatment, stigma and discrimination, and often to promote peer-run services as an alternative to the traditional mental health system.

103:

The modern self-help and advocacy movement in the field of mental health services developed in the 1970s, but former psychiatric patients have been campaigning for centuries to change laws, treatments, services and public policies. "The most persistent critics of psychiatry have always been former

502:

There has also been criticism of the movement. Organized psychiatry often views radical consumerist groups as extremist, as having little scientific foundation and no defined leadership, as "continually trying to restrict the work of psychiatrists and care for the seriously mentally ill", and as

478:

Research into consumer/survivor initiatives (CSIs) suggests they can help with social support, empowerment, mental wellbeing, self-management and reduced service use, identity transformation and enhanced quality of life. However, studies have focused on the support and self-help aspects of CSIs,

382:, is an example. Run by the Organisation for the Protection from Psychiatric Violence, it is an antipsychiatric crisis centre for homeless survivors of psychiatry where the residents can live for a limited amount of time and where half the staff members are survivors of psychiatry themselves. In 366:

There are many grassroots self-help groups of consumers/survivors, local and national, all over the world, which are an important cornerstone of empowerment. A considerable obstacle to realizing more consumer/survivor alternatives is lack of funding. Alternative consumer/survivor groups like the

252:

were based on the principle that individuals who have shared similar experiences can help themselves and each other through self-help and mutual support. Many of the individuals who organized these early groups identified themselves as psychiatric survivors. Their groups had names such as Insane

436:

The National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery (formerly known as National Coalition for Mental Health Consumer/Survivor Organizations) campaigns in the United States to ensure that consumer/survivors have a major voice in the development and implementation of health care, mental health, and

349:

Science journalist Robert Whitaker has concluded that patients rights groups have been speaking out against psychiatric abuses for decades - the torturous treatments, the loss of freedom and dignity, the misuse of seclusion and restraints, the neurological damage caused by drugs - but have been

490:

Further qualitative studies indicated that CSIs can provide safe environments that are a positive, welcoming place to go; social arenas that provide opportunities to meet and talk with peers; an alternative worldview that provides opportunities for members to participate and contribute; and

322:

By the 1980s, individuals who considered themselves "consumers" of mental health services rather than passive "patients" had begun to organize self-help/advocacy groups and peer-run services. While sharing some of the goals of the earlier movement, consumer groups did not seek to abolish the

313:

and opposed the concept of leadership, it is said to have developed a cadre of known, articulate, and literate men and women who did the writing, talking, organizing, and contacting. Very much the product of the rebellious, populist, anti-elitist mood of the 1960s, they strived above all for

174:

The hiring of John H. Beard as executive director in 1955 changed all of that. The creation of what we now know to be Transitional Employment transformed Fountain House as many members began venturing from the clubhouse into real jobs for real wages in the community. Importantly, these work

511:, stimulants and antidepressants among children, and neuroleptics among adults. However, opponents consistently argue that psychiatry is territorial and profit-driven and stigmatizes and undermines the self-determination of patients and ex-patients. The movement has also argued against 456:

need to treat mental afflictions with psychotropic drugs and seeks alternatives to the "care" of the medical establishment. Many members of the movement say they are publicly discussing their own struggles to help those with similar conditions and to inform the general public.

309:

the somatic therapies. The ex-patients emphasized individual support from other patients; they espoused assertiveness, liberation, and equality; and they advocated user-controlled services as part of a totally voluntary continuum. However, although the movement espoused

390:, the Hotel Magnus Stenbock is run by a user/survivor organization "RSMH" that gives users/survivors a possibility to live in their own apartments. It is financed by the Swedish government and run entirely by users. Voice of Soul is a user/survivor organization in 204:), which sometimes empowered service users, although community-based services were often deficient. There has been some discussion within the field about the usefulness of antipsychotic medications in a world with a decreasing tolerance for institutionalization: 498:

which seeks to overturn therapeutic pessimism and to support sufferers to forge their own personal journey towards the life they want to live; some argue, however, that it has been used as a cover to blame people for not recovering or to cut public services.

208:"With the advent of the modern antipsychotic medications and psychosocial treatments, the great majority are able to live in a range of open settings in the community—with family, in their own apartments, in board-and-care homes, and in halfway houses." 216:

movement challenged the fundamental claims and practices of mainstream psychiatry. The ex-patient movement of this time contributed to, and derived much from, antipsychiatry ideology, but has also been described as having its own agenda, described as

178:

Originated by crusaders in periods of liberal social change, and appealing not so much to other sufferers as to elite groups with power, when the early reformer's energy or influence waned, mental patients were again mostly friendless and forgotten.

784: 1954:

Recovering Consumers and a Broken Mental Health System in the United States: Ongoing Challenges for Consumers/ Survivors and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Part I: Legitimization of the Consumer Movement and Obstacles to

283:, the Mental Patients Association, started to publish In A Nutshell, while in the US the first edition of the first national publication by ex-mental patients, Madness Network News, was published in Oakland, continuing until 1986. 199:

came into widespread use and also caused controversy relating to adverse effects and misuse. There were also associated moves away from large psychiatric institutions to community-based services (later to become a full-scale

55:, in late 1988 leaders from several of the main national and grassroots psychiatric survivor groups felt that an independent, human rights coalition focused on problems in the mental health system was needed. That year the 346:, community services were fragmented and many individuals in distressed states of mind were being put in prisons or re-institutionalized in community services, or became homeless, often distrusting and resisting any help. 330:

In late 1988, leaders from several of the main national and grassroots psychiatric survivor groups decided an independent coalition was needed, and Support Coalition International (SCI) was formed in 1988, later to become

445:(which does not self-identify as a consumer/survivor organization but has participants that identify as such) have published a Harm Reduction Guide To Coming Off Psychiatric Drugs and were recently a featured charity in 2512: 90:. While activists in the movement may share a collective identity to some extent, views range along a continuum from conservative to radical in relation to psychiatric treatment and levels of resistance or patienthood. 1962:

440:

The United States Massachusetts-based Freedom Center provides and promotes alternative and holistic approaches and takes a stand for greater choice and options in treatments and care. The center and the New York-based

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condemned and dismissed by the psychiatric establishment and others. Recipients of mental health services demanded control over their own treatment and sought to influence the mental health system and society's views.

1853:

228:. However, the consumer/survivor/ex-patients gradually felt that the radical therapists did not necessarily share the same goals and were taking over, and they broke away from them in order to maintain independence. 2783: 417:

and produced a manual to help people use it entitled "Implementation Manual for the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities", edited by Myra Kovary. ENUSP is consulted by the

2157: 463:, director of MindFreedom, hosted a monthly radio show and the Freedom Center initiated a weekly FM radio show now syndicated on the Pacifica Network, Madness Radio, hosted by Freedom Center co-founder 42:

of the late 1960s and early 1970s and the personal histories of psychiatric abuse experienced by patients. The key text in the intellectual development of the survivor movement, at least in the US, was

139:, founder of the Anti-Insane Asylum Society, published a series of books and pamphlets describing her experiences in the Illinois insane asylum to which her husband had her committed. 1135: 1790:"A Longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part 4—Benefits beyond the self? A quantitative and qualitative study of system-level activities and impacts" 479:

neglecting that many organizations locate the causes of members’ problems in political and social institutions and are involved in activities to address issues of social justice.

1829:"Hippie healthcare policy: while one government agency searches for the cure to mental diseases, another clings to the '60s notion that they don't exist. - Free Online Library" 371:

in the US which receive public funds but question orthodox psychiatric treatment, have often come under attack for receiving public funding and been subject to funding cuts.

1199: 2768: 487:). The authors noted that the apparent positive impacts of consumer-run organizations were achieved at a fraction of the cost of professional community programs. 1971:, author of "Toxic Psychiatry," Talking Back To Prozac" and "Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry: Drugs, Electroshock and the Psychopharmaceutical Complex." 948: 414: 2947: 2778: 2698: 2497: 339:(WNUSP), was founded in 1991 as the World Federation of Psychiatric Users (WFPU), an international organisation of recipients of mental health services. 2255: 1263:

Goldstrom, Ingrid D.; Campbell, Jean; Rogers, Joseph A.; Lambert, David B.; Blacklow, Beatrice; Henderson, Marilyn J.; Manderscheid, Ronald W. (2006).

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A significant theme that has emerged from consumer/survivor work, as well as from some psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, has been a

336: 1828: 374:

As well as advocacy and reform campaigns, the development of self-help and user/survivor controlled services is a central issue. The Runaway-House in

155:. Beers sought to improve the plight of individuals receiving public psychiatric care, particularly those committed to state institutions. His book, 363:

of psychiatry. The German national association of (ex-)users and survivors of psychiatry is called the Bundesverband Psychiatrie-Erfahrener (BPE).

1380: 982:

Reaume, G (2002). "Lunatic to patient to person: nomenclature in psychiatric history and the influence of patients' activism in North America".

644: 429:

In 2007 at a Conference held in Dresden on "Coercive Treatment in Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Review", the president and other leaders of the

2954: 2937: 2748: 2096: 1712:"A longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part 2—A quantitative study of impacts of participation on new members" 615: 551: 195:. These used to be associated with concerns and much opposition on grounds of basic morality, harmful effects, or misuse. Towards the 1960s, 1751:"A longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part 3—A qualitative study of impacts of participation on new members" 1173: 1655: 279:, opposed to forced treatment including forced drugging, shock treatment and involuntary committal. In 1972, the first organized group in 108:

banded together and sent a "Petition of the Poor Distracted People in the House of Bedlam (concerned with conditions for inmates)" to the

1961: 1953: 1923: 1856: 1602: 2703: 2006: 1439: 871: 433:

met, following a formal request from the World Health Organization, with four representatives from leading consumer/survivor groups.

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An emphasis on voluntary involvement in services is said to have presented problems to the movement since, especially in the wake of

253:

Liberation Front and the Network Against Psychiatric Assault. NAPA co-founder Leonard Roy Frank founded (with colleague Wade Hudson)

1231: 740:

Rissmiller, David J.; Joshua H. Rissmiller (2006-06-01). "Evolution of the antipsychiatry movement into mental health consumerism".

51:. Chamberlin was an ex-patient and co-founder of the Mental Patients' Liberation Front. Coalescing around the ex-patient newsletter 840:"Talking Back to Psychiatry: Resistant Identities in the Psychiatric Consumer/Survivor/Ex-patient Movement - D-Scholarship@Pitt" 1946: 2708: 671: 286:

Some all-women groups developed around this time such as Women Against Psychiatric Assault, begun in 1975 in San Francisco.

271:

Dorothy Weiner and about 10 others, including Tom Wittick, established the Insane Liberation Front in the spring of 1970 in

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Wendy Chan, Dorothy E. Chunn, Robert J. Menzies (2005) Women, Madness and the Law: A Feminist Reader Routledge Cavendish,

470:

A new International Coalition of National Consumer/User Organizations was launched in Canada in 2007, called Interrelate.

119:

reforms developed which were originally based in part on the approach of French ex-patient turned hospital-superintendent

2758: 2177: 1673:"A longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part 1—Literature review and overview of the study" 1496:"UN Enable - Working Group - Contribution by World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP) 30 December 2003" 563: 531: 124: 297:

was published. It became the standard text of the psychiatric survivors movement, and in it Chamberlin coined the word "

2743: 2718: 2136: 152: 127:

campaigned for sweeping reforms to the asylum system and abuses of the moral treatment approach. In the United States,

437:

social policies at the state and national levels, empowering people to recover and lead a full life in the community.

2250: 2202: 1265:"National Estimates for Mental Health Mutual Support Groups, Self-Help Organizations, and Consumer-Operated Services" 1241: 1161: 932: 912: 892: 661: 261: 945: 2733: 2713: 68: 2942: 2738: 2587: 2462: 2245: 2187: 1651:

Anne Beales, Susie Crooks, Dan Fisher, Noreen Fitzgerald, Connie McKnight, Shaun MacNeil, and Jenny Speed (2008)

56: 3023: 2814: 2773: 2034: 1233:

New Law and Ethics in Mental Health Advance Directives: The Convention on ... - Penelope Weller - Google Books

1062: 2839: 2788: 2723: 2207: 2101: 1999: 430: 2232: 2167: 2069: 1312:"Something is happening: the contemporary consumer and psychiatric survivor movement in historical context" 1336:

Rissmiller, David (June 2006). "Evolution of the antipsychiatry movement into mental health consumerism".

2321: 2222: 2182: 2079: 2049: 2039: 625: 538:

views or promote social and experiential recovery rather than a biomedical model, or who protest against

368: 87: 3018: 2753: 2492: 2482: 2401: 2227: 1408: 578: 516: 298: 160: 27:) is a diverse association of individuals who either currently access mental health services (known as 1538:"RESOURCE: Implementing the Disability Rights Treaty, for Users, Survivors of Psychiatry | WNUSP" 3013: 2932: 2829: 2824: 2597: 2592: 2217: 2029: 1018: 925:

Treatment Without Consent: Law, Psychiatry and the Treatment of Mentally Disordered People Since 1845

508: 423: 332: 265: 192: 72: 1628: 3028: 2876: 2871: 2763: 2602: 2547: 2477: 2467: 2416: 1992: 558: 132: 1495: 2964: 2106: 2044: 1185: 839: 573: 224:. For a time, the movement shared aims and practices with "radical therapists", who tended to be 28: 1516: 1467: 2911: 2647: 2607: 2437: 2366: 2192: 2064: 2054: 1652: 504: 484: 343: 201: 196: 135:

in New York, which has been viewed in part as an early liberation movement. Beginning in 1868,

39: 2992: 2959: 2834: 2809: 2728: 2582: 2507: 2502: 2141: 2116: 2059: 1930: 1852: 1615: 539: 82:

Common themes are "talking back to the power of psychiatry", rights protection and advocacy,

2886: 2881: 2627: 2617: 2577: 2396: 2237: 2091: 1092: 620: 120: 2351: 1874: 8: 2804: 2662: 2642: 2622: 2540: 2131: 2126: 1789: 1750: 1711: 1672: 1455: 167:

We Are Not Alone (WANA) was founded by a group of patients at Rockland State Hospital in

1931:

Psychiatric Survivor Oral Histories: Implications for Contemporary Mental Health Policy.

1096: 2906: 2637: 2457: 2162: 1968: 1579: 1562: 1537: 1517:"UN Enable - Promoting the rights of Persons with Disabilities - Contribution by WNUSP" 1459: 1361: 1292: 765: 598: 464: 1937: 995: 2982: 2978: 2866: 2632: 2523: 2487: 2391: 2336: 2276: 1938:

A Matter of Definition: Acknowledging Consumer/Survivor Experiences through Narrative

1902: 1894: 1809: 1770: 1731: 1692: 1584: 1400: 1353: 1284: 1237: 1181: 1157: 1110: 1038: 999: 928: 908: 888: 804: 757: 707: 667: 588: 148: 136: 1974: 1463: 1365: 1296: 769: 2851: 2381: 1886: 1801: 1762: 1723: 1684: 1574: 1451: 1440:"About the impossibility of a single (ex-)user and survivor of psychiatry position" 1392: 1345: 1311: 1276: 1100: 1030: 991: 796: 749: 699: 523: 272: 168: 105: 59:(SCI) was formed. SCI's first public action was to stage a counter-conference and 2901: 2861: 2819: 2667: 2657: 2612: 2452: 2432: 2411: 2346: 2331: 2316: 2311: 2296: 2291: 2281: 2015: 1933:

Center for Public Policy and Administration, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

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Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences Volume 25 Issue 1, Pages 3 - 25

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Talking Back to Psychiatry: The Psychiatric Consumer/Survivor/Ex-Patient Movement

609: 583: 568: 290: 213: 116: 44: 151:, founded the National Committee on Mental Hygiene, which eventually became the 2896: 2682: 2677: 2472: 2447: 2341: 2197: 2121: 2074: 604: 535: 495: 442: 419: 410: 310: 276: 109: 2784:

Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes

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Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research

1264: 1178:

Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

1034: 800: 703: 663:

Challenging the Stigma of Mental Illness: Lessons for Therapists and Advocates

3007: 2916: 2672: 2356: 2301: 2286: 2084: 1898: 1813: 1774: 1735: 1696: 1349: 753: 512: 245: 76: 64: 2158:

American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization

534:, have lobbied against the funding of consumer/survivor groups that promote 244:

Unlike professional mental health services, which were usually based on the

2891: 2856: 2442: 2406: 2376: 2371: 2306: 1788:

Janzen, Rich; Nelson, Geoffrey; Trainor, John; Ochocka, Joanna (May 2006).

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Ochocka, Joanna; Nelson, Geoffrey; Janzen, Rich; Trainor, John (May 2006).

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Nelson, Geoffrey; Ochocka, Joanna; Janzen, Rich; Trainor, John (May 2006).

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Nelson, Geoffrey; Ochocka, Joanna; Janzen, Rich; Trainor, John (May 2006).

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Critics and dissenters: Reflections on anti-psychiatry in the United States

808: 761: 711: 249: 236: 2513:

We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse

1906: 1653:

Interrelate: A New International Mental Health Consumer/Survivor Coalition

2361: 2271: 593: 527: 403: 383: 1890: 2563: 2386: 1805: 1766: 1727: 1688: 727:

On Our Own: Patient-Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System

460: 295:

On Our Own: Patient Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System

240: 218: 49:

On Our Own: Patient Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System

32: 1136:"Mental Patients Union founded to oppose psychiatric oppression, 1973" 1080: 827: 402:, that among other support and advocacy activities puts on an annual " 2652: 2212: 452: 221: 1105: 690:

Oaks, David (2006-08-01). "The evolution of the consumer movement".

2326: 659: 232: 188: 128: 83: 1984: 1926:

from the National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse

1563:"The dialogal basis of our profession: Psychiatry with the Person" 660:

Corrigan, Patrick W.; David Roe; Hector W. H. Tsang (2011-05-23).

67:, in May, 1990, at the same time as (and directly outside of) the 1067:

The Journal of Critical Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy

399: 391: 379: 225: 60: 1965:

International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 58–70.

1863:

International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 58-70.

446: 395: 387: 375: 280: 1957:

International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 47-57

1640: 1262: 739: 2532: 907:

Pittsburgh and London: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1981

131:(1851–1860) was a ten volume Journal produced by patients of 955:

John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center

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Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

264:

was founded. In 1973 some of those involved founded the

147:

A few decades later, another former psychiatric patient,

1605:

Forbes business magazine:Philanthropic Pitch August 29th

885:

Contesting Psychiatry: Social Movements in Mental Health

1949:

A poem by insulin/electro shock survivor Dorothy Dundas

601:, an electronic charter regarding prone restraint holds 522:

People in the US, led by figures such as psychiatrists

1979:

Heart Failure - Diary of a Third Year Medical Student

415:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

394:. Creative Routes is a user/survivor organization in 71:

annual meeting. In 2005, the SCI changed its name to

2779:

Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

123:

and his wife Margueritte. From 1848 in England, the

38:

The psychiatric survivors movement arose out of the

2699:

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

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The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise

612:, how the brain changes in the course of a lifetime 35:that were unhelpful, harmful, abusive, or illegal. 2256:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry 1138:. Today in London’s radical history. 21 March 2016 1069:, Lloyd Ross, March 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2021. 337:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry 1629:The Story of MindFreedom Free Live Internet Radio 1331: 1329: 3005: 1969:Transcript of interview with Peter Breggin, M.D. 1845: 887:Chapter: contextualizing contention. Routledge 16:Movement of those affected by psychiatric abuse 1326: 2749:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 2548: 2097:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement 2000: 1924:Guide on the History of the Consumer Movement 1601:Will Hall, edited by Richard C Morais (2008) 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1019:"Some perspectives on deinstitutionalization" 977: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 685: 683: 616:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement 552:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement 1947:Shock Treatment - The Killing of Susan Kelly 877: 31:), or who have experienced interventions by 1205:. Counterpsych.talkspot.com. Archived from 984:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 917: 655: 653: 409:WNUSP is a consultant organization for the 2704:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology 2555: 2541: 2007: 1993: 1560: 1422: 1335: 958: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 724: 680: 187:The 1950s saw the reduction in the use of 1578: 1104: 1875:"Psychiatric survivors and nonsurvivors" 1381:"The Evolution of the Consumer Movement" 1166: 650: 2238:Royal Association for Disability Rights 1309: 1078: 853: 503:promoting disinformation on the use of 3006: 1872: 1826: 1437: 1229: 1200:"Identifying and Overcoming Mentalism" 1063:Obituary Leonard Roy Frank (1932–2015) 981: 782: 2938:Neurological conditions and disorders 2709:American Neuropsychiatric Association 2536: 1988: 353: 142: 25:consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement 2173:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law 1456:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.1040s2102.x 1378: 1016: 946:The Experiences of an Asylum Patient 689: 212:Coming to the fore in the 1960s, an 2759:National Institute of Mental Health 2178:Citizens Commission on Human Rights 2014: 1873:Torrey, E. Fuller (February 1997). 532:National Alliance on Mental Illness 13: 2744:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists 2719:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse 2137:Self-help groups for mental health 1072: 317: 153:National Mental Health Association 69:American Psychiatric Association's 14: 3040: 2203:International Disability Alliance 1917: 262:Scottish Union of Mental Patients 182: 2987: 2977: 2734:European Psychiatric Association 2714:American Psychiatric Association 1827:Torrey, E. Fuller (2002-04-01). 564:Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society 125:Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society 2988: 2739:Global Initiative on Psychiatry 2588:Child and adolescent psychiatry 2463:Interpretation of Schizophrenia 2188:Disability Rights International 1866: 1820: 1794:Journal of Community Psychology 1781: 1755:Journal of Community Psychology 1742: 1716:Journal of Community Psychology 1703: 1677:Journal of Community Psychology 1664: 1645: 1633: 1621: 1608: 1595: 1554: 1530: 1509: 1488: 1474: 1372: 1303: 1256: 1230:Weller, Penelope (2012-12-12). 1223: 1192: 1150: 1128: 1056: 1010: 938: 897: 57:Support Coalition International 2955:Psychiatric survivors movement 2845:Psychiatric survivors movement 2815:Controversies about psychiatry 2774:Royal College of Psychiatrists 2562: 2251:Socialist Patients' Collective 2112:Psychiatric survivors movement 2035:Controversies about psychiatry 1444:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 832: 821: 783:Ludwig, Gregory (2006-08-01). 776: 733: 718: 638: 21:psychiatric survivors movement 1: 2840:Political abuse of psychiatry 2789:World Psychiatric Association 2724:Chinese Society of Psychiatry 2208:Learning Disability Coalition 2102:Political abuse of psychiatry 1174:"Disability History Timeline" 996:10.1016/S0160-2527(02)00130-9 631: 431:World Psychiatric Association 98: 2233:Rehabilitation International 2168:Autism Network International 1616:'Mad Pride' Fights a Stigma. 1316:Journal of Mind and Behavior 86:, and building capacity for 7: 2223:National Empowerment Center 2183:Critical Psychiatry Network 2050:History of mental disorders 1618:The New York Times." May 11 626:Critical Psychiatry Network 545: 369:National Empowerment Center 241:disability rights movements 88:lived experience leadership 10: 3045: 2754:Indian Psychiatric Society 2493:The Myth of Mental Illness 2228:Radical Psychology Network 944:Rachel Grant-Smith (1922) 579:Disability rights movement 549: 530:, and some leaders of the 257:in San Francisco in 1972. 133:Utica State Lunatic Asylum 115:In the late 18th century, 93: 29:consumers or service users 2973: 2925: 2830:Electroconvulsive therapy 2825:Biopsychiatry controversy 2797: 2691: 2598:Cross-cultural psychiatry 2593:Cognitive neuropsychiatry 2570: 2521: 2425: 2264: 2218:MindFreedom International 2150: 2030:Biopsychiatry controversy 2022: 1936:Linda J Morrison. (2006) 1397:10.1176/appi.ps.57.8.1212 1281:10.1007/s10488-005-0019-x 1035:10.1176/appi.ps.52.8.1039 905:A Mind That Found Itself, 801:10.1176/appi.ps.57.8.1213 725:Chamberlin, Judi (1978). 704:10.1176/appi.ps.57.8.1212 550:For a topical guide, see 509:electroconvulsive therapy 473: 424:World Health Organization 333:MindFreedom International 73:MindFreedom International 2877:Psychiatric epidemiology 2872:Philosophy of psychiatry 2764:Philadelphia Association 2603:Developmental disability 2478:Madness and Civilization 2468:Liberation by Oppression 1614:Gabrielle Glaser (2008) 1350:10.1176/appi.ps.57.6.863 1079:Roberts, Andrew (2011). 754:10.1176/appi.ps.57.6.863 559:Aggression in healthcare 157:A Mind that Found Itself 2943:Psychiatric medications 2107:Positive disintegration 2045:Hearing Voices Movement 1981:by Michael Greger, M.D. 666:. John Wiley and Sons. 574:Commissioners in Lunacy 197:psychiatric medications 2912:Psychosomatic medicine 2648:Nutritional psychiatry 2608:Descriptive psychiatry 2438:Anatomy of an Epidemic 2193:Hearing Voices Network 2065:Martha Mitchell effect 2055:Involuntary commitment 1833:www.thefreelibrary.com 1184:. 2002. Archived from 1017:Lamb, H R (Aug 2001). 842:. Etd.library.pitt.edu 729:. New York: Hawthorne. 505:involuntary commitment 485:regression to the mean 344:deinstitutionalization 266:Mental Patients' Union 210: 202:deinstitutionalization 3024:Human rights by issue 2835:Insulin shock therapy 2810:Clinical neuroscience 2729:Democratic Psychiatry 2583:Biological psychiatry 2508:The Radical Therapist 2503:The Protest Psychosis 2142:Therapeutic community 2117:Psychoanalytic theory 2060:Involuntary treatment 828:About Us — MFI Portal 540:outpatient commitment 206: 40:civil rights movement 2948:by condition treated 2887:Psychiatric hospital 2882:Psychiatric genetics 2628:Geriatric psychiatry 2618:Emergency psychiatry 2578:Addiction psychiatry 2092:Nouthetic counseling 1879:Psychiatric Services 1385:Psychiatric Services 1081:"Scotland the brave" 1023:Psychiatric Services 923:Phil Fennell (1996) 883:Crossley, N. (2006) 789:Psychiatric Services 742:Psychiatric Services 692:Psychiatric Services 621:The Shrink Next Door 255:Madness Network News 121:Jean-Baptiste Pussin 2805:Behavioral medicine 2663:Palliative medicine 2643:Military psychiatry 2623:Forensic psychiatry 2132:Rosenhan experiment 2127:Rhetoric of therapy 2040:Critical psychiatry 1952:McLean, A. (2003). 1929:Cohen, Oryx (2001) 1891:10.1176/ps.48.2.143 1561:MEZZICH JE (2007). 1310:Everett, B (1994). 1097:2011Natur.472Q...5. 449:business magazine. 335:. In addition, the 237:gay rights movement 2907:Psychopharmacology 2638:Liaison psychiatry 2483:Radical Psychology 2458:Doctoring the Mind 2163:Aspies For Freedom 1975:Psychiatry chapter 1960:McLean, A. (2003) 1941:Radical Psychology 1859:2016-11-07 at the 1851:McLean, A. (2003) 1806:10.1002/jcop.20100 1767:10.1002/jcop.20099 1728:10.1002/jcop.20098 1689:10.1002/jcop.20097 1658:2008-10-01 at the 1438:Hollis, I (2002). 951:2008-07-06 at the 599:Millfields Charter 519:by wider society. 354:The movement today 231:By the 1970s, the 143:Early 20th century 84:self-determination 3019:Identity politics 3001: 3000: 2933:Counseling topics 2867:Pentylenetetrazol 2633:Immuno-psychiatry 2530: 2529: 2524:Psychiatry portal 2488:The Gene Illusion 2392:Elizabeth Packard 2352:Peter C. Gøtzsche 2337:Leonard Roy Frank 2277:Giorgio Antonucci 1450:(S410): 102–106. 1182:Temple University 673:978-1-119-99612-5 589:Duplessis Orphans 250:peer-run services 149:Clifford W. Beers 137:Elizabeth Packard 79:as its director. 45:Judi Chamberlin's 3036: 3014:Health movements 2991: 2990: 2981: 2852:Imaging genetics 2557: 2550: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2382:Joanna Moncrieff 2242:Paranoia Network 2009: 2002: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1911: 1910: 1870: 1864: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1668: 1662: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1567:World Psychiatry 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1466:. Archived from 1435: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1407:. 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Fuller Torrey 273:Portland, Oregon 233:women's movement 106:Bethlem Hospital 3044: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3029:Anti-psychiatry 3004: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2969: 2965:Psychotherapies 2921: 2902:Psycho-oncology 2862:Neurophysiology 2820:Anti-psychiatry 2793: 2687: 2658:Neuropsychiatry 2613:Eating disorder 2566: 2561: 2531: 2526: 2517: 2453:Crazy Therapies 2433:Against Therapy 2421: 2417:Robert Whitaker 2412:Stephen Ticktin 2347:James Gottstein 2332:Michel Foucault 2317:Judi Chamberlin 2312:Ted Chabasinski 2297:Richard Bentall 2292:Lauretta Bender 2282:Franco Basaglia 2260: 2146: 2018: 2016:Anti-psychiatry 2013: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1871: 1867: 1861:Wayback Machine 1850: 1846: 1837: 1835: 1825: 1821: 1786: 1782: 1747: 1743: 1708: 1704: 1669: 1665: 1660:Wayback Machine 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1544: 1543:. www.wnusp.net 1540: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1436: 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