3427:(WSCS) whose primary objectives include fostering the "conservation of sturgeon species and restoration of sturgeon stocks world-wide”, and supporting the "information exchange among all persons interested in sturgeons." The North American Sturgeon and Paddlefish Society (NASPS) and Gesellschaft zur Rettung des Störs e.V. are WSCS affiliates. WSCS has been instrumental in organizing global conferences where scientists and researchers can exchange information and address the various conservation challenges that threaten the future of sturgeons. Conservation efforts at the grass roots level are also instrumental in helping to preserve sturgeon populations, such as Sturgeon For Tomorrow which was founded in 1977, consists of volunteers and a sturgeon guarding program to monitor known spawning sites. The organization has grown exponentially over the years and has become "the largest citizen advocacy group for sturgeon in the world", and has expanded with affiliate chapters in other states that have sturgeon populations. Other projects focus on specific local issues, such as the We Pass project, seeking a solution to the migratory impasse represented by the
6571:
515:
796:
683:
980:
3369:"Albany beef" and sturgeon eggs were given away at local bars as an accompaniment to 5¢ beer. White sturgeon populations along the US west coast declined simultaneously under the pressure of commercial fishing and human encroachment. Within the course of a century, the once abundant sturgeon fisheries in the US and Canada had drastically declined, and in some areas had been extirpated under the pressure of commercial overharvesting, pollution, human encroachment, habitat loss, and the damming of rivers that blocked their ancestral migration to spawning grounds.
3328:
6578:
2829:
1039:
1641:
1005:
917:
120:
1899:
1256:
6584:
1576:
667:
3444:
146:
1522:
1869:
3086:
1971:
1234:
897:
847:
1361:
1553:
7131:
1831:
1439:
306:
7124:
1808:
1740:
1315:
1770:
3336:
776:
3301:
7117:
699:
3223:
3153:, similar lengths and over 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) weights have been reported. They are also among the longest-lived of the fishes, some living well over 100 years and attaining sexual maturity at 20 years or more. The combination of slow growth and reproductive rates and the extremely high value placed on mature, egg-bearing females make sturgeon particularly vulnerable to
3274:, or to help shed eggs during spawning. Other plausible explanations include escape from predators, shedding parasites, or to gulp or expel air. Another explanation is that it "simply feels good". There have been some incidents of leaping sturgeon landing in boats, and causing injuries to humans; in 2015, a 5-year-old girl was fatally injured after a sturgeon leapt from the
723:
3388:. The poachers had harvested 1.65 tons of caviar from nearly 2,000 white sturgeon that were poached from the Columbia River. The caviar was estimated to be worth around $ 2 million. WDFW busted another ring in 2003, and conducted an undercover sting operation in 2006-2007 that resulted in 17 successful attempts out of a total of 19.
3288:...in May, June and July, the rivers abound with them, at which time it is surprising, though very common to see such large fish elated in the air, by their leaping some yards out of the water; this they do in an erect posture, and fall on their sides, which repeated percussions are loudly heard some miles distance....
706:
704:
702:
700:
705:
2071:
varies depending on the study and the methods used, with some placing it within the second-most basal clade comprising primarily
Pacific species (shown above), whereas others place it in its own clade that is more derived than the secondmost basal clade but less derived than the most derived Atlantic
3269:
Many sturgeons leap completely out of the water, usually making a loud splash which can be heard half a mile away on the surface and probably further under water. Why they do this is not known, but suggested functions include group communication to maintain group cohesion, catching airborne prey,
3373:
commercial fishing for
Atlantic sturgeon. It was during the 20th century that Russia grew to become the global leader as the largest producer and exporter of caviar. As with the decline in sturgeon populations in the US and Canada, the same occurred with sturgeon populations in the Caspian Sea.
3422:
In addition to global restocking efforts, the monitoring of populations and habitat, and various other conservation efforts by national and state resource agencies as applicable to their respective countries, several conservation organizations have been formed to assist in the preservation of
3372:
By the turn of the century, commercial production of sturgeon caviar in the US and Canada had come to an end. Regulatory protections and conservation efforts were put in place by state and federal resource agencies in the US and Canada, such as the 1998 US federal moratorium that closed all
580:
due to size and bony plated armor, or scutes, and the abundance of prey items in the benthic environment. They do, however, still share several primitive characteristics, such as heterocercal tail, reduced squamation, more fin rays than supporting bony elements, and unique jaw suspension.
703:
641:(descended from many ancestors) is still unclear, though the morphologically motivated division between these two genera clearly is not supported by the genetic evidence. An effort is ongoing to resolve the taxonomic confusion using a continuing synthesis of systematic data and
729:
727:
724:
3176:
does not occur until they are around 15 to 20 years old. Sturgeons are broadcast spawners, and do not spawn every year because they require specific conditions. Those requirements may or may not be met every year due to varying environmental conditions, such as the proper
728:
624:
The wide range of the acipenserids and their endangered status have made collection of systematic materials difficult. The factors have led researchers in the past to identify over 40 additional species that were rejected by later scientists. Whether the species in the
3265:
The sturgeons' electroreceptors are located on the head and are sensitive to weak electric fields generated by other animals or geoelectric sources. The electroreceptors are thought to be used in various behaviors such as feeding, mating and migration.
3122:—sensory organs that precede their wide, toothless mouths. They navigate their riverine habitats traveling just off the bottom with their barbels dragging along gravel, or murky substrate. Sturgeon are recognizable for their elongated bodies, flattened
3551:, which sank in June 1495 while King Hans sailed from Copenhagen to Kalmar, Sweden for a diplomatic summit. Archaeologists recovered from the wreck a cask containing a butchered sturgeon, probably intended for the king's table during feasts in Kalmar.
726:
3189:
of the eggs. A single female may release 100,000 to 3 million eggs, but not all will be fertilized. The fertilized eggs become sticky and adhere to the bottom substrate upon contact. Eight to 15 days are needed for the embryos to mature into
4326:
Nedoluzhko, Artem V.; Sharko, Fedor S.; Tsygankova, Svetlana V.; Boulygina, Eugenia S.; Barmintseva, Anna E.; Krasivskaya, Anna A.; Ibragimova, Amina S.; Gruzdeva, Natalia M.; Rastorguev, Sergey M.; Mugue, Nikolai S. (January 20, 2020).
3126:, distinctive scutes and barbels, and elongated upper tail lobes. The skeletal support for the paired fins of ray-finned fish is inside the body wall, although the ray-like structures in the webbing of the fins can be seen externally.
3089:
Sturgeon skull – a, Rostrum; b, nasal capsule; c eye-socket; d, foramina for spinal nerves; e, notochord; g, quadrate bone; h, hyomandibular bone; i, mandible; j. basibranchials; k, ribs; l, hyoid bone; I, II, III, IV, V, branchial
5749:
3407:, and the construction of dams that have altered or blocked their annual migration to ancestral spawning grounds. Some species of sturgeon are extinct, and several are on the verge of extinction, including the
4742:
Sergei F. Zolotukhin and Nina F. Kaplanova. (2007) Injuries of Salmon in the Amur River and its
Estuary as an Index of the Adult Fish Mortality in the Period of Sea Migrations. NPAFC Technical Report No.
2084:
also varies by the study, with some placing it as the only
Pacific member of the otherwise Atlantic-based most-derived clade, whereas others place it with the rest of the Pacific sturgeons as a sister to
4996:
3109:
that acts like a soft spine running through the body. Notably, however, the cartilaginous skeleton is not a primitive character, but a derived one; sturgeon ancestors had bony skeletons. They also lack
701:
3547:
Similar laws reserving sturgeon for the king were enforced in late medieval
Denmark. An archaeological example of sturgeon in a royal context comes from the wreck of the Danish-Norwegian flagship,
3357:
During the 19th century, the US was the global leader in caviar production, having cornered 90% of the world's caviar trade. Atlantic sturgeon once thrived along the east coast from Canada down to
4413:
Berg, L.S. (1962). Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. volume 1, 4th edition. Israel
Program for Scientific Translations Ltd., Jerusalem. (Russian version published 1948).
3435:
sturgeon (all species except the predominantly freshwater sterlet) are now classed as
Critically Endangered or extirpated from the upper and middle reaches of the Danube River above the dams.
725:
5740:
2726:
5404:
4394:
605:
in certain features, such as rostrum shape, number of scutes, and body length. A further confounding factor is the peculiar ability of sturgeons to produce reproductively viable
2370:
2412:
4977:
4635:
5178:
3254:. Sturgeons feed non-visually. They are believed to use a combination of sensors, including olfactory, tactile, and chemosensory cues detected by the four barbels, and
4582:
2268:
4329:"Molecular phylogeny of one extinct and two critically endangered Central Asian sturgeon species (genus Pseudoscaphirhynchus ) based on their mitochondrial genomes"
4466:
Duke, S.; Anders, P.; Ennis, G.; Hallock, R.; Hammond, J.; Ireland, S.; Laufle, J.; Lauzier, R.; Lockhard, L.; Marotz, B.; Paragamian, V.L.; Westerhof, R. (1999).
3391:
In response to concerns over the future of sturgeons and associated commercial products, international trade for all species of sturgeons has been regulated under
2586:
5203:
2129:
5004:
2557:
2337:
2239:
2228:
3911:
6570:
3419:
data indicates that over 85% of sturgeon species are at risk of extinction, making them more critically endangered than any other group of animal species.
3250:. Having no teeth, they are unable to seize prey, though larger individuals and more predatory species can swallow very large prey items, including whole
2384:
5863:
4607:
Frimodt, C., (1995). Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p.
3210:. During their first year of growth, they reach 18 to 20 cm (7 to 8 in) in length and migrate back into the swift-flowing currents in the
5643:
3194:. During that time, they are dependent on their yolk sacs for nourishment. River currents carry the larvae downstream into backwater areas, such as
682:
6619:
6505:
6495:
6465:
6244:
254:
246:
8058:
8053:
7930:
5305:
230:
3415:. Many species are classified as threatened or endangered, with noticeable declines in sturgeon populations as the demand for caviar increases.
6117:
3827:
B. G. Gardiner (1984) Sturgeons as living fossils. Pp. 148–152 in N. Eldredge and S.M. Stanley, eds. Living fossils. Springer-Verlag, New York.
7969:
6362:
6209:
6139:
3728:"Redescription of †Yanosteus longidorsalis Jin et al., (Chondrostei, Acipenseriformes, †Peipiaosteidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China"
6195:
6128:
2080:, primarily Atlantic clade vary, although most analyses at least find all the species in it to form a monophyletic clade. The placement of
5057:
7269:
6376:
6348:
6237:
5411:
5254:
3584:
7312:
6216:
3381:
5815:"Fish in a barrel: Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus) from the Baltic Sea wreck of the royal Danish flagship Gribshunden (1495)"
448:. Several species can grow quite large, typically ranging 2–3.5 m (7–12 ft) in length. The largest sturgeon on record was a
3037:
or undergoing significant migrations along coastlines. However, some species have evolved purely freshwater existences, such as the
7904:
4757:
Zhang, X.; Song, J.; Fan, C.; Guo, H.; Wang, X.; Bleckmann, H. (2012). "Use of electrosense in the feeding behavior of sturgeons".
613:. While ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) have a long evolutionary history culminating in the most familiar fishes, past adaptive
4639:
444:, and an elongated, spindle-like body that is smooth-skinned, scaleless, and armored with five lateral rows of bony plates called
7943:
4904:
4661:
5599:
5536:
3632:
3003:
Throughout this extensive range, almost all species are highly threatened or vulnerable to extinction due to a combination of
5946:
5722:
5679:
4566:
4533:
3895:
3783:"An early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) sturgeon (Acipenseriformes) from the Dunvegan Formation, northwestern Alberta, Canada"
7948:
4741:
3980:
Fontana, F.; Tagliavini, J.; Congiu, L. (2001). "Sturgeon genetics and cytogenetics: recent advancements and perspectives".
6612:
5382:
4716:
3727:
666:
5573:
4586:
5907:
5800:
3424:
456:
in 1827, measuring 7.2 m (23 ft 7 in) long and weighing 1,571 kg (3,463 lb). Most sturgeons are
413:) may be entirely extinct. Sturgeons are native to subtropical, temperate and sub-Arctic rivers, lakes and coastlines of
3509:
groups do allow it. The theological debate over its kosher status can be traced back to such 19th-century reformers as
5915:
4861:"Why do sturgeons jump? Insights from acoustic investigations of the Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida, USA"
2608:
2287:
3354:, and the reason why caviar-producing sturgeons are among the most valuable and endangered of all wildlife resources.
7274:
5873:
5644:"Conservation and sustainable use of wild sturgeon populations of the NW Black Sea and Lower Danube River in Romania"
5292:
3615:
2764:
1633:
471:. Some species inhabit freshwater environments exclusively, while others primarily inhabit marine environments near
8008:
7883:
5543:
3915:
3658:
2214:
5898:
7974:
7896:
7066:
6990:
6605:
6025:
2751:
2645:
2544:
2469:
2425:
2181:
2176:
2163:
358:
period, some 174 to 201 million years ago. They are one of two living families of the
Acipenseriformes alongside
7305:
4794:"Response properties of the electrosensory neurons in hindbrain of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus"
4472:
4429:
3350:, but also for flesh. Several species of sturgeon are harvested for their roe which is processed into caviar—a
3340:
2802:
1682:
5087:
3246:
feed primarily on other fish as adults. They feed by extending their siphon-like mouths to suck food from the
7956:
4207:"Highly Resolved Phylogenetic Relationships within Order Acipenseriformes According to Novel Nuclear Markers"
2783:
2708:
2254:
1665:
17:
5117:"Seasonal occurrence of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) in the St. Johns River, Florida"
3683:
Martill, D. M. (2023). "A sturgeon (Actinopterygii, Acipenseriformes) from the Upper
Cretaceous of Africa".
7038:
4180:
2572:
2407:
2158:
331:
4205:
Luo, Dehuai; Li, Yanping; Zhao, Qingyuan; Zhao, Lianpeng; Ludwig, Arne; Peng, Zuogang (January 10, 2019).
4103:
3172:
Sturgeons are long-lived, late maturing fishes. Their average lifespan is 50 to 60 years, and their first
1172:
clade among sturgeons, and all other species being in a separate clade, with the various other species of
145:
7826:
6583:
3186:
3094:
Sturgeons retain several primitive characteristics from the bony fishes. Along with other members of the
2702:
2604:
2486:
2447:
2283:
2145:
1515:
6577:
560:(100–94 million years ago) of Alberta, Canada. In that time, sturgeons have undergone remarkably little
5967:
4687:
3182:
2077:
7831:
3489:, which only permit the consumption of fish with both scales and fins, forbids sturgeon, as they have
8013:
7298:
5939:
5488:
3659:"Biology of Fishes (chapter: Biodiversity II: Primitive Bony Fishes and The Rise of Modern Teleosts)"
2278:
2196:
1964:
31:
5518:
2097:
The family contains 8 extinct fossil species and 28 extant species/subspecies (include 1 species of
8043:
7184:
6945:
5405:"Species, status and population trend of Sturgeon on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (pdf)"
3380:
and smuggling sturgeon caviar was big business but an illegal and dangerous one. Officers with the
2352:
564:
change, indicating their evolution has been exceptionally slow and earning them informal status as
212:
2101:
and 2 species of living fossils), in 4 genera. This list uses the original classification scheme:
8048:
7794:
5330:
4845:
2808:
2789:
2770:
2721:
2567:
2323:
1546:
1355:
5671:
5662:
5548:
Fond du Lac and the Lake
Winnebago Region, Wisconsin, Tourism and Conventions in Fond du Lac, WI
5331:"Beluga Sturgeon Threatened With Extinction, Yet Caviar Quotas Remain Unchanged -- ScienceDaily"
4271:"Phylogenetic perspective on the relationships and evolutionary history of the Acipenseriformes"
597:
of the sturgeon species has been difficult to determine, in part due to the high individual and
8000:
7756:
7246:
7179:
5151:
2689:
2622:
2191:
1892:
614:
6597:
4523:
3885:
514:
7995:
7935:
7541:
7264:
7241:
7204:
7130:
6700:
6690:
5262:
4558:
3782:
3385:
3259:
3141:
reportedly attain over 5.5 metres (18 ft) and 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) while for
2873:
2685:
2549:
2376:
2365:
2305:
2300:
1825:
1433:
1228:
1169:
1164:
494:
7987:
7852:
7803:
7598:
6695:
6539:
5932:
5826:
4872:
4481:
4438:
4340:
4039:
3946:
3883:
3794:
3781:
Vavrek, Matthew J.; Murray, Alison M.; Bell, Phil R. (July 2014). Sues, Hans-Dieter (ed.).
3739:
3692:
3521:
3506:
3463:
2881:
2746:
2679:
2481:
2394:
2249:
1863:
1570:
1338:
1148:
795:
568:. This is explained in part by the long generation interval, tolerance for wide ranges of
561:
436:
Sturgeons are long-lived, late-maturing fishes with distinctive characteristics, such as a
387:
291:
3858:
3841:
8:
7706:
7660:
7406:
7290:
7231:
6532:
6435:
5116:
4925:
3404:
3010:
No species is known to naturally occur south of the equator, though attempts at sturgeon
3004:
2714:
2666:
2517:
2209:
1734:
1309:
404:
399:
238:
5830:
4876:
4485:
4442:
4344:
4043:
3950:
3798:
3743:
3696:
3578:
979:
8038:
7730:
7627:
7609:
7397:
7279:
7259:
6455:
6149:
5796:
5771:
5357:
4959:
4909:
4818:
4793:
4494:
4467:
4451:
4424:
4371:
4328:
4308:
4241:
4206:
4157:
4121:
4086:
4062:
4027:
4005:
3962:
3763:
3708:
3555:
3447:
3327:
3199:
3105:. To maintain structure, sturgeons are one of few organisms to retain a post-embryonic
3095:
2949:
2814:
2776:
2522:
2499:
2460:
2442:
2399:
2347:
2202:
1947:
1801:
1717:
1105:
409:
140:
7808:
5463:
4665:
4616:
Krykhtin, M.L. and V.G. Svirskii (1997). Endemic sturgeons of the Amur River: kaluga,
2072:
and Central Asian clade. No studies have yet delineated a relationship between it and
7982:
7839:
7583:
7487:
7460:
7451:
7442:
7388:
6171:
6160:
5869:
5844:
5718:
5675:
5288:
4951:
4923:
4885:
4860:
4823:
4774:
4770:
4562:
4551:
4529:
4395:"LIFE 04NAT/IT/000126 "Conservation and Breeding of Italian Cobice Endemic Sturgeon""
4376:
4358:
4312:
4300:
4292:
4269:
Shen, Yanjun; Yang, Na; Liu, Zhihao; Chen, Qiliang; Li, Yingwen (September 1, 2020).
4246:
4228:
4126:
4067:
3997:
3891:
3863:
3810:
3767:
3755:
3712:
3611:
3271:
3123:
3070:
2651:
2492:
2433:
2358:
2329:
2318:
2151:
1455:
1158:
493:, which combined with other conservation threats, has brought most of the species to
449:
393:
127:
7116:
4963:
3966:
3937:
Bemis, W. E.; Findeis, E. K.; Grande, L. (1997). "An overview of Acipenseriformes".
3234:
feeders, with a diet of shellfish, crustaceans, and small fish. Exceptionally, both
1640:
7669:
7523:
7496:
7469:
7424:
7322:
6260:
6230:
5834:
5131:
4941:
4880:
4813:
4805:
4766:
4662:"Fish & Habitats– White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in British Columbia"
4489:
4446:
4366:
4348:
4282:
4236:
4218:
4153:
4116:
4108:
4098:
4057:
4047:
3989:
3954:
3884:
Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (April 3, 2009).
3853:
3802:
3747:
3700:
3502:
3412:
3408:
3366:
3255:
3111:
2901:
2736:
2730:
2535:
2510:
2504:
2453:
2293:
2220:
2140:
1923:
1250:
1137:
1113:
970:
879:
606:
544:
fishes appeared in the fossil record some 174 to 201 million years ago, during the
530:
526:
490:
351:
197:
5695:
4009:
3704:
2828:
7844:
7651:
7532:
7236:
7209:
7189:
7097:
6894:
6277:
5919:
5839:
5814:
5032:. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
3842:"Evidence for a Slowed Rate of Molecular Evolution in the Order Acipenseriformes"
3243:
3173:
3130:
3046:
3030:
2695:
2528:
2169:
1038:
833:
602:
549:
347:
7961:
7123:
4287:
4270:
3544:, any sturgeons captured within the realm are personal property of the monarch.
3101:, they are unique among bony fishes because their skeletons are almost entirely
1575:
1004:
916:
7891:
7878:
7642:
7618:
7550:
7433:
7224:
7199:
7102:
7087:
6815:
6775:
6710:
6638:
6546:
6445:
6418:
6387:
6339:
6325:
6302:
6288:
6186:
6010:
5985:
4946:
4929:
4353:
3541:
3275:
3239:
3066:
3058:
2885:
2869:
2795:
2661:
2578:
2311:
1142:
1109:
817:
565:
545:
541:
522:
380:
355:
284:
187:
119:
5029:
4841:
4809:
3993:
3958:
3443:
1898:
1521:
437:
8032:
7779:
7687:
7574:
7514:
7478:
7415:
7214:
7092:
7082:
6864:
6859:
6787:
6760:
6705:
6522:
6428:
5848:
5437:
4930:"Sturgeons versus surgeons: leaping fish injuries at a level I trauma center"
4664:. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Ecosystems Branch. Archived from
4362:
4296:
4232:
4176:
4144:
Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny".
3814:
3759:
3573:
3568:
3498:
3494:
3458:
of sturgeon (primarily Beluga sturgeon from Russia) were used as a source of
3455:
3203:
3142:
3102:
3038:
2909:
2865:
2857:
2672:
2641:
2628:
2616:
2540:
2465:
2418:
2260:
2120:
2106:
1868:
1409:
1255:
1121:
912:
754:
422:
418:
262:
77:
5912:
5115:
Fox, Adam G.; Stowe, Edward S.; Dunton, Keith; Peterson, Douglas L. (2018).
4052:
3630:
3513:, though its consumption was already common in European Jewish communities.
3423:
sturgeons around the world. On a global scale, one such organization is the
3085:
1970:
1233:
896:
846:
7353:
7194:
7162:
7152:
7056:
6879:
6805:
6647:
6408:
6369:
6355:
6311:
4955:
4827:
4778:
4468:"Recovery plan for Kootenai River white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)"
4380:
4304:
4250:
4130:
4071:
4001:
3867:
3806:
3490:
3403:
Sturgeons are threatened by the negative impacts of overfishing, poaching,
3362:
3346:
Globally, sturgeon fisheries are of great value, primarily as a source for
3231:
3019:
2973:
2969:
2953:
2913:
2833:
2757:
1360:
744:
653:
638:
634:
369:
5285:
The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat
4997:"World's Appetite For Caviar Sends Poachers After Columbia River Sturgeon"
4512:: Structure and Ecology of the Species, Moscow, GEOS. 235 pp (in Russian).
4223:
4112:
1552:
463:, migrating upstream to spawn but spending most of their lives feeding in
7917:
7818:
7788:
7359:
7219:
7172:
7157:
7139:
6842:
6810:
6722:
6685:
6085:
6063:
6037:
5994:
5955:
5813:
Macheridis, Stella; Hansson, Maria C.; Foley, Brendan P. (October 2020).
3548:
3510:
3191:
3178:
3154:
3138:
3114:, and are partially covered with five lateral rows of scutes rather than
3098:
3011:
2985:
2929:
2917:
2889:
2877:
2849:
947:
869:
859:
569:
483:
464:
453:
339:
322:
311:
52:
5551:
5306:"Chinese Sturgeon Is on the Brink of Extinction After 140 Million Years"
5204:"As Caviar Prices Skyrocket, Sturgeon Poachers Invade Pacific Northwest"
4717:"Investigations of anadromous fishes of the Neuse River, North Carolina"
3751:
1830:
1438:
7347:
7167:
7147:
7061:
7048:
6955:
6396:
6223:
6202:
5649:. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Biology.
5136:
4028:"Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification"
3517:
3479:
3428:
3309:
3195:
3185:, where the eggs can adhere, and proper water temperature and flow for
3161:
3150:
3115:
3026:
2989:
2965:
2945:
2893:
995:
767:
557:
556:, with amongst the oldest known remains being a partial skull from the
553:
498:
457:
359:
97:
62:
5385:. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature. March 18, 2010
2832:
Sturgeon depicted on an ancient Greek Tetrachalkon (bronze coin) from
1807:
1769:
1739:
1314:
1152:. However, multiple recent studies have recovered this arrangement as
7922:
7865:
7721:
7379:
6940:
6927:
6884:
6670:
6485:
6318:
5383:"Sturgeon more critically endangered than any other group of species"
3633:"Sturgeon More Critically Endangered Than Any Other Group of Species"
3459:
3335:
3211:
3207:
3106:
3034:
2981:
2977:
2921:
2853:
2841:
2635:
2115:
1763:
1153:
1126:
1034:
827:
775:
649:
594:
577:
468:
364:
269:
157:
102:
7909:
7750:
3554:
In heraldry, a sturgeon is the symbol on the coat of arms for Saint
552:
fishes. True sturgeons appear in the fossil record during the Upper
7870:
7773:
7697:
7341:
6874:
6827:
6822:
6750:
6680:
6655:
6106:
5979:
5222:
4325:
4185:
3631:
Chadwick, Niki; Drzewinski, Pia; Hurt, Leigh Ann (March 18, 2010).
3377:
3351:
3300:
2997:
2957:
2925:
2905:
957:
841:
791:
642:
598:
573:
534:
177:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
5913:
PBS special, video clips and public outreach videos about sturgeon
5865:
Saints, Signs, and Symbols: The Symbolic Language of Christian Art
4859:
Sulak, K. J.; Edwards, R. E.; Hill, G. W.; Randall, M. T. (2002).
2076:. In addition, the exact relationships of the members of the most
1191:
A potential taxonomy of Acipenseridae is shown here, based on Luo
7505:
7028:
7018:
7008:
7000:
6973:
6912:
6869:
6854:
6832:
6795:
6755:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6629:
5229:
3533:
3529:
3486:
3475:
3431:
in the Danube River Basin. For example, currently all anadromous
3358:
3247:
3119:
3057:
of their native rivers, as in the case of some subpopulations of
3015:
2961:
2937:
2861:
2474:
472:
460:
426:
414:
107:
82:
3033:
in fresh water and feeding in nutrient-rich, brackish waters of
325:
7335:
7023:
7013:
6978:
6847:
6837:
6660:
6627:
5973:
4756:
3577:
3432:
3347:
3322:
3305:
3251:
2933:
2837:
999:
837:
771:
610:
590:
486:
445:
430:
167:
5924:
4978:"Leaping sturgeon kills five-year-old girl boating in Florida"
3524:. Technically, the British monarchy still owns all sturgeons,
7857:
7033:
6983:
6968:
6917:
6770:
6745:
6665:
3912:"Craniata, (2) Subclass Actinopterygii-the ray-finned fishes"
3567:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3537:
3525:
3392:
2993:
2941:
2897:
2892:
Rivers, as well as along the West Coast in major rivers from
1120:. The family Acipenseridae is subdivided into 2 subfamilies;
1117:
441:
4585:. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 2009. Archived from
3164:; some species have four, eight, or 16 sets of chromosomes.
7565:
6963:
6902:
6765:
6675:
6512:
3471:
3467:
3416:
3222:
2599:
1132:
374:
277:
7320:
5495:
4848:
from the original on November 3, 2021 – via YouTube.
4087:"The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes"
6935:
6800:
3726:
Hilton, Eric J.; Grande, Lance; Jin, Fan (January 2021).
3054:
1188:
to have varying levels of relationship with one another.
974:
618:
479:
362:(Polyodontidae). The family is grouped into four genera:
5903:
5058:
White sturgeon, Shovelnose sturgeon, American Paddlefish
3887:
The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology
1203:
2020. Note the paraphyletic relationships among genera:
5803:, book I, ch. 8 "Of the King's Revenue", ss. X, p. *280
5624:
4858:
3979:
372:, containing many distantly related sturgeon species),
5812:
5356:
Program, Pallid Sturgeon Recovery (December 1, 2009).
5114:
4465:
617:
have left only a few survivors, such as sturgeons and
5741:"The incredible powers you didn't know the Queen has"
4143:
4104:
10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288
3879:
3877:
3053:), or have been forced into them by human or natural
6528:
6518:
6501:
6491:
6461:
6451:
6441:
6424:
6414:
6404:
6336:
6299:
6284:
6273:
6183:
6167:
6156:
6145:
6135:
6124:
6113:
6102:
5170:
4137:
3206:
spend their first year feeding on insect larvae and
2952:); the north-flowing rivers of Russia that feed the
478:
Several species of sturgeon are harvested for their
301:
3181:in spring, clear water with shallow rock or gravel
342:for the 28 species of fish belonging to the family
5739:
5661:
4924:Wilson, J. P.; Burgess, G.; Winfield, R. D. &
4905:"Outdoors: The lofty mystery of why sturgeon leap"
4550:
3936:
3874:
5600:"Spearing Sturgeon on Wisconsin's Lake Winnebago"
5323:
475:areas, and are known to venture into open ocean.
8030:
5152:"Caspian States agree on quotas for wild caviar"
4633:
3914:. San Francisco State University. Archived from
3780:
3639:. International Union for Conservation of Nature
3505:groups forbid the consumption of sturgeon, some
3384:(WDFW) busted a poaching ring that was based in
3331:Beluga sturgeon at a caviar farm in South Korea.
3283:In 1731, an observer of leaping sturgeon wrote:
521:, a member of the extinct acipenseriform family
4268:
3725:
3462:, a form of collagen used historically for the
2868:, they range along the Atlantic Coast from the
5468:North American Sturgeon and Paddlefish Society
4528:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 134–.
4521:
4025:
3308:has driven several species of sturgeon toward
2988:. In the Pacific Ocean, they are found in the
7306:
6613:
6009:
5940:
5764:
5523:W.S.C.S., World Sturgeon Conservation Society
5442:W.S.C.S., World Sturgeon Conservation Society
4548:
4204:
3839:
3606:Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997).
3411:, the highly prized beluga sturgeon, and the
609:, even between species assigned to different
5349:
5196:
5079:
4988:
4709:
4695:HSBC Fraser River Sturgeon Education Program
4425:"The History of Global Sturgeon Aquaculture"
3651:
3605:
3588:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3520:under a statute dating back to 1324 by King
3376:Beginning with the 1979 US embargo on Iran,
3000:Island, and some rivers in northeast China.
346:. The earliest sturgeon fossils date to the
5574:"Sturgeon Vignette – Sturgeon for Tomorrow"
5297:
4902:
4553:Freshwater Fishes of British Columbia (The)
4542:
4171:
4169:
4167:
3295:
3129:Sturgeons are among the largest fish: some
3080:
7313:
7299:
6620:
6606:
6083:
5947:
5933:
5819:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
5731:
5481:
5144:
5051:
5049:
5047:
4898:
4896:
4791:
3610:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 550.
3382:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
648:The phylogeny of Acipenseridae, as in the
548:, making them some of the earliest extant
118:
5838:
5591:
5510:
5489:"Gesellschaft zur Rettung des Störs e.V."
5230:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
5135:
4945:
4884:
4817:
4515:
4493:
4450:
4370:
4352:
4286:
4240:
4222:
4146:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
4120:
4102:
4061:
4051:
3857:
3835:
3833:
584:
5861:
5855:
5712:
5659:
5304:Griggs, Mary Beth (September 16, 2014).
5179:"And Poaching 'Pearls From the Caspian'"
5176:
5024:
5022:
4970:
4917:
4752:
4750:
4627:
4508:G.I. Ruban, 1999. The Siberian Sturgeon
4164:
4084:
3904:
3890:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 252–.
3572:
3442:
3334:
3326:
3299:
3221:
3084:
2827:
513:
350:, and are descended from other, earlier
5355:
5085:
5055:
5044:
4994:
4893:
4624:. Environ. Biol. Fish. 48(1/4):231-239.
4422:
4409:
4407:
4175:
4021:
4019:
3682:
14:
8059:Extant Maastrichtian first appearances
8054:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
8031:
5303:
5247:
5110:
5108:
4785:
3830:
3339:Woman selling sturgeon at a market in
7755:
7754:
7294:
6601:
5966:
5928:
5868:. Church Publishing Inc. p. 21.
5737:
5641:
5019:
4852:
4834:
4747:
4525:Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome
4264:
4262:
4260:
4200:
4198:
4196:
3930:
3859:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004146
3608:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
3361:. They were in such abundance in the
3226:The underside and mouth of a sturgeon
716:) showing siphoning feeding behaviour
7897:a8083b03-4e9a-4c7d-be98-ddbff88055fb
5670:. Oxford University Press. pp.
5597:
5516:
5455:
5429:
5375:
5065:Monterray Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch
4680:
4654:
4575:
4549:J. D. McPhail (September 28, 2007).
4404:
4026:Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012).
4016:
3025:Most species are at least partially
2823:
5908:World Sturgeon Conservation Society
5801:Commentaries on the Laws of England
5772:"Police inquiry over sturgeon sale"
5566:
5234:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5177:Branigin, William (June 14, 1979).
5105:
5056:Mizerek, Toni (December 12, 2013).
4995:Profita, Cassandra (May 16, 2015).
4697:. Fraser River Conservation Society
4638:. McGill University. Archived from
4078:
3624:
3425:World Sturgeon Conservation Society
2920:; in the rivers that flow into the
652:, shows that they evolved from the
429:shows that they also once lived in
24:
4688:"Life Cycle of the White Sturgeon"
4557:. University of Alberta. pp.
4495:10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00226.x
4452:10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00336.x
4257:
4193:
4158:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x
3840:Krieger, J.; Fuerst, P.A. (2002).
3787:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3719:
656:. Approximate dates are from Near
601:variation, including geographical
25:
8070:
5892:
5752:from the original on May 25, 2022
5738:Price, Rob (September 26, 2016).
5715:Jews and Judaism in World History
5598:Card, James (February 28, 2012).
2765:Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi
637:(descended from one ancestor) or
509:
7129:
7122:
7115:
6582:
6576:
6569:
5862:Cromwell, James (July 1, 2009).
5696:"Sturgeon: A controversial fish"
5461:
5435:
5362:Pallid Sturgeon Recovery Program
4886:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00401.x
4771:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00272.x
3516:Sturgeons were declared to be a
2904:. They occur along the European
1969:
1897:
1867:
1829:
1806:
1768:
1738:
1639:
1574:
1551:
1520:
1437:
1359:
1313:
1254:
1232:
1037:
1003:
978:
915:
895:
845:
794:
774:
721:
697:
681:
665:
593:record, full classification and
304:
144:
50:
5954:
5806:
5790:
5706:
5688:
5653:
5635:
5617:
5397:
5277:
5088:"Caviar: Black Gold In America"
4735:
4610:
4601:
4522:Caleb E. Finch (May 16, 1994).
4502:
4459:
4416:
4387:
4319:
3973:
3939:Environmental Biology of Fishes
3846:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3532:that inhabit the waters around
3398:
2426:Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
2177:Acipenser baerii stenorrhynchus
735:Beluga sturgeon in an aquarium.
133:Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
5713:Lupovich, Howard (2010). "7".
4865:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
4473:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
4430:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
3821:
3774:
3676:
3599:
3007:, overfishing, and pollution.
2803:Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni
482:, which is processed into the
13:
1:
5519:"Reports on past conferences"
5086:Kleiman, Dena (May 9, 1990).
3705:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105546
3593:
3438:
3167:
2784:Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni
2562:Agassiz 1844 ex Woodward 1889
5840:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102480
5642:Rogin, Raluca Elena (2011).
5517:Area, Jam (March 12, 2012).
2408:Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi
2159:Acipenser baerii baicalensis
504:
7:
5494:(in German). Archived from
4288:10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.02.017
3217:
2703:Scaphirhynchus platorynchus
589:Despite the existence of a
10:
8075:
5918:February 21, 2020, at the
5899:FishBase info on Acipenser
4947:10.1177/000313480907500306
4354:10.1038/s41598-020-57581-y
4091:PLOS Currents Tree of Life
4085:Betancur, Ricardo (2013).
3664:. University of Washington
3637:International News Release
3320:
3202:, where the free-swimming
2092:
688:Great sturgeon or beluga (
489:. This has led to serious
29:
7763:
7719:
7695:
7686:
7640:
7596:
7563:
7377:
7368:
7330:
7255:
7138:
7113:
7075:
7047:
6999:
6954:
6926:
6893:
6786:
6721:
6646:
6637:
6566:
6475:
6395:
6386:
6335:
6298:
6269:
6258:
6182:
6098:
6094:
6079:
6060:
6036:
6018:
6005:
5962:
5255:"Acipenser transmontanus"
4810:10.1007/s12264-011-1635-y
4634:Anderson, Rachel (2004).
3493:instead of the permitted
3341:TĂĽrkmenbaĹźy, Turkmenistan
3316:
2912:basin, especially in the
2279:Acipenser gueldenstaedtii
1961:
1944:
1937:
1920:
1913:
1889:
1882:
1860:
1853:
1822:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1760:
1753:
1731:
1714:
1679:
1662:
1655:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1567:
1543:
1536:
1512:
1505:
1452:
1430:
1423:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1352:
1335:
1328:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1247:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1032:
993:
968:
961:
951:
910:
890:
883:
873:
863:
831:
821:
789:
765:
758:
748:
692:) feeding on another fish
354:, which date back to the
225:
220:
141:Scientific classification
139:
126:
117:
41:
32:Sturgeon (disambiguation)
7490:A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
5668:Oxford Companion to Food
4189:. December 2016 version.
4181:"Order Acipenseriformes"
4179:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3561:
3540:. Under the law of the
3296:Interactions with humans
3230:Sturgeons are primarily
3081:Physical characteristics
7542:European sea sturgeon (
7323:sturgeon and paddlefish
5660:Davidson, Alan (1999).
5287:. Ebury Press, London.
5283:Clover, Charles. 2004.
4510:Acipenser baerii Brandt
4053:10.1073/pnas.1206625109
3994:10.1023/a:1013711919443
3959:10.1023/A:1007370213924
3732:Journal of Paleontology
3585:Encyclopædia Britannica
3474:, as a predecessor for
3118:. They also have four
2722:Scaphirhynchus suttkusi
2568:Acipenser transmontanus
2269:Acipenser gigantissimus
2067:The exact placement of
1140:, including the genera
1124:, including the genera
672:A young lake sturgeon (
615:evolutionary radiations
519:Yanosteus longidorsalis
497:status, at the edge of
452:female captured in the
438:heterocercal caudal fin
326:
3807:10.1139/cjes-2014-0052
3451:
3343:
3332:
3313:
3292:
3291:
3227:
3091:
2845:
2587:Acipenser tuberculosus
2192:Acipenser brevirostrum
1104:In currently accepted
585:Phylogeny and taxonomy
538:
7996:Paleobiology Database
7707:American paddlefish (
7661:Shovelnose sturgeon (
7481:A. oxyrinchus desotoi
7265:World fish production
6628:Principal commercial
4798:Neuroscience Bulletin
4620:, and Amur sturgeon,
4423:Burtzev, LA. (1999).
4224:10.3390/genes10010038
3446:
3386:Vancouver, Washington
3338:
3330:
3321:Further information:
3303:
3285:
3281:
3260:ampullae of Lorenzini
3225:
3088:
3051:A. baerii baicalensis
2908:coast, including the
2831:
2550:European sea sturgeon
2377:Fringebarbel sturgeon
2366:Acipenser nudiventris
2301:Acipenser medirostris
2130:Acipenser albertensis
517:
495:critically endangered
425:-age fossil found in
7892:Fauna Europaea (new)
7731:Chinese paddlefish (
7628:Amu Darya sturgeon (
7610:Syr Darya sturgeon (
7398:Shortnose sturgeon (
6540:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
4934:The American Surgeon
4903:Waldman, J. (2001).
4636:"Shortnose Sturgeon"
4622:Acipenser schrenckii
3522:Edward II of England
3043:Acipenser fulvescens
3022:, and other places.
2972:); in the rivers of
2848:Sturgeon range from
2747:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
2680:Scaphirhynchus albus
2558:Acipenser toliapicus
2482:Acipenser schrenckii
2395:Acipenser oxyrinchus
2338:Acipenser molassicus
2250:Acipenser fulvescens
2240:Acipenser eruciferus
2229:Acipenser cruciferus
2074:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
1182:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
1149:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
714:Scaphirhynchus albus
674:Acipenser fulvescens
643:molecular techniques
440:similar to those of
388:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
292:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
30:For other uses, see
7488:Atlantic sturgeon (
7461:Adriatic sturgeon (
7452:Japanese sturgeon (
7443:Sakhalin sturgeon (
7389:Siberian sturgeon (
6533:Protoscaphirhynchus
5831:2020JArSR..33j2480M
5544:"Sturgeon Spearing"
4877:2002JApIc..18..617S
4844:. October 7, 2011.
4842:"The Gulf Sturgeon"
4792:Herzog, H. (2011).
4759:Integrative Zoology
4642:on October 24, 2007
4583:"Atlantic Sturgeon"
4486:1999JApIc..15..157D
4443:1999JApIc..15..325B
4345:2020NatSR..10..722N
4044:2012PNAS..10913698N
4038:(34): 13698–13703.
3951:1997EnvBF..48...25B
3799:2014CaJES..51..677V
3752:10.1017/jpa.2020.80
3744:2021JPal...95..170H
3697:2023CrRes.14805546M
3685:Cretaceous Research
3485:The Jewish laws of
3405:habitat destruction
3077:) in the Ob basin.
3005:habitat destruction
2715:Shovelnose sturgeon
2518:Acipenser stellatus
2210:Acipenser dabryanus
1195:. 2019, Nedoluzhko
405:extinct in the wild
352:acipenseriform fish
332:Proto-Indo-European
239:Protoscaphirhynchus
7670:Alabama sturgeon (
7524:Chinese sturgeon (
7497:Persian sturgeon (
7470:Bastard sturgeon (
7427:A. gueldenstaedtii
7425:Russian sturgeon (
7407:Dabry's sturgeon (
7280:Fisheries glossary
7270:Commercial species
7260:Commercial fishing
6648:Large pelagic fish
6150:Bobasatraniiformes
5797:William Blackstone
5604:The New York Times
5417:on October 4, 2011
5137:10.7755/fb.116.3.1
5092:The New York Times
4910:The New York Times
4333:Scientific Reports
3556:Amalberga of Temse
3478:, and to preserve
3452:
3344:
3333:
3314:
3228:
3092:
3014:are being made in
2992:along the Russian-
2916:and the rivers of
2846:
2815:Amu Darya sturgeon
2777:Syr Darya sturgeon
2500:Acipenser sinensis
2461:Acipenser ruthenus
2443:Acipenser persicus
2348:Acipenser naccarii
2203:Shortnose sturgeon
1965:A. gueldenstaedtii
1156:, instead finding
539:
8024:
8023:
7983:Open Tree of Life
7757:Taxon identifiers
7748:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7682:
7681:
7652:Pallid sturgeon (
7533:Starry sturgeon (
7288:
7287:
7185:Freshwater prawns
7111:
7110:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6254:
6253:
6172:Saurichthyiformes
6161:Guildayichthyidae
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6056:
6055:
5724:978-0-203-86197-4
5681:978-0-19-211579-9
5554:on April 19, 2019
5498:on April 19, 2019
5358:"Related Species"
5265:on March 16, 2022
5007:on April 17, 2019
4589:on August 9, 2016
4568:978-0-88864-853-2
4535:978-0-226-24889-9
3918:on April 23, 2013
3897:978-1-4443-1190-7
3450:riding a sturgeon
3367:humorously called
3272:courtship display
3071:Siberian sturgeon
2824:Range and habitat
2812:
2793:
2774:
2755:
2734:
2712:
2693:
2670:
2649:
2626:
2612:
2592:
2576:
2563:
2547:
2526:
2508:
2493:Japanese sturgeon
2490:
2472:
2451:
2434:Atlantic sturgeon
2431:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2385:Acipenser ornatus
2374:
2359:Adriatic sturgeon
2356:
2343:
2330:Sakhalin sturgeon
2327:
2319:Acipenser mikadoi
2309:
2291:
2274:
2258:
2245:
2234:
2218:
2200:
2185:
2167:
2152:Siberian sturgeon
2149:
2135:
2124:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1842:
1841:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1637:(likely extinct)
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1267:
1266:
1199:. 2020, and Shen
1168:to form the most
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1016:
1015:
937:
936:
928:
927:
807:
806:
730:
712:Pallid sturgeon (
707:
300:
299:
216:
128:Atlantic sturgeon
48:Cenomanian–Recent
16:(Redirected from
8066:
8017:
8016:
8004:
8003:
7991:
7990:
7978:
7977:
7965:
7964:
7962:NBNSYS0000159295
7952:
7951:
7939:
7938:
7926:
7925:
7913:
7912:
7900:
7899:
7887:
7886:
7874:
7873:
7861:
7860:
7848:
7847:
7835:
7834:
7822:
7821:
7812:
7811:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7752:
7751:
7693:
7692:
7619:Dwarf sturgeon (
7553:A. transmontanus
7551:White sturgeon (
7454:A. multiscutatus
7434:Green sturgeon (
7375:
7374:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7292:
7291:
7133:
7126:
7119:
6701:southern bluefin
6691:Atlantic bluefin
6644:
6643:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6530:
6520:
6503:
6493:
6463:
6453:
6443:
6426:
6416:
6406:
6393:
6392:
6338:
6301:
6286:
6275:
6267:
6266:
6261:Acipenseriformes
6231:Plesiococcolepis
6185:
6169:
6158:
6147:
6137:
6126:
6115:
6104:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6081:
6080:
6016:
6015:
6007:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5964:
5963:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5904:Official website
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5842:
5810:
5804:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5743:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5665:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5550:. Archived from
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5410:. Archived from
5409:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5337:. April 19, 2019
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5301:
5295:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5261:. Archived from
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5124:Fishery Bulletin
5121:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5062:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5003:. Archived from
4992:
4986:
4985:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4949:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4871:(4–6): 617–620.
4856:
4850:
4849:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4754:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4631:
4625:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4556:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4519:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4480:(4–5): 157–163.
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4374:
4356:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4290:
4281:(5): 3511–3517.
4266:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4226:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4173:
4162:
4161:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4106:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4055:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3988:(1–3): 359–373.
3977:
3971:
3970:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3837:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3603:
3589:
3581:
3579:"Sturgeon"
3413:Alabama sturgeon
3409:Chinese sturgeon
3278:and struck her.
3256:electroreception
3112:vertebral centra
3063:A. transmontanus
2902:British Columbia
2876:, including the
2806:
2787:
2768:
2750:
2737:Alabama sturgeon
2725:
2706:
2690:R. E. Richardson
2683:
2665:
2639:
2620:
2603:
2590:
2571:
2561:
2539:
2536:Acipenser sturio
2521:
2511:Chinese sturgeon
2503:
2485:
2464:
2454:Persian sturgeon
2446:
2429:
2411:
2398:
2388:
2369:
2351:
2341:
2322:
2304:
2294:Russian sturgeon
2282:
2272:
2253:
2243:
2232:
2221:Yangtze sturgeon
2215:A. H. A. Duméril
2213:
2195:
2180:
2162:
2144:
2141:Acipenser baerii
2133:
2119:
1974:
1973:
1940:
1939:
1916:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1885:
1884:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1833:
1811:
1810:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1773:
1772:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1658:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1578:
1556:
1555:
1539:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1516:S. platorhynchus
1508:
1507:
1441:
1426:
1425:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1363:
1356:A. transmontanus
1331:
1330:
1317:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1258:
1236:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1138:Scaphirhynchinae
1114:Acipenseriformes
1087:
1064:
1050:
1041:
1025:
1007:
982:
971:Lepisosteiformes
964:
963:
954:
953:
919:
899:
886:
885:
880:Acipenseriformes
876:
875:
866:
865:
849:
824:
823:
798:
778:
761:
760:
751:
750:
741:
740:
732:
731:
709:
708:
685:
669:
531:Yixian Formation
527:Early Cretaceous
491:overexploitation
330:ultimately from
329:
314:
309:
308:
307:
211:
198:Acipenseriformes
149:
148:
122:
112:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8044:Commercial fish
8029:
8028:
8025:
8020:
8012:
8007:
7999:
7994:
7986:
7981:
7973:
7968:
7960:
7955:
7947:
7942:
7934:
7929:
7921:
7916:
7908:
7903:
7895:
7890:
7882:
7877:
7869:
7864:
7856:
7851:
7843:
7838:
7830:
7825:
7817:
7815:
7807:
7802:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7778:
7777:
7772:
7759:
7749:
7740:
7715:
7678:
7663:S. platorynchus
7636:
7612:P. fedtschenkoi
7600:
7592:
7559:
7515:Amur sturgeon (
7479:Gulf sturgeon (
7416:Lake sturgeon (
7400:A. brevirostrum
7364:
7326:
7319:
7289:
7284:
7251:
7190:Gilt-head bream
7134:
7128:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7107:
7098:Lobster fishing
7071:
7043:
6995:
6950:
6928:Other wild fish
6922:
6895:Freshwater fish
6889:
6782:
6717:
6696:Pacific bluefin
6633:
6626:
6596:
6587:
6568:
6552:
6471:
6382:
6331:
6294:
6278:Cylindracanthus
6263:
6250:
6178:
6088:
6067:
6052:
6032:
6001:
5969:
5968:
5958:
5953:
5920:Wayback Machine
5895:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5860:
5856:
5811:
5807:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5755:
5753:
5746:The Independent
5736:
5732:
5725:
5717:. p. 258.
5711:
5707:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5658:
5654:
5646:
5640:
5636:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5579:. Wisconsin DNR
5576:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5525:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5354:
5350:
5340:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5302:
5298:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5183:Washington Post
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5158:. July 23, 2010
5150:
5149:
5145:
5119:
5113:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5054:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4993:
4989:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4922:
4918:
4901:
4894:
4857:
4853:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4790:
4786:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4669:
4668:on May 22, 2018
4660:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4632:
4628:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4503:
4464:
4460:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4324:
4320:
4267:
4258:
4203:
4194:
4174:
4165:
4142:
4138:
4083:
4079:
4024:
4017:
3978:
3974:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3882:
3875:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3779:
3775:
3724:
3720:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3564:
3441:
3401:
3365:that they were
3325:
3319:
3304:The demand for
3298:
3293:
3244:pallid sturgeon
3220:
3170:
3083:
3047:Baikal sturgeon
2844:), 310–304 B.C.
2826:
2696:Pallid sturgeon
2529:Starry sturgeon
2182:A. M. Nikolskii
2170:Baikal sturgeon
2164:A. M. Nikolskii
2095:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1968:
1896:
1893:A. brevirostrum
1843:
1805:
1767:
1704:
1695:
1638:
1634:P. fedtschenkoi
1606:
1597:
1588:
1550:
1519:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1382:
1373:
1268:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1026:
1023:
1017:
938:
929:
834:Polypteriformes
808:
736:
733:
722:
717:
710:
698:
693:
686:
677:
670:
587:
550:actinopterygian
512:
507:
410:P. fedtschenkoi
391:. Two species (
348:Late Cretaceous
310:
305:
303:
210:
143:
130:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
27:Ray-finned fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8072:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8049:Apex predators
8046:
8041:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8005:
7992:
7979:
7966:
7953:
7940:
7927:
7914:
7901:
7888:
7879:Fauna Europaea
7875:
7862:
7849:
7836:
7823:
7813:
7800:
7785:
7769:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7727:
7725:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7703:
7701:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7667:
7658:
7648:
7646:
7643:Scaphirhynchus
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7625:
7616:
7606:
7604:
7601:scaphirhynchus
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7581:
7571:
7569:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7548:
7539:
7530:
7521:
7512:
7503:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7472:A. nudiventris
7467:
7458:
7449:
7440:
7436:A. medirostris
7431:
7422:
7413:
7404:
7395:
7385:
7383:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7295:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7275:Fishing topics
7272:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7144:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7103:Shrimp fishery
7100:
7095:
7090:
7088:Crab fisheries
7085:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6880:Smelt-whitings
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6816:Alaska pollock
6813:
6808:
6798:
6792:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:species groups
6625:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6547:Scaphirhynchus
6543:
6536:
6526:
6516:
6509:
6506:Engdahlichthys
6499:
6496:Anchiacipenser
6489:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6466:Pugiopsephurus
6459:
6449:
6446:Protopsephurus
6439:
6432:
6422:
6419:Paleopsephurus
6412:
6401:
6399:
6390:
6388:Acipenseroidei
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6340:Peipiaosteidae
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6326:Strongylosteus
6322:
6315:
6307:
6305:
6303:Chondrosteidae
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6289:Eochondrosteus
6282:
6270:
6264:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6245:Toarcocephalus
6241:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6189:
6187:Coccolepididae
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6165:
6154:
6143:
6133:
6122:
6111:
6099:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6026:Actinopterygii
6019:
6013:
6011:Actinopterygii
6003:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5988:
5986:Actinopterygii
5982:
5976:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5910:
5901:
5894:
5893:External links
5891:
5889:
5888:
5874:
5854:
5805:
5789:
5778:. June 3, 2004
5763:
5730:
5723:
5705:
5700:bluethread.com
5687:
5680:
5652:
5634:
5631:. ICPDR. 2020.
5616:
5590:
5565:
5535:
5509:
5480:
5454:
5428:
5396:
5374:
5348:
5322:
5296:
5276:
5246:
5221:
5210:. June 1, 2015
5195:
5169:
5143:
5130:(3): 219–227.
5104:
5078:
5043:
5018:
4987:
4969:
4940:(3): 220–222.
4916:
4892:
4851:
4833:
4804:(6): 422–429.
4784:
4746:
4734:
4708:
4679:
4653:
4626:
4609:
4600:
4574:
4567:
4541:
4534:
4514:
4501:
4458:
4415:
4403:
4386:
4318:
4256:
4192:
4177:Froese, Rainer
4163:
4152:(2): 165–223.
4136:
4113:2027.42/150563
4077:
4015:
3972:
3945:(1–4): 25–71.
3929:
3903:
3896:
3873:
3852:(6): 891–897.
3829:
3820:
3793:(7): 677–681.
3773:
3738:(1): 170–183.
3718:
3675:
3650:
3623:
3616:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3576:, ed. (1911).
3574:Chisholm, Hugh
3563:
3560:
3542:United Kingdom
3499:cycloid scales
3440:
3437:
3400:
3397:
3318:
3315:
3297:
3294:
3280:
3276:Suwannee River
3240:white sturgeon
3219:
3216:
3169:
3166:
3160:Sturgeons are
3082:
3079:
3067:Columbia River
3059:white sturgeon
2870:Gulf of Mexico
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2799:
2796:Dwarf sturgeon
2780:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2727:J. D. Williams
2718:
2699:
2662:Scaphirhynchus
2657:
2656:
2655:
2632:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2579:White sturgeon
2564:
2553:
2532:
2514:
2496:
2478:
2457:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2430:Mitchill, 1815
2422:
2391:
2380:
2362:
2344:
2333:
2315:
2312:Green sturgeon
2297:
2275:
2264:
2246:
2235:
2224:
2206:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2173:
2137:
2094:
2091:
2069:Scaphirhynchus
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1826:A. nudiventris
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1434:A. medirostris
1429:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1229:A. oxyrhinchus
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1178:Scaphirhynchus
1159:A. oxyrhinchus
1143:Scaphirhynchus
1112:and the order
1110:Actinopterygii
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
967:
962:
960:
952:
950:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
889:
884:
882:
874:
872:
864:
862:
856:
855:
852:
851:
830:
822:
820:
818:Actinopterygii
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
801:
800:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
764:
759:
757:
749:
747:
739:
738:
737:
734:
720:
718:
711:
696:
694:
687:
680:
678:
671:
664:
586:
583:
566:living fossils
546:Early Jurassic
542:Acipenseriform
529:(125–120 Mya)
523:Peipiaosteidae
511:
510:Fossil history
508:
506:
503:
461:bottom-feeders
381:Scaphirhynchus
356:Early Jurassic
316:
315:
298:
297:
296:
295:
288:
285:Scaphirhynchus
281:
274:
273:(paraphyletic)
266:
258:
255:Anchiacipenser
250:
247:Engdahlichthys
242:
234:
223:
222:
218:
217:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
188:Actinopterygii
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8071:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8027:
8015:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7810:
7809:Acipenseridae
7805:
7801:
7796:
7795:Acipenseridae
7790:
7786:
7781:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7765:Acipenseridae
7762:
7758:
7753:
7736:
7734:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:Polyodontidae
7685:
7675:
7673:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7659:
7657:
7655:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7556:
7554:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7517:A. schrenckii
7513:
7511:
7509:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7418:A. fulvescens
7414:
7412:
7410:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7370:Acipenseridae
7367:
7361:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7337:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7324:
7316:
7311:
7309:
7304:
7302:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7093:Krill fishery
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7083:Cod fisheries
7081:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7057:Sea cucumbers
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6865:Orange roughy
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6788:Demersal fish
6785:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6585:
6581:
6579:
6572:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6523:Priscosturion
6517:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6477:Acipenseridae
6474:
6468:
6467:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6429:Parapsephurus
6423:
6421:
6420:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6397:Polyodontidae
6394:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6257:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6219:
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5293:0-09-189780-7
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4723:. May 1, 1976
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4696:
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4618:Huso dauricus
4613:
4604:
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3654:
3643:September 19,
3638:
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3619:
3617:1-884964-98-2
3613:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3587:
3586:
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3575:
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3569:public domain
3566:
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3491:ganoid scales
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3464:clarification
3461:
3457:
3456:swim bladders
3454:Before 1800,
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3237:
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3103:cartilaginous
3100:
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3076:
3072:
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3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
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3040:
3039:lake sturgeon
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
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2899:
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2710:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
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2687:
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2677:
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2673:North America
2668:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:Huso dauricus
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2573:J. Richardson
2570:
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2462:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:Gulf sturgeon
2414:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2378:
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2363:
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2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2261:Lake sturgeon
2256:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:Acipenseridae
2102:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1955:
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1951:
1950:
1949:
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1941:
1935:
1934:
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1927:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1864:A. fulvescens
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
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1812:
1809:
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1803:
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1636:
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1621:
1620:
1614:
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1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
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1579:
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1560:
1557:
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1526:
1523:
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1517:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
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1489:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:A. schrenckii
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1283:
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1276:
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1272:
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1263:
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1259:
1257:
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1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:Acipenserinae
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1001:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
981:
976:
972:
966:
965:
959:
956:
955:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
933:
932:
924:
923:
920:
918:
914:
913:Polyodontidae
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
898:
894:
893:Acipenseridae
888:
887:
881:
878:
877:
871:
868:
867:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
848:
843:
839:
835:
829:
826:
825:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
803:
802:
799:
797:
793:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
777:
773:
769:
763:
762:
756:
755:Sarcopterygii
753:
752:
746:
743:
742:
719:
715:
695:
691:
684:
679:
675:
668:
663:
662:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:morphological
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:Maastrichtian
420:
419:North America
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
382:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Acipenseridae
341:
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
313:
302:
294:
293:
289:
287:
286:
282:
280:
279:
275:
272:
271:
267:
265:
264:
263:Priscosturion
259:
257:
256:
251:
249:
248:
243:
241:
240:
235:
233:
232:
231:Boreiosturion
227:
226:
224:
219:
214:
209:
208:Acipenseridae
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Acipenseridae
8026:
7764:
7732:
7720:
7708:
7696:
7671:
7662:
7653:
7641:
7630:P. kaufmanni
7629:
7620:
7611:
7597:
7585:
7576:
7564:
7552:
7543:
7535:A. stellatus
7534:
7525:
7516:
7507:
7498:
7489:
7480:
7471:
7462:
7453:
7444:
7435:
7426:
7417:
7409:A. dabryanus
7408:
7399:
7390:
7378:
7369:
7354:Osteichthyes
7215:salmon trout
6907:
6575:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6521:
6511:
6504:
6494:
6484:
6476:
6464:
6454:
6444:
6434:
6427:
6417:
6409:Crossopholis
6407:
6375:
6370:Stichopterus
6368:
6361:
6356:Peipiaosteus
6354:
6347:
6324:
6317:
6312:Chondrosteus
6310:
6287:
6276:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6170:
6159:
6148:
6138:
6127:
6118:Errolichthys
6116:
6105:
6062:
5990:
5879:. Retrieved
5864:
5857:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5775:
5766:
5754:. Retrieved
5745:
5733:
5714:
5708:
5699:
5690:
5667:
5655:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5607:. Retrieved
5603:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5568:
5556:. Retrieved
5552:the original
5547:
5538:
5526:. Retrieved
5522:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5496:the original
5491:
5483:
5471:. Retrieved
5467:
5464:"Who We Are"
5457:
5445:. Retrieved
5441:
5438:"Who we are"
5431:
5419:. Retrieved
5412:the original
5399:
5387:. Retrieved
5377:
5365:. Retrieved
5361:
5351:
5339:. Retrieved
5335:ScienceDaily
5334:
5325:
5313:. Retrieved
5309:
5299:
5284:
5279:
5267:. Retrieved
5263:the original
5258:
5249:
5237:. Retrieved
5233:
5224:
5212:. Retrieved
5207:
5198:
5186:. Retrieved
5182:
5172:
5160:. Retrieved
5155:
5146:
5127:
5123:
5095:. Retrieved
5091:
5081:
5069:. Retrieved
5064:
5034:. Retrieved
5009:. Retrieved
5005:the original
5000:
4990:
4981:
4972:
4937:
4933:
4919:
4908:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4836:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4765:(1): 74–82.
4762:
4758:
4737:
4725:. Retrieved
4720:
4711:
4699:. Retrieved
4694:
4682:
4670:. Retrieved
4666:the original
4656:
4644:. Retrieved
4640:the original
4629:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4587:the original
4577:
4552:
4544:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4477:
4471:
4461:
4437:(4–5): 325.
4434:
4428:
4418:
4389:
4336:
4332:
4321:
4278:
4274:
4214:
4210:
4184:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4035:
4031:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3916:the original
3906:
3886:
3849:
3845:
3823:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3636:
3626:
3607:
3601:
3583:
3553:
3546:
3515:
3507:Conservative
3501:. While all
3484:
3453:
3448:St Amalberga
3421:
3402:
3399:Conservation
3395:since 1998.
3390:
3375:
3371:
3363:Hudson River
3356:
3345:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3268:
3264:
3258:using their
3235:
3229:
3171:
3159:
3146:
3134:
3128:
3093:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3042:
3024:
3020:South Africa
3009:
3002:
2974:Central Asia
2954:Arctic Ocean
2914:Adriatic Sea
2882:St. Lawrence
2874:Newfoundland
2847:
2834:Panticapaeum
2801:
2782:
2763:
2758:Central Asia
2745:
2720:
2701:
2678:
2660:
2634:
2615:
2605:J. F. Brandt
2598:
2585:
2566:
2556:
2534:
2516:
2498:
2487:J. F. Brandt
2480:
2459:
2441:
2424:
2406:
2393:
2383:
2364:
2346:
2336:
2317:
2299:
2284:J. F. Brandt
2277:
2267:
2248:
2238:
2227:
2208:
2190:
2175:
2157:
2146:J. F. Brandt
2139:
2128:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2087:A. dabryanus
2086:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2066:
1963:
1962:
1946:
1945:
1922:
1921:
1891:
1890:
1862:
1861:
1824:
1823:
1800:
1799:
1762:
1761:
1735:A. stellatus
1733:
1732:
1716:
1715:
1683:P. kaufmanni
1681:
1680:
1664:
1663:
1632:
1631:
1569:
1568:
1545:
1544:
1514:
1513:
1454:
1453:
1432:
1431:
1408:
1407:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1336:
1310:A. dabryanus
1308:
1307:
1249:
1248:
1227:
1226:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1154:paraphyletic
1147:
1141:
1131:
1125:
1108:, the class
1103:
1033:
994:
969:
911:
892:
891:
832:
790:
766:
745:Osteichthyes
713:
689:
673:
657:
647:
639:paraphyletic
635:monophyletic
630:
626:
623:
588:
540:
518:
477:
465:river deltas
435:
408:
400:A. dabryanus
398:
392:
386:
379:
373:
370:paraphyletic
363:
343:
335:
318:
317:
290:
283:
276:
268:
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
207:
132:
36:
7918:iNaturalist
7789:Wikispecies
7709:P. spathula
7672:S. suttkusi
7621:P. hermanni
7577:H. dauricus
7526:A. sinensis
7508:A. ruthenus
7499:A. persicus
7463:A. naccarii
7360:Chondrostei
7352:Superclass
7049:Echinoderms
6956:Crustaceans
6723:Forage fish
6363:Spherosteus
6210:Condorlepis
6140:Neochallaia
6086:Chondrostei
6064:Chondrostei
6038:Chondrostei
5995:Actinopteri
5956:Chondrostei
5663:"Isinglass"
5462:Area, Jam.
5436:Area, Jam.
5421:December 6,
5310:Smithsonian
5030:"Sturgeons"
4701:October 28,
4672:October 28,
3549:Gribshunden
3511:Aron Chorin
3192:larval fish
3187:oxygenation
3179:photoperiod
3155:overfishing
3147:H. dauricus
3139:Caspian Sea
3099:Chondrostei
3055:impoundment
3012:aquaculture
2996:border, on
2986:Lake Baikal
2918:North Italy
2890:Mississippi
2878:Great Lakes
2850:subtropical
2840:peninsula (
2756:(native to
2671:(native to
2591:Probst 1882
2342:Probst 1882
2273:Nessov 1997
2233:(Cope 1876)
2082:A. sinensis
1948:A. sinensis
1802:A. ruthenus
1718:A. persicus
1666:P. hermanni
1547:S. suttkusi
1410:H. dauricus
948:Neopterygii
870:Chondrostei
860:Actinopteri
768:Coelacanths
654:bony fishes
633:genera are
570:temperature
484:luxury food
454:Volga Delta
407:, and one (
394:A. naccarii
340:common name
336:strĚĄ(Hx)yĂłn
323:Old English
312:fish portal
8033:Categories
7733:P. gladius
7445:A. mikadoi
7348:Vertebrata
7346:Subphylum
7062:Sea urchin
6224:Morrolepis
6203:Coccolepis
6196:Barbalepis
6129:Gualolepis
6047:see below↓
5825:: 102480.
5492:Startseite
4928:. (2009).
4646:August 23,
4593:August 26,
4339:(1): 722.
3691:. 105546.
3594:References
3518:royal fish
3480:parchments
3439:Other uses
3429:Iron Gates
3310:extinction
3168:Life cycle
3151:Amur River
3045:) and the
3027:anadromous
2990:Amur River
2894:California
2856:waters in
2709:Rafinesque
2505:J. E. Gray
2389:Leidy 1873
2324:Hilgendorf
2255:Rafinesque
2134:Lambe 1902
1456:A. mikadoi
996:Amiiformes
842:reedfishes
576:, lack of
558:Cenomanian
554:Cretaceous
499:extinction
458:anadromous
368:(which is
360:paddlefish
338:-) is the
8039:Sturgeons
7722:Psephurus
7544:A. sturio
7506:Sterlet (
7391:A. baerii
7380:Acipenser
7358:Subclass
7076:Fisheries
6941:Whitebait
6885:Toothfish
6711:yellowfin
6671:Swordfish
6486:Acipenser
6456:Psephurus
6377:Yanosteus
6349:Liaosteus
6319:Gyrosteus
6238:Sunolepis
5972:Kingdom:
5849:2352-409X
5756:April 19,
5625:"We Pass"
5609:April 19,
5583:April 19,
5558:April 19,
5528:April 19,
5502:April 19,
5473:April 19,
5447:April 17,
5389:April 19,
5367:April 19,
5341:April 19,
5315:April 19,
5269:April 19,
5239:April 19,
5214:April 17,
5188:April 17,
5162:April 17,
5097:April 17,
5071:April 17,
5036:April 17,
5011:April 19,
4727:April 22,
4363:2045-2322
4313:211555175
4297:0888-7543
4233:2073-4425
4217:(1): 38.
3815:0008-4077
3768:225158727
3760:0022-3360
3713:257863907
3460:isinglass
3212:main stem
3208:crustacea
3183:substrate
3162:polyploid
3149:) in the
3137:) in the
3135:Huso huso
3107:notochord
3075:A. baerii
3065:) in the
3035:estuaries
2982:Syr Darya
2978:Amu Darya
2854:subarctic
2842:Black Sea
2752:Nikolskii
2636:Huso huso
2609:Ratzeburg
2353:Bonaparte
2288:Ratzeburg
2244:Cope 1876
2116:Acipenser
1924:A. baerii
1251:A. sturio
1174:Acipenser
1165:A. sturio
1127:Acipenser
1116:are both
1035:Teleostei
828:Cladistia
792:Tetrapods
690:Huso huso
650:cladogram
627:Acipenser
599:ontogenic
595:phylogeny
578:predators
525:from the
505:Evolution
469:estuaries
403:) may be
365:Acipenser
270:Acipenser
213:Bonaparte
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
7816:BioLib:
7774:Wikidata
7698:Polyodon
7654:S. albus
7599:Pseudo-
7584:Beluga (
7575:Kaluga (
7342:Chordata
7336:Animalia
7334:Kingdom
7232:Scallops
7210:Atlantic
7029:Scallops
7001:Molluscs
6908:Sturgeon
6875:Rockfish
6828:flounder
6823:Flatfish
6806:Atlantic
6776:european
6756:Sardines
6751:Menhaden
6706:skipjack
6681:albacore
6656:Mackerel
6436:Polyodon
6217:Iyalepis
6107:Birgeria
5980:Chordata
5978:Phylum:
5974:Animalia
5916:Archived
5776:BBC News
5750:Archived
5067:(Report)
4964:33997325
4956:19350856
4846:Archived
4828:22108819
4779:22405450
4381:31959974
4305:32105795
4275:Genomics
4251:30634684
4186:FishBase
4131:23653398
4072:22869754
4002:11841180
3982:Genetica
3967:24961905
3868:12032245
3530:dolphins
3503:Orthodox
3378:poaching
3352:delicacy
3242:and the
3218:Behavior
3096:subclass
3031:spawning
2998:Sakhalin
2906:Atlantic
2886:Missouri
2880:and the
2642:Linnaeus
2541:Linnaeus
2466:Linnaeus
2413:Vladykov
2400:Mitchill
2371:Lovetsky
2121:Linnaeus
1571:S. albus
1106:taxonomy
958:Holostei
772:lungfish
660:, 2012.
574:salinity
535:Liaoning
319:Sturgeon
204:Family:
178:Chordata
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
42:Sturgeon
7780:Q181871
7586:H. huso
7340:Phylum
7325:species
7321:Recent
7247:Tilapia
7237:Seaweed
7225:chinook
7200:Oysters
7195:Mussels
7180:Catfish
7163:crucian
7153:bighead
7067:more...
7039:more...
7024:Oysters
7019:Octopus
7014:Mussels
7009:Abalone
6991:more...
6974:Lobster
6946:more...
6913:Tilapia
6870:Pollock
6855:Haddock
6833:halibut
6811:Pacific
6796:Catfish
6741:Herring
6736:Capelin
6731:Anchovy
6630:fishery
5984:Class:
5906:of the
5881:May 15,
5827:Bibcode
5782:May 17,
5629:We Pass
5208:NPR.org
4984:. 2015.
4982:Reuters
4873:Bibcode
4819:5560385
4721:govinfo
4482:Bibcode
4439:Bibcode
4372:6971001
4341:Bibcode
4242:6356338
4122:3644299
4063:3427055
4040:Bibcode
3947:Bibcode
3922:May 31,
3795:Bibcode
3740:Bibcode
3693:Bibcode
3668:May 30,
3534:England
3495:ctenoid
3487:kashrut
3476:gelatin
3359:Florida
3248:benthos
3232:benthic
3214:river.
3200:sloughs
3120:barbels
3016:Uruguay
2994:Chinese
2962:Yenisei
2930:Caspian
2862:Eurasia
2838:Crimean
2836:on the
2811:, 1877)
2809:Kessler
2792:, 1877)
2790:Kessler
2773:, 1872)
2771:Kessler
2731:Clemmer
2711:, 1820)
2692:, 1905)
2625:, 1775)
2475:Sterlet
2448:Borodin
2197:Lesueur
2104:Family
2099:Sterlet
2093:Species
2078:derived
1764:H. huso
1086:400 mya
1063:360 mya
1049:310 mya
1024:275 mya
1000:bowfins
838:bichirs
607:hybrids
537:, China
473:coastal
427:Morocco
415:Eurasia
221:Genera
194:Order:
184:Class:
8014:125424
7988:378907
7949:161064
7936:114136
7871:1ACPNF
7242:Shrimp
7205:Salmon
7173:silver
7158:common
7140:Farmed
6984:Prawns
6979:Shrimp
6860:Mullet
6848:turbot
6838:plaice
6686:bigeye
6661:Salmon
5872:
5847:
5721:
5678:
5291:
5259:PISCES
4962:
4954:
4826:
4816:
4777:
4565:
4532:
4379:
4369:
4361:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4249:
4239:
4231:
4129:
4119:
4070:
4060:
4010:569847
4008:
4000:
3965:
3894:
3866:
3813:
3766:
3758:
3711:
3614:
3528:, and
3526:whales
3433:Danube
3348:caviar
3323:Caviar
3317:Caviar
3306:caviar
3252:salmon
3196:oxbows
3143:kaluga
3131:beluga
3124:rostra
3116:scales
3090:arches
2984:) and
2970:Kolyma
2934:Danube
2932:Seas (
2928:, and
2888:, and
2754:, 1900
2744:Genus
2733:, 1991
2729:&
2688:&
2686:Forbes
2669:, 1835
2667:Heckel
2659:Genus
2652:beluga
2629:kaluga
2623:Georgi
2611:, 1833
2607:&
2597:Genus
2575:, 1836
2525:, 1771
2523:Pallas
2507:, 1835
2489:, 1869
2450:, 1897
2415:, 1955
2402:, 1815
2373:, 1828
2355:, 1836
2326:, 1892
2308:, 1854
2290:, 1833
2286:&
2257:, 1817
2217:, 1869
2199:, 1818
2184:, 1896
2166:, 1896
2148:, 1869
2123:, 1758
2113:Genus
1201:et al.
1184:, and
1136:, and
1118:clades
658:et al.
611:genera
603:clines
591:fossil
487:caviar
450:beluga
446:scutes
442:sharks
431:Africa
327:styrġa
321:(from
215:, 1831
8009:WoRMS
8001:63027
7931:IRMNG
7923:49825
7884:12011
7819:15444
7168:grass
7034:Squid
6969:Krill
6918:Trout
6771:Sprat
6761:Saury
6746:Ilish
6666:Shark
5991:Clade
5647:(PDF)
5577:(PDF)
5415:(PDF)
5408:(PDF)
5156:CITES
5120:(PDF)
5061:(PDF)
4960:S2CID
4691:(PDF)
4398:(PDF)
4309:S2CID
4211:Genes
4097:(1).
4006:S2CID
3963:S2CID
3764:S2CID
3709:S2CID
3662:(PDF)
3562:Notes
3538:Wales
3393:CITES
3174:spawn
2942:Volga
2938:Dnepr
2922:Black
2898:Idaho
2864:. In
2306:Ayres
1197:et al
1193:et al
1170:basal
7975:7900
7970:NCBI
7944:ITIS
7910:2947
7905:GBIF
7866:EPPO
7858:8302
7827:BOLD
7566:Huso
7220:coho
7148:Carp
6964:Crab
6903:Carp
6843:sole
6766:Shad
6676:Tuna
6639:Wild
6513:Huso
6024:see
5883:2017
5870:ISBN
5845:ISSN
5784:2018
5758:2019
5719:ISBN
5676:ISBN
5611:2019
5585:2019
5560:2019
5530:2019
5504:2019
5475:2019
5449:2019
5423:2010
5391:2019
5369:2019
5343:2019
5317:2019
5289:ISBN
5271:2019
5241:2019
5216:2019
5190:2019
5164:2019
5099:2019
5073:2019
5038:2019
5013:2019
4952:PMID
4824:PMID
4775:PMID
4729:2019
4703:2015
4674:2015
4648:2007
4595:2016
4563:ISBN
4530:ISBN
4377:PMID
4359:ISSN
4301:PMID
4293:ISSN
4247:PMID
4229:ISSN
4127:PMID
4068:PMID
4032:PNAS
3998:PMID
3924:2014
3892:ISBN
3864:PMID
3811:ISSN
3756:ISSN
3670:2014
3645:2015
3612:ISBN
3536:and
3497:and
3472:beer
3470:and
3468:wine
3417:IUCN
3236:Huso
3198:and
3069:and
2980:and
2966:Lena
2948:and
2946:Ural
2926:Azov
2896:and
2860:and
2646:1758
2600:Huso
2545:1758
2470:1758
2136:>
1186:Huso
1162:and
1146:and
1133:Huso
1130:and
975:gars
631:Huso
629:and
619:gars
572:and
467:and
421:. A
417:and
397:and
385:and
375:Huso
278:Huso
53:Preęž’
7957:NBN
7853:EoL
7845:5XM
7840:CoL
7832:840
7804:ADW
6936:Eel
6801:Cod
5835:doi
5672:407
5132:doi
5128:116
5001:OPB
4942:doi
4881:doi
4814:PMC
4806:doi
4767:doi
4561:–.
4490:doi
4447:doi
4367:PMC
4349:doi
4283:doi
4279:112
4237:PMC
4219:doi
4154:doi
4150:113
4117:PMC
4109:hdl
4099:doi
4058:PMC
4048:doi
4036:109
3990:doi
3986:111
3955:doi
3854:doi
3803:doi
3748:doi
3701:doi
3689:148
3466:of
3204:fry
2950:Don
2900:to
2872:to
2852:to
533:in
480:roe
8035::
8011::
7998::
7985::
7972::
7959::
7946::
7933::
7920::
7907::
7894::
7881::
7868::
7855::
7842::
7829::
7806::
7791::
7776::
5993::
5843:.
5833:.
5823:33
5821:.
5817:.
5799:,
5774:.
5748:.
5744:.
5698:.
5674:.
5666:.
5627:.
5602:.
5546:.
5521:.
5466:.
5440:.
5360:.
5333:.
5308:.
5257:.
5232:.
5206:.
5181:.
5154:.
5126:.
5122:.
5107:^
5090:.
5063:.
5046:^
5021:^
4999:.
4980:.
4958:.
4950:.
4938:75
4936:.
4932:.
4907:.
4895:^
4879:.
4869:18
4867:.
4863:.
4822:.
4812:.
4802:27
4800:.
4796:.
4773:.
4761:.
4749:^
4743:4.
4719:.
4693:.
4559:23
4488:.
4478:15
4476:.
4470:.
4445:.
4435:15
4433:.
4427:.
4406:^
4375:.
4365:.
4357:.
4347:.
4337:10
4335:.
4331:.
4307:.
4299:.
4291:.
4277:.
4273:.
4259:^
4245:.
4235:.
4227:.
4215:10
4213:.
4209:.
4195:^
4183:.
4166:^
4148:.
4125:.
4115:.
4107:.
4093:.
4089:.
4066:.
4056:.
4046:.
4034:.
4030:.
4018:^
4004:.
3996:.
3984:.
3961:.
3953:.
3943:48
3941:.
3876:^
3862:.
3850:19
3848:.
3844:.
3832:^
3809:.
3801:.
3791:51
3789:.
3785:.
3762:.
3754:.
3746:.
3736:95
3734:.
3730:.
3707:.
3699:.
3687:.
3635:.
3582:.
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