107:
3266:
20:
775:
battle are "like brothers," making the
Achilles/Patroclus model useful for thinking about the intensity of Vietnam veterans' feelings of loss when their comrades fell beside them. Shay places a strong emphasis on the relationships that soldiers who experience combat together forge, and points out that this kind of loss has in fact often led to "berserking" of soldiers stunned with grief and rage, in a way similar to the raging of Achilles in the Iliad. Shay points out that a frequent
3050:
707:
642:
957:(Book XXIV), one discovers that Achilles' bones have indeed been placed in a vase with those of Patroclus, but also learns that Antilochus became closer than any other to Achilles following Patroclus' death, and that Antilochus' bones were also placed within the same vase, but separated from the bones of Achilles and Patroclus, which had been stirred together.
2176:
353:(the beloved). The age difference between partners and their respective roles (either active or passive) was considered to be a key feature. Writers that assumed a pederastic relationship between Achilles and Patroclus, such as Plato and Aeschylus, were then faced with a problem of deciding who must be older and play the role of the
860:
in fact situates avowals of reciprocal love between male friends in an honorable, even glamorous tradition of heroic comradeship: precisely by banishing any hint of subordination on the part of one friend to the other, and thus any suggestion of hierarchy, the emphasis on the fusion of two souls into
852:, which are approximately contemporary with the Iliad's composition. He argues that while a modern reader is inclined to interpret the portrayal of these intense same-sex male warrior friendships as being fundamentally homoerotic, it is important to consider the greater themes of these relationships:
563:
to the Greeks, argues that though Homer does not state it explicitly, educated people should be able to read between the lines: "Although (Homer) speaks in many places of
Patroclus and Achilles, he hides their love and avoids giving a name to their friendship, thinking that the exceeding greatness of
1030:
The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that
Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the Iliad never suggested that they had sex
632:
on their Asian campaign, Alexander honoured the sacred tomb of
Achilles and Patroclus in front of the entire army, and this was taken as a clear declaration of their own relationship. The joint tomb and Alexander's action demonstrates the perceived significance of the Achilles–Patroclus relationship
150:
The rage that follows from
Patroclus' death becomes the prime motivation for Achilles to return to the battlefield. He returns to battle with the sole aim of avenging Patroclus' death by killing Hector, despite a warning that doing so would cost him his life. After defeating Hector, Achilles drags
122:
realizes that
Achilles, due to his heroic reputation, needs to enter the fight, but Achilles, having been disrespected by Agamemnon, refuses. Agamemnon sends an envoy to change his mind. In Book IX (lines 225 to 241) the diplomats, Odysseus and Ajax, hear Achilles playing the lyre and singing all
774:
proposes readings of the Iliad that have been helpful and therapeutically useful for the healing of mental wounds in
Vietnam veterans, pointed out that their familial relationship in the Iliad must not be overlooked: Patroclus is Achilles' cousin and his foster brother; symbolically, comrades in
134:
Later on, the
Trojans continue their advance on the Greek allies' base and breach the defensive wall guarding their ships. Patroclus eventually dons Achilles' armor and scares the Trojans back as planned, and Patroclus also kills Sarpedon, a son of Zeus, but then Hector kills Patroclus. News of
1001:
There is certainly no evidence in the text of the Iliad that
Achilles and Patroclus were lovers. Those contemporary critics who see all literary instances of male affection for males as proof of "repressed homosexuality" have the same problem as other conspiracy theorists: their hypothesis is
126:
After more fighting, Nestor arrives back to the Greek allies base with a wounded soldier. Achilles sends
Patroclus out to speak with him. In Book XI (lines 786 to 804) Nestor reminds Patroclus that his father had long ago taught him that, although Achilles was nobler, he (Patroclus) was still
1546:, makes Achilles and Patroclus 'equals in age', though Poliziano curiously (and uncharacteristically) misparaphrases the relevant lines (which he then quotes), in which we are told that the two, as boys, simply acted the same age, though the latter 'fell far behind in strength'.
895:
has written that "There is certainly no evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers. Those contemporary critics who see all literary instances of male affection for males as proof of "repressed homosexuality" have the same problem as other
411:. Achilles publicly laments Patroclus' death, addressing the corpse and criticizing him for letting himself be killed. In a surviving fragment of the play, Achilles speaks of "the reverent company" of Patroclus' thighs and how Patroclus was "ungrateful for many kisses."
865:
According to Halperin, these extra-institutional relationships were of necessity portrayed by using the language of other, institutionalized love relationships, such as those of parent/child and husband/wife. This can explain the overtones in Book 19 of the
59:, where Achilles is tender toward Patroclus, but callous and arrogant toward others. Its exact nature—whether homosexual, a non-sexual deep friendship, or something else entirely—has been a subject of dispute in both the
564:
their affection is manifest to such of his hearers as are educated men." Most ancient writers (among the most influential Aeschylus, Plutarch, Theocritus, Martial and Lucian) followed the thinking laid out by Aeschines.
2171:
604:
around 200 BC. Aristarchus believed that Homer did not intend the two to be lovers. However, he did agree that the "we-two alone" passage did imply a love relation and argued it was a later interpolation.
2786:
127:
Achilles' elder, and therefore he should counsel and guide Achilles wisely so that perhaps he would finally enter the fight against the Trojans, but if not, then he himself (Patroclus) should don
2741:
2273:
385:. Specifically, according to Socrates: "Homer pictures us Achilles looking upon Patroclus not as the object of his passion but as a comrade, and in this spirit signally avenging his death".
666:
shows Achilles as heterosexual and having an exemplary platonic friendship with Patroclus. Medieval Christian writers deliberately suppressed the homoerotic nuances of the figure.
237:(often translated "most beloved") denoted a general type of love, used for love between family, between friends, a desire or enjoyment of an activity, as well as between lovers.
2865:
2727:
856:
The thematic insistence on mutuality and the merging of individual identities, although it may invoke in the minds of modern readers the formulas of heterosexual romantic love
2776:
2436:
2210:
2278:
912:
462:, the speaker Phaedrus holds up Achilles and Patroclus as an example of divinely approved lovers. Phaedrus argues that Aeschylus erred in claiming Achilles was the
2781:
823:(2011) is a coming-of-age story told from Patroclus' point of view, showing the development of a loving and sexual relationship between Achilles and Patroclus.
139:, which throws Achilles into deep grief. The earlier steadfast and unbreakable Achilles agonizes, touching Patroclus' dead body, smearing himself with ash and
436:
10.99–105 suggest that student and trainer had a romantic relationship, especially after Aeschylus' depiction of Achilles and Patroclus as lovers in his play
337:
between members of the same-sex, typically men, was a political, intellectual, and sometimes sexual relationship. Its ideal structure consisted of an older
2771:
2715:
1323:
405:
or protector (since he had avenged his lover's death, even though the gods told him it would cost him his own life), and assigned Patroclus the roles of
123:
alone with Patroclus. They both spring to their feet in surprise as the guests enter. After much talk, the embassy fails to convince Achilles to fight.
2565:
2431:
510:, had Socrates argue that Achilles and Patroclus were merely chaste and devoted comrades. Xenophon cites other examples of legendary comrades, such as
2664:
929:
3400:
2945:
2746:
2517:
779:
in veterans' grief for a companion is that companion's gentleness or innocence; similarly, while a warrior of great note, Patroclus is said in the
131:
to deceive the Trojans into thinking that Achilles had joined the fight, which should scare them away from their base and back to their own walls.
683:
portrays Achilles and Patroclus as lovers in the eyes of the Greeks. Achilles' decision to spend his days in his tent with Patroclus is seen by
3088:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
2892:
2477:
2441:
2489:
63:
and modern times. Homer never explicitly casts the two as lovers, but they were depicted as lovers in the archaic and classical periods of
2820:
2732:
2555:
2793:
2692:
1107:
2882:
2512:
2494:
2283:
275:
Homer, to be sure, does not portray Achilles and Patroclus as lovers (although some Classical Athenians thought he implied as much (
2887:
2467:
1779:
3405:
3013:
2761:
2697:
728:
2848:
2482:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2248:
1949:
87:, while some historians and classicists have disputed this, stating that there is no evidence for such an assertion within the
2917:
2288:
1915:
1845:
1572:
1525:
1454:
1344:
1308:
1054:
3323:
207:
meant "companion" or "comrade"; in Homer it is usually used of soldiers under the same commander. While its feminine form (
1583:, 1.176. This latter phrase is difficult: it probably means something like 'equal in the pursuits and ways of youth', and
2654:
2462:
2393:
1208:
3352:
3297:
3081:
2877:
2472:
2457:
2268:
2205:
2091:
1713:
1023:
836:
1689:
1657:
1502:
1424:
1278:
1247:
1162:
1119:
994:
754:
736:
3003:
2998:
2843:
2676:
3395:
3008:
2659:
2582:
2529:
2524:
2141:
1749:
1077:
924:
2860:
2644:
2545:
1730:
1100:
732:
424:
3346:
3074:
2855:
2649:
2609:
2560:
2381:
1584:
915:
argue that modern authors who identify the pair as homosexual ingeniously reinvent the Homeric text at will.
518:, who were renowned for their joint achievements rather than any erotic relationship. Notably, in Xenophon's
2870:
3315:
2572:
2550:
2376:
3265:
2912:
2766:
2669:
2577:
2388:
2316:
2233:
2200:
2055:
1145:
878:
328:
106:
3410:
3364:
2992:
2619:
2217:
2010:
1942:
874:(lines 287–300). Halperin maintained that Achilles and Patroclus had a non-sexual platonic friendship.
800:
presented Patroclus as a younger relative of Achilles, without any romantic or sexual aspects. (In the
257:
3111:
3066:
3415:
2927:
2361:
2332:
2306:
2050:
597:
617:
states that Achilles and Patroclus were either within the same age group, or acted as if they were.
422:'s comparison of the adolescent boxer Hagesidamus and his trainer Ilas to Patroclus and Achilles in
3385:
3274:
2753:
2629:
2253:
2156:
2065:
2045:
717:
340:
222:
64:
19:
889:
culture there existed a homosexuality that had not taken on the form it later would in pederasty.
2979:
2720:
2258:
2161:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2086:
1154:
721:
128:
3054:
2812:
2337:
2263:
2238:
2195:
2185:
2166:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2116:
2106:
2070:
2060:
2035:
1994:
588:, the father of Achilles. As such, Patroclus can be seen as a brother-like figure to Achilles.
118:
Achilles and Patroclus quarter together in a tent near their Greek allies fleet of ships. King
1562:
1443:
1239:
1044:
984:
2707:
2342:
2311:
2190:
2131:
2040:
2020:
2015:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1935:
1515:
1270:
1264:
1417:
Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West
1231:
3283:
3102:
2347:
2243:
2030:
2025:
1104:
819:
679:
506:
429:
373:
84:
8:
3097:
2904:
2835:
1558:
908:
870:
wherein Achilles mourns Patroclus (lines 315–337) in a similar manner used previously by
804:, it is explicitly stated that Patroclus was the older and more responsible of the two.)
687:(called Ulysses in the play) and many other Greeks as the chief reason for anxiety about
674:
663:
621:
531:
395:
468:
because Achilles was more beautiful and youthful than Patroclus (characteristics of the
3216:
2974:
1886:
1810:
1802:
1398:
1189:
934:
841:
573:
166:
in his own ascending scale of affection as dramatized by the entire composition of the
3390:
3148:
2985:
2950:
1911:
1907:
Who Killed Homer?: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom
1878:
1841:
1806:
1750:"From Muse to Material: The Defiance of Homeric Identity Through Creative Adaptation"
1709:
1685:
1681:
1653:
1649:
1568:
1521:
1498:
1450:
1420:
1390:
1340:
1304:
1274:
1243:
1232:
1158:
1115:
1073:
1050:
1019:
990:
897:
831:
450:
284:
268:
245:
202:
1890:
1415:
Percy, William Armstrong (2005) "Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities," in
1402:
147:. He also requests that when he dies, his bones be mixed with Patroclus' in a vase.
3198:
2825:
1870:
1794:
1677:
1645:
1382:
901:
659:
60:
260:
are pairs of comrades who gladly face danger and death for and beside each other.
2935:
2798:
1905:
1861:
Percy, William Armstrong (2005). "Reconsiderations About Greek Homosexualities".
1835:
1298:
1111:
882:
814:
3241:
2940:
1536:
throws in a unique example of a compromise view, reporting that the Roman poet
1300:
Heroes Masked and Mythic: Echoes of Ancient Archetypes in Comic Book Characters
892:
776:
92:
662:
interpreted the relationship through the lens of their own cultures. The post-
3379:
3188:
1958:
1672:
Shakespeare, William (1609), "Troilus and Cressida", in Muir, Kenneth (ed.),
1640:
Shakespeare, William (1609), "Troilus and Cressida", in Muir, Kenneth (ed.),
767:
649:
382:
305:
80:
1798:
1601:(1973) Age of Alexander, Life of Alexander. p. 294, Penguin Classics edition
1373:
Hubbard, T (2005). "Pindar's Tenth Olympian and athlete-trainer pederasty".
2614:
1882:
1394:
1088:
783:
by other soldiers and by Briseis the captive to have been gentle and kind.
241:
155:
111:
1874:
1386:
840:(and in other works) compares Achilles and Patroclus to the traditions of
428:
10.16–21 (476 BC) as well as the comparison of Hagesidamus to Zeus' lover
143:. He laments Patroclus' death using language very similar to the grief of
796:
625:
523:
492:, Patroclus, was so great that he would be willing to die to avenge him.
295:
133, 141–50)), but he also did little to rule out such an interpretation.
3341:
3163:
3096:
1193:
652:
601:
527:
144:
136:
38:
1002:
invulnerable to disproof; we have no way of knowing if they are wrong.
474:) as well as more noble and skilled in battle (characteristics of the
3290:
3251:
3246:
3231:
3206:
3158:
3138:
1542:
1533:
1096:
1069:
845:
613:
584:. After Patroclus killed a young boy in anger, Menoetius gave him to
577:
558:
554:
541:
535:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
406:
400:
354:
346:
338:
332:
321:
309:
289:
276:
230:
226:
216:
208:
200:
191:
185:
119:
72:
68:
56:
27:
706:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3178:
3173:
1598:
684:
581:
501:
378:
368:
348:
304:
In the 5th and 4th centuries BC, the relationship was portrayed as
52:
23:
641:
557:, at his trial in 345 BC, placed an emphasis on the importance of
3183:
3153:
3143:
1628:
Achilles: Paradigms of the War Hero from Homer to the Middle Ages
1537:
1234:
Sexuality in Greek and Roman Society and Literature: A Sourcebook
954:
871:
608:
515:
511:
327:
In Athens, the relationship was often viewed as being loving and
253:
249:
210:
140:
1927:
3168:
3133:
1610:
1150:
849:
585:
419:
317:
232:
3128:
1149:, third edition. Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, eds.
886:
313:
280:
175:
154:
Achilles' strongest interpersonal bond is with Patroclus. As
76:
48:
43:
636:
3120:
688:
629:
83:, have asserted that their relationship was homosexual or
1180:
Clarke, W. M. (1978). "Achilles and Patroclus in Love".
986:
The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind
79:. Some contemporary critics, especially in the field of
1706:
Of Muscles and Men: Essays on the Sword and Sandal Film
1497:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 6.
1016:
Alexander the Great : the story of an ancient life
861:
one actually distances such a love from erotic passion.
591:
135:
Patroclus' death reaches Achilles through Nestor's son
244:
that occurs elsewhere in Greek culture: the mythical
51:
describes a deep and meaningful relationship between
1564:
Masculine Plural: Queer Classics, Sex, and Education
1334:
37:
is a key element of the stories associated with the
480:). Instead, Phaedrus suggests that Achilles is the
240:Achilles' attachment to Patroclus is an archetypal
1731:"The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller – review"
1475:
1463:
1442:
1269:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp.
930:Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
596:Attempts to edit Homer's text were undertaken by
3377:
1031:with each other. (That came from later authors.)
904:; we have no way of knowing if they are wrong".
399:(5th century BC), assigned Achilles the role of
381:stated that Achilles and Patroclus was strictly
1018:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100.
978:
976:
974:
299:
1229:
3082:
1943:
1780:"How to do the history of male homosexuality"
1517:Deep Classics: Rethinking Classical Reception
1449:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 197–199.
1840:. University of Illinois Press. p. 40.
1754:Meliora: A Journal of Barnard English Theses
1674:The Oxford Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida
1642:The Oxford Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida
971:
170:, the highest place must belong to Patroklos
151:his corpse by the heels behind his chariot.
1903:
1671:
1644:, Oxford University Press, pp. 47–48,
1639:
735:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3089:
3075:
1950:
1936:
1904:Hanson, Victor Davis; Heath, John (2001).
1676:, Oxford University Press, pp. 24–5,
1557:
1339:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
1209:"Examining Greek Pederastic Relationships"
1007:
1787:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies
1230:Marguerite, Johnson; Ryan, Terry (2005).
989:. Harvard University Press. p. 223.
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
646:Achilles Lamenting the Death of Patroclus
637:Post-classical and modern interpretations
1837:Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece
1777:
1567:. Oxford University Press. p. 268.
1266:Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece
1175:
1173:
1171:
1042:
982:
640:
105:
18:
3401:Fictional LGBT characters in literature
1747:
1703:
1372:
807:
3378:
1729:Haynes, Natalie (September 29, 2011).
1728:
1513:
1481:
1469:
1206:
1179:
1046:Achilles in Love: Intertextual Studies
1013:
694:
174:In fact Patroklos is for Achilles the
3070:
1931:
1910:. Encounter Books. pp. 137–138.
1860:
1833:
1520:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 29.
1440:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1292:
1290:
1262:
1168:
567:
1587:may have taken it as inspiration ...
1296:
733:adding citations to reliable sources
700:
592:Other interpretations from antiquity
3014:History of LGBT animated characters
2437:Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora
881:, there are some scholars, such as
826:
13:
3298:Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye
1617:. p. 67, Penguin Classics edition.
1429:
1287:
837:One Hundred Years of Homosexuality
345:(lover, protector), and a younger
215:) would be used for courtesans, a
14:
3427:
1957:
3264:
3049:
3048:
3004:Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history
2999:Transgender Oral History Project
1238:. New York: Routledge. pp.
705:
16:Relationship in Classical Greece
3009:List of LGBTQ awareness periods
2556:Sexual orientation and medicine
1897:
1854:
1827:
1771:
1741:
1722:
1697:
1665:
1633:
1620:
1604:
1592:
1551:
1507:
1487:
1409:
1366:
1353:
1328:
1317:
1256:
1223:
1200:
925:Homosexuality in ancient Greece
393:Aeschylus, in his lost tragedy
221:was still a form of soldier in
98:
67:, particularly in the works of
3406:LGBT themes in Greek mythology
1682:10.1093/oseo/instance.00027413
1650:10.1093/oseo/instance.00027413
1626:King, Katherine Callen (1987)
1540:, in his unfinished epic, the
1495:Homosexuality and Civilization
1138:
1125:
1101:Johns Hopkins University Press
1082:
1063:
1036:
947:
885:, who believe that in Homer's
786:
669:
633:at that time (around 334 BC).
1:
3347:Trojan War in popular culture
1748:Leidich, Sarah (2021-04-28).
1335:Michelakis, Pantelis (2007).
1133:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
964:
456:
110:Achilles mourning Patrocles,
2377:List of years in LGBT rights
1704:Michael, Michael G. (2011).
1514:Butler, Shane (5 May 2016).
559:
549:
542:
536:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
407:
401:
388:
355:
347:
339:
333:
300:Classical views in antiquity
231:
217:
209:
201:
192:
186:
7:
2289:at Brigham Young University
1778:Halperin, David M. (2000).
1146:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1049:. OUP Oxford. p. 227.
918:
628:passed through the city of
576:, Patroclus was the son of
495:
362:
265:Oxford Classical Dictionary
10:
3432:
3365:Shakespearean problem play
1834:Percy, William A. (1996).
1615:The Campaigns of Alexander
1579:... and that Patroclus is
1441:Dover, Kenneth J. (1978).
1297:Wood, Christopher (2021).
1263:Percy, William A. (1998).
258:Harmodius and Aristogeiton
176:
3334:
3307:
3273:
3262:
3197:
3119:
3110:
3044:
2967:
2926:
2903:
2834:
2811:
2706:
2685:
2637:
2628:
2602:
2595:
2538:
2505:
2450:
2424:
2369:
2360:
2325:
2299:
2226:
2079:
2003:
1972:
1965:
1708:. McFarland. p. 46.
1581:par studiis aeuique modis
1493:Crompton, Louis (1993)
1337:Achilles in Greek Tragedy
1324:Xenophon, Symposium, 8.31
1303:. McFarland. p. 44.
1283:– via Google Books.
1252:– via Google Books.
1131:Johansson, Warren (1990)
1014:Martin, Thomas R (2012).
598:Aristarchus of Samothrace
414:
279:fragments 135, 136 Radt;
229:times. In ancient texts,
33:The relationship between
2432:South Asian and diaspora
1863:Journal of Homosexuality
1093:The Best of the Achaeans
983:Lane Fox, Robin (2011).
940:
902:invulnerable to disproof
443:
196:by far' (XVII 411, 655).
2980:GLBT Historical Society
2762:Spanish Second Republic
1799:10.1215/10642684-6-1-87
1207:Holmen, Nicole (2010).
1155:Oxford University Press
486:whose reverence of his
3396:Fictional LGBT couples
3360:Achilles and Patroclus
2742:Medieval Islamic world
900:: their hypothesis is
863:
658:Commentators from the
655:
648:(1855) by the Russian
500:Plato's contemporary,
331:. The Greek custom of
297:
198:
115:
35:Achilles and Patroclus
30:
2772:Democratic transition
1875:10.1300/j082v49n03_02
1419:, Binghamton. p. 19.
1387:10.1300/j082v49n03_05
1043:Fantuzzi, M. (2012).
854:
644:
273:
256:, and the historical
160:
109:
22:
3353:Troilus and Cressida
3324:Troilus and Cressida
3284:Troilus and Criseyde
3103:Troilus and Cressida
2566:in the United States
2442:African and diaspora
1561:(4 September 2018).
1559:Ingleheart, Jennifer
898:conspiracy theorists
879:William A. Percy III
820:The Song of Achilles
809:The Song of Achilles
729:improve this section
680:Troilus and Cressida
91:and criticize it as
26:bandages the arm of
3098:William Shakespeare
2993:Transgender History
2787:Zapatero government
2777:González government
1445:Greek Homosexuality
909:Victor Davis Hanson
772:Achilles in Vietnam
696:Achilles in Vietnam
675:William Shakespeare
664:classical tradition
622:Alexander the Great
85:latently homosexual
2975:LGBT History Month
2610:Conversion therapy
2249:Dominican Republic
1532:For good measure,
1110:2020-07-26 at the
1095:, second edition.
935:Nisus and Euryalus
842:Jonathan and David
656:
624:and his confidant
574:Pseudo-Apollodorus
568:Pseudo-Apollodorus
116:
31:
3411:Mythological duos
3373:
3372:
3260:
3259:
3064:
3063:
2986:Queers in History
2963:
2962:
2807:
2806:
2591:
2590:
2561:Same-sex marriage
2356:
2355:
1917:978-1-893554-26-9
1847:978-0-252-06740-2
1574:978-0-19-255160-3
1527:978-1-4742-6053-4
1456:978-0-394-74224-3
1346:978-0-521-81843-8
1310:978-1-4766-8315-7
1213:Inquiries Journal
1074:Against Timarchus
1056:978-0-19-162611-1
765:
764:
757:
293:Against Timarchus
269:David M. Halperin
246:Damon and Pythias
3423:
3416:Same-sex couples
3316:The Face of Love
3268:
3117:
3116:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3052:
3051:
2954:
2874:
2852:
2782:Aznar government
2750:
2736:
2724:
2635:
2634:
2600:
2599:
2367:
2366:
2274:before Stonewall
2180:
1970:
1969:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1809:. Archived from
1784:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1511:
1505:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1438:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1177:
1166:
1157:, 1996. p. 721.
1142:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1086:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1011:
1005:
1004:
980:
958:
951:
859:
827:Modern academics
760:
753:
749:
746:
740:
709:
701:
660:Classical period
562:
545:
539:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
458:
410:
404:
358:
352:
344:
336:
308:in the works of
248:, the legendary
236:
220:
214:
206:
195:
190:who is the most
189:
183:
182:
180:
173:
165:
65:Greek literature
61:Classical period
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3386:Achaean Leaders
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3330:
3303:
3269:
3256:
3193:
3106:
3095:
3065:
3060:
3040:
2959:
2948:
2922:
2899:
2868:
2846:
2830:
2803:
2767:Francoist Spain
2744:
2730:
2718:
2702:
2681:
2677:Medieval Europe
2624:
2620:Same-sex unions
2587:
2534:
2518:Catholic Church
2501:
2446:
2420:
2352:
2321:
2295:
2222:
2174:
2075:
1999:
1961:
1956:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1575:
1556:
1552:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1439:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1381:(3–4): 137–71.
1371:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1228:
1224:
1205:
1201:
1178:
1169:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1112:Wayback Machine
1087:
1083:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1026:
1012:
1008:
997:
981:
972:
967:
962:
961:
952:
948:
943:
921:
883:Bernard Sergent
857:
829:
815:Madeline Miller
812:
792:
761:
750:
744:
741:
726:
710:
699:
672:
639:
594:
570:
552:
498:
459:
446:
417:
391:
365:
302:
178:
171:
163:
129:Achilles' armor
104:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2932:
2930:
2928:Cross-dressing
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2883:United Kingdom
2880:
2875:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:Ancient Greece
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2478:United Kingdom
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2389:Firsts by year
2386:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2206:United Kingdom
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Czech Republic
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1896:
1869:(3–4): 13–61.
1853:
1846:
1826:
1770:
1740:
1721:
1715:978-0786489022
1714:
1696:
1690:
1664:
1658:
1632:
1619:
1603:
1591:
1573:
1550:
1526:
1506:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1455:
1428:
1408:
1365:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1316:
1309:
1286:
1279:
1255:
1248:
1222:
1199:
1188:(3): 381–396.
1167:
1137:
1124:
1105:online edition
1081:
1062:
1055:
1035:
1025:978-0521148443
1024:
1006:
995:
969:
968:
966:
963:
960:
959:
945:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
932:
927:
920:
917:
893:Robin Lane Fox
832:David Halperin
828:
825:
811:
806:
791:
785:
763:
762:
713:
711:
704:
698:
693:
671:
668:
638:
635:
593:
590:
569:
566:
551:
548:
526:and the young
497:
494:
445:
442:
416:
413:
390:
387:
364:
361:
301:
298:
103:
97:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3428:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:(Dryden play)
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2918:United States
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2893:legal history
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:United States
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:United States
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:United States
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2698:United States
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:in militaries
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Ancient Egypt
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Homosexuality
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2495:New York City
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:United States
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:South African
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:South America
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:United States
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:North America
2225:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:LGBTQ history
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1816:on 2016-12-20
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1691:9780198129035
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1659:9780198129035
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:9780674022331
1500:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1425:9781560236047
1422:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1363:fr. 135 Radt.
1362:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1280:9780252067402
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1249:9780415173315
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1163:0-19-866172-X
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1120:0-8018-6015-6
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:9780674060944
992:
988:
987:
979:
977:
975:
970:
956:
950:
946:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
916:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
877:According to
875:
873:
869:
862:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
833:
824:
822:
821:
816:
810:
805:
803:
799:
798:
789:
784:
782:
778:
773:
770:, whose book
769:
768:Jonathan Shay
759:
756:
748:
738:
734:
730:
724:
723:
719:
714:This section
712:
708:
703:
702:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
681:
676:
667:
665:
661:
654:
651:
647:
643:
634:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
615:
610:
606:
603:
599:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:According to
565:
561:
556:
547:
544:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
504:, in his own
503:
493:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460: 385 BC
454:
452:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
412:
409:
403:
398:
397:
396:The Myrmidons
386:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
367:According to
360:
357:
351:
350:
343:
342:
335:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:same-sex love
296:
294:
291:
287:
286:
282:
278:
272:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
235:
234:
228:
224:
219:
213:
212:
205:
204:
197:
194:
188:
177:πολὺ φίλτατος
169:
159:
157:
152:
148:
146:
145:Hector's wife
142:
138:
132:
130:
124:
121:
113:
108:
102:
96:
94:
93:unfalsifiable
90:
86:
82:
81:queer studies
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
45:
40:
36:
29:
25:
21:
3359:
3351:
3322:
3314:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3101:
3053:
2991:
2984:
2878:Nazi Germany
2754:Nazi Germany
2693:Nazi Germany
2655:Ancient Peru
2650:Ancient Rome
2615:LGBT erasure
1906:
1899:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1836:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1790:
1786:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1757:
1753:
1743:
1735:The Guardian
1734:
1724:
1705:
1699:
1673:
1667:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1594:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1553:
1541:
1531:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1444:
1416:
1411:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1319:
1299:
1265:
1258:
1233:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1185:
1181:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1092:
1089:Gregory Nagy
1084:
1065:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1000:
985:
949:
907:Classicists
906:
891:
876:
867:
864:
855:
835:
830:
818:
813:
808:
801:
795:
793:
787:
780:
771:
766:
751:
742:
727:Please help
715:
695:
678:
673:
657:
645:
619:
612:
607:
595:
571:
560:paiderasteia
553:
519:
505:
499:
449:
447:
437:
433:
423:
418:
394:
392:
372:
366:
334:paiderasteia
326:
303:
292:
283:
274:
264:
262:
239:
199:
167:
162:For Achilles
161:
158:points out:
156:Gregory Nagy
153:
149:
133:
125:
117:
112:John Flaxman
100:
88:
42:
34:
32:
3308:Adaptations
2949: [
2869: [
2847: [
2836:Transgender
2813:Bisexuality
2745: [
2731: [
2719: [
2583:Transgender
2317:New Zealand
2201:Switzerland
2175: [
2142:Netherlands
2056:South Korea
1630:, Berkeley.
1482:Clarke 1978
1470:Holmen 2010
1078:Section 133
955:The Odyssey
745:August 2023
670:Shakespeare
626:Hephaestion
534:are called
522:, the host
448:In Plato's
288:179e–180b;
223:Hellenistic
3380:Categories
3342:Trojan War
3327:(1981, TV)
3319:(1954, TV)
3164:Andromache
3112:Characters
2728:immigrants
2638:Pre-modern
2546:Journalism
2483:Manchester
2218:Yugoslavia
2011:Bangladesh
1966:By regions
1820:2016-12-09
1793:: 87–124.
1764:2022-03-21
1585:Bainbrigge
1103:. p. 105 (
965:References
913:John Heath
653:Nikolai Ge
602:Alexandria
528:pankration
329:pederastic
137:Antilochus
39:Trojan War
3291:Troy Book
3252:Myrmidons
3247:Thersites
3232:Patroclus
3207:Agamemnon
3159:Cassandra
3139:Deiphobus
2844:Argentina
2670:pederasty
2513:Christian
2506:Religious
2370:By period
2362:Timelines
2333:Argentina
2307:Australia
2051:Singapore
1807:145019034
1543:Achilleid
1534:Poliziano
1375:J Homosex
1361:Myrmidons
1097:Baltimore
1070:Aeschines
846:Gilgamesh
794:The film
716:does not
614:Achilleid
578:Menoetius
555:Aeschines
550:Aeschines
532:Autolycos
520:Symposium
507:Symposium
451:Symposium
438:Myrmidons
389:Aeschylus
374:Symposium
322:Aeschines
310:Aeschylus
290:Aeschines
285:Symposium
277:Aeschylus
242:male bond
227:Byzantine
120:Agamemnon
73:Aeschines
69:Aeschylus
57:Patroclus
41:. In the
28:Patroclus
3391:Achilles
3237:Diomedes
3227:Achilles
3212:Menelaus
3179:Cressida
3174:Pandarus
3055:Category
2905:Intersex
2708:Lesbians
2596:By topic
2573:Intersex
2551:Policing
2458:Canadian
2400:Century
2279:violence
2254:Honduras
2211:violence
2172:violence
2157:Portugal
2066:Thailand
2046:Pakistan
1891:20548741
1883:16338889
1613:(1958).
1599:Plutarch
1403:27221686
1395:16338892
1108:Archived
953:Reading
919:See also
685:Odysseus
677:'s play
582:Polymele
543:eromenos
502:Xenophon
496:Xenophon
483:eromenos
471:eromenos
455:written
434:Olympian
430:Ganymede
425:Olympian
408:eromenos
383:platonic
379:Socrates
369:Xenophon
363:Socrates
349:eromenos
271:writes:
218:hetaîros
203:Hetaîros
187:hetaîros
53:Achilles
24:Achilles
3335:Related
3275:Sources
3222:Ulysses
3184:Calchas
3154:Troilus
3144:Helenus
3121:Trojans
2968:Related
2913:Surgery
2861:Finland
2826:Erasure
2799:Erasure
2686:Gay men
2603:General
2578:Asexual
2539:Topical
2463:Germany
2300:Oceania
2259:Jamaica
2234:Bahamas
2162:Romania
2127:Ireland
2122:Hungary
2112:Germany
2102:Finland
2097:Denmark
2087:Belgium
1538:Statius
1359:Aesch.
1219:(2): 1.
1194:4476069
1091:(1999)
872:Briseis
737:removed
722:sources
650:realist
611:in the
609:Statius
537:erastes
530:victor
524:Kallias
516:Pylades
512:Orestes
489:erastes
477:erastes
465:erastes
402:erastes
356:erastes
341:erastes
263:In the
254:Pylades
250:Orestes
211:hetaîra
184:— the '
181:ἑταῖρος
141:fasting
114:, 1795.
99:In the
3217:Nestor
3199:Greeks
3169:Aeneas
3134:Hector
2946:France
2941:Africa
2866:France
2856:Brazil
2758:Spain
2716:France
2530:Mormon
2525:Jewish
2473:Turkey
2451:Region
2425:Ethnic
2338:Brazil
2284:places
2264:Mexico
2239:Canada
2196:Sweden
2186:Serbia
2167:Russia
2152:Poland
2147:Norway
2137:Latvia
2117:Greece
2107:France
2080:Europe
2071:Turkey
2061:Taiwan
2036:Israel
1995:Uganda
1973:Africa
1914:
1889:
1881:
1844:
1805:
1712:
1688:
1656:
1611:Arrian
1571:
1524:
1501:
1453:
1423:
1401:
1393:
1343:
1307:
1277:
1246:
1192:
1182:Hermes
1161:
1151:Oxford
1135:, U.S.
1118:
1053:
1022:
993:
887:Ionian
858:
850:Enkidu
844:, and
790:(2004)
586:Peleus
420:Pindar
415:Pindar
320:, and
318:Pindar
233:philos
193:phílos
179:
172:
164:
3189:Helen
3149:Paris
3129:Priam
3034:2020s
3029:2010s
3024:2000s
3019:1990s
2953:]
2873:]
2851:]
2749:]
2735:]
2723:]
2394:2010s
2382:table
2343:Chile
2312:Nauru
2191:Spain
2179:]
2132:Italy
2041:Nepal
2021:India
2016:China
1990:Sudan
1985:Niger
1980:Kenya
1887:S2CID
1814:(PDF)
1803:S2CID
1783:(PDF)
1399:S2CID
1190:JSTOR
941:Notes
868:Iliad
802:Iliad
781:Iliad
777:topos
620:When
444:Plato
314:Plato
281:Plato
168:Iliad
101:Iliad
89:Iliad
77:Plato
49:Homer
44:Iliad
3242:Ajax
2936:Drag
2414:21st
2409:20th
2404:19th
2348:Peru
2244:Cuba
2031:Iraq
2026:Iran
2004:Asia
1912:ISBN
1879:PMID
1842:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1391:PMID
1341:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1020:ISBN
991:ISBN
911:and
848:and
797:Troy
788:Troy
720:any
718:cite
689:Troy
630:Troy
580:and
540:and
514:and
252:and
225:and
75:and
55:and
3100:'s
1871:doi
1795:doi
1760:(1)
1678:doi
1646:doi
1383:doi
1186:106
1114:).
1076:",
1072:. "
834:in
817:'s
731:by
600:in
432:in
371:'s
3382::
2951:fr
2871:fr
2849:es
2747:fr
2733:fr
2721:fr
2177:ru
1885:.
1877:.
1867:49
1865:.
1801:.
1789:.
1785:.
1756:.
1752:.
1733:.
1684:,
1652:,
1577:.
1530:.
1431:^
1397:.
1389:.
1379:49
1377:.
1289:^
1273:.
1271:39
1242:.
1215:.
1211:.
1184:.
1170:^
1153::
1099::
1028:.
999:.
973:^
691:.
546:.
457:c.
440:.
377:,
359:.
324:.
316:,
312:,
267:,
95:.
71:,
3090:e
3083:t
3076:v
1951:e
1944:t
1937:v
1920:.
1893:.
1873::
1850:.
1823:.
1797::
1791:6
1767:.
1758:1
1737:.
1718:.
1680::
1648::
1484:.
1472:.
1459:.
1405:.
1385::
1349:.
1313:.
1240:3
1217:2
1196:.
1165:.
1122:.
1059:.
758:)
752:(
747:)
743:(
739:.
725:.
453:,
46:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_Flaxman_Ilias_1795,_Zeichnung_1793,_189_x_284_mm.jpg)