2760:
two pregnancy tests, two kinds of contraception, and for doctors to provide pharmacists with prescriptions directly; providing additional educational materials, and providing free pregnancy tests. The FDA had another advisory meeting in late 2000 that again debated how to prevent pregnant women from being exposed to the drug; dermatologists testified about the remarkable efficacy of the drug, the psychological impact of acne, and demanded autonomy to prescribe the drug; others argued that the drug be withdrawn or much stricter measures be taken. In 2001 the FDA announced a new regulatory scheme called SMART (the System to Manage
Accutane Related Teratogenicity) that required Roche to provide defined training materials to doctors, and for doctors to sign and return a letter to Roche acknowledging that they had reviewed the training materials, for Roche to then send stickers to doctors, which doctors would have to place on prescriptions they give people after they have confirmed a negative pregnancy test; prescriptions could only be written for 30 days and could not be renewed, thus requiring a new pregnancy test for each prescription.
2812:
Acutrex, Ai Si Jie, Aisoskin, Aknal, Aknefug Iso, Aknenormin, Aknesil, Aknetrent, Amnesteem, Atlacne, Atretin, Axotret, Casius, Ciscutan, Claravis, Contracné, Curacne, Curacné, Curakne, Curatane, Cuticilin, Decutan, Dercutane, Effederm, Epuris, Eudyna, Farmacne, Flexresan, Flitrion, I-Ret, Inerta, Inflader, Inotrin, Isac, Isdiben, Isoacne, Isobest, Isocural, Isoderm, Isoface, IsoGalen, Isogeril, Isolve, Isoprotil, Isoriac, Isosupra, Isosupra Lidose, Isotane, Isotina, Isotinon, Isotren, Isotret, Isotretinoin, Isotretinoina, Isotretinoína, Isotretinoine, Isotretinoïne, Isotrétinoïne, Isotretinoinum, Isotrex, Isotrin, Isotroin, Izotek, Izotziaja, Lisacne, Locatret, Mayesta, Medinac, Myorisan, Neotrex, Netlook, Nimegen, Noitron, Noroseptan, Novacne, Oralne, Oraret, Oratane, Piplex, Policano, Procuta, Reducar, Retacnyl, Retin A, Roaccutan, Roaccutane, Roacnetan, Roacta, Roacutan, Rocne, Rocta, Sotret, Stiefotrex, Tai Er Si, Teweisi, Tretin, Tretinac, Tretinex, Tretiva, Tufacne, Zenatane, Zerocutan, Zonatian ME, and
Zoretanin.
3106:. [Prof. Dr. K. Yalçın Polat, President of the Department of General Surgery at the Memorial Ataşehir Hospital: Our patient's blood values were very high when she was hospitalized. It was not easy for us to decide to have a liver transplant. During our three-week treatment, her liver values continued to rise and she entered liver failure, which made us take this decision. In the liver biopsy, we saw necrosis (non-living tissue) in the liver. If we had waited a little longer, she would have fallen into a coma and we would have then lost the patient. The cause of her liver failure is the medication she takes for acne. Unfortunately, this drug is very widely used. Liver enzymes should be closely monitored while taking isotretinoin. Every kind of drug reaches the liver, and each of them has side effects as well as its positive effects. Even if the liver tolerates these and cleans the toxins, it can still be affected as in the case of Mrs. Çilingir.]
2736:
year, leading the FDA to begin publishing case reports and to Roche sending warning letters to doctors and placing warning stickers on drug bottles, and including stronger warnings on the label. Lawsuits against Roche started to be filed. In 1983 the FDA's advisory committee was convened and recommended stronger measures, which the FDA took and were at that time unprecedented: warning blood banks not to accept blood from people taking the drug and adding a warning to the label advising women to start taking contraceptives a month before starting the drug. However, the use of the drug continued to grow, as did the number of babies born with birth defects. In 1985 the label was updated to include a
662:
639:
58:
49:
2751:(CDC) argued to withdraw the drug from the market. The committee recommended restricting physicians who could prescribe the drug and requiring a second opinion before it could be prescribed. The FDA, believing it did not have authority under the law to restrict who had the right to prescribe the drug, kept the drug on the market but took further unprecedented measures: it required Roche to make warnings yet more visible and graphic, provide doctors with
2570:. It has also been found that decreased OFC metabolism was correlated with headaches. People reporting headache as a side effect often report comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially depression; a statistically significant relationship between headache and depression has been established. It is suggested that people sensitive to isotretinoin-induced CNS effects may also be susceptible to other psychiatric side effects such as depression.
2511:. The drug decreases the size and sebum output of the sebaceous glands. Isotretinoin is the only available acne drug that affects all four major pathogenic processes in acne, which distinguishes it from alternative treatments (such as antibiotics) and accounts for its efficacy in severe, nodulocystic cases. The effect of isotretinoin on sebum production can be temporary, or remission of the disease can be "complete and prolonged."
2644:. The efficacy of isotretinoin doubles when taken after a high-fat meal compared to when taken without food. Due to isotretinoin's molecular relationship to vitamin A, it should not be taken with vitamin A supplements due to the danger of toxicity through cumulative overdosing. Accutane also negatively interacts with tetracycline, another class of acne drug, and with micro-dosed ('mini-pill')
7962:
2288:
administration and depression and with suicide in a subgroup of vulnerable individuals. Following this systematic review, in a 2014 review a group of
Australian dermatologists and psychiatrists collaborated on a set of recommendations for safe prescribing of isotretinoin. However, whether isotretinoin use is causally associated with mental illness remains controversial.
970:, and about 30–60% of children exposed to isotretinoin prenatally have been reported to show neurocognitive impairment. Because of this risk, there are strict controls prescribing isotretinoin to women who have potential to become (or be) pregnant while taking isotretinoin and many strongly advise to terminate their pregnancies because of the 20-60% risk.
2728:, Roche abandoned the product. In 1979, an article was published reporting the drug's effectiveness as a treatment of cystic and conglobate acne on fourteen patients, thirteen of which experienced complete clearing of their disease. In clinical trials, subjects were carefully screened to avoid including women who were or might become pregnant. Roche's
1002:. Because severe cystic acne has the potential to cause permanent scarring over a short period, restrictions on its more immediate availability have proved contentious. In New Zealand, isotretinoin can be prescribed by any doctor but subsidized only when prescribed by a vocationally-registered general practitioner, dermatologist or nurse practitioner.
2740:. In early 1988 the FDA called for another advisory committee, and FDA employees prepared an internal memo estimating that around 1,000 babies had been born with birth defects due to isotretinoin, that up to around 1,000 miscarriages had been caused, and that between 5,000 and 7,000 women had had abortions due to isotretinoin. The memo was leaked to
4423:
reversible upon cessation of isotretinoin, although subclinical abnormalities in electrophysiological tests may last longer than initially thought. Isotretinoin is thought to cause night vision impairment by inhibiting ocular retinol dehydrogenases, leading to a reduction in the formation of the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal.
4422:
In summary, night vision impairment may occur in patients being treated with isotretinoin. Subclinical impairments in electrophysiological examination findings in the absence of any patient-reported changes in night vision may not be infrequent. The decline in night vision appears to be in most cases
2185:
Regular use of lip balm and moisturizer is recommended throughout a course of treatment to reduce these problems. The dose may need to be decreased to reduce the severity of these side effects. The skin becomes more fragile—especially to frictional forces—and may not heal as quickly as normal. Wound
2759:
A CDC report published in 2000, showed problems with the
Pregnancy Prevention Program and showed that the increase in prescriptions was from off-label use, and prompted Roche to revamp its program, renaming it the "Targeted Pregnancy Prevention Program" and adding label changes like requirements for
2755:
forms to be used when prescribing the drug, and to conduct follow up studies to test whether the measures were reducing exposure of pregnant women to the drug. Roche implemented those measures, and offered to pay for contraception counseling and pregnancy testing for women prescribed the drug; the
2735:
Scientists involved in the clinical trials published articles warning of birth defects at the same time the drug was launched in the US, but nonetheless, isotretinoin was taken up quickly and widely, both among dermatologists and general practitioners. Cases of birth defects showed up in the first
2295:
with isotretinoin, involving administering isotretinoin, withdrawing the drug, and then re-administering it. The majority of these cases had no psychiatric history. There is also a temporal relationship between the development of depression and initiation of isotretinoin treatment, with most cases
2280:
issued a warning on a possible risk of neuropsychiatric disorders (such as depression, anxiety and mood changes) following the use of oral retinoids, including isotretinoin, though the limitations of the available data did not allow them to clearly establish whether this risk was due to the use of
2141:
issued a Drug Safety Update to physicians in response to reports of these problems. This was in response to an EU review, published in August 2017, which states that a plausible physiological explanation of these side effects "may be a reduction in plasma testosterone". The review also stated that
989:
to run the website. Prescribers, pharmacists, and all people to whom the drug is prescribed need to register on the site and log information into it. Women with child-bearing potential must commit to using two forms of effective contraception simultaneously for the duration of isotretinoin therapy
907:
Isotretinoin is used primarily for persistent cystic acne. Many dermatologists also support its use for treatment of lesser degrees of acne that prove resistant to other treatments, or that produce scarring or psychological distress. Isotretinoin is not indicated for treatment of prepubertal acne
2723:
The compound 13-cis retinoic acid was first studied in the 1960s at Roche
Laboratories in Switzerland by Werner Bollag as a treatment for skin cancer. Experiments completed in 1971 showed that the compound was likely to be ineffective for cancer but, surprisingly, that it could be useful to treat
2308:
Isotretinoin has also been linked to psychosis. Many of the side effects of isotretinoin mimic hypervitaminosis A, which has been associated with psychotic symptoms. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and psychosis suggests that an increase in dopaminergic stimulation or sensitivity in the
2259:
The association between isotretinoin use and psychopathology has been controversial. Beginning in 1983, isolated case reports emerged suggesting mood change, particularly depression, occurring during or soon after isotretinoin use. A number of studies have been conducted since then of the drug's
997:
In most countries, isotretinoin can only be prescribed by dermatologists or specialist physicians; some countries also allow limited prescription by general practitioners and family doctors. In the United
Kingdom and Australia, isotretinoin may be prescribed only by or under the supervision of a
2811:
As of 2017, isotretinoin was marketed under many brand names worldwide: A-Cnotren, Absorica, Accuran, Accutane, Accutin, Acne Free, Acnecutan, Acnegen, Acnemin, Acneone, Acneral, Acnestar, Acnetane, Acnetin A, Acnetrait, Acnetrex, Acnogen, Acnotin, Acnotren, Acretin, Actaven, Acugen, Acutret,
2198:
highly likely to cause birth defects if taken by women during pregnancy or even a short time before conception. A few of the more common birth defects this drug can cause are hearing and visual impairment, missing or malformed earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and abnormalities in brain function.
2287:
In 2012, a systematic review covering all articles in the literature related to isotretinoin, depression and suicide, as well as articles related to class effect, dose response, and biologic plausibility found that the literature reviewed was consistent with an association of isotretinoin
2214:
The manufacturer recommends pregnancy be ruled out two weeks prior to commencement of isotretinoin, and women should use two simultaneous forms of effective contraception at least one month prior to commencement, during, and for at least one month following isotretinoin therapy.
7921:
2775:
due to what the company described as business reasons related to low market share (below 5%), coupled with the high cost of defending personal injury lawsuits brought by some people who took the drug. Roche USA continues to defend
Accutane and claims to have treated over
2186:
healing is delayed. For this reason, elective surgery, waxing of hair, tattooing, tattoo removal, piercings, dermabrasion, exfoliation, etc., are not recommended. Treatment of acne scars is generally deferred until 12 months after completion of a course of isotretinoin.
2226:. About 160 babies with birth defects were born. After the FDA put the more strict iPLEDGE program in place for the companies marketing the drug in the US, in 2011, 155 pregnancies occurred (0.12%) among 129,544 women of childbearing potential taking isotrentinoin.
2296:
developing after 1–2 months of treatment. Further, higher doses of isotretinoin increase the risk of developing depression, with 25% of people showing depression on a dose of 3 mg/kg/day as compared with 3–4% at normal doses. Studies have uncovered
2368:
of tendons and ligaments. The bones of the spine and feet are most commonly affected. Risk factors for skeletal effects include older age, greater dosage and longer course of treatment. Most bone changes cause no symptoms and may only be noticed using
2695:-tretinoin. After an orally-administered, 80 mg dose of liquid suspension C-isotretinoin, C-activity in blood declines with a half-life of 90 hours. The metabolites of isotretinoin and its conjugates are then excreted in the subject's
2360:(excessive bone growth), especially in growing children and adolescents. While excessive bone growth has been raised as a possible side effect for isotretinoin, a 2006 review found little evidence for this. Other problems include premature
884:, a natural vitamin A derivative that controls normal embryonic development. It is associated with psychiatric side effects, most commonly depression but also, more rarely, psychosis and unusual behaviors. Other rare side effects include
2210:
Category X, and use is contraindicated in pregnancy. In the EU, isotretinoin (oral) is contraindicated in pregnancy and must not be taken by women able to have children unless the conditions of a pregnancy prevention programm are met.
2581:
by disrupting the structure of dopamine receptors and decreasing dopaminergic activity. The dopaminergic system is implicated in numerous psychological disorders, including depression. Isotretinoin is also thought to affect the
2746:
a few days before the meeting, leading to a storm of media attention. In the committee meeting, dermatologists and Roche each argued to keep the drug on the market but to increase education efforts; pediatricians and the
2332:; and retinoid dysfunction causes congenital anomalies identical to those observed in people with schizophrenia. Further, the expression of dopamine receptors has indeed been shown to be regulated by retinoic acid.
2715:-isotretinoin were 21.0 ± 8.2 hours and 24.0 ± 5.3 hours, respectively. After both single and multiple doses, the observed accumulation ratios of isotretinoin ranged from 0.90 to 5.43 in people with cystic acne.
2142:"the product information should be updated to include ‘sexual dysfunction including erectile dysfunction and decreased libido’ as an undesirable effect with an unknown frequency". There have also been reports of
6022:
Farrell LN, Strauss JS, Stranieri AM (December 1980). "The treatment of severe cystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Evaluation of sebum production and the clinical response in a multiple-dose trial".
3382:
2312:
It has been suggested that dysregulation of retinoid receptors by retinoids such as isotretinoin may cause schizophrenia. The evidence for this is threefold: transcriptional activation of the
950:
in experimental use, but is rarely used for this indication as there are more effective treatments. Isotretinoin may represent an efficacious and safe alternative systemic form of therapy for
2237:
Rare psychological side effects may include depression, worsening of pre-existing depression, aggressive tendencies, irritable mood and anxiety. Very rare effects include abnormal behaviour,
2121:
has been reported to persist in some people after discontinuation of isotretinoin therapy, although most cases of decreased night vision appear to resolve after discontinuing the medication.
2284:
A Swedish retrospective cohort study with 5756 patients showed a significantly increased risk of attempted suicides from 6 months after the treatment to around 2 years after the treatment.
4938:
Goodfield MJ, Cox NH, Bowser A, McMillan JC, Millard LG, Simpson NB, et al. (June 2010). "Advice on the safe introduction and continued use of isotretinoin in acne in the U.K. 2010".
2798:
Several trials over inflammatory bowel disease claims have been held in the United States, with many of them resulting in multimillion-dollar judgments against the makers of isotretinoin.
5860:
7768:
7554:
2951:
248:
2182:). Absence of dryness of the lips is considered an indication of non-compliance with treatment (not taking the drug as advised), as it occurs in almost all people who take it.
3751:
725:
5944:
Peck GL, Olsen TG, Yoder FW, Strauss JS, Downing DT, Pandya M, et al. (February 1979). "Prolonged remissions of cystic and conglobate acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid".
895:
Isotretinoin was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1982. In 2021, it was the 264th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1
7886:
5414:
Halverstam CP, Zeichner J, Lebwohl M (2006). "Lack of significant skeletal changes after long-term, low-dose retinoid therapy: case report and review of the literature".
4900:
Bremner JD, Fani N, Ashraf A, Votaw JR, Brummer ME, Cummins T, et al. (May 2005). "Functional brain imaging alterations in acne patients treated with isotretinoin".
2253:
up to 31 March 2017, the plurality (1207, or 22%) concerned psychiatric effects. There were 85 reports of suicidal ideation, 56 of suicide and 43 of suicide attempts.
3383:"Isotretinoin (oral formulations): CMDH scientific conclusions – Scientific conclusions and grounds for the variation to the terms of the Marketing Authorisation(s)"
2929:
4230:
3989:"Large-Scale Integrative Analysis of Epigenetic Modifications Induced by Isotretinoin, Doxycycline and Metronidazole in Murine Colonic Intestinal Epithelial Cells"
4882:
2924:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
2763:
In
February 2002, Roche's patents for isotretinoin expired, and there are now many other companies selling cheaper generic versions of the drug. On 29 June 2009,
2612:
may also play a role in the development of isotretinoin-induced depression. A further effect of isotretinoin on the brain involves retinoic acid function in the
7518:
2061:
5357:"Regulation of dopaminergic pathways by retinoids: activation of the D2 receptor promoter by members of the retinoic acid receptor-retinoid X receptor family"
6442:
5126:
Rowe C, Spelman L, Oziemski M, Ryan A, Manoharan S, Wilson P, et al. (May 2014). "Isotretinoin and mental health in adolescents: Australian consensus".
203:
2162:
The most common side effects are mucocutaneous: dry lips, skin and nose. Other common mucocutaneous side effects are inflammation and chapping of the lips (
2229:
People taking isotretinoin are not permitted to donate blood during and for at least one month after discontinuation of therapy due to its teratogenicity.
2732:
for isotretinoin for the treatment of acne included data showing that the drug caused birth defects in rabbits. The FDA approved the application in 1982.
7053:
4491:
4484:
2250:
2138:
5578:
Griffin JN, Pinali D, Olds K, Lu N, Appleby L, Doan L, et al. (November 2010). "13-Cis-retinoic acid decreases hypothalamic cell number in vitro".
7806:
7687:
6193:
Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M (June 2002). "Sebaceous glands in acne patients express high levels of neutral endopeptidase".
261:
3340:
Strauss JS, Krowchuk DP, Leyden JJ, Lucky AW, Shalita AR, Siegfried EC, et al. (April 2007). "Guidelines of care for acne vulgaris management".
2069:
767:
InChI=1S/C20H28O2/c1-15(8-6-9-16(2)14-19(21)22)11-12-18-17(3)10-7-13-20(18,4)5/h6,8-9,11-12,14H,7,10,13H2,1-5H3,(H,21,22)/b9-6+,12-11+,15-8+,16-14-
4986:"Inter-relationships between isotretinoin treatment and psychiatric disorders: Depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, psychosis and suicide risks"
2703:
in relatively equal amounts. After a single, 80 mg oral dose of
Isotretinoin to 74 healthy adult subjects under fed conditions, the mean ±SD
2256:
Isotretinoin decreases the brain metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex an average of 21%, a brain area known to mediate symptoms of depression.
7086:
6907:
5868:
6630:
4195:
Ellis CN, Madison KC, Pennes DR, Martel W, Voorhees JJ (1984). "Isotretinoin therapy is associated with early skeletal radiographic changes".
7997:
97:
3710:
7707:
7043:
4592:
Scheinfeld N, Bangalore S (May 2006). "Facial edema induced by isotretinoin use: a case and a review of the side effects of isotretinoin".
739:
5692:
Sakai Y, Crandall JE, Brodsky J, McCaffery P (June 2004). "13-cis
Retinoic acid (accutane) suppresses hippocampal cell survival in mice".
2594:
in the pre-synaptic neuron, which inhibit serotonin secretion. Isotretinoin also directly and indirectly increases the translation of the
7866:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7568:
2617:
2409:. Some people develop contact lens intolerance as a result. In some people, these changes are long-lasting or irreversible and represent
2381:
Isotretinoin may cause non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain. The drug is associated with
7876:
7846:
7732:
7722:
7573:
7511:
2748:
7796:
7717:
7712:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
6599:
5416:
3327:
2292:
2151:
7916:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7881:
7871:
7861:
7856:
7727:
7627:
7597:
2276:
for suicide, depression and psychosis has been present on isotretinoin's packaging in the United States since 2005. In March 2018,
868:), and headaches. Some of those side effects can persist long after the discontinuation of use of the drug. Isotretinoin may cause
5170:
2421:
and irritation of the eye. More rare ocular side effects include blurred vision, decreased night vision (which may be permanent),
7697:
7637:
7632:
6171:Η επίδραση της ισοτρετινοϊνης και των αναστολέων της 5α-αναγωγάσης στις μεταλλοπρωτεάσες του συνδετικού ιστού σε ασθενείς με ακμή
3759:
3529:
Sehgal VN, Srivastava G, Sardana K (June 2006). "Isotretinoin--unapproved indications/uses and dosage: a physician's reference".
982:
4622:
4396:
Fallah H, Rademaker M (August 2022). "Isotretinoin for acne vulgaris - an update on adverse effects and laboratory monitoring".
3780:
Specifically, doctors who are fellows of the Australasian College of Dermatologists (FACD); cf. Pharmaceutical Services Branch,
2780:
million people since its introduction in 1982. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. apparently will continue to manufacture and distribute
7418:
4350:
Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW, Edwards R (September 2001). "Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin usage".
3482:"Oral isotretinoin in the treatment of recalcitrant condylomata acuminata of the cervix: a randomised placebo controlled trial"
2767:, the original creator and distributor of isotretinoin, officially discontinued both the manufacture and distribution of their
5508:
Lowenstein EB, Lowenstein EJ (2011). "Isotretinoin systemic therapy and the shadow cast upon dermatology's downtrodden hero".
3684:
7504:
7462:
6714:
4087:
3864:
3735:
3152:
3128:
936:
6179:
5892:"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mediates 13-cis retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of human sebaceous gland cells"
4836:
Borovaya A, Olisova O, Ruzicka T, Sárdy M (September 2013). "Does isotretinoin therapy of acne cure or cause depression?".
4513:
2434:
2207:
1310:
990:
and for a month immediately preceding and a month immediately following therapy. Additionally, they must have two negative
2921:
2218:
In the US, around 2000 women became pregnant while taking the drug between 1982 and 2000, with most pregnancies ending in
4234:
2203:
2107:
6668:
6176:
The influence of isotretinoin and 5-a reductase inhibitors in metaloproteases of connective tissue in patients with ance
5271:
Goodman AB (May 1996). "Congenital anomalies in relatives of schizophrenic probands may indicate a retinoid pathology".
4437:"Diagnostic criteria for enduring sexual dysfunction after treatment with antidepressants, finasteride and isotretinoin"
784:
148:
7079:
2917:
951:
2724:
acne. However, they also showed that the compound was likely to cause birth defects, so in light of the events around
6467:
2550:(the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases). It is already known that metalloproteases play an important role in the
954:(RCA) of the cervix. In most countries this therapy is currently unapproved and only used if other therapies failed.
759:
7479:
5543:
Kremer I, Gaton DD, David M, Gaton E, Shapiro A (1994). "Toxic effects of systemic retinoids on meibomian glands".
1464:
873:
3091:
6103:"Retinoids down-regulate telomerase and telomere length in a pathway distinct from leukemia cell differentiation"
4030:"Retinoids down-regulate telomerase and telomere length in a pathway distinct from leukemia cell differentiation"
400:
233:
129:
5076:"Association of suicide attempts with acne and treatment with isotretinoin: retrospective Swedish cohort study"
1117:
487:
7433:
7072:
3310:
2922:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
2826:
with isotretinoin and has been marketed under the brand names Isotrex Eritromicina, Isotrexin, and Munderm.
2040:
The effects of isotretinoin may be permanent. This has been proposed to be due to induction of apoptosis in
7938:
7423:
6236:
Wysowski DK, Swartz L (May 2005). "Relationship between headache and depression in users of isotretinoin".
2925:
2341:
2269:
2200:
1761:
1565:
978:
657:
538:
4651:"The use of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris: clinical considerations and future directions"
2523:
4639:
Roche Products Pty Ltd. Roaccutane (Australian Approved Product Information). Dee Why (NSW): Roche; 2005.
2871:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
2410:
2272:'s top 10 list of drugs associated with depression and is also within the top 10 for suicide attempts. A
618:
6312:
Ng CH, Schweitzer I (February 2003). "The association between depression and isotretinoin use in acne".
3730:(47th ed.). London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
2291:
Evidence for depression being causally associated with isotretinoin use includes 41 reports of positive
7952:
7448:
7413:
6579:
3725:
2505:
production by inducing apoptosis in sebaceous gland cells, while exhibiting an antimicrobial effect on
2382:
2356:, such as high dose etretinate, are well known to cause bone changes, the most common type of which is
2103:
1766:
1573:
1355:
973:
In the United States, since March 2006, the dispensing of isotretinoin is run through a website called
943:
in Japan, but data for its efficacy is not conclusive and it has not been approved in other countries.
5627:"13-cis-retinoic acid suppresses hippocampal cell division and hippocampal-dependent learning in mice"
5316:"Microarray results suggest altered transport and lowered synthesis of retinoic acid in schizophrenia"
607:
7438:
6707:
3389:
2899:
2870:
2819:
2277:
1728:
920:
810:
5979:
Shalita A (2001). "The integral role of topical and oral retinoids in the early treatment of acne".
2562:
A possible biological basis for the case reports of depression involves decreased metabolism in the
985:. These companies formed a group called the Isotretinoin Products Manufacturing Group, and it hired
7240:
3001:"Dose response of retinol and isotretinoin in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence"
2640:
Oral isotretinoin is best absorbed when taken with a high-fat meal, because it has a high level of
2390:
1989:
912:
634:
17:
5745:"TRAIL contributes to the apoptotic effect of 13-cis retinoic acid in human sebaceous gland cells"
7467:
6649:
3429:
Makimoto A, Fujisaki H, Matsumoto K, Takahashi Y, Cho Y, Morikawa Y, et al. (January 2024).
2325:
826:
185:
84:
5171:"Thyroid hormones and retinoids: a possible link between genes and environment in schizophrenia"
4778:
Kontaxakis VP, Skourides D, Ferentinos P, Havaki-Kontaxaki BJ, Papadimitriou GN (January 2009).
2675:. Three metabolites of isotretinoin are detectable in human plasma after oral administration: 4-
7538:
4514:"Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) – Minutes for the meeting on 3–6 July 2017"
3431:"Retinoid Therapy for Neuroblastoma: Historical Overview, Regulatory Challenges, and Prospects"
2788:
2479:
2021:
341:
5074:
Sundström A, Alfredsson L, Sjölin-Forsberg G, Gerdén B, Bergman U, Jokinen J (November 2010).
3642:
3625:
3118:
821:
or moderate acne that is unresponsive to antibiotics. Isotretinoin is used off-label to treat
8002:
7982:
7428:
4435:
Healy D, Bahrick A, Bak M, Barbato A, Calabrò RS, Chubak BM, et al. (22 February 2022).
3837:
2764:
2595:
2246:
928:
587:
527:
478:
6641:
6412:
2462:(programmatic cell death) in various cells in the body. Cell death may be instigated in the
7987:
7801:
7443:
6700:
6114:
5701:
5638:
5368:
4041:
2729:
2704:
2563:
2313:
2130:
1928:
1638:
822:
547:
363:
6607:
442:
8:
7752:
7283:
6673:
3782:
Guide to poisons and therapeutic goods legislation for medical practitioners and dentists
3199:
Merritt B, Burkhart CN, Morrell DS (June 2009). "Use of isotretinoin for acne vulgaris".
2530:." In a 2007 study, isotretinoin was proven to inhibit the action of the metalloprotease
2507:
2483:
2455:
2405:
are very common during treatment and is caused by isotretinoin's apoptotic effect on the
1910:
1756:
924:
814:
433:
192:
6118:
5705:
5642:
5372:
5037:"An analysis of reports of depression and suicide in patients treated with isotretinoin"
4045:
3457:
3430:
2848:
661:
638:
7530:
7126:
6555:
6530:
6472:
6337:
6289:
6218:
6132:
6101:
Pendino F, Flexor M, Delhommeau F, Buet D, Lanotte M, Segal-Bendirdjian E (June 2001).
6083:
6004:
5916:
5891:
5794:"13-cis Retinoic acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human SEB-1 sebocytes"
5769:
5744:
5725:
5656:
5603:
5521:
5485:
5460:
5441:
5296:
5211:
5151:
5100:
5075:
5012:
4985:
4963:
4861:
4806:
4779:
4750:
4725:
4667:
4650:
4461:
4436:
4375:
4288:
4142:
4028:
Pendino F, Flexor M, Delhommeau F, Buet D, Lanotte M, Segal-Bendirdjian E (June 2001).
3964:
3939:
3819:
3601:
3576:
3554:
3506:
3481:
3263:
3238:
3025:
3000:
2742:
2657:
2386:
2317:
1957:
1891:
1738:
1011:
889:
196:
159:
30:
For the isomer of isotretinoin primarily used topically to treat less severe acne, see
6206:
6071:
6036:
5846:
5669:
5626:
5189:
4363:
4208:
3807:
8007:
7527:
7179:
7164:
6584:
6560:
6511:
6329:
6325:
6294:
6253:
6210:
6150:
6145:
6102:
6075:
6040:
5996:
5992:
5961:
5921:
5815:
5774:
5760:
5717:
5674:
5607:
5595:
5560:
5525:
5490:
5433:
5396:
5391:
5356:
5337:
5288:
5284:
5253:
5203:
5143:
5105:
5056:
5017:
4955:
4951:
4917:
4853:
4811:
4755:
4672:
4601:
4574:
4466:
4413:
4367:
4332:
4292:
4280:
4212:
4177:
4134:
4069:
4064:
4029:
4010:
3969:
3920:
3811:
3731:
3647:
3606:
3546:
3542:
3511:
3462:
3357:
3268:
3216:
3124:
3072:
3030:
2578:
2574:
1788:
1744:
1241:
1210:
994:
30 days apart and have negative pregnancy tests before each prescription is written.
966:; there is about a 20–35% risk for congenital defects in infants exposed to the drug
285:
273:
121:
6222:
6087:
6008:
5445:
5300:
5215:
5155:
4865:
4379:
4146:
3987:
Becker E, Bengs S, Aluri S, Opitz L, Atrott K, Rost F, et al. (December 2017).
3823:
3558:
3174:
2573:
Studies in mice and rats have found that retinoids, including isotretinoin, bind to
2260:
effect on depression, psychosis, suicidal thoughts and other psychological effects.
467:
107:
7911:
7316:
7169:
7121:
6764:
6550:
6542:
6341:
6321:
6284:
6245:
6202:
6140:
6122:
6067:
6032:
5988:
5953:
5911:
5903:
5842:
5805:
5764:
5756:
5729:
5709:
5664:
5646:
5587:
5552:
5517:
5480:
5472:
5461:"Isotretinoin use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study"
5425:
5386:
5376:
5327:
5280:
5245:
5193:
5185:
5135:
5095:
5087:
5048:
5007:
4997:
4967:
4947:
4909:
4845:
4801:
4791:
4745:
4737:
4662:
4566:
4456:
4448:
4405:
4359:
4322:
4272:
4204:
4169:
4126:
4059:
4049:
4000:
3959:
3951:
3910:
3803:
3688:
3637:
3596:
3588:
3538:
3501:
3493:
3452:
3442:
3349:
3258:
3250:
3208:
3064:
3020:
3012:
2816:
2795:. The jury, however, decided that James Marshall had a pre-existing bowel disease.
2791:
sued Roche over allegedly Accutane-related disease that resulted in removal of his
2752:
2653:
2491:
2402:
2361:
2329:
1780:
1538:
1379:
1122:
1103:
857:
829:, although clinical evidence suggests it is not effective in this setting. It is a
674:
323:
216:
4409:
4095:
3872:
3291:
3144:
2106:(dry eye). Problems with the meibomian and salivary glands are likely due to the
981:(FDA) requires the companies marketing the drug to put this website in place as a
57:
7992:
7966:
5890:
Nelson AM, Zhao W, Gilliland KL, Zaenglein AL, Liu W, Thiboutot DM (April 2008).
5591:
4327:
4310:
4276:
3212:
3068:
3016:
2792:
2587:
2475:
2463:
2422:
2406:
2143:
2099:
2045:
2041:
1507:
1387:
1147:
351:
331:
6058:
Jones H, Blanc D, Cunliffe WJ (November 1980). "13-cis retinoic acid and acne".
5957:
424:)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
7496:
7473:
7298:
7159:
6847:
6837:
6822:
6759:
6754:
6744:
6249:
6107:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5631:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5361:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5236:
Goodman AB (March 1994). "Retinoid dysregulation as a cause of schizophrenia".
4913:
4570:
4260:
4034:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3353:
2665:
2649:
2527:
2418:
2114:
1861:
1718:
1691:
1350:
1291:
1215:
1127:
991:
73:
6386:
5459:
Crockett SD, Porter CQ, Martin CF, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD (September 2010).
4005:
3988:
3666:
7976:
7922:
6-(N-ethyl-N-(5-isobutoxy-4-isopropyl-2-(E)-styrylphenyl)amino)nicotinic acid
7831:
7662:
7235:
7202:
7154:
7131:
7095:
7064:
6985:
6950:
6930:
6917:
6842:
6832:
6769:
6749:
6496:
5381:
4777:
4014:
2772:
2737:
2641:
2621:
2620:, a key part of the body's stress response. Other brain regions regulated by
2365:
2321:
2273:
2049:
1983:
1597:
1161:
999:
947:
940:
881:
869:
861:
650:
298:
40:
6494:
5713:
5651:
5429:
5052:
4173:
3497:
3447:
3052:
2413:(MGD). Other common effects on the eyes include inflammation of the eyelid (
7773:
7677:
7657:
7559:
7288:
7278:
7273:
7230:
7136:
7116:
7099:
7013:
6935:
6897:
6887:
6867:
6852:
6779:
6564:
6515:
6333:
6298:
6257:
6214:
6169:
6154:
6127:
6000:
5925:
5819:
5810:
5793:
5778:
5721:
5678:
5599:
5529:
5494:
5437:
5341:
5249:
5207:
5147:
5109:
5060:
5021:
4959:
4921:
4857:
4815:
4759:
4676:
4605:
4578:
4470:
4417:
4371:
4284:
4181:
4073:
4054:
3973:
3924:
3651:
3610:
3550:
3515:
3466:
3361:
3272:
3220:
3076:
3034:
2823:
2645:
2625:
2613:
2609:
2567:
2551:
2467:
2357:
2147:
2129:
Isotretinoin is also associated with permanent sexual side effects, namely
2118:
2065:
2053:
1842:
1606:
1583:
1518:
1400:
1176:
885:
211:
6413:"FDA information, side effects, and uses / Accutane (isotretinoin) :
6387:"FDA information, side effects, and uses / Accutane (isotretinoin) :
6364:
6079:
6044:
5564:
5400:
5332:
5315:
5292:
5257:
5002:
4796:
4336:
4216:
4138:
3815:
3254:
2300:
which may credibly explain the affective changes induced by isotretinoin.
7692:
7647:
7377:
7361:
7346:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7220:
7212:
7187:
7146:
7028:
6892:
6872:
6857:
6827:
6809:
6799:
6789:
6631:"Roche Accutane Acne Drug Caused 'Tragedy' for Actor, Brian Dennehy Says"
5965:
5476:
4741:
2725:
2606:
2471:
2438:
2430:
2414:
2223:
2077:
2057:
2009:
1488:
1405:
1345:
1315:
1229:
1136:
115:
48:
6546:
5073:
4726:"Retinoic acid and affective disorders: the evidence for an association"
3592:
2389:, but not Crohn's disease. There are also reports of people developing
880:
due to in-utero exposure because of the molecule's close resemblance to
507:
7791:
7682:
7642:
7351:
7108:
7038:
7023:
7018:
6902:
6882:
6862:
6723:
6136:
5660:
5622:
4889:. Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. 31 March 2017.
4485:"Drug Safety Update – Latest advice for medicines users – October 2017"
4452:
4130:
3955:
2999:
Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB, Alberts DS (5 November 2010).
2535:
2515:
2486:(RXR), but may be converted intracellularly to metabolites that act as
2349:
2171:
2092:
2004:
1852:
1847:
1823:
1797:
1733:
1723:
1652:
1524:
1460:
1320:
1196:
1010:
Increasingly higher dosages will result in higher toxicity, resembling
701:
518:
5556:
5139:
5091:
4849:
3915:
3898:
7840:
7782:
7742:
7671:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7397:
7356:
7336:
7311:
7293:
7192:
7048:
7008:
6960:
6603:
6272:
5907:
5198:
3480:
Georgala S, Katoulis AC, Georgala C, Bozi E, Mortakis A (June 2004).
2661:
2583:
2459:
2458:
is unknown, but several studies have shown that isotretinoin induces
2426:
2238:
2195:
2179:
2163:
2110:
2095:
closure can occur in people receiving recommended doses of Accutane.
2088:
2073:
1837:
1818:
1713:
1705:
1657:
1647:
1619:
1499:
1395:
1325:
963:
877:
853:
849:
842:
834:
453:
376:
101:
31:
5036:
4554:
3292:"Roaccutane 20mg Soft Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics"
2577:
in the central nervous system. Isotretinoin may affect dopaminergic
2401:
Isotretinoin and other retinoids are well known to affect the eyes.
7387:
7382:
7328:
7306:
7000:
6945:
6794:
6784:
6774:
6731:
6389:
Table 2 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Isotretinoin Mean (%CV), N=74
6365:"FDA information, side effects, and uses / Accutane (isotretinoin)"
3896:
2671:
Isotretinoin is primarily (99.9%) bound to plasma proteins, mostly
2629:
2599:
2353:
2219:
2167:
2081:
1699:
1682:
1665:
1480:
1446:
1374:
935:. Isotretinoin has been used to treat the extremely rare condition
932:
830:
567:
498:
143:
4117:
David M, Hodak E, Lowe NJ (1988). "Adverse effects of retinoids".
3428:
724:
7836:
7667:
7392:
7265:
7225:
7197:
6990:
6980:
5833:
Wachter K (2009). "Isotretinoin's Mechanism of Action Explored".
3626:"iPLEDGE: A Report from the Front Lines of Dermatologic Practice"
2672:
2487:
2345:
2242:
1962:
1877:
1802:
1557:
1552:
1276:
1252:
986:
974:
916:
865:
864:. Uncommon and rare side effects include muscle aches and pains (
6273:"Isotretinoin, depression and suicide: a review of the evidence"
5743:
Nelson AM, Cong Z, Gilliland KL, Thiboutot DM (September 2011).
4311:"Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the hamster meibomian gland"
3899:"Adverse effects of isotretinoin: A large, retrospective review"
2980:
Mohiuddin AK (2019). "A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris".
2425:, development of corneal opacities, inflammation of the cornea (
6955:
6877:
4623:"Updated measures for pregnancy prevention during retinoid use"
4160:
DiGiovanna JJ (November 2001). "Isotretinoin effects on bone".
3897:
Brzezinski P, Borowska K, Chiriac A, Smigielski J (July 2017).
2700:
2134:
1932:
1873:
1578:
1111:
838:
809:
among others, is a medication used to treat skin diseases like
598:
381:
6692:
5981:
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
5867:. Elsevier Global Medical News. 28 August 2009. Archived from
5792:
Nelson AM, Gilliland KL, Cong Z, Thiboutot DM (October 2006).
946:
Isotretinoin therapy has furthermore proven effective against
908:
and is not recommended in children less than 12 years of age.
837:, and is found in small quantities naturally in the body. Its
6940:
6600:"Roche Discontinues and Plans to Delist Accutane in the U.S."
6495:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (January 2000).
5691:
4349:
2696:
2616:, the hormone regulatory centre of the brain and part of the
2602:
and consequently reduced synaptic availability of serotonin.
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2519:
2514:
Isotretinoin has been speculated to down-regulate the enzyme
2502:
2370:
715:
578:
385:
356:
5889:
5791:
5742:
3667:"Dermatologists Frustrated With Problematic iPledge Program"
3479:
3418:. Vol. 128. Greenwood Village (CO): Thomson Micromedex.
2687:-tretinoin). Isotretinoin also oxidizes, irreversibly, to 4-
623:
6192:
6100:
5458:
5355:
Samad TA, Krezel W, Chambon P, Borrelli E (December 1997).
4835:
4027:
3713:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 November 2018.
2498:
2175:
818:
558:
5354:
4937:
4555:"Preventing and managing the side effects of isotretinoin"
4441:
The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine
3339:
5413:
4519:. European Medicines Agency. 1 September 2017. p. 44
3723:
3711:"Isotretinoin (marketed as Accutane) Capsule Information"
3473:
2878:
6669:"Roche Found Liable in First Of 400 Suits Over Accutane"
4194:
2635:
2150:. 27 cases of sexual dysfunction report either negative
2091:
growth in young people who are still growing. Premature
6021:
5125:
4723:
3528:
3522:
2756:
program was called the "Pregnancy Prevention Program".
5620:
4899:
4434:
3840:. MEDSAFE (New Zealand Ministry of Health). June 2013
3198:
2624:
and potentially disrupted by isotretinoin include the
7950:
6580:"New study may deal final blow to acne drug Accutane"
5943:
5542:
4983:
4724:
Bremner JD, Shearer KD, McCaffery PJ (January 2012).
3986:
3794:
James M (June 1996). "Isotretinoin for severe acne".
2998:
2268:
Isotretinoin is the only non-psychiatric drug on the
6314:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
5507:
4773:
4771:
4769:
2497:
One study suggests the drug amplifies production of
5577:
4648:
4591:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4492:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
4231:"Isotretinoin risks in acne treatment: Page 3 of 4"
2863:
2501:(NGAL) in the skin, which has been shown to reduce
486:
6057:
5034:
4883:"Interactive Drug Analysis Profile - Isotretinoin"
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4649:Leyden JJ, Del Rosso JQ, Baum EW (February 2014).
3623:
3294:. UK Electronic Medicines Compendium. 1 July 2015.
2952:"List of nationally authorised medicinal products"
6436:
6434:
4766:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4655:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
3940:"Isotretinoin and FoxO1: A scientific hypothesis"
2691:-isotretinoin—which forms its geometric isomer 4-
1673:Skin fragility (with a risk of frictional trauma)
1090:Gram positive (mucocutaneous) bacterial infection
876:should be regularly tested. It is known to cause
7974:
7526:
6497:"Accutane-exposed pregnancies--California, 1999"
5621:Crandall J, Sakai Y, Zhang J, Koul O, Mineur Y,
4531:
4343:
2679:-isotretinoin, retinoid acid (tretinoin), and 4-
466:
6528:
6440:
5861:"Isotretinoin's Mechanism of Action Elucidated"
4822:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4304:
4302:
3574:
3232:
3230:
3116:
441:
7539:
7094:
6431:
6270:
6235:
6025:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
5041:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
5035:Wysowski DK, Pitts M, Beitz J (October 2001).
4692:
4552:
4258:
4197:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
4162:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
4119:Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience
4116:
3342:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3305:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3050:
1683:Alopecia- hair shedding from telogen effluvium
848:The most common adverse effects are dry lips (
747:O=C(O)\C=C(/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C1=C(/CCCC1(C)C)C)C)C
27:Medication primarily used to treat severe acne
7512:
7080:
6708:
4984:Ludot M, Mouchabac S, Ferreri F (June 2015).
4877:
4875:
4261:"Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands"
4259:Moy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC (September 2015).
4254:
4252:
3409:
3407:
3053:"Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands"
3051:Moy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC (September 2015).
2474:cells and—important for treatment of acne—in
2263:
2035:
892:, which have been reported to be persistent.
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6311:
6186:
5883:
5614:
5571:
5168:
4780:"Isotretinoin and psychopathology: a review"
4633:
4585:
4386:
4308:
4299:
3752:"Fresh call for GPs to prescribe Roaccutane"
3333:
3227:
3192:
147:
7753:
6650:"It's Curtains On Actor's Accutane Lawsuit"
6647:
6504:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5785:
5121:
5119:
3570:
3568:
3298:
3279:
2478:cells. Isotretinoin has a low affinity for
957:
315:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
7519:
7505:
7087:
7073:
6715:
6701:
6419:. U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
6393:. U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
6367:. U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
6271:Magin P, Pond D, Smith W (February 2005).
6167:
5736:
5694:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5685:
5536:
4933:
4931:
4872:
4559:Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
4249:
4159:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3787:
3624:Thiboutot DM, Cockerell CJ (August 2006).
3404:
2749:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2499:neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
2241:, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and
660:
637:
526:
6554:
6529:Choi JS, Koren G, Nulman I (March 2013).
6468:"Anti-Acne Drug Faulted in Birth Defects"
6348:
6288:
6144:
6126:
5978:
5915:
5809:
5768:
5668:
5650:
5484:
5417:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
5390:
5380:
5331:
5197:
5099:
5011:
5001:
4805:
4795:
4749:
4666:
4460:
4326:
4063:
4053:
4004:
3963:
3914:
3784:, Sydney: NSW Department of Health; 2006.
3643:10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.8.pfor1-0608
3641:
3600:
3575:Choi JS, Koren G, Nulman I (March 2013).
3505:
3456:
3446:
3262:
3024:
2979:
2309:limbic system causes psychotic symptoms.
546:
6666:
5798:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
5465:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
5116:
4553:Brelsford M, Beute TC (September 2008).
4315:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
3565:
3094:[Acne drug destroyed her life].
2843:
2841:
2839:
2232:
6441:Abramowitz M, Hilts P (23 April 1988).
6277:The British Journal of General Practice
6094:
6015:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5832:
5313:
5270:
5235:
5128:The Australasian Journal of Dermatology
4928:
4398:The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
3852:
3110:
2542:without any influence in the action of
983:risk evaluation and mitigation strategy
939:. It is also used for the treatment of
633:
506:
120:
14:
7975:
7419:Clindamycin/adapalene/benzoyl peroxide
6628:
4088:"Isotretinoin 20mg capsules - - (eMC)"
3937:
3865:"Isotretinoin 20mg capsules - - (eMC)"
3664:
3413:
3236:
3175:"Isotretinoin - Drug Usage Statistics"
3123:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 476.
2916:
2801:
2449:
2352:(joint pain) are common side effects.
651:
307:
279:
7500:
7068:
6696:
6051:
5896:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
4979:
4977:
4617:
4615:
3892:
3890:
3793:
3717:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3092:"Sivilce ilacı karaciğerini mahvetti"
3089:
2836:
2636:Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
2393:(IBS) and worsening of existing IBS.
937:fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
606:
586:
292:
138:
106:
7998:Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche
7740:Retinoic acid metabolism inhibitors:
6577:
6531:"Pregnancy and isotretinoin therapy"
6180:Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
5932:
4838:International Journal of Dermatology
3838:"Acne, Isotretinoin, and Depression"
3581:Canadian Medical Association Journal
3577:"Pregnancy and isotretinoin therapy"
3531:International Journal of Dermatology
3155:from the original on 15 January 2024
3046:
3044:
2586:system – it increases expression of
2102:dysfunction which causes persistent
1521:(particularly in people with asthma)
1311:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
919:. It can also be used to help treat
215:
5946:The New England Journal of Medicine
4309:Lambert RW, Smith RE (March 1989).
2849:"Isotretinoin international brands"
2618:hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
2376:
2297:
862:increased susceptibility to sunburn
566:
457:
24:
5749:The British Journal of Dermatology
5522:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.026
5238:The American Journal of Psychiatry
5222:
5169:Palha JA, Goodman AB (June 2006).
4974:
4940:The British Journal of Dermatology
4902:The American Journal of Psychiatry
4730:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
4612:
4223:
3887:
3724:Joint Formulary Committee (2004).
3368:
2932:from the original on 3 August 2023
2335:
1022:According to information leaflets
1005:
952:recalcitrant condylomata acuminata
911:It is also somewhat effective for
25:
8019:
6207:10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.110307.x
5190:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.10.001
4352:American Journal of Ophthalmology
3239:"The use of isotretinoin in acne"
3041:
2557:
2324:; schizophrenia and the retinoid
2293:challenge/dechallenge/rechallenge
2189:
1118:red blood cell sedimentation rate
242:
170:
7960:
6660:
6622:
6592:
6571:
6326:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01111.x
5993:10.1046/j.0926-9959.2001.00012.x
5761:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10392.x
4952:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09836.x
3543:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02830.x
1465:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
685:
56:
47:
6722:
6648:Silverman E (4 November 2011).
6522:
6488:
6460:
6405:
6379:
6305:
6264:
6229:
6161:
5972:
5853:
5826:
5501:
5452:
5407:
5348:
5307:
5264:
5162:
5067:
5028:
4893:
4683:
4642:
4594:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
4506:
4477:
4428:
4188:
4153:
4110:
4080:
4021:
3980:
3931:
3830:
3774:
3744:
3703:
3677:
3658:
3617:
3486:Sexually Transmitted Infections
3422:
3316:(Report). FDA. 22 October 2010
3167:
3137:
3117:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
2444:
2441:and other visual disturbances.
2429:), swelling of the optic disk (
2316:– in addition to serotonin and
2098:Isotretinoin is known to cause
902:
772:Key:SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-XFYACQKRSA-N
7544:Tooltip Retinoic acid receptor
6606:. 29 June 2009. Archived from
4233:. October 2014. Archived from
3758:. 19 June 2012. Archived from
3083:
2992:
2973:
2944:
2910:
2892:
2784:outside of the United States.
2199:Isotretinoin is classified as
1927:Sexual dysfunction, including
805:and sold under the brand name
691:
679:
268:
255:
13:
1:
7939:Receptor/signaling modulators
7778:-Retinoic acid (alitretinoin)
7564:-Retinoic acid (alitretinoin)
7434:Erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide
6072:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92273-4
6037:10.1016/S0190-9622(80)80074-0
5847:10.1016/S0037-6337(09)70553-4
4410:10.1080/09546634.2021.1967269
4364:10.1016/S0002-9394(01)01024-8
4209:10.1016/S0190-9622(84)80329-1
3808:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90814-4
3328:FDA Index page for NDA 018662
3120:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
2829:
2598:(SERT), leading to increased
2596:serotonin transporter protein
2340:Isotretinoin has a number of
2328:have been linked to the same
1041:Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10)
7424:Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide
5625:, et al. (April 2004).
5592:10.1016/j.neures.2010.08.003
5285:10.1016/0920-9964(96)88523-9
4784:Annals of General Psychiatry
4328:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277122
4277:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656
4265:Optometry and Vision Science
3213:10.3928/00904481-20090512-01
3090:Erşan M (5 September 2017).
3069:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656
3057:Optometry and Vision Science
3017:10.1080/01635581.2010.492089
2982:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
2303:
2298:several biological processes
2170:), rashes, peeling, eczema (
2076:and others, that it changes
1696:Aggravated acne (acne flare)
1566:Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
979:Food and Drug Administration
7:
7758:Tooltip Retinoid X receptor
6443:"FDA Eyes Ban on Acne Drug"
5958:10.1056/NEJM197902153000701
4990:World Journal of Psychiatry
2411:Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
1998:Increased blood cholesterol
1900:Dark or cola-coloured urine
1834:Premature epiphyseal fusion
1826:(calcification of ligaments
1014:. Adverse effects include:
833:, meaning it is related to
90:
10:
8024:
7887:LE135 (RAR beta selective)
7787:-Retinoic acid (tretinoin)
7593:-Retinoic acid (tretinoin)
7449:Tretinoin/benzoyl peroxide
7414:Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide
6667:Voreacos D (30 May 2007).
6629:Feeley J (11 March 2011).
6578:Roan S (7 November 2009).
6250:10.1001/archderm.141.5.640
4914:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.983
4571:10.1016/j.sder.2008.07.002
3727:British National Formulary
3354:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.048
2928:(published 4 April 2023).
2718:
2383:inflammatory bowel disease
2264:Depression and suicidality
2137:. In October 2017, the UK
2104:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
2036:Possible permanent effects
1767:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
1574:Inflammatory bowel disease
872:, therefore the patient's
669:Chemical and physical data
29:
7930:
7751:
7537:
7457:
7439:Erythromycin/isotretinoin
7406:
7370:
7327:
7264:
7211:
7178:
7145:
7107:
6999:
6969:
6916:
6808:
6730:
4627:European Medicines Agency
4006:10.3390/epigenomes1030024
3685:"iPledge (About iPledge)"
3665:Darves B (9 March 2006).
3390:European Medicines Agency
2959:European Medicines Agency
2820:erythromycin/isotretinoin
2806:
2278:European Medicines Agency
2154:or positive dechallenge.
2124:
1729:Photosensitivity reaction
1021:
915:and some cases of severe
852:), dry and fragile skin (
811:harlequin-type ichthyosis
780:
755:
735:
713:
700:
673:
668:
649:
617:
597:
577:
557:
537:
517:
497:
477:
452:
432:
396:
391:
375:
362:
350:
340:
330:
322:
232:
227:
202:
184:
158:
128:
114:
96:
83:
69:
64:
55:
46:
6195:Experimental Dermatology
6170:
5382:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14349
5314:Goodman AB (July 2005).
2900:"Product. Roaccutane PI"
2822:combines the antibiotic
2711:) of isotretinoin and 4-
2524:cellular immortalization
2391:irritable bowel syndrome
2166:), redness of the skin (
1762:Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
1384:Contact lens intolerance
958:Prescribing restrictions
913:hidradenitis suppurativa
845:, is also an acne drug.
6238:Archives of Dermatology
5835:Skin & Allergy News
5714:10.1196/annals.1308.059
5652:10.1073/pnas.0306336101
5430:10.2310/7750.2006.00065
5053:10.1067/mjd.2001.117730
4174:10.1067/mjd.2001.113721
3938:Melnik BC (July 2011).
3498:10.1136/sti.2003.006841
3448:10.3390/cancers16030544
3414:Klasco RK, ed. (2006).
2926:Diário Oficial da União
2480:retinoic acid receptors
2396:
2157:
2001:Increased blood glucose
1956:Increased formation of
1036:Very common (≥ 1/10)
941:pediatric neuroblastoma
899:million prescriptions.
827:squamous cell carcinoma
6970:Vitamin A retinoids (C
6168:Fahandidis PE (2007).
6128:10.1073/pnas.111464998
5811:10.1038/sj.jid.5700289
5510:Clinics in Dermatology
5273:Schizophrenia Research
5250:10.1176/ajp.151.3.452b
5178:Brain Research Reviews
4055:10.1073/pnas.111464998
2656:('OrthoNovum 7/7/7'),
2575:dopaminergic receptors
2245:. In a total of 5577
2087:Isotretinoin may stop
2066:B16F-10 melanoma cells
2022:creatine phosphokinase
1570:Haemorrhagic diarrhoea
1467:, allergic vasculitis)
1392:Decreased night vision
1173:Allergic skin reaction
89:Accutane, Roaccutane,
7429:Clindamycin/tretinoin
5580:Neuroscience Research
5333:10.1038/sj.mp.4001668
5003:10.5498/wjp.v5.i2.222
4797:10.1186/1744-859X-8-2
4732:(Systematic Review).
3944:Dermato-Endocrinology
3255:10.4161/derm.1.3.9364
3243:Dermato-Endocrinology
3237:Layton A (May 2009).
3145:"The Top 300 of 2021"
2765:Roche Pharmaceuticals
2705:elimination half-life
2454:Isotretinoin's exact
2417:), red eye caused by
2249:reported to the UK's
2233:Psychological effects
1662:Localised exfoliation
1249:Aggressive tendencies
1246:Aggravated depression
1025:According to studies
929:xeroderma pigmentosum
7802:Docosahexaenoic acid
7444:Sulfacetamide/sulfur
5477:10.1038/ajg.2010.124
5320:Molecular Psychiatry
4742:10.4088/JCP.10r05993
4092:www.medicines.org.uk
3903:Dermatologic Therapy
3869:www.medicines.org.uk
3005:Nutrition and Cancer
2787:Among others, actor
2730:New Drug Application
2564:orbitofrontal cortex
2484:retinoid X receptors
2358:hyperostotic changes
2348:(muscular pain) and
2314:dopamine D2 receptor
2131:erectile dysfunction
2113:of the cells of the
1929:erectile dysfunction
1913:and breast disorders
1639:subcutaneous tissues
1285:Psychiatric: 25.15%
921:harlequin ichthyosis
823:basal cell carcinoma
817:, and severe cystic
7284:Cyproterone acetate
6674:The Washington Post
6547:10.1503/cmaj.120729
6119:2001PNAS...98.6662P
5706:2004NYASA1021..436S
5643:2004PNAS..101.5111C
5545:Ophthalmic Research
5373:1997PNAS...9414349S
4661:(2 Suppl): S3–S21.
4098:on 28 December 2017
4046:2001PNAS...98.6662P
3875:on 28 December 2017
3593:10.1503/cmaj.120729
3096:www.hurriyet.com.tr
2802:Society and culture
2508:Cutibacterium acnes
2456:mechanism of action
2450:Mechanism of action
2318:glutamate receptors
2178:) and nose bleeds (
2146:disorders, such as
1911:Reproductive system
1757:Erythema multiforme
1410:Visual disturbances
925:lamellar ichthyosis
815:lamellar ichthyosis
288:(Prescription only)
251:(Prescription only)
175: X (High risk)
43:
7484:Never to phase III
7132:Blue light therapy
7127:8-Hydroxyquinoline
7098:-treating agents (
6610:on 8 November 2009
6473:The New York Times
6178:] (in Greek).
5086:(nov11 1): c5812.
4453:10.3233/JRS-210023
4131:10.1007/bf03259940
3956:10.4161/derm.15331
3630:The Virtual Mentor
2743:The New York Times
2683:-retinoic acid (4-
2433:, associated with
2387:ulcerative colitis
2362:epiphyseal closure
2320:– is regulated by
2204:Pregnancy Category
2194:Isotretinoin is a
1958:granulation tissue
1892:Glomerulonephritis
1749:Increased sweating
1739:Pyogenic granuloma
1267:Psychotic disorder
1264:Abnormal behaviour
1069:Unknown Frequency
1031:Type of disorders
1012:vitamin A toxicity
962:Isotretinoin is a
890:epiphyseal closure
39:
7948:
7947:
7528:Retinoid receptor
7494:
7493:
7203:Red light therapy
7180:Anti-inflammatory
7062:
7061:
7054:Zuretinol acetate
6602:(Press release).
6585:Los Angeles Times
6415:Drug Interactions
5557:10.1159/000267402
5140:10.1111/ajd.12117
5092:10.1136/bmj.c5812
4850:10.1111/ijd.12169
4040:(12): 6662–6667.
3916:10.1111/dth.12483
3802:(9017): 1749–50.
3737:978-0-85369-584-4
3130:978-3-527-60749-5
2961:. 1 December 2022
2920:(31 March 2023).
2579:neurotransmission
2492:nuclear receptors
2274:black box warning
2247:adverse reactions
2062:Dalton's lymphoma
2033:
2032:
1789:connective tissue
1745:hyperpigmentation
1670:Rash erythematous
1270:Suicidal ideation
1211:Diabetes mellitus
931:cases to relieve
792:
791:
726:Interactive image
619:CompTox Dashboard
311:
296:
283:
271:
259:
246:
174:
141:
16:(Redirected from
8015:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7956:
7807:Fluorobexarotene
7759:
7755:
7688:Tazarotenic acid
7545:
7541:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7498:
7497:
7317:Ethinylestradiol
7170:Benzoyl peroxide
7122:Benzoyl peroxide
7089:
7082:
7075:
7066:
7065:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6677:. Bloomberg News
6664:
6658:
6657:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6501:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6438:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6361:
6346:
6345:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6292:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6148:
6130:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6066:(8203): 1048–9.
6055:
6049:
6048:
6019:
6013:
6012:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5941:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5908:10.1172/JCI33869
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5772:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5654:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5488:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5394:
5384:
5367:(26): 14349–54.
5352:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5233:
5220:
5219:
5201:
5175:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5015:
5005:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4833:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4799:
4775:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4721:
4690:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4550:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4494:. 3 October 2017
4489:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4404:(5): 2414–2424.
4393:
4384:
4383:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4094:. Archived from
4084:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4057:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4008:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3871:. Archived from
3861:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3762:on 12 April 2017
3756:AustralianDoctor
3748:
3742:
3741:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3687:. Archived from
3681:
3675:
3674:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3450:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3387:
3379:
3366:
3365:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3201:Pediatric Annals
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3011:(8): 1058–1066.
2996:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2904:guildlink.com.au
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2875:nctr-crs.fda.gov
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2817:combination drug
2779:
2753:informed consent
2654:ethinylestradiol
2464:meibomian glands
2423:colour blindness
2407:meibomian glands
2377:Gastrointestinal
2046:meibomian glands
2042:sebaceous glands
1933:decreased libido
1781:Musculo-skeletal
1539:Gastrointestinal
1434:Impaired hearing
1380:Colour blindness
1257:Mood alterations
1182:Hypersensitivity
1123:Thrombocytopenia
1104:lymphatic system
1064:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1017:
1016:
898:
797:, also known as
788:
787:
728:
708:
693:
687:
681:
664:
653:
642:
641:
627:
625:
610:
590:
570:
550:
530:
510:
490:
470:
460:
459:
445:
367:
309:
306:
301:
294:
291:
281:
278:
270:
267:
257:
254:
244:
241:
219:
172:
169:
151:
140:
137:
124:
110:
60:
51:
44:
42:
38:
21:
8023:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8012:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7961:
7959:
7951:
7949:
7944:
7926:
7757:
7747:
7543:
7533:
7525:
7495:
7490:
7489:
7474:Clinical trials
7453:
7402:
7366:
7323:
7260:
7207:
7174:
7141:
7103:
7093:
7063:
7058:
6995:
6973:
6965:
6923:
6912:
6815:
6804:
6737:
6726:
6721:
6691:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6665:
6661:
6646:
6642:
6627:
6623:
6613:
6611:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6576:
6572:
6527:
6523:
6499:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6477:
6476:. 22 April 1988
6466:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6449:
6447:Washington Post
6439:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6394:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6370:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6349:
6310:
6306:
6269:
6265:
6234:
6230:
6191:
6187:
6172:
6166:
6162:
6099:
6095:
6056:
6052:
6020:
6016:
5977:
5973:
5942:
5933:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5871:on 4 April 2010
5859:
5858:
5854:
5831:
5827:
5804:(10): 2178–89.
5790:
5786:
5741:
5737:
5690:
5686:
5619:
5615:
5576:
5572:
5541:
5537:
5506:
5502:
5457:
5453:
5412:
5408:
5353:
5349:
5312:
5308:
5279:(2–3): 163–70.
5269:
5265:
5234:
5223:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5124:
5117:
5072:
5068:
5033:
5029:
4982:
4975:
4936:
4929:
4898:
4894:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4834:
4823:
4776:
4767:
4722:
4693:
4689:BNF, edition 57
4688:
4684:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4629:. 21 June 2018.
4621:
4620:
4613:
4590:
4586:
4551:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4433:
4429:
4394:
4387:
4348:
4344:
4307:
4300:
4257:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4193:
4189:
4158:
4154:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4026:
4022:
3985:
3981:
3936:
3932:
3895:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3691:on 29 July 2017
3683:
3682:
3678:
3663:
3659:
3622:
3618:
3573:
3566:
3527:
3523:
3478:
3474:
3427:
3423:
3412:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3338:
3334:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3235:
3228:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3088:
3084:
3049:
3042:
2997:
2993:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2915:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2832:
2809:
2804:
2777:
2721:
2710:
2666:corticosteroids
2664:, and systemic
2658:St. John's Wort
2638:
2592: receptors
2591:
2560:
2490:of RAR and RXR
2476:sebaceous gland
2452:
2447:
2399:
2379:
2342:muscoloskeletal
2338:
2336:Musculoskeletal
2306:
2266:
2235:
2192:
2160:
2144:spermatogenesis
2127:
2115:exocrine glands
2100:meibomian gland
2064:ascites cells,
2038:
1785:
1635:
1508:Nasopharyngitis
1484:
1388:Corneal opacity
1273:Suicide attempt
1148:Lymphadenopathy
1061:
1059:
1058:Very rare (≤ 1/
1053:,< 1/1000)
1049:
1047:
1008:
1006:Adverse effects
992:pregnancy tests
960:
927:and is used in
905:
896:
783:
781:
776:
773:
768:
763:
762:
751:
748:
743:
742:
731:
706:
696:
690:
684:
645:
621:
613:
593:
573:
553:
533:
513:
493:
473:
456:
448:
428:
425:
404:
403:
365:
342:Protein binding
332:Bioavailability
324:Pharmacokinetic
318:
299:
223:
187:
180:
161:
154:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8021:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7970:
7969:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7935:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7850:
7849:
7844:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7780:
7771:
7762:
7760:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7557:
7548:
7546:
7535:
7534:
7524:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7471:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7333:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7299:Spironolactone
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7252:
7247:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7160:Salicylic acid
7157:
7151:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7092:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7069:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7003:
7001:Retinoid drugs
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6918:Apocarotenoids
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6848:Diadinoxanthin
6845:
6840:
6838:Citranaxanthin
6835:
6830:
6825:
6823:Antheraxanthin
6819:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6727:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6697:
6689:
6688:
6659:
6640:
6621:
6591:
6570:
6541:(5): 411–413.
6521:
6487:
6459:
6430:
6404:
6378:
6347:
6304:
6283:(511): 134–8.
6263:
6228:
6185:
6160:
6113:(12): 6662–7.
6093:
6050:
6014:
5971:
5931:
5902:(4): 1468–78.
5882:
5852:
5825:
5784:
5735:
5684:
5637:(14): 5111–6.
5613:
5570:
5535:
5500:
5471:(9): 1986–93.
5451:
5406:
5347:
5306:
5263:
5221:
5161:
5115:
5066:
5027:
4973:
4927:
4908:(5): 983–991.
4892:
4871:
4844:(9): 1040–52.
4821:
4765:
4691:
4682:
4641:
4632:
4611:
4584:
4565:(3): 197–206.
4530:
4505:
4476:
4427:
4385:
4358:(3): 299–305.
4342:
4298:
4248:
4237:on 9 June 2019
4222:
4187:
4168:(5): S176-82.
4152:
4109:
4079:
4020:
3979:
3950:(3): 141–165.
3930:
3886:
3851:
3829:
3786:
3773:
3743:
3736:
3716:
3702:
3676:
3657:
3636:(8): 524–528.
3616:
3564:
3521:
3472:
3421:
3416:Drugdex System
3403:
3367:
3332:
3297:
3278:
3226:
3191:
3166:
3136:
3129:
3109:
3082:
3063:(9): 925–930.
3040:
2991:
2972:
2943:
2909:
2891:
2862:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2789:James Marshall
2720:
2717:
2708:
2650:norethisterone
2648:preparations,
2637:
2634:
2626:frontal cortex
2605:Inhibition of
2589:
2559:
2558:CNS activities
2556:
2522:, inhibiting "
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2419:conjunctivitis
2398:
2395:
2378:
2375:
2337:
2334:
2305:
2302:
2265:
2262:
2234:
2231:
2191:
2190:Teratogenicity
2188:
2159:
2156:
2126:
2123:
2070:neuronal crest
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:Rhabdomyolysis
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Nail dystrophy
1716:
1711:
1710:Hair disorders
1708:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1692:Acne fulminans
1687:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:Blurred vision
1367:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:Eye irritation
1358:
1353:
1351:Conjunctivitis
1348:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1292:Nervous system
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:Hyperuricaemia
1213:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:Thrombocytosis
1125:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1004:
959:
956:
904:
901:
888:and premature
803:-retinoic acid
790:
789:
778:
777:
775:
774:
771:
769:
766:
758:
757:
756:
753:
752:
750:
749:
746:
738:
737:
736:
733:
732:
730:
729:
721:
719:
711:
710:
704:
698:
697:
694:
688:
682:
677:
671:
670:
666:
665:
655:
647:
646:
644:
643:
630:
628:
615:
614:
612:
611:
603:
601:
595:
594:
592:
591:
583:
581:
575:
574:
572:
571:
563:
561:
555:
554:
552:
551:
543:
541:
535:
534:
532:
531:
523:
521:
515:
514:
512:
511:
503:
501:
495:
494:
492:
491:
483:
481:
475:
474:
472:
471:
463:
461:
450:
449:
447:
446:
438:
436:
430:
429:
427:
426:
407:
399:
398:
397:
394:
393:
389:
388:
379:
373:
372:
369:
360:
359:
354:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
320:
319:
317:
316:
313:
304:
289:
276:
265:
252:
238:
236:
230:
229:
225:
224:
222:
221:
208:
206:
200:
199:
190:
188:administration
182:
181:
179:
178:
176:
166:
164:
156:
155:
153:
152:
134:
132:
126:
125:
118:
112:
111:
104:
94:
93:
87:
81:
80:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8020:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7968:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7929:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7832:Retinoic acid
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7663:Retinoic acid
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7522:
7517:
7515:
7510:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7274:Antiandrogens
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7241:Tetracyclines
7239:
7237:
7236:Sulfacetamide
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7155:Glycolic acid
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7109:Antibacterial
7106:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7085:
7083:
7078:
7076:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6986:Retinoic acid
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6968:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6951:Food orange 7
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6931:Abscisic acid
6929:
6928:
6926:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6843:Cryptoxanthin
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6833:Canthaxanthin
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6718:
6713:
6711:
6706:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6574:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6435:
6418:
6416:
6408:
6392:
6390:
6382:
6366:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6267:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6164:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6031:(6): 602–11.
6030:
6026:
6018:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5952:(7): 329–33.
5951:
5947:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5755:(3): 526–33.
5754:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5700:(1): 436–40.
5699:
5695:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5586:(3): 185–90.
5585:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5516:(6): 652–61.
5515:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5120:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4978:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4946:(6): 1172–9.
4945:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4515:
4509:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4271:(9): 925–30.
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4253:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4203:(6): 1024–9.
4202:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:(4): 273–88.
4124:
4120:
4113:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3909:(4): e12483.
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3839:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3777:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3392:. August 2017
3391:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:(4): 651–63.
3347:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:(6): 311–20.
3206:
3202:
3195:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:United States
2771:brand in the
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:boxed warning
2733:
2731:
2727:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:lipophilicity
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:retinoic acid
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2566:(OFC) of the
2565:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:tumorigenesis
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2371:X-ray imaging
2367:
2366:calcification
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:retinoic acid
2319:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:non-selective
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2080:and shortens
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:neuroblastoma
2047:
2043:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:triglycerides
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:Investigation
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:and tendons)
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1598:Hepatobiliary
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:Nasal dryness
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1479:Respiratory,
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1162:Immune system
1159:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1003:
1001:
1000:dermatologist
995:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
955:
953:
949:
948:genital warts
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
900:
893:
891:
887:
883:
882:retinoic acid
879:
878:birth defects
875:
871:
870:liver failure
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
802:
796:
786:
779:
770:
765:
764:
761:
754:
745:
744:
741:
734:
727:
723:
722:
720:
717:
712:
705:
703:
699:
678:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
656:
654:
652:ECHA InfoCard
648:
640:
636:
635:DTXSID4023177
632:
631:
629:
620:
616:
609:
605:
604:
602:
600:
596:
589:
585:
584:
582:
580:
576:
569:
565:
564:
562:
560:
556:
549:
545:
544:
542:
540:
536:
529:
525:
524:
522:
520:
516:
509:
505:
504:
502:
500:
496:
489:
485:
484:
482:
480:
476:
469:
465:
464:
462:
455:
451:
444:
440:
439:
437:
435:
431:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
405:
402:
395:
390:
387:
383:
380:
378:
374:
370:
368:
361:
358:
355:
353:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
312: Rx-only
305:
302:
290:
287:
277:
275:
266:
263:
253:
250:
240:
239:
237:
235:
231:
226:
218:
213:
210:
209:
207:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
183:
177:
168:
167:
165:
163:
157:
150:
145:
136:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
77:
72:
70:Pronunciation
68:
65:Clinical data
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
8003:Isotretinoin
7983:Cyclohexenes
7937:
7854:Antagonists:
7853:
7812:Isotretinoin
7811:
7784:
7775:
7765:
7739:
7705:Antagonists:
7704:
7678:Tamibarotene
7658:Palovarotene
7653:Isotretinoin
7652:
7590:
7561:
7551:
7407:Combinations
7342:Isotretinoin
7341:
7289:Drospirenone
7279:Bicalutamide
7231:Erythromycin
7137:Tea tree oil
7117:Azelaic acid
7034:Isotretinoin
7033:
7014:Alitretinoin
6936:Apocarotenal
6908:Zeinoxanthin
6898:Violaxanthin
6888:Rhodoxanthin
6868:Flavoxanthin
6853:Diatoxanthin
6810:Xanthophylls
6780:Neurosporene
6679:. Retrieved
6672:
6662:
6656:. UBM Canon.
6653:
6643:
6634:
6624:
6612:. Retrieved
6608:the original
6594:
6583:
6573:
6538:
6534:
6524:
6510:(2): 28–31.
6507:
6503:
6490:
6478:. Retrieved
6471:
6462:
6450:. Retrieved
6446:
6421:. Retrieved
6414:
6407:
6395:. Retrieved
6388:
6381:
6369:. Retrieved
6320:(1): 78–84.
6317:
6313:
6307:
6280:
6276:
6266:
6244:(5): 640–1.
6241:
6237:
6231:
6201:(3): 241–7.
6198:
6194:
6188:
6175:
6163:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6028:
6024:
6017:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5949:
5945:
5899:
5895:
5885:
5873:. Retrieved
5869:the original
5864:
5855:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5634:
5630:
5616:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5551:(2): 124–8.
5548:
5544:
5538:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5424:(6): 291–9.
5421:
5415:
5409:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5326:(7): 620–1.
5323:
5319:
5309:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5244:(3): 452–3.
5241:
5237:
5184:(1): 61–71.
5181:
5177:
5164:
5134:(2): 162–7.
5131:
5127:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5047:(4): 515–9.
5044:
5040:
5030:
4996:(2): 222–7.
4993:
4989:
4943:
4939:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4886:
4841:
4837:
4787:
4783:
4736:(1): 37–50.
4733:
4729:
4685:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4635:
4626:
4600:(5): 467–8.
4597:
4593:
4587:
4562:
4558:
4521:. Retrieved
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4479:
4447:(1): 65–76.
4444:
4440:
4430:
4421:
4401:
4397:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4321:(3): 321–5.
4318:
4314:
4268:
4264:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:the original
4225:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4096:the original
4091:
4082:
4037:
4033:
4023:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3906:
3902:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3868:
3842:. Retrieved
3832:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3764:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3755:
3746:
3726:
3719:
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3689:the original
3679:
3670:
3660:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3587:(5): 411–3.
3584:
3580:
3537:(6): 772–7.
3534:
3530:
3524:
3492:(3): 216–8.
3489:
3485:
3475:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3415:
3394:. Retrieved
3345:
3341:
3335:
3318:. Retrieved
3249:(3): 162–9.
3246:
3242:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3178:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3148:
3139:
3119:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3098:(in Turkish)
3095:
3085:
3060:
3056:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2958:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2912:
2903:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2824:erythromycin
2815:The topical
2814:
2810:
2797:
2786:
2781:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2741:
2734:
2722:
2712:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2646:progesterone
2639:
2614:hypothalamus
2610:neurogenesis
2604:
2584:serotonergic
2572:
2568:frontal lobe
2561:
2552:pathogenesis
2513:
2506:
2496:
2468:hypothalamic
2453:
2445:Pharmacology
2431:papilloedema
2400:
2380:
2339:
2311:
2307:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2267:
2258:
2255:
2236:
2228:
2217:
2213:
2193:
2184:
2174:), itching (
2161:
2148:oligospermia
2133:and reduced
2128:
2119:night vision
2117:. Decreased
2097:
2086:
2054:hypothalamic
2039:
1975:
1943:
1909:
1872:
1843:Hyperostosis
1829:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1607:transaminase
1596:
1584:Pancreatitis
1537:
1519:Bronchospasm
1486:
1485:
1478:
1445:
1421:
1401:Papilloedema
1338:
1290:
1228:
1195:
1177:Anaphylactic
1160:
1101:
1077:
1057:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1009:
996:
972:
967:
961:
945:
910:
906:
903:Medical uses
894:
886:hyperostosis
874:blood levels
847:
806:
800:
798:
795:Isotretinoin
794:
793:
782:
421:
417:
413:
409:
364:Elimination
234:Legal status
228:Legal status
149:Isotretinoin
130:License data
75:
74:See note at
41:Isotretinoin
36:
7988:Dermatoxins
7693:Trifarotene
7648:Fenretinide
7470:from market
7378:Epristeride
7362:Trifarotene
7347:Motretinide
7255:Doxycycline
7250:Minocycline
7245:Lymecycline
7221:Clindamycin
7213:Antibiotics
7188:Niacinamide
7147:Keratolytic
7029:Fenretinide
6893:Rubixanthin
6873:Fucoxanthin
6858:Dinoxanthin
6828:Astaxanthin
6800:Lycopersene
6790:Phytofluene
6724:Carotenoids
6614:12 November
6452:14 November
5875:13 November
4887:mhra.gov.uk
3879:27 December
3695:20 February
3330:for updates
2988:(1): 17–45.
2965:25 December
2851:. Drugs.com
2726:thalidomide
2607:hippocampal
2472:hippocampus
2439:photophobia
2415:blepharitis
2281:retinoids.
2224:miscarriage
2152:dechallenge
2078:epigenetics
2058:hippocampus
2010:Proteinuria
1489:mediastinal
1406:Photophobia
1346:Blepharitis
1316:Convulsions
1230:Psychiatric
1137:Neutropenia
998:consultant
709: g·mol
658:100.022.996
392:Identifiers
371:10–20 hours
264:(Retinoids)
116:MedlinePlus
85:Trade names
7977:Categories
7792:Bexarotene
7708:BMS-195614
7683:Tazarotene
7643:Etretinate
7531:modulators
7352:Tazarotene
7044:Temarotene
7039:Tazarotene
7024:Etretinate
7019:Bexarotene
6903:Zeaxanthin
6883:Neoxanthin
6863:Echinenone
6770:ζ-Carotene
6765:ε-Carotene
6760:δ-Carotene
6755:γ-Carotene
6750:β-Carotene
6745:α-Carotene
6480:2 December
6423:20 January
6397:20 January
6371:20 January
5865:Medconnect
5841:(11): 32.
5130:(Review).
4102:10 January
3993:Epigenomes
3844:7 February
3766:7 February
3441:(3): 544.
3184:14 January
3159:14 January
2884:22 October
2830:References
2782:Roaccutane
2536:gelatinase
2516:telomerase
2482:(RAR) and
2350:arthralgia
2172:dermatitis
2093:epiphyseal
2074:stem cells
2020:Increased
2005:Haematuria
1988:Decreased
1982:Increased
1853:Tendonitis
1848:Osteopenia
1824:Calcinosis
1798:Arthralgia
1734:Pili torti
1724:Paronychia
1653:Dermatitis
1605:Increased
1562:Dry throat
1525:Hoarseness
1461:Vasculitis
1321:Drowsiness
1242:Depression
1197:Metabolism
1116:Increased
1102:Blood and
1078:Infections
1072:Frequency
1046:Rare (≥ 1/
714:3D model (
702:Molar mass
588:CHEBI:6067
548:EH28UP18IF
519:ChemSpider
479:IUPHAR/BPS
434:CAS Number
401:IUPAC name
352:Metabolism
7867:LG-100754
7841:vitamin A
7827:LG-100754
7822:LG-101506
7817:LG-100268
7766:Agonists:
7743:Liarozole
7672:vitamin A
7584:Adapalene
7579:Acitretin
7569:AC-261066
7552:Agonists:
7480:Phase III
7468:Withdrawn
7398:Tioxolone
7357:Tretinoin
7337:Adapalene
7329:Retinoids
7312:Estradiol
7307:Estrogens
7294:Flutamide
7193:Ibuprofen
7049:Tretinoin
7009:Acitretin
6961:Peridinin
6732:Carotenes
6654:Pharmalot
6635:Bloomberg
6604:Genentech
5623:Crusio WE
5608:207152111
5199:1822/3943
4293:205905994
4015:2075-4655
3999:(3): 24.
2936:15 August
2662:phenytoin
2554:of acne.
2460:apoptosis
2427:keratitis
2354:Retinoids
2344:effects.
2330:gene loci
2304:Psychosis
2239:psychosis
2196:teratogen
2180:epistaxis
2164:cheilitis
2111:apoptosis
2089:long bone
2082:telomeres
1838:Exostosis
1819:Arthritis
1807:Back pain
1714:Hirsutism
1706:Exanthema
1648:Cheilitis
1620:Hepatitis
1500:Epistaxis
1396:Keratitis
1326:Dizziness
1179:reactions
977:. The US
964:teratogen
933:keratoses
854:xeroderma
850:cheilitis
843:tretinoin
835:vitamin A
608:ChEMBL547
443:4759-48-2
377:Excretion
366:half-life
186:Routes of
160:Pregnancy
108:Monograph
102:Drugs.com
76:tretinoin
32:Tretinoin
8008:Polyenes
7967:Medicine
7934:See also
7877:UVI-3003
7847:SR-11237
7733:MM-11253
7723:ER-50891
7574:AC-55649
7388:Pelretin
7383:Mesulfen
7266:Hormonal
6946:Crocetin
6795:Torulene
6785:Phytoene
6775:Lycopene
6681:30 April
6565:23296582
6516:10680601
6334:12534661
6299:15720936
6258:15897395
6223:23468315
6215:12102663
6155:11371621
6088:40877032
6009:22954658
6001:11843233
5987:: 43–9.
5926:18317594
5820:16575387
5779:21564055
5722:15251924
5679:15051884
5600:20708044
5530:22014987
5495:20354506
5446:36785828
5438:17241599
5342:15838536
5301:12089905
5216:30773986
5208:16325258
5156:29178483
5148:24283385
5110:21071484
5061:11568740
5022:26110123
4960:21250961
4922:15863802
4866:26521263
4858:23962262
4816:19154613
4760:21903028
4677:24688620
4606:16703787
4579:18786498
4471:34719438
4418:34379039
4380:37897437
4372:11530040
4285:26154692
4182:11606950
4147:12432684
4074:11371621
3974:22110774
3925:28295859
3824:28756302
3671:Medscape
3652:23234692
3611:23296582
3559:10994239
3551:16796650
3516:15170007
3467:38339295
3458:10854948
3362:17276540
3311:US Label
3273:20436884
3221:19588674
3179:ClinCalc
3153:Archived
3149:ClinCalc
3077:26154692
3035:21058193
2930:Archived
2769:Accutane
2630:striatum
2628:and the
2600:reuptake
2488:agonists
2403:Dry eyes
2220:abortion
2176:pruritus
2168:erythema
1702:(facial)
1700:Erythema
1666:Pruritus
1658:Dry skin
1633:Skin and
1481:thoracic
1447:Vascular
1375:Cataract
1356:Dry eyes
1301:Headache
968:in utero
866:myalgias
858:dry eyes
831:retinoid
807:Accutane
785:(verify)
499:DrugBank
336:Variable
262:Class C2
204:ATC code
193:By mouth
162:category
144:DailyMed
18:Accutane
7837:Retinol
7797:CD 3254
7718:CD-2665
7713:BMS-493
7668:Retinol
7623:CD-2314
7618:CD-1530
7613:BMS-961
7608:BMS-753
7603:BMS-493
7393:Stridex
7226:Dapsone
7198:Aspirin
6991:Retinol
6981:Retinal
6956:Ionones
6556:3602257
6342:8475675
6290:1463189
6137:3055868
6115:Bibcode
6080:6107678
6045:6451637
5917:2262030
5770:3166444
5730:9588555
5702:Bibcode
5661:3371827
5639:Bibcode
5565:8196934
5486:3073620
5401:9405615
5369:Bibcode
5293:8789914
5258:8109664
5101:2978759
5013:4473493
4968:7714558
4807:2637283
4751:3276716
4668:3970835
4462:8925105
4337:2918239
4217:6588057
4139:3054426
4042:Bibcode
3965:3219165
3816:8656912
3602:3602257
3507:1744851
3435:Cancers
3264:2835909
3102:20 June
3026:4104190
2719:History
2673:albumin
2470:cells,
2346:Myalgia
2326:cascade
2243:suicide
2072:cells,
2060:cells,
2056:cells,
2052:cells,
1963:Malaise
1944:General
1878:urinary
1803:Myalgia
1558:Ileitis
1553:Colitis
1277:Suicide
1253:Anxiety
987:Covance
975:iPLEDGE
917:rosacea
860:and an
707:300.442
675:Formula
528:4445539
508:DB00982
468:5282379
454:PubChem
303:Rx-only
300:WARNING
272::
220:)
214: (
212:D10AD04
197:topical
146::
122:a681043
7993:Enones
7953:Portal
7917:HX-711
7907:PA-452
7902:PA-451
7897:CD3254
7892:LE-540
7882:HX-603
7872:PA-452
7862:HX-630
7857:HX-531
7769:9CDHRA
7728:LE-135
7628:CD-437
7598:AM-580
7555:9CDHRA
7463:WHO-EM
7165:Sulfur
6922:<40
6878:Lutein
6563:
6553:
6514:
6340:
6332:
6297:
6287:
6256:
6221:
6213:
6153:
6143:
6135:
6086:
6078:
6060:Lancet
6043:
6007:
5999:
5966:153472
5964:
5924:
5914:
5818:
5777:
5767:
5728:
5720:
5677:
5670:387382
5667:
5659:
5606:
5598:
5563:
5528:
5493:
5483:
5444:
5436:
5399:
5389:
5340:
5299:
5291:
5256:
5214:
5206:
5154:
5146:
5108:
5098:
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