22:
453:
152:
877:), a neutral solute. Monosilicic acid remains in the bulk solution and play many roles in correcting the adverse effects of acidic conditions. In the bulk solution, the silicate anion is very effective in neutralizing H cations in the soil solution. While its mode-of-action is quite different from limestone, the ability of calcium silicate to neutralize acid solutions is equivalent to limestone as evidenced by its CCE value of 90–100% and its relative neutralizing value of 98%.
33:
3384:
802:. In that vessel, clean water will overflow for release, whereas settled metal precipitates (sludge) are recycled to the acid mine drainage treatment tank, with a sludge-wasting side stream. A number of variations of this process exist, as dictated by the chemistry of ARD, its volume, and other factors. Generally, the products of the HDS process also contain
971:. Generally, the wetlands receive near-neutral water, after it has been typically neutralized by a limestone-based treatment process. Metal precipitation occurs from their oxidation at near-neutral pH, complexation with organic matter, precipitation as carbonates or sulfides. The latter results from sediment-borne anaerobic bacteria capable of
127:
Historically, the acidic discharges from active or abandoned mines were called acid mine drainage, or AMD. The term acid rock drainage, or ARD, was introduced in the 1980s and 1990s to indicate that acidic drainage can originate from sources other than mines. For example, a paper presented in 1991 at
880:
In the presence of heavy metals, calcium silicate reacts in a different way than limestone. As limestone raises the pH of the bulk solution, when heavy metals are present, precipitation of the poorly soluble metal hydroxides is accelerated and the tendency for an impermeable metal hydroxide coating,
797:
after hydration) is dispersed into a tank containing acid mine drainage and recycled sludge to increase water pH to about 9. At this pH, most toxic metals become insoluble and precipitate, aided by the presence of recycled sludge. Optionally, air can be injected in the tank to oxidize iron(II) and
572:
Acid mine drainage also affects the wildlife living within the affected body of water. Aquatic macroinvertebrates living in streams or parts of streams affected by acid mine drainage show fewer individuals, less diversity, and lower biomass. Many species of fish also cannot tolerate the pollution.
978:
The attractiveness of a constructed wetlands solution lies in its relative low cost. They are limited by the metal loads they can deal with (either from high flows or metal concentrations), though current practitioners have succeeded in developing constructed wetlands that treat high volumes (see
852:
Less complex variants of this process, such as simple lime neutralization, may involve no more than a lime silo, a mixing tank and a settling pond. These systems are far less costly to build, but are also less efficient (longer reaction times are required, and they produce a discharge with higher
779:
Depending on the volume and flowrate of acid effluents to be neutralised and the scale of industrial installations, a commonly but more expensive commercial process for treating acid mine drainage is precipitation with lime in a high-density sludge (HDS) process. In this application, a slurry of
269:
At some mines, acidic drainage is detected within 2–5 years after mining begins, whereas at other mines, it is not detected for several decades. In addition, acidic drainage may be generated for decades or centuries after it is first detected. For this reason, acid mine drainage is considered a
581:
In a mining setting it is leading practice to carry out a geochemical assessment of mine materials during the early stages of a project to determine the potential for AMD. The geochemical assessment aims to map the distribution and variability of key geochemical parameters, acid generating and
532:(a specific offense under the Fisheries Act in Canada). The process also produces additional hydrogen ions, which can further decrease pH. In some cases, the concentrations of iron hydroxides in yellow boy are so high, the precipitate can be recovered for commercial use in pigments.
2102:
Zinck, J.M. and
Griffith, W.F. (2000). An assessment of HDS-type lime treatment processes – efficiency and environmental impact. In: ICARD 2000. Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. Vol II,
660:
Although abandoned underground mines produce most of the acid mine drainage, some recently mined and reclaimed surface mines have produced ARD and have degraded local ground-water and surface-water resources. Acidic water produced at active mines must be neutralized to achieve
912:
complexes with neutral or negative surface charges. These negatively charged colloids are electrostatically repelled by each other (as well as with the negatively charged calcium silicate granules). The sequestered metal colloids are stabilized and remain in a stable
84:
Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part of the rock weathering process but is exacerbated by large-scale earth disturbances characteristic of mining and other large construction activities, usually within rocks containing an abundance of
983:) and/or highly acidic water (with adequate pre-treatment). Typically, the effluent from constructed wetland receiving near-neutral water will be well-buffered at 6.5–7.0 and can readily be discharged. Some of metal precipitates retained in sediments are easily
166:, so water must be constantly pumped out of the mine in order to prevent flooding. When a mine is abandoned, the pumping ceases, and water floods the mine. This introduction of water is the initial step in most acid rock drainage situations.
2715:
2759:
716:
However, although limestone is an unprocessed raw material available in large quantities and the least expensive neutralisation agent, it can suffer from a number of disadvantages possibly limiting its applications. Indeed, small
390:
Either of these reactions can occur spontaneously or can be catalyzed by microorganisms that derive energy from the oxidation reaction. The ferric cations produced can also oxidize additional pyrite and reduce into ferrous ions:
2243:
Bless, Diana; Park, Brian; Nordwick, Suzzann; Zaluski, Marek; Joyce, Helen; Hiebert, Randy; Clavelot, Charles (1 December 2008). "Operational
Lessons Learned During Bioreactor Demonstrations for Acid Rock Drainage Treatment".
869:, can also be used to neutralize active acidity in AMD systems by removing free hydrogen ions from the bulk solution, thereby increasing pH. As the silicate anion captures H ions (raising the pH), it forms monosilicic acid (H
143:, or was originally acidic, but has been neutralized along its flow path, then it is described as "neutral mine drainage", "mining-influenced water" or otherwise. None of these other names have gained general acceptance.
2003:
Department of
Industry, Tourism and Resources - Managing Acid and Metalliferous Drainage: Leading Practice Sustainable Development Program for the Mining Industry (PDF) Australian Government handbook, 2007: pg 28 -
1034:
S or NaHS. Solid-liquid separation after reaction would produce a base metal-free effluent that can be discharged or further treated to reduce sulfate, and a metal sulfide concentrate with possible economic value.
467:
Organisms which cause acid mine drainage can thrive in waters with pH very close to zero. Negative pH occurs when water evaporates from already acidic pools thereby increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions.
885:, to form on limestone grains surface increases significantly. Limestone grains become coated by a rind of gypsum encapsulated itself in a thin external film of impermeable and protective Fe-Al hydroxysulfate.
2013:
P.J. Schmieder, J.R. Taylor and N. Bourgeot (2012), Oxygen
Consumption Techniques to Quantify Acidity Generation Rates, 1st International Acid and Metalliferous Drainage Workshop in China – Beijing 2012,
1615:
Mielke, R.E.; Pace, D.L.; Porter, T.; Southam, G. (2003). "A critical stage in the formation of acid mine drainage: Colonization of pyrite by
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans under pH-neutral conditions".
668:
In Canada, work to reduce the effects of acid mine drainage is concentrated under the Mine
Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) program. Total liability from acid rock drainage is estimated to be between
1129:
This list includes both mines producing acid mine drainage and river systems significantly affected by such drainage. It is by no means complete, as worldwide, several thousands of such sites exist.
1003:
might compromise the proper functioning and the safety of some constructed wetlands if during extremely hot summer period water supply decreases and evaporation accelerates causing them to dry up.
2733:
1101:
are directly sequenced from the environment. The nearly full genomic constructs allows new understanding of the community and able to reconstruct their metabolic pathways. Our knowledge of
2757:
556:. The elevated levels of heavy metals can only be dissolved in waters that have a low pH, as is found in the acidic waters produced by pyrite oxidation. In the coal belt around the south
1117:
sites for unique soil bacteria capable of producing new pharmaceutical leads. Soil microbes have long been a source for effective drugs and new research, such as that conducted at the
2650:
540:
Many acid rock discharges also contain elevated levels of potentially toxic metals, especially nickel and copper with lower levels of a range of trace and semi-metal ions such as
975:
sulfate ions into sulfide ions. These sulfide ions can then bind with heavy metal ions, precipitating heavy metals out of solution and effectively reversing the entire process.
1909:
598:
104:
can be highly acidic, and in such cases it is treated as acid rock drainage. These, combined with reduced pH, have a detrimental impact on the streams' aquatic environments.
592:
2852:
2581:
1073:, which forms highly insoluble precipitates with many toxic metals. Although promising, this process has been slow in being adopted for a variety of technical reasons.
2373:
Villegas-Plazas M, et al. (1 December 2019). "A composite taxonomical and functional framework of microbiomes under acid mine drainage bioremediation systems".
295:
Although a host of chemical processes contribute to acid mine drainage, pyrite oxidation is by far the greatest contributor. A general equation for this process is:
709:
that could contribute to neutralize acid effluents are lacking, or insufficiently accessible (too short contact time with acidic waters flowing too fast, too low
2797:
171:
2028:
128:
a major international conference on this subject was titled: "The
Prediction of Acid Rock Drainage – Lessons from the Database". Both AMD and ARD refer to low
2475:
Wang, X.; Elshahawi, S.I.; Shaaban, K.A.; Fang, L.; Ponomareva, L.V.; Zhang, Y.; Copley, G.C.; Hower, J.C.; Zhan, C.-G.; Kharel, M.K.; Thorson, J.S. (2014).
737:) surrounded by a thin impermeable and protective film of less soluble Fe-Al hydroxysulfate. This coating is sometimes referred to in the literature as an
1203:
2287:
Kefeni, Kebede K.; Msagati, Titus A.M.; Mamba, Bhekie B. (2017). "Acid mine drainage: Prevention, treatment options, and resource recovery: A review".
2528:
Wang, X.; Shaaban, K.A.; Elshahawi, S.I.; Ponomareva, L.V.; Sunkara, M.; Copley, G.C.; Hower, J.C.; Morris, A.J.; Kharel, M.K.; Thorson, J.S. (2014).
956:
award for water management and supply (treating AMD) has developed a patented ion-exchange process that treats mine effluents (and AMD) economically.
1118:
1996:
1552:
573:
Among the macroinvertebrates, certain species can be found at only certain levels of pollution, while other species can be found over a wide range.
1019:
995:), and it is very important that the wetland sediments remain largely and permanently submerged to maintain them insoluble and immobile. Prolonged
713:, insufficient contact…), at sites affected by acidic rock drainage. In such cases, crushed limestone can be dumped on site as neutralizing agent.
2967:
2716:"Blurring the Lines of Environmental Responsibility: How Corporate and Public Governance was Circumvented in the Ok Tedi Mining Limited Disaster"
638:
2682:
2045:
1326:
155:
In this case, the pyrite has dissolved away yielding a cube shape and residual gold. This break down is the main driver of acid mine drainage.
2802:
2322:
Tyson GW, et al. (4 March 2004). "Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment".
760:
2698:
2837:
2647:
1957:
Rasmussen, Keld; Lindegaard, Claus (1988). "Effects of Iron
Compounds on Macroinvertebrate Communities in a Danish Lowland River System".
2907:
2191:
654:
1917:
1346:
2792:
3273:
2217:
2143:
1906:
1601:
Gusek, J.J., Wildeman, T.R. and Conroy, K.W. 2006. Conceptual methods for recovering metal resources from passive treatment systems.
2067:
1772:
Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the Iron
Mountain Superfund site, California
3409:
1529:
767:, the positive impact of limestone application has been much less than anticipated because of the formation of a poorly soluble
2987:
2822:
853:
trace metal concentrations, if present). They would be suitable for relatively small flows or less complex acid mine drainage.
1038:
As an alternative, several researchers have investigated the precipitation of metals using biogenic sulfide. In this process,
2982:
2723:
2589:
2113:
1907:
RECOVERY OF MARKETABLE IRON OXIDE FROM MINE DRAINAGE, 2002 National
Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation
2879:
1514:
2621:
1785:
3414:
967:
systems have been proposed during the 1980s to treat acid mine drainage generated by the abandoned coal mines in Eastern
798:
manganese(II) and assist in their precipitation. The resulting slurry is directed to a sludge-settling vessel, such as a
41:
921:(formation of an impervious crust around material grains preventing their dissolution and decreasing their reactivity).
3268:
2015:
948:, the exchange sites on resins must be regenerated, which typically requires acidic and basic reagents and generates a
813:) and unreacted lime, which enhance both its settleability and resistance to re-acidification and metal mobilization.
439:
The net effect of these reactions is to release H, which lowers the pH and maintains the solubility of the ferric ion.
932:
processes have previously been investigated as a potential treatment for acid mine drainage. The principle is that an
3138:
2026:
1281:
1102:
279:
1659:
Blodau, C. (2006). "A review of acidity generation and consumption in acidic coal mine lakes and their watersheds".
1509:
1359:
2779:
Managing Acid and Metalliferous Drainage: Leading Practice Sustainable Development Program for the Mining Industry
908:
onto the metal hydroxide surface, the development of silica layers (mono- and bi-layers) lead to the formation of
621:
In the United Kingdom, many discharges from abandoned mines are exempt from regulatory control. In such cases the
3228:
3198:
3168:
2666:
1105:
remains rudimentary: we know of many more species associated with ARD than we can establish roles and functions.
292:
ions, is very complex, and this complexity has considerably inhibited the design of effective treatment options.
2942:
1890:
1321:
1271:. The area has both natural and mining-exacerbated acid drainage flowing into the Wrightman Fork, then into the
2786:
2729:
2610:
IMWA Symposium 2007: Water in Mining Environments, R. Cidu & F. Frau (Eds), 27–31 May 2007, Cagliari, Italy
1456:
521:. Other types of iron precipitates are possible, including iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, and sulfates such as
227:
3218:
3042:
3002:
1440:
2180:
M. Botha, L. Bester, E. Hardwick "Removal of Uranium from Mine Water Using Ion Exchange at Driefontein Mine"
1930:
Letterman, Raymond; Mitsch, William (1978). "Impact of Mine Drainage on a Mountain Stream in Pennsylvania".
1220:
525:. All these precipitates can discolor water and smother plant and animal life on the streambed, disrupting
487:
564:
highly acidic nickel-rich discharges from coal stocking sites have proved to be particularly troublesome.
3143:
1994:
1549:
1268:
21:
3283:
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1524:
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layer onto the surface of limestone chips, binding the material and preventing further neutralization.
510:
498:
1709:
1090:
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2043:
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for their ability to survive in harsh conditions, occur naturally in the rock, but limited water and
2842:
2832:
2972:
2872:
1519:
1436:
917:
state – effectively interrupting metal precipitation and reducing vulnerability of the material to
3243:
3183:
3110:
2952:
2778:
1573:
Ferguson, K.D. and Morin, K.A. The Prediction of Acid Rock Drainage - Lessons from the Database.
1291:
1241:
749:
742:
626:
3100:
3095:
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1216:
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that contains the pollutants in a concentrated form. A South African company that won the 2013
914:
509:
When the pH of acid mine drainage is raised past 3, either through contact with fresh water or
2195:
601:- Conducting oxygen consumption tests, such as the OxCon, to quantify acidity generation rates
2683:
McArthur River Mine: Toxic waste rock ongoing problem, security bond inadequate, report finds
2530:"Mullinamides A and B, new cyclopeptides produced by the Ruth Mullins coal mine fire isolate
1450:
1158:
940:(cationic resins), or chlorides, sulfates and uranyl sulfate complexes (anionic resins) from
710:
460:
Water temperatures as high as 47 °C (117 °F) have been measured underground at the
1874:
USGS > Pennsylvania Water Science Center > Coal-Mine-Drainage Projects in Pennsylvania
205:
greatly accelerate the decomposition of metal ions, although the reactions also occur in an
3309:
3120:
2382:
2331:
2296:
2253:
1966:
1840:
1797:
1721:
1668:
1625:
116:
90:
2221:
2147:
2078:
1873:
8:
3223:
3208:
3163:
2962:
2865:
1382:
1138:
1030:
Most base metals in acidic solution precipitate in contact with free sulfide, e.g. from H
980:
964:
901:
634:
514:
2386:
2335:
2300:
2257:
1970:
1844:
1801:
1725:
1672:
1629:
238:
is a sulfide mineral or is associated with pyrite. In these cases the predominant metal
3349:
3314:
3258:
3178:
3153:
2922:
2558:
2529:
2505:
2476:
2452:
2425:
2406:
2355:
2269:
1856:
1813:
1753:
1641:
1378:
1305:
933:
622:
461:
452:
159:
107:
The same type of chemical reactions and processes may occur through the disturbance of
2781:
Trove: Australian Government Dept. of Industry, Tourism and Resources handbook, 2007.
3388:
3173:
3070:
2917:
2782:
2667:
Jane Perlez and Raymond Bonner (2005): Below a Mountain of Wealth, a River of Waste.
2563:
2510:
2457:
2410:
2398:
2347:
2273:
1978:
1943:
1745:
1737:
1684:
1645:
1637:
1446:
1054:
1007:
829:
789:
718:
263:
108:
25:
2016:
http://earthsystems.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Schmieder-et-al-2012_OxCon.pdf
1860:
1817:
1757:
1733:
1680:
677:. Over a period of eight years, MEND claims to have reduced ARD liability by up to
3304:
3263:
3248:
3148:
3128:
2553:
2545:
2500:
2492:
2447:
2437:
2390:
2359:
2339:
2304:
2261:
1974:
1939:
1848:
1805:
1783:
1729:
1676:
1633:
1468:
1427:
1392:
1350:
1264:
1254:
1168:
1114:
1070:
862:
262:, is itself a copper-iron-sulfide and occurs with a range of other sulfides. Thus,
133:
86:
2394:
2308:
2117:
1121:, suggests these extreme environments to be an untapped source for new discovery.
3339:
3213:
2927:
2763:
2654:
2049:
2032:
2000:
1913:
1894:
1575:
Proceedings: Second International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage.
1556:
1363:
1276:
838:
807:
781:
768:
484:
480:
93:) may create acid rock drainage. In many localities, the liquid that drains from
28:
in Spain presents an acid drainage of both natural and artificial origin (mining)
2699:
Farmers 'disgusted' as proposal at abandoned central Queensland gold mine canned
1592:
INAP: The International Network for Acid Prevention. Accessed 23 September 2013.
1353:, Pennsylvania. Discharges 40–100 million gallons of acid mine drainage per day.
3364:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3299:
3238:
3133:
3065:
3007:
2992:
2937:
2817:
1589:
1401:
1374:
1258:
1162:
1098:
1046:
1000:
988:
937:
630:
561:
112:
37:
2265:
1716:. Bioremediation of Acid Mine Drainage: The Wheal Jane Mine Wetlands Project.
1550:
Natural acid rock drainage and its impact upon background metal concentrations
1069:
produced by organic matter oxidation, which can neutralize water acidity, and
139:
In cases where drainage from a mine is not acidic and has dissolved metals or
3403:
3022:
2947:
1786:"Negative pH and Extremely Acidic Mine Waters from Iron Mountain, California"
1771:
1741:
1603:
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD)
1464:
1423:
1367:
1272:
1142:
785:
151:
2065:
1774:
PNAS, vol. 96 no. 7, pp 3455–3462, 30 March 1999. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
3369:
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1614:
1481:
1460:
1396:
1315:
1287:
1247:
1146:
929:
476:
259:
210:
2442:
2192:"Constructed wetlands for treatment of mine drainage - Coal-generated AMD"
1484:
of New Zealand, considered to be the most contaminated site in the country
721:
grains of crushed limestone can be prone to the formation of a coating of
32:
3359:
3354:
3278:
3233:
3193:
3090:
2997:
1889:
Bucknell University > News, September 2007. Accessed 4 January 2012.
1504:
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1209:
1197:
1191:
1066:
1015:
753:
650:
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163:
98:
78:
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896:
dissolution and prevents the limestone grains from releasing additional
3324:
3188:
2888:
2848:
MiWER - Mine Water and Environment Research Centre (based in Australia)
2843:
World's Most Acidic Waters are Found Near Redding, California (pH -3.6)
2549:
1852:
1178:
1062:
1011:
968:
945:
941:
897:
703:
642:
495:
456:
Yellow boy in a stream receiving acid drainage from surface coal mining
218:
194:
89:. Areas where the earth has been disturbed (e.g. construction sites or
2496:
1809:
1387:
1124:
346:
The oxidation of the sulfide to sulfate solubilizes the ferrous iron (
3158:
3105:
2957:
1886:
1431:
1299:
1250:
1172:
799:
699:
553:
549:
529:
491:
472:
351:
198:
182:
175:
140:
101:
3085:
2977:
2912:
2582:"Overview of acid mine drainage impacts in the West Rand Goldfield"
2144:"The Use of Steel Slag in Acid Mine Drainage Treatment and Control"
1491:
1477:
1473:
1418:
1405:
1295:
1182:
992:
905:
522:
347:
167:
2066:
Hammarstrom, Jane M.; Philip L. Sibrell; Harvey E. Belkin (2003).
1784:
D. K. Nordstrom; C. N. Alpers; C. J. Ptacek; D. W. Blowes (2000).
111:
formed under coastal or estuarine conditions after the last major
3012:
2853:
Overview of acid mine drainage impacts in the West Rand Goldfield
1334:
1224:
1186:
1113:
Scientists have recently begun to explore acid mine drainage and
1050:
996:
909:
746:
706:
545:
479:
have pH under 5. However, a portion of mine drainage in both the
285:
206:
202:
186:
2648:
DMITRE Minerals >...> Former Mines > Brukunga mine site
270:
serious long-term environmental problem associated with mining.
217:
supplies usually keep their numbers low. Extremophiles known as
36:
Rocks stained by ferrous precipitate from acid mine drainage on
3027:
3017:
2068:"Characterization of limestone reacted with acid-mine drainage"
1340:
1094:
1058:
953:
803:
722:
526:
289:
255:
251:
214:
190:
74:
2827:
2527:
2372:
2321:
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2857:
2426:"A Historical Overview of Natural Products in Drug Discovery"
2218:"Overview of Passive Systems for Treating Acid Mine Drainage"
2194:. Wetlands for the Treatment of Mine Drainage. Archived from
1043:
984:
972:
949:
764:
604:
Modelling of oxidation, pollutant generation and release; and
557:
71:
665:
before discharge from a mine site to a stream is permitted.
234:
Metal mines may generate highly acidic discharges where the
2828:
PADRE – Partnership for Acid Drainage Remediation in Europe
2713:
1561:
866:
541:
535:
513:
minerals, previously soluble iron(III) ions precipitate as
247:
243:
94:
67:
2812:
1708:
Johnson, D. Barrie; Hallberg, Kevin B. (1 February 2005).
987:
and remobilised when exposed to atmospheric oxygen (e.g.,
924:
2114:"Overview of Acid Mine Drainage Treatment with Chemicals"
1006:
An example of an effective constructed wetland is on the
284:
The chemistry of oxidation of pyrites, the production of
239:
235:
193:, which is iron-sulfide) within the surrounding rock and
2847:
2807:
2474:
2242:
693:
3080:
2833:
The Science of Acid Mine Drainage and Passive Treatment
2714:
Marychurch, Judith; Natalie Stoianoff (4–7 July 2006).
856:
816:
A general equation for this neutralisation process is:
222:
129:
97:
stocks, coal handling facilities, coal washeries, and
741:(shield, encrustation, rim, rind…). When present, it
178:
are also an important source of acid mine drainage.
1956:
1887:
Professor paints a bright picture with 'yellow boy'
1125:
List of selected acid mine drainage sites worldwide
633:have provided some innovative solutions, including
2286:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1710:"Acid mine drainage remediation options: a review"
1099:microorganisms in the acid mine drainage community
1081:Many technologies exist for the treatment of AMD.
1025:
350:), which is subsequently oxidized to ferric iron (
2423:
1831:Lim, Kieran F. (2006). "Negative pH Does Exist".
1119:Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation
3401:
576:
266:are often major culprits of acid mine drainage.
16:Outflow of acidic water from metal or coal mines
2813:INAP – International Network of Acid Prevention
2054:
1929:
1707:
1322:The Irwin Syncline in Southwestern Pennsylvania
595:(e.g. acid-base accounting, sulfur speciation);
2622:"Old Forge borehole drains mines for 50 years"
2477:"Ruthmycin, a new tetracyclic polyketide from
1916:, Lexington KY, June 9–13, 2002. Published by
1108:
567:
517:, a yellow-orange solid colloquially known as
2873:
2619:
2137:
2135:
1476:, an abandoned mine on the western slopes of
1257:and 50,000 acres (200 km) in and around
1018:where highly ferruginous discharges from the
2689:, 21 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
2424:Dias, D.A.; Urban, S.; Roessner, U. (2012).
2189:
1590:Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide (GARD Guide)
1227:mining, have to deal with acid mine drainage
132:or acidic waters caused by the oxidation of
2808:IMWA – International Mine Water Association
774:
2880:
2866:
2707:
2132:
1920:, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502
1658:
231:is a key contributor to pyrite oxidation.
225:levels of abandoned mines. In particular,
2798:OrangeWaterNetwork.org (EPCAMR's Website)
2704:, 16 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
2613:
2557:
2504:
2451:
2441:
258:. The most commonly mined ore of copper,
649:and the constructed wetland next to the
536:Trace metal and semi-metal contamination
451:
150:
31:
20:
2823:Overview of chemical processes involved
2141:
1530:Environmental impact of iron ore mining
959:
925:Removal of toxic metals by ion exchange
136:, though ARD is the more generic name.
3402:
2818:INAP – Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1990:
1988:
1790:Environmental Science & Technology
1585:
1583:
1577:Sept 16 to 18, 1991, Montreal, Quebec.
181:After being exposed to air and water,
2861:
2803:Assessment of treatment methods (PDF)
2732:, Victoria, Australia. Archived from
2724:Australasian Law Teachers Association
1770:Nordstrom, D.K. & Alpers, C. N.:
1388:Davis Pyrite Mine in NW Massachusetts
900:in solution. In the calcium silicate
865:feedstock, made from processed steel
694:Neutralization with calcium carbonate
1515:International Mine Water Association
1084:
857:Neutralization with calcium silicate
464:, and the pH can be as low as −3.6.
209:environment. These microbes, called
2375:Journal of Environmental Management
1985:
1830:
1580:
1373:Copperas Brook Watershed, from the
42:Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
13:
3269:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
2620:David Falchek (26 December 2012).
2169:Calcium Silicon-Based Mineral CSA.
1605:, March 26–30, 2006, St. Louis MO.
745:the limestone surface, preventing
629:working with partners such as the
607:Modelling of material composition.
582:element leaching characteristics.
14:
3426:
3139:Agricultural wastewater treatment
2772:
2588:. 2 February 2009. Archived from
1282:Britannia Beach, British Columbia
1103:acidophiles in acid mine drainage
1091:large-scale sequencing strategies
280:Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
3383:
3382:
1714:Science of the Total Environment
1661:Science of the Total Environment
1638:10.1046/j.1472-4669.2003.00005.x
1510:Environmental issues with mining
1231:
1022:have been successfully treated.
447:
3199:Industrial wastewater treatment
3169:Decentralized wastewater system
2751:
2692:
2676:
2660:
2641:
2604:
2574:
2521:
2468:
2417:
2366:
2315:
2280:
2236:
2210:
2183:
2174:
2162:
2106:
2096:
2077:(18): 1710–1714. Archived from
2037:
2020:
2007:
1950:
1923:
1899:
1879:
1867:
1824:
1777:
1734:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.09.002
1681:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.05.004
1223:, both the product of open pit
1076:
1026:Precipitation of metal sulfides
501:before the drainage emanates.
197:generates acidity. Colonies of
122:
52:acid and metalliferous drainage
3410:Environmental impact of mining
2887:
2730:Victoria University, Melbourne
2246:Mine Water and the Environment
1764:
1701:
1695:
1652:
1608:
1595:
1567:
1541:
1457:Ok Tedi environmental disaster
904:, as silicic acid species are
228:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
1:
3219:Rotating biological contactor
2395:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109581
2309:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.082
2289:Journal of Cleaner Production
1833:Journal of Chemical Education
1564:. Accessed 23 September 2013.
1547:Dowding, B. & Mills, C,:
1535:
979:description of Campbell Mine
577:Identification and prediction
504:
146:
2726:– Refereed Conference Papers
1979:10.1016/0043-1354(88)90004-8
1944:10.1016/0013-9327(78)90055-1
1341:North Fork of Kentucky River
1221:Central German Lake District
944:. Once the contaminants are
616:
611:
599:Kinetic geochemical testwork
585:The assessment may include:
273:
115:, and constitutes a similar
7:
1498:
1269:Rio Grande County, Colorado
1109:Microbes and drug discovery
752:and the further release of
593:Static geochemical testwork
568:Effects on aquatic wildlife
162:often progresses below the
10:
3431:
3415:Water management in mining
3284:Wastewater treatment plant
3051:Adsorbable organic halides
2627:The Scranton Times Tribune
2586:Presentation to DG of DWAF
1525:Uranium acid mine drainage
1412:
1055:terminal electron acceptor
759:This might explain why at
688:
442:
277:
3378:
3292:
3119:
3056:Biochemical oxygen demand
3041:
2895:
2766:Accessed 6 December 2011.
2762:27 September 2007 at the
2673:Accessed 6 December 2011.
2657:Accessed 6 December 2011.
2266:10.1007/s10230-008-0052-6
1555:15 September 2014 at the
1488:West Coast mineral fields
1419:Brukunga, South Australia
1327:Pronto mine tailings site
1310:Shasta County, California
1152:
1132:
1040:sulfate-reducing bacteria
637:solutions such as on the
221:especially favor the low
1912:21 November 2008 at the
1520:Passive treatment system
1437:McArthur River zinc mine
1362:18 February 2020 at the
775:Neutralization with lime
681:, from an investment of
3244:Sewage sludge treatment
3184:Fecal sludge management
3144:API oil–water separator
3111:Wastewater surveillance
1932:Environmental Pollution
1876:Accessed 17 April 2012.
1275:, which flows into the
1242:Idaho Springs, Colorado
936:can remove potentially
627:Natural Resources Wales
488:regions of Pennsylvania
3101:Total suspended solids
3096:Total dissolved solids
3061:Chemical oxygen demand
1217:Lusatian Lake District
457:
288:ions and subsequently
156:
44:
29:
2968:Industrial wastewater
2789:Accessed 21 May 2016.
2443:10.3390/metabo2020303
2031:23 April 2008 at the
1357:Cheat River Watershed
711:specific surface area
702:rocks or appropriate
641:in the valley of the
490:is alkaline, because
455:
278:Further information:
172:mine waste rock dumps
154:
35:
24:
3310:Groundwater recharge
2793:AMRClearinghouse.org
2653:2 April 2011 at the
2075:Applied Geochemistry
1893:14 July 2014 at the
1265:The Summitville Mine
1089:With the advance of
965:Constructed wetlands
960:Constructed wetlands
117:environmental hazard
91:highway construction
66:) is the outflow of
3224:Secondary treatment
3209:Membrane bioreactor
3164:Constructed wetland
2963:Infiltration/Inflow
2387:2019JEnvM.25109581V
2344:10.1038/nature02340
2336:2004Natur.428...37T
2301:2017JCPro.151..475K
2258:2008MWE....27..241B
2224:on 6 September 2009
2142:Ziemkiewicz, Paul.
2048:4 June 2008 at the
1999:15 May 2013 at the
1971:1988WatRe..22.1101R
1885:Sam Alcorn (2007):
1845:2006JChEd..83.1465L
1802:2000EnST...34..254N
1726:2005ScTEn.338....3J
1673:2006ScTEn.369..307B
1630:2003Gbio....1...81M
1383:Ompompanoosuc River
1253:site, covering the
1139:West Rand Goldfield
981:constructed wetland
635:constructed wetland
515:iron(III) hydroxide
3389:Category: Sewerage
3350:Septic drain field
3315:Infiltration basin
3259:Stabilization pond
3179:Facultative lagoon
3043:Quality indicators
2923:Blackwater (waste)
2903:Acid mine drainage
2838:USGS Mine Drainage
2671:, 27 December 2005
2669:The New York Times
2550:10.1038/ja.2014.37
2381:(109581): 109581.
2190:André Sobolewski.
1853:10.1021/ed083p1465
1441:Northern Territory
1379:Strafford, Vermont
1306:Iron Mountain Mine
934:ion-exchange resin
623:Environment Agency
471:About half of the
462:Iron Mountain Mine
458:
160:Sub-surface mining
157:
109:acid sulfate soils
60:acid rock drainage
48:Acid mine drainage
45:
30:
3397:
3396:
3174:Extended aeration
3121:Treatment options
3071:Oxygen saturation
2918:Blackwater (coal)
2896:Sources and types
2739:on 7 October 2011
2497:10.1021/ol4033418
1810:10.1021/es990646v
1447:Mount Morgan Mine
1085:Metagenomic study
1065:products include
719:calcium carbonate
3422:
3386:
3385:
3305:Evaporation pond
3293:Disposal options
3264:Trickling filter
3249:Sewage treatment
3149:Carbon filtering
3129:Activated sludge
2882:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2767:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2680:
2674:
2664:
2658:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2592:on 13 March 2012
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2220:. Archived from
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2198:on 23 April 2015
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2171:Harsco Minerals.
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2146:. Archived from
2139:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2116:. Archived from
2110:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2072:
2063:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1965:(9): 1101–1108.
1954:
1948:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1905:Robert S Hedin,
1903:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1667:(1–3): 307–332.
1656:
1650:
1649:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1545:
1469:Papua New Guinea
1393:Hughes bore hole
1381:, impacting the
1351:Lackawanna River
1255:Clark Fork River
1169:Aznalcollar mine
1115:mine reclamation
1071:hydrogen sulfide
895:
863:calcium silicate
835:
795:
736:
684:
683:CA$ 17.5 million
680:
676:
672:
664:
499:neutralizes acid
435:
427:
426:
423:
386:
342:
334:
333:
330:
170:piles or ponds,
134:sulfide minerals
87:sulfide minerals
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3374:
3340:Reclaimed water
3288:
3214:Reverse osmosis
3115:
3037:
3003:Reverse osmosis
2928:Boiler blowdown
2891:
2886:
2775:
2770:
2764:Wayback Machine
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2681:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2655:Wayback Machine
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2526:
2522:
2473:
2469:
2422:
2418:
2371:
2367:
2330:(6978): 37–43.
2320:
2316:
2285:
2281:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2150:on 20 July 2011
2140:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2050:Wayback Machine
2042:
2038:
2033:Wayback Machine
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2001:Wayback Machine
1993:
1986:
1955:
1951:
1928:
1924:
1914:Wayback Machine
1904:
1900:
1895:Wayback Machine
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1829:
1825:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1657:
1653:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1557:Wayback Machine
1546:
1542:
1538:
1501:
1415:
1364:Wayback Machine
1312:, United States
1277:San Luis Valley
1234:
1155:
1135:
1127:
1111:
1087:
1079:
1033:
1028:
1001:climate warming
962:
930:Cation exchange
927:
894:
890:
876:
872:
859:
847:
842:
834:
830:
827:
823:
811:
794:
790:
777:
769:calcium sulfate
734:
730:
726:
696:
691:
682:
679:CA$ 400 million
678:
674:
670:
662:
619:
614:
579:
570:
560:valleys in the
538:
507:
450:
445:
434:
430:
424:
421:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
341:
337:
331:
328:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
282:
276:
149:
125:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3365:Surface runoff
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Sanitary sewer
3342:
3337:
3335:Marine outfall
3332:
3330:Marine dumping
3327:
3322:
3320:Injection well
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3300:Combined sewer
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:Settling basin
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Aerated lagoon
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Coliform index
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Sanitary sewer
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Produced water
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Combined sewer
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2774:
2773:External links
2771:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2706:
2691:
2675:
2659:
2640:
2612:
2603:
2573:
2544:(8): 571–575.
2520:
2491:(2): 456–459.
2467:
2436:(4): 303–336.
2416:
2365:
2314:
2279:
2252:(4): 241–250.
2235:
2209:
2182:
2173:
2161:
2131:
2120:on 24 May 2011
2105:
2095:
2084:on 5 June 2013
2053:
2036:
2019:
2006:
1984:
1959:Water Research
1949:
1922:
1898:
1878:
1866:
1823:
1796:(2): 254–258.
1776:
1763:
1700:
1694:
1651:
1607:
1594:
1579:
1566:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1478:Mount Te Aroha
1471:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1428:Papua province
1421:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:Gold King Mine
1399:
1390:
1385:
1375:Elizabeth Mine
1371:
1354:
1344:
1343:, Kentucky, US
1338:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1262:
1259:Butte, Montana
1245:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1213:
1207:
1204:Libiola's mine
1201:
1195:
1189:
1176:
1166:
1163:County Wicklow
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1107:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1047:organic matter
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:Whitworth mine
989:copper sulfide
961:
958:
926:
923:
892:
874:
870:
858:
855:
850:
849:
845:
840:
832:
825:
821:
809:
792:
776:
773:
732:
728:
695:
692:
690:
687:
631:Coal Authority
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
602:
596:
590:
578:
575:
569:
566:
537:
534:
506:
503:
475:discharges in
449:
446:
444:
441:
437:
436:
432:
428:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
388:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
344:
343:
339:
335:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
301:
275:
272:
148:
145:
124:
121:
113:sea level rise
38:Shamokin Creek
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3427:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Sedimentation
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Sewage sludge
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Cooling water
2946:
2944:
2943:Cooling tower
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Ballast water
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:sp. RM-27-46"
2533:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:Ok Tedi River
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Grasberg mine
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:West Virginia
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:Alamosa River
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:North America
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1143:Witwatersrand
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:, instead of
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:valley above
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
991:or elemental
990:
986:
982:
976:
974:
970:
966:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
922:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
888:
884:
878:
868:
864:
854:
843:
836:
819:
818:
817:
814:
812:
805:
801:
796:
787:
783:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
756:in solution.
755:
751:
748:
744:
740:
724:
720:
714:
712:
708:
705:
701:
686:
675:CA$ 5 billion
671:CA$ 2 billion
666:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:River Pelenna
636:
632:
628:
624:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
574:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
502:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
463:
454:
448:Effects on pH
440:
394:
393:
392:
357:
356:
355:
353:
349:
298:
297:
296:
293:
291:
287:
281:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:extremophiles
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
144:
142:
137:
135:
131:
120:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
39:
34:
27:
23:
19:
3370:Vacuum sewer
3254:Sewer mining
3204:Ion exchange
3154:Chlorination
3076:Heavy metals
3033:Urban runoff
2973:Ion exchange
2953:Fecal sludge
2902:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2734:the original
2722:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2668:
2662:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2625:
2615:
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:the original
2585:
2576:
2541:
2537:
2532:Streptomyces
2531:
2523:
2488:
2484:
2481:sp. RM-4-15"
2479:Streptomyces
2478:
2470:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2185:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2108:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2079:the original
2074:
2039:
2022:
2009:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1901:
1881:
1869:
1839:(10): 1465.
1836:
1832:
1826:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1766:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1624:(1): 81–90.
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1574:
1569:
1562:InfoMine.com
1548:
1543:
1482:Kaimai Range
1461:Ok Tedi Mine
1397:Pennsylvania
1316:Monday Creek
1292:Powell River
1248:Berkeley Pit
1147:South Africa
1128:
1112:
1088:
1080:
1077:Technologies
1037:
1029:
1005:
977:
963:
938:toxic metals
928:
918:
886:
882:
879:
860:
851:
815:
778:
758:
738:
715:
697:
667:
659:
620:
584:
580:
571:
539:
518:
511:neutralizing
508:
477:Pennsylvania
470:
466:
459:
438:
389:
345:
294:
283:
268:
264:copper mines
260:chalcopyrite
233:
226:
180:
158:
138:
126:
123:Nomenclature
106:
83:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
18:
3360:Storm drain
3355:Sewage farm
3279:Vermifilter
3234:Septic tank
3194:Imhoff tank
3091:Temperature
2998:Return flow
2988:Papermaking
2538:J. Antibiot
2430:Metabolites
2295:: 475–493.
2202:12 December
1720:(1): 3–14.
1505:Bioleaching
1494:, Australia
1453:, Australia
1443:, Australia
1331:Elliot Lake
1238:Argo Tunnel
1210:Spree River
1198:Odiel River
1192:Tinto River
1067:bicarbonate
1016:Port Talbot
1008:Afon Pelena
761:Cwm Rheidol
754:bicarbonate
750:dissolution
663:pH 6–9
651:River Neath
647:Port Talbot
246:but rather
242:may not be
219:acidophiles
176:coal spoils
164:water table
70:water from
3404:Categories
3325:Irrigation
3189:Filtration
2889:Wastewater
2787:0642725128
2743:6 December
1618:Geobiology
1536:References
1459:caused by
1451:Queensland
1349:borehole,
1318:, Ohio, US
1179:Wheal Jane
1012:River Afan
999:caused by
969:Appalachia
942:mine water
902:aggregates
898:alkalinity
889:slows the
743:passivates
704:calcareous
643:River Afan
530:ecosystems
519:yellow boy
505:Yellow boy
496:overburden
485:anthracite
481:bituminous
195:overburden
147:Occurrence
141:metalloids
99:coal waste
79:coal mines
3159:Clarifier
3106:Turbidity
2958:Greywater
2485:Org. Lett
2411:203592485
2274:108962729
2103:1027–1034
1938:: 53–73.
1742:0048-9697
1646:129323041
1432:Indonesia
1347:Old Forge
1300:Tennessee
1251:superfund
1212:, Germany
1173:Guadiamar
1165:, Ireland
1063:metabolic
915:dispersed
910:colloidal
800:clarifier
700:limestone
655:Ynysarwed
617:Oversight
612:Treatment
589:Sampling;
554:manganese
550:aluminium
492:limestone
473:coal mine
352:iron(III)
274:Chemistry
185:of metal
183:oxidation
26:Rio Tinto
3086:Salinity
2978:Leachate
2913:Bathroom
2760:Archived
2702:ABC News
2687:ABC News
2651:Archived
2633:18 March
2568:24713874
2515:24341358
2462:24957513
2403:31563048
2352:14961025
2154:25 April
2088:30 March
2046:Archived
2029:Archived
1997:Archived
1910:Archived
1891:Archived
1861:94970470
1818:95350834
1758:24245069
1750:15680622
1689:16806405
1553:Archived
1499:See also
1492:Tasmania
1474:Tui mine
1406:Colorado
1360:Archived
1337:, Canada
1296:Virginia
1294:system,
1284:, Canada
1219:and the
1183:Cornwall
1061:. Their
997:droughts
993:selenium
985:oxidised
973:reducing
946:adsorbed
919:armoring
906:adsorbed
887:Armoring
883:armoring
731:·2H
523:jarosite
415:→ 15 Fe
348:iron(II)
199:bacteria
187:sulfides
168:Tailings
3013:Septage
2559:4146655
2506:3964319
2453:3901206
2383:Bibcode
2360:4420754
2332:Bibcode
2297:Bibcode
2254:Bibcode
2228:13 July
2124:13 July
1967:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1798:Bibcode
1722:Bibcode
1669:Bibcode
1626:Bibcode
1480:in the
1413:Oceania
1335:Ontario
1225:lignite
1206:, Italy
1200:, Spain
1194:, Spain
1187:England
1175:, Spain
1171:on the
1095:genomes
1051:sulfate
1044:oxidize
1010:in the
881:termed
763:in mid
747:calcite
698:Often,
689:Methods
546:arsenic
494:in the
443:Effects
403:+ 14 Fe
374:→ 4 Fe
322:→ 2 Fe
286:ferrous
207:abiotic
203:archaea
189:(often
3387:
3028:Toilet
3018:Sewage
2983:Manure
2785:
2596:2 July
2566:
2556:
2513:
2503:
2460:
2450:
2409:
2401:
2358:
2350:
2324:Nature
2272:
1859:
1816:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1687:
1644:
1377:in S.
1333:area,
1288:Clinch
1153:Europe
1133:Africa
1059:oxygen
1049:using
1042:(SRB)
954:IChemE
831:Ca(OH)
804:gypsum
791:Ca(OH)
723:gypsum
707:strata
552:, and
527:stream
431:+ 16 H
419:+ 2 SO
326:+ 4 SO
290:ferric
256:nickel
252:copper
215:oxygen
191:pyrite
174:, and
68:acidic
58:), or
2933:Brine
2737:(PDF)
2719:(PDF)
2407:S2CID
2356:S2CID
2270:S2CID
2082:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
1857:S2CID
1814:S2CID
1754:S2CID
1642:S2CID
1159:Avoca
950:brine
844:+ 2 H
765:Wales
739:armor
645:near
558:Wales
407:+ 8 H
378:+ 2 H
370:+ 4 H
338:+ 4 H
314:+ 2 H
307:+ 7 O
300:2 FeS
254:, or
75:mines
72:metal
3274:UASB
2783:ISBN
2745:2011
2635:2013
2598:2014
2564:PMID
2511:PMID
2458:PMID
2399:PMID
2348:PMID
2230:2009
2204:2010
2156:2011
2126:2009
2090:2011
1918:ASMR
1746:PMID
1738:ISSN
1685:PMID
1408:, US
1370:, US
1302:, US
1298:and
1261:, US
1244:, US
1215:The
891:CaCO
867:slag
839:CaSO
808:CaSO
782:lime
727:CaSO
673:and
625:and
542:lead
483:and
433:(aq)
429:(aq)
417:(aq)
405:(aq)
376:(aq)
372:(aq)
361:(aq)
359:4 Fe
340:(aq)
336:(aq)
324:(aq)
248:zinc
244:iron
201:and
102:tips
95:coal
77:and
2554:PMC
2546:doi
2501:PMC
2493:doi
2448:PMC
2438:doi
2391:doi
2379:251
2340:doi
2328:428
2305:doi
2293:151
2262:doi
1975:doi
1940:doi
1849:doi
1806:doi
1730:doi
1718:338
1677:doi
1665:369
1634:doi
1267:in
1097:of
1053:as
873:SiO
786:CaO
653:at
413:(l)
401:(s)
396:FeS
384:(l)
368:(g)
363:+ O
354:):
320:(l)
312:(g)
305:(s)
240:ion
236:ore
64:ARD
56:AMD
40:in
3406::
3081:pH
2728:.
2721:.
2685:,
2624:.
2584:.
2562:.
2552:.
2542:67
2540:.
2536:.
2509:.
2499:.
2489:16
2487:.
2483:.
2456:.
2446:.
2432:.
2428:.
2405:.
2397:.
2389:.
2377:.
2354:.
2346:.
2338:.
2326:.
2303:.
2291:.
2268:.
2260:.
2250:27
2248:.
2134:^
2073:.
2056:^
2004:40
1987:^
1973:.
1963:22
1961:.
1936:17
1934:.
1855:.
1847:.
1837:83
1835:.
1812:.
1804:.
1794:34
1792:.
1788:.
1752:.
1744:.
1736:.
1728:.
1712:.
1683:.
1675:.
1663:.
1640:.
1632:.
1620:.
1582:^
1560:,
1490:,
1467:,
1463:,
1449:,
1439:,
1430:,
1426:,
1404:,
1395:,
1366:,
1329:,
1308:,
1240:,
1185:,
1181:,
1161:,
1145:,
1141:,
1093:,
861:A
837:→
828:+
824:SO
788:–
685:.
657:.
562:UK
548:,
544:,
422:2−
329:2−
250:,
223:pH
130:pH
119:.
81:.
50:,
2881:e
2874:t
2867:v
2747:.
2637:.
2600:.
2570:.
2548::
2517:.
2495::
2464:.
2440::
2434:2
2413:.
2393::
2385::
2362:.
2342::
2334::
2311:.
2307::
2299::
2276:.
2264::
2256::
2232:.
2206:.
2158:.
2128:.
2092:.
1981:.
1977::
1969::
1946:.
1942::
1863:.
1851::
1843::
1820:.
1808::
1800::
1760:.
1732::
1724::
1691:.
1679::
1671::
1648:.
1636::
1628::
1622:1
1290:-
1032:2
893:3
875:4
871:4
848:O
846:2
841:4
833:2
826:4
822:2
820:H
810:4
806:(
793:2
784:(
735:O
733:2
729:4
725:(
425:4
411:O
409:2
398:2
382:O
380:2
365:2
332:4
318:O
316:2
309:2
302:2
62:(
54:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
