Abdul Qadeer Khan - Knowledge

478: 1338: 2036:, while he co-authored articles on chemical reactions of the highly unstable isotope particles in the controlled physical system. He maintained his stance of the use of controversial technological solutions to both military and civilian problems, including the use of military technologies for civilian welfare. Khan also remained a vigorous advocate for a nuclear testing program and defence strength through nuclear weapons. He justified Pakistan's nuclear deterrence program as sparing his country the fate of Iraq or Libya. In an interview in 2011, Khan maintained his stance on 2021: 1155: 1016:, a Dutch engineer and businessman who had studied metallurgy with Khan at the Delft University of Technology, continued providing goods needed for enriching uranium to Khan in Pakistan through his company Slebos Research. Slebos was sentenced in 1985 to one year in prison but the sentence was reduced on appeal in 1986 to six months of probation and a fine of 20,000 guilders. Though Slebos continued to export goods to Pakistan and was again sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of around 1185:. Because of his interest in uranium metallurgy and his frustration at having been passed over for director of the uranium division (the job was instead given to Bashiruddin Mahmood), Khan refused to engage in further calculations and caused tensions with other researchers. Khan became highly unsatisfied and bored with the research led by Mahmood – finally, he submitted a critical report to Bhutto, in which he explained that the "enrichment program" was nowhere near success. 216: 206: 6436: 1279: 60: 1531:. Reacting to the suspicions of espionage, Khan stressed that: "I had requested for it as we had no library of our own at KRL, at that time. All the research work was the result of our innovation and struggle. We did not receive any technical 'know-how' from abroad, but we cannot reject the use of books, magazines, and research papers in this connection." 1571: 479: 2086:, although his actions were certainly ideological or political in nature, Khan's motives remain essentially financial. This is evidenced, according to him, by his commercial maneuvers, his presence in North Korean trade as well as his real estate ownerships. For instance, Khan owned the Hendrina Khan Hotel in 1809:(PTV) and confessed to running a proliferation ring, and transferring technology to Iran between 1989 and 1991, and to North Korea and Libya between 1991 and 1997. The Musharraf administration avoided arresting Khan but launched security hearings on Khan who confessed to the military investigators that former 1123:(HEU), against weapon-grade plutonium, and explained to Bhutto why he thought the idea of "plutonium" would not work. Later, Khan was advised by several officials in the Bhutto administration to remain in the Netherlands to learn more about centrifuge technology but continue to provide consultation on the 1127:

enrichment program led by Mahmood. By December 1975, Khan was given a transfer to a less sensitive section when URENCO became suspicious of his indiscreet open sessions with Mahmood to instruct him on centrifuge technology. Khan began to fear for his safety in the Netherlands, ultimately insisting on

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states: "Khan's motivations were complex and evolving (...) The primary motivation seems to have been to ensure the legitimacy of his role in building Pakistan's nuclear force (...) The second motivation, which has become more important over time, is personal enrichment. Finally, the third important

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by much of the scientific community, but Khan was still quite welcome in his country's political and military circles. After leaving the directorship of the Khan Research Laboratories in 2001, Khan briefly joined the Musharraf administration as a policy adviser on science and technology on a request

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In the 1970s, Khan had been very vocal about establishing a network to acquire imported electronic materials from the Dutch firms and had very little trust of PAEC's domestic manufacturing of materials, despite the government accepting PAEC's arguments for the long term sustainability of the nuclear

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to ~30,000 rpm and was immediately dispatched to ERL which was suffering from many setbacks in setting up its own program under Khan's direction based on centrifuge technology dependent on URENCO's methods. Khan eventually committed to work on problems involving the differential equations concerning

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The innovation and improved designs of centrifuges were marked as classified for export restriction by the Pakistan government, though Khan was still in possession of earlier designs of centrifuges from when he worked for URENCO in the 1970s. In 1990, the United States alleged that highly sensitive

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at Almelo where Khan had stolen designs of the centrifuges from URENCO for the nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan. Veerman became aware of the espionage when Khan had taken classified URENCO documents home to be copied and translated by his Dutch-speaking wife and had asked Veerman to photograph

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akistan's motivation for nuclear weapons arose from a need to prevent "nuclear blackmail" by India. Had Iraq and Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been destroyed in the way we have seen recently. ... If (Pakistan) had an capability before 1971, we would not have lost half of our

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military exercise in 1987, Khan gave another interview to local press and stated: "the Americans had been well aware of the success of the atomic quest of Pakistan", allegedly confirming the speculation of technology export. At both instances, the Zia administration sharply denied Khan's statement

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Though he had helped to come up with the centrifuge designs, and had been a long-time proponent of the concept, Khan was not chosen to head the development project to test his nation's first nuclear-weapons (his reputation of a thorny personality likely played a role in this) after India conducted

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The spread of Nuclear weapons among nations: Militarization or Development, pp. 417–430. (Ref. Nuclear War Nuclear Proliferation and their consequences "Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium organised by the Group De Bellerive Geneva 27–29 June 1985", Edited by: Sadruddin Aga Khan,

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Scientists have said that Khan would have never got any closer to success without the assistance of Alam and others. The issue is controversial; Khan maintained to his biographer that when it came to defending the "centrifuge approach" and really putting work into it, both Shah and Alam refused.

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lightweight" given to exaggerating his scientific achievements in centrifuges. At one point, Munir Khan said that, "most of the scientists who work on the development of atomic bomb projects were extremely 'serious'. They were sobered by the weight of what they don't know; Abdul Qadeer Khan is a

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He wrote in Jang that his ancestors came down from Tirah in Khyber Agency and settled in Bhopal in central India. His mother was from Tirah while his father was an Uzbek who came to India with Sultan Shahabuddin Ghauri and defeated the Hindu Rajput ruler, Prithvi Raj. Dr Khan cleverly named his

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to compete, but still failed to impress his fellow theorists at PAEC, generally in the physics community. In later years, Khan became a staunch critic of Munir Khan's research in physics, and on many occasions tried unsuccessfully to belittle Munir Khan's role in the atomic bomb projects. Their

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In spite of the proliferation controversy and his volatile personality, Khan remained a popular public figure and has been as a symbol of national pride with many in Pakistan who see him as a national hero. While Khan has been bestowed with many medals and honours by the federal government and

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issued a pardon to Khan as he feared that the issue would be politicised by his political rivals. Despite the pardon, Khan, who had strong conservative support, had badly damaged the political credibility of the Musharraf administration and the image of the United States who was attempting to

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In 1982, an unnamed Arab country reached out to Khan for the sale of centrifuge technology. Khan was very receptive to the financial offer, but one scientist alerted the Zia administration which investigated the matter, only for Khan to vehemently deny such an offer was made to him. The Zia

1357:' device that only had to work with high-enriched uranium – a design concept of gun-type device he eventually submitted to Ministry of Energy (MoE) and Ministry of Defense (MoD). Khan downplayed the importance of plutonium despite many of the theorists maintaining that "plutonium and the 1306:

Many of his theorists were unsure that military-grade uranium would be feasible on time without the centrifuges, since Alam had notified PAEC that the "blueprints were incomplete" and "lacked the scientific information needed even for the basic gas-centrifuges." Calculations by

1852:, stated that Khan could not have acted alone "without the awareness of the Pakistan Government". Blix's statement was also reciprocated by the United States government, with one anonymous American government intelligence official quoted by independent journalist and author 4994: 999:. This was also highlighted when despite Archie Pervez (Khan's associate for nuclear procurement in the US) being convicted in 1988, no action was taken against Khan or his proliferation network by the US government which needed the support of Pakistan during the 1188:

Upon reviewing the report, Bhutto sensed a great danger as the scientists were split between military-grade uranium and plutonium and informed Khan to take over the enrichment division from Mahmood, who separated the program from PAEC by founding the

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the rotation around fixed axis to perfectly balance the machine under influence of gravity and the design of first generation of centrifuges became functional after Khan and Alam succeeded in separating the U and U isotopes from raw natural uranium.

1891:" for proliferation deals. In 2012, Khan also implicated Benazir Bhutto's administration in proliferation matters, pointing to the fact as she had issued "clear directions in thi regard." Khan also said that he was persecuted because he was a 1950:– he served as its president in 1996–97. Khan published two books on material science and started publishing his articles from KRL in the 1980s. Gopal S. Upadhyaya, an Indian metallurgist who attended Khan's conference and met him along with 6927: 1038:, a Hungarian-South African businessman was sentenced to three years in prison in the US for the sale of restricted nuclear equipment to Pakistan through Humayun Khan (an associate of A. Q. Khan) and his Pakland PME Corporation. 3318: 2101:

in Libya and the cargo was then taken to Timbuktu by road as it was unable to land in Mali. Khan himself accompanied the furniture from Islamabad. His wife, two daughters and brother Abdul Quyuim Khan were all named in the

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turned over the names of their suppliers, which identified Khan as one of them. Heinz Mebus, a German engineer and businessman and college friend of Khan, was named as one of the suppliers - acting as a middleman for Khan.

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in 1983. In spite of his role, Khan was never in charge of the actual designs of the nuclear devices, their calculations, and eventual weapons testing which remained under the directorship of Munir Ahmad Khan and the PAEC.

1527:, and successfully argued that the technical information requested by Khan was commonly found and taught in undergraduate and doctoral physics at the university – the court exonerated Khan by overturning his sentence on a 1311:, and confirmed by Alam, showed that Khan's earlier estimation of the quantity of uranium needing enrichment for the production of weapon-grade uranium was possible, even with the small number of centrifuges deployed. 1547:

and a furious President Zia met with Khan and used a "tough tone", promising Khan severe repercussions had he not retracted all of his statements, which Khan immediately did by contacting several news correspondents.

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politicians as well as IAEA officials had made several strong calls to have Khan interrogated by IAEA investigators, given the lingering scepticism about the disclosures made by Pakistan, but Prime Minister

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Many of Khan's colleagues were irritated that he seemed to enjoy taking full credit for something he had only a small part in, and in response, he authored an article, "Torch-Bearers", which appeared in

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Bill Powell and Tim McGirk, "The Man Who Sold the Bomb; How Pakistan's A.Q. Khan outwitted Western intelligence to build a global nuclear-smuggling ring that made the world a more dangerous place",

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who contested his scientific understanding in quantum physics. In addition, Khan's false claims that he was the "father" of the atomic bomb project since its inception and his personal attacks on

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of the United States (U.S.), nearly lost its patience with Khan when he reportedly attempted to meet with a local journalist to announce the existence of the enrichment program. During the Indian

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Abdul Qadeer Khan (HI, NI & Bar) remains the only Pakistani who got the Nishan-i-Imtiaz, the highest civil award twice. He also got the Hilal-i-Imtiaz, along with Munir Ahmad Khan, in 1989. A

2349: 1318:. However, they were riddled with serious technical errors, and while he bought some components for analysis, they were broken pieces, making them useless for quick assembly of a centrifuge. Its 971:

some of them. In 1975, Khan was transferred to a less sensitive section when URENCO became suspicious and he subsequently returned to Pakistan with his wife and two daughters. Khan was sentenced

5521:"Bombs, Missiles and Pakistani Science: The Chaghi tests, and more recent Ghauri-II and Shaheen-I missile launches, have been deemed heroic symbols of high scientific achievement... Are they?" 1962:; where he remained on the board of directors of the university up until his death in 2021. Later, Khan helped established the A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering at 1621:

Between 1987 and 1989, Khan secretly leaked knowledge of centrifuges to Iran without notifying the Pakistan Government, although this issue is a subject of political controversy. In 2003, the

1954:, reportedly described him as being a proud Pakistani who wanted to show the world that scientists from Pakistan are inferior to no one in the world. Khan also served as project director of 5033: 3526: 1837:

had pointed out to the Bush administration that the successor to Musharraf could be less friendly towards the United States. This restrained the Bush administration from applying further

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from India who migrated to Pakistan in 1952, Khan was educated in the metallurgical engineering departments of Western European technical universities where he pioneered studies in

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of the United States. Khan admitted his role in running a nuclear proliferation network – only to retract his statements in later years when he leveled accusations at the

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Ernst Piffl, was convicted and sentenced to three and a half years in prison by Germany in 1998 for supplying nuclear centrifuge parts through his company Team GmbH to Khan's

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and had spent her childhood in Africa before returning with her parents to the Netherlands where she lived as a registered foreigner. In 1963, he married Henny in a modest

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Khan was accused of selling nuclear secrets illegally and was put under house arrest in 2004. After years of house arrest, Khan successfully filed a lawsuit against the

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was convicted and sentenced to five years and six months in prison for procuring centrifuges for Libya from Khan, Lerch also acted as Khan's middleman for Iran.

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research, but continue to push for his ideas for feasibility of weapon-grade uranium even though it had a low priority, with most efforts still aimed to produce

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from President Musharraf. In this capacity, Khan promoted increased defence spending on his nation's missile program to counter the perceived threats from the

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network that implicated Khan's role to the Musharraf administration. Khan was dismissed from his post on 31 January 2004. On 4 February 2004, Khan appeared on

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Kan, Shirley A. (2009). "§A.Q. Khan's nuclear network". China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy issues. Washington, DC:

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has its significance", and he insisted on the uranium route to the Bhutto administration when France's offer for an extraction plant was in the offing.

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whose verdict declared his debriefing unconstitutional and freed him on 6 February 2009. The United States reacted negatively to the verdict and the

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in 18% of maraging steel, Seven National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics, written with Anwar-ul-Haq, Mohammad Farooq, S. Qaisar, published at the

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element of varying importance depending on the hypothesis: Khan's more or less diffuse desire to see other Muslim countries access nuclear power."

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while stating that it was KRL's highly enriched uranium (HEU) that was used in the detonation of Pakistan's first nuclear devices on 28 May 1998.

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it was the calculations and validation that came from his team of fellow theorists, including mathematician Tasneem Shah and Alam, who solved the

6402: 3254:(PhD). thesis prepared under the supervision of Professor Martin J. Brabers. Leuven, Belgium: Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Leuven. 1092:

had his military secretary run a security check on Khan, who was unknown at that time, for verification and asked PAEC to dispatch a team under

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on state television while commenting in the last part of his speech, Aziz stressed: "The services of scientist ... Dr. Qadeer Khan are "

6025: 4343: 2512: 1740:, was one of the heads of Libya's nuclear programme and worked in nuclear enrichment for Libya and Pakistan. In 2008, German nuclear engineer 1687:

were supplying nuclear parts to Libya through Khan's Dubai-based Sri Lankan associate Buhary Syed Abu Tahir. This was further revealed in the

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The services of Nuclear Scientist Dr. Qadeer Khan are unforgettable for the country; we will not hand him over to any other country ...

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During his work on the nuclear weapons program and onwards, Khan faced heated and intense criticism from his fellow theorists, most notably

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On multiple occasions, Khan levelled accusations against Benazir Bhutto's administration of providing secret enrichment information, on a

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for special suspension bearings mounted at the top of rotating centrifuge cylinders. In 2005, it was revealed that President Zia-ul-Haq's

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concerning rotation around a fixed axis under the influence of gravity, which led Khan to come up with the innovative centrifuge designs.

6887: 6232: 4106: 1688: 1430:) when he attended a conference there – the Pakistani Government sent it back to the People's Republic of China, asking KRL to use the UF 642: 5584: 4493: 2620: 1985:. Khan died on 10 October 2021, at the age of 85, after being transferred to a hospital in Islamabad with lung problems. He was given a 1116:

where he explained the significance of highly enriched uranium, with the meeting ending with Bhutto's remark: "He seems to make sense."

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Khan attending literary conference with members of a civic society in 2017. Despite controversy, Khan remained a popular public figure.

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had suddenly decided to spread nuclear technology around the world. Could he really do that without the American government knowing?".

1101: 415: 41: 4519: 6882: 6852: 6832: 6827: 4949: 4739:"Prolifération nucléaire par et au profit des acteurs non étatiques - Chaire Raoul-Dandurand en études stratégiques et diplomatiques" 3087: 988: 897:. Soon after, Khan left FDO when URENCO offered him a senior technical position, initially conducting studies on uranium metallurgy. 4926: 6621: 1370: 1163: 1137: 1077: 523: 151: 5708: 3870: 2069:

caused even greater animosity from his fellow theorists, and most particularly, within the general physics community, such as the

5423: 4751: 2090:, named after his wife. It was one of dozens of his commercial enterprises. To build his hotel in Timbuktu, he reportedly used a 2076:

Various motivations have been cited for Khan's role in the proliferation of nuclear weapons. According to the editor-in-chief of

1834: 794:, he met Hendrina "Henny" Reternik – a British passport holder who had been born in South Africa to Dutch expatriates. She spoke 5163: 5062: 4156: 1158:

Diagram of the principles of a Zippe-type gas centrifuge with U-238 represented in dark blue and U-235 represented in light blue

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officials. Iraqi officials said "the documents were authentic but that they had not agreed to work with A. Q. Khan, fearing an

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scientific rivalry became public and widely popular in the physics community and seminars held in the country over the years.

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at Pakistan's embassy in The Hague. Khan and Henny together had two daughters, Dina Khan - who is a doctor, and Ayesha Khan.

5354: 1887:". In 2008, in an interview, Khan laid the whole blame on former President Pervez Musharraf, and labelled Musharraf as the " 1326:

at the cost of millions of taxpayers money, Alam maintained. Though Khan's knowledge of copper metallurgy greatly aided the

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but he was not prosecuted due to lack of evidence, though it did file a criminal complaint against him in a local court in

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for the hydrogen bomb, but the military strategists had objected to the idea as it went against the government's policy of

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Unbeknownst to Khan, his nation's scientists were already working towards feasibility of the atomic bomb under a secretive

5991: 5890: 2279:, Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics, written with A. Tauqeer, Fakhar Hashmi, publisher 6962: 5951: 2860:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan faces discrimination because he is a Mohajir & not considered Son of Soil - video Dailymotion" 1755:, a German businessman, arranged the shipment of gas centrifuge parts from Khan in Pakistan to Libya and Iran via Dubai. 1642: 960:

of the uranium metal, eventually dedicated his investigations to improving the efficiency of the centrifuges by 1973–74.

877:, from Brabers's recommendation. The FDO was a subcontractor for Ultra-Centrifuge Nederland of the, British-German-Dutch 5197: 3843:

Edward Nasim (23 July 2009). "Interview with Sultan Bashir Mahmood". Scientists of Pakistan. Season 1. 0:30 minutes in.

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on Musharraf due to a strategic calculation that it might cause the loss of Musharraf as an ally. In December 2006, the

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and directed Bhutto's letter to meet him in Islamabad. Upon arriving in December 1974, Khan took a taxi straight to the

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The next day, Khan met with Munir Ahmad and other senior scientists where he focused the discussion on production of

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launched its investigation of Khan, focusing on his personal role, when Libya handed over a list of its suppliers.

894: 752: 2733: 1220:. During this time, Alam accomplished a great feat by perfectly balancing the rotation of the first generation of 975:

to four years in prison in 1983 by the Netherlands for espionage but the conviction was later overturned due to a

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Burr, William. "The 'Labors of Atlas, Sisyphus, or Hercules'? US Gas-Centrifuge Policy and Diplomacy, 1954–60."

5486: 6982: 6013: 5324: 4696:"Documents Indicate A.Q. Khan Offered Nuclear Weapon Designs to Iraq in 1990: Did He Approach Other Countries?" 4286: 1810: 937: 830: 780: 599: 576: 531: 137: 133: 4851: 2122:

universities in Pakistan, Khan also remains the only citizen of Pakistan to have been honoured twice with the

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The centrifuges removed from Libya by the United States as seen in the image were developed by Khan, known as

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In the military circles, Khan's scientific ability was well recognised and was often known with his moniker "

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in 1985 to four years in prison. Upon learning of the sentence, Khan filed an appeal through his attorney,

1250: 1141: 588: 5524: 4796: 6872: 6334: 6252: 5975: 5407: 5405: 3916: 1664: 1447: 992: 772: 721: 393: 4715: 4433:, 1 (in English and Urdu), vol. 1, Islamabad, Pakistan: Ali Masud books publication, pp. 34–39 4078: 2254: 1403:. Khan often got engrossed in projects which were theoretically interesting but practically unfeasible. 779:, where he academically excelled in courses in metallurgy, but left West Berlin when he switched to the 6730: 6227: 6126: 3989:

Nuclear Weapon Archives, Reuters and Los Angeles Times news reports were used in preparing this article

1794: 1684: 1608: 1439: 1093: 1027: 991:(BVD) was aware of Khan's espionage activities but he was allowed to continue due to pressure from the 569: 247: 5402: 4203: 3821:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Usman Shabbir, special report on Pakistan's atomic bomb program. Archived from 3808: 3806: 3804: 3176: 2538: 1618:(CD), to North Korea; these accusations were denied by Benazir Bhutto's staff and military personnel. 6684: 6608: 6393: 6149: 6019: 5854: 3605: 2268: 1435: 842: 237: 6031: 4136: 3736: 1981:

In August 2021, Khan was admitted to Khan Research Laboratories Hospital after testing positive for

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British Reporter Adrian Levy: The United States Secretly Helped Pakistan Build Its Nuclear Arsenal

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Organizational Cultures and the Management of Nuclear Technology: Political and Military Sociology

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Khan, Feroz Hassan (7 November 2012). "The clash of the Khans:Centrifuge Khan vs. Reactor Khan".

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Rahman, Shahid (1998). "Dr. A. Q. Khan: Nothing Succeed like Success". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

4289:(CRS): Congressional Research Service (CRS). pp. 5–6. ISBN Congressional Research Service (CRS). 3822: 3340: 2384:, 2007 documentary series about the nuclear race and proliferation including Khan's role therein 2097:

transport aircraft in the early 2000s to transport carved wooden furniture. The plane landed at

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At the height of the proliferation controversy in 2007, Khan was paid tribute by Prime Minister

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in 1947, who would often write to Khan's parents about the new life they had found in Pakistan.

6637: 4263: 3117: 2886: 2037: 1919: 1701: 1559: 1396: 1391: 1382: 1337: 1331: 1323: 1295: 1273: 1174:. Calculations performed by him were valuable contributions to centrifuges and a vital link to 953: 4902:

David Rohde; David Sanger (2 February 2004). "Key Pakistani is Said to Admit Atom Transfers".

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reported that Khan had sent Iraq centrifuge designs, which were apparently confiscated by the

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issued an official statement warning that Khan still remained a "serious proliferation risk".

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and advised the Musharraf administration on space policy. He presented the idea of using the

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in 1990, and also directed allegations at President Musharraf over the controversy in 2008.

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Fitzpatrick, Mark (2007). "Dr. A. Q. Khan and the rise and fall of proliferation network".

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Khan was also very critical of PAEC's concentrated efforts towards developing a plutonium '

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Cooney, Thomas E.; Denny, David Anthony, eds. (2005). "A.Q. Khan and the nuclear market".

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Khan, Abdul Qadeer (2010). "Sehar Honay Tak: Dr. A.Q. Khan gave us the sense of security,

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information was being exported to North Korea in exchange for rocket engines. Pakistan's

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at no stage was the program of producing 90% weapons-grade enriched uranium ever stopped

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also expressed sadness adding that "a grateful nation will never forget his services".

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adding that "for the people of Pakistan he was a national icon". President of Pakistan

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and vigorously defended the nuclear weapons program as part of the deterrence policy:

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during his youth had left an indelible impression on his world view. Upon settling in

6339: 6288: 6189: 6085: 6066: 6059: 5828: 5791: 5772: 4823: 4613: 4572: 4375: 4183: 4148: 3788: 3516: 3416: 3273: 3171: 3037: 3005: 2980: 2764: 2713: 2589: 2533: 2374: 2369: 2329: 1797:

and had become a public figure who enjoyed much support from his country's political

1759: 1746: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1471: 1377:, allowed Khan to be a participant and eye-witness his nation's first nuclear test, ' 1217: 1145: 1105: 972: 967: 814: 799: 541: 155: 6928:

Academic staff of Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

5982: 5245: 4582: 1973:('Movement for the Protection of Pakistan'). It was subsequently dissolved in 2013. 6567: 6309: 5678: 5098: 4889: 4023: 3572: 3110:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Founder and Ex-Chairman Dr. A Q Khan Research Laboratories" 2945: 2467: 2414: 2220: 2181: 2107: 2083: 2066: 1923: 1914: 1821: 1733: 1570: 1502: 1374: 1322:(SWU) rate was extremely low, so that it would have to be rotated for thousands of 1240:

The PAEC's senior scientists who worked with him and under him remember him as "an

1213: 1081: 909: 822: 768: 686: 681: 422: 327: 284: 5807:

China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy issues

4233: 3486: 3272:, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory: Printwise Publications, pp. 47–60, 2584: 1969:

In 2012, Khan announced the formation of a conservative political advocacy group,

6293: 6283: 6184: 5861: 5346: 5028: 4972: 4876: 4720: 4479: 4477: 4312: 3732: 3705: 3601:"The Pervez Case and Reagan Administration Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy, 1987" 3461: 2380: 2239: 2135: 2123: 2062: 1910: 1814: 1692: 1671: 1550:

In 1996, Khan again appeared on his country's news channels and maintained that "

1308: 1113: 901: 834: 756: 669: 557: 515: 407: 272: 209: 35: 4612:. London, United Kingdom: International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). 4111:

Special editorial work prepared and published by Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam in 1998

1232:" and the national laboratory was renamed after him upon the visit of President 564:" nuclear test in 1974, Khan joined his nation's clandestine efforts to develop 6653: 6061:

Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the secret trade in nuclear weapons

5894: 5589: 5317:"Dr Abdul Qadeer disappointed with PM Imran for not inquiring after his health" 4414:. Copyright 2006–2012 The International Institute For Strategic Studies (IISS). 3600: 2321: 2299: 2264: 2243: 2144: 2078: 1994: 1660: 1622: 1600: 1588: 1555: 1490: 1451: 1175: 1167: 1062: 1011: 890: 862: 795: 650: 622: 592: 565: 561: 411: 219: 38: 5539: 4474: 3549:"Atoomspionage voor Pakistan. Parlementaire enquête lijkt echt op zijn plaats" 3268:

Rehman, Shahidur (May 1999), "§Dr. A. Q. Khan: Nothing Succeed like Success",

1958:

and briefly tenured as professor of physics before joining the faculty of the

1762:

set-up by Khan in Dubai to obtain equipment necessary for nuclear enrichment.

1641:

types, which had been obtained "from a foreign intermediary in 1989", and the

6771: 6199: 6179: 4447: 4178:

Armstrong, David; Joseph John Trento; National Security News Service (2007).

2952:. Islamabad: Story of Pakistan Press Foundation. 17 October 2013. p. 1. 2311:(in English, German, and Dutch). Islamabad, Pakistan: The Proceedings of the 1990: 1986: 1857: 1853: 1793:

Starting in 2001, Khan served as an adviser on science and technology in the

1752: 1487: 1287: 963: 921: 705: 658: 618: 614: 501: 3457:"Nuclear secrets: the Dutch whistleblower who tried to stop Pakistan's bomb" 3190: 2859: 1245:

showman." During the timeline of the bomb program, Khan published papers on

1154: 572:(KRL) in 1976 and was both its chief scientist and director for many years. 6725: 6359: 6329: 6194: 6109: 5746: 4018: 3866: 3482: 3145: 3057: 2784: 2028:

During his time in the atomic bomb project, Khan pioneered research in the

1951: 1936: 1869: 1615: 1579: 1400: 1315: 980: 882: 764: 646: 519: 339: 259: 87: 1534:

In 1979, the Zia administration, which was making an effort to keep their

1353:' nuclear devices and provided strong advocacy for the relatively simple ' 6700: 6533: 6354: 6319: 6165: 5422:. Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Frontiners in Physics. 3452: 3025: 2844: 2393: 1880: 1680: 1592: 1520: 1166:

and became part of the enrichment division, initially collaborating with

1124: 1056: 1035: 917: 913: 905: 784: 776: 760: 215: 205: 91: 6056: 5463: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3671: 3548: 2350:

Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology

1801:. In 2003, the Bush administration reportedly turned over evidence of a 1785:

in Pakistan were also imported by Khan from several Japanese companies.

6589: 5938: 5274:. Bloomington, Indiana, United States: iUniverse.com. pp. 138–140. 4828: 3491: 2503:"Overview of Dr.Abdul Qadeer Khan's Life on his 83rd Birth Anniversary" 2156: 2001: 1724:, and shipped centrifuges to the United States that were identified as 1479: 1455: 1366: 1221: 1109: 870: 846: 693:

His father, Abdul Ghafoor, was a schoolteacher who once worked for the

159: 3869:(1991). "Reprocessing Plant–The Inside Story". In Panwar, Sani (ed.). 6528: 6512: 5636: 5155: 4781: 4458:. London, Eng. UK.: Indian Express, Pakistan Bureau. Indian Express. 3850: 3844: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2229:

Proceedings of the International Conf. on Martensitic Transformations

2009: 1849: 1737: 1675: 1510: 1182: 1131: 1066: 874: 861:

In 1972, Khan joined the Physics Dynamics Research Laboratory (or in

826: 791: 713: 626: 109: 5316: 5057: 5055: 3252:

The effect of morphology on the strength of copper-based martensites

1898: 1679:

was caught carrying nuclear centrifuges to Libya from Malaysia, the

1278: 273:

The effect of morphology on the strength of copper-based martensites

59: 6584: 6435: 5609: 5604: 4149:"Interview of Dr. Samar Mubarak – Head of Pakistan Missile program" 3878:(1st ed.). Karachi, Sind, Pak.: Jang Publishers. p. 191. 3303: 3301: 2979:(1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Manak Publications. p. 418. 2737: 2507: 2276: 2087: 1982: 1651: 1603:

who consulted for the project with North Korea and facilitated the

1596: 1558:'s administration reaching an understanding with the United States 1463: 1462:. Khan said that "KRL has built a centrifuge facility for China in 1381:' in 1998. At a news conference, Khan confirmed the testing of the 1378: 1283: 1267: 1241: 1201:

for the enrichment program as ideal site for preventing accidents.

996: 829:

in Belgium. He worked under Belgian professor Martin J. Brabers at

5818:. Washington, DC: United States: Judith S. Seagal. pp. 30–33. 4442: 4440: 2933: 1956:

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

6594: 6551: 6452: 5825:

Physicists on Wall Street and other essays on science and society

5052: 5002:

Work by Seymour Hersh, with the assistance from the US government

4995:"is Washington going easy on Pakistan's nuclear black marketers?" 4672: 4429:

Khan, Abdul Qadeer (June 2010) , "How we developed the program",

2005: 741: 725: 661: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 3415:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 552. 3298: 2815:"Dr Abdul Qadeer khan Share his Experience Must Watch - YouTube" 1736:, a nuclear engineer and friend of Khan since their days at the 6577: 6572: 6507: 6204: 6080:

Upadhyaya, Gopal S. (1 May 2011). "Dr. A.Q. Khan of Pakistan".

5809:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. pp. 5–6. 5550:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from 5451: 5093: 5091: 4451: 4437: 2558:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from 2396:, German physicist in the nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan 2224: 1634: 1443: 1198: 1097: 1031: 886: 677: 638: 266: 83: 6134: 5771:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. pp. 49–60. 5546:(IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). 5164:"Pakistan risks losing orbital slot if satellite not launched" 4424: 4422: 2421:

have also been accorded that title. Khan has also been titled

676:, Pakistan) while from his paternal side he descended from an 454: 437: 6470:

National Centre for Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics (NCRG)

5891:"Unraveling the A. Q. Khan and Future Proliferation Networks" 5790:. London, UK: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 5347:"Abdul Qadeer Khan: 'Father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb' dies" 5212: 4606:

Dr. A. Q. Khan and the rise and fall of proliferation network

4281: 4279: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3333: 2094: 1875:

In 2008, the security hearings were officially terminated by

1599:

as reflected in its technology. The project was supported by

1467: 1341:

Diagram of the gun-type device developed by the United States

900:

Uranium enrichment is an extremely difficult process because

759:) as an Inspector of weights and measures, and applied for a 709: 665: 545: 465: 448: 428: 5242:

Press Directorate Office of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences

5088: 3783:

Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999). "The Gas centrifuge controversy"".

3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 5063:"Dr. Qadeer's services unforgettable, says PM Shaukat Aziz" 5045: 4419: 3583: 3504: 3502: 3036:. United States: Harvard University Press. pp. 66–67. 1788: 1018: 924:

which is also a non-fissile. The URENCO Group utilised the

708:

from a local school in Bhopal, in 1952 Khan emigrated from

575:

In January 2004, Khan was subjected to a debriefing by the

5270:

Upadhyaya, Gopal S. (2011). "§Dr. A.Q. Khan of Pakistan".

4276: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3778: 3512:

Nuclear Ambitions: The Spread Of Nuclear Weapons 1989–1990

1434:

supplied by PAEC. In an investigative report published by

5758:

Upadhyaya, Gopal S. (2011). "Dr. A.Q. Khan of Pakistan".

4947: 4113:. Islamabad: The Nation, 1999. The Nation. Archived from 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3710: 3363: 3263: 3261: 2298:(in English, German, and Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: 1817:

had given authorisation for technology transfer to Iran.

1781:

for Iran and North Korea through China. Parts needed for

1084:, a reactor physicist, which calls into question of his " 849:

and its extended industrial applications in the field of

3499: 3050: 2789:"Nuclear Scientist A.Q. Khan Is Freed From House Arrest" 2390:, Pakistani physicist charged with nuclear proliferation 2231:(1986), The Japan Institute of Metals, pp. 560–565. 1496: 5893:. The Washington Quarterly. Spring 2005. Archived from 5805:

Kan, Shirley A. (2009). "A.Q. Khan's nuclear network".

5753:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Ali Masud books. pp. 1–158. 5632:"Le "père" de la bombe atomique pakistanaise est libre" 4901: 4638:"General Mirza Aslam Beg: Former Army Foe of Musharraf" 3957: 3102: 2977:

Political representation of Muslims in India, 1952-2004

2205: 1418:

weapons program. At one point, Khan reached out to the

1104:. He met with Prime Minister Bhutto in the presence of 837:

which Khan successfully defended, and graduated with a

3755: 3258: 3214: 3212: 3032:

Bernstein, Jeremy (2014). "§Unintended Consequences".

1633:(IAEA) revealed an enrichment facility in the city of 6943:

Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission people

4777:"Suisses, trafiquants nucléaires et agents de la CIA" 4374:(1st ed.). Washington DC, Islamabad: Routledge. 4358: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 2898:

missile Ghauri after India named its missile Prithvi!

2677:"Mush helped proliferate N-technology : AQ Khan" 2556:"Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Programme" 2552:(IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies 486: 468: 462: 445: 6848:

Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology

6223:

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

5691: 5446: 5444: 5278: 4543:"Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile" 4043: 4041: 1193:(ERL). The ERL functioned directly under the Army's 451: 434: 431: 6079: 5762:. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.com. pp. 138–140. 5692:Murtaza, Ghulam; Zhahour Ahmad (21 November 1998). 5548:"Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Program" 5186: 4300:

Hatf 6 (Shaheen 2), Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems

4180:

America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise

4100: 4098: 4096: 3209: 3001:"The mysterious world of Pakistan's Dr Strangelove" 1728:models by the American inspectors. Ultimately, the 1720:to have economic sanctions lifted, effected by the 1716:negotiated with the United States to roll back its 767:. In 1961, Khan departed for West Germany to study 613:After his death on 10 October 2021, he was given a 459: 442: 425: 6058: 4843: 4492:. John Pike of Federation of American Scientists. 4008: 4006: 3923: 3466: 2360:Pakistani missile research and development program 1905:Pakistani missile research and development program 1314:Khan produced the designs of the centrifuges from 1212:at the Air Research Laboratories (ARL) located at 1132:Khan Research Laboratories and atomic bomb program 1088:" claim. After reading his letter, Prime Minister 885:which was operating a uranium enrichment plant in 6057:Scott-Clark, Adrian Levy & Catherine (2007). 5441: 5265: 5263: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4490:The Federation of American Scientists (John Pike) 4038: 3413:Eating grass : the making of the atomic bomb 2328:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. 2319: 2151:Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology 1946:In the 1990s, Khan secured a fellowship with the 1899:Government work, academia, and political advocacy 1080:since 20 January 1972 that was being directed by 1061:Upon learning of India's surprise nuclear test, ' 845:in 1972. His thesis included fundamental work on 6769: 6453:Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission 5701:Seven National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics 5675:"Islamic Academy of Sciences Fellowship members" 4701:Institute for Science and International Security 4631: 4629: 4412:A.Q. Khan and onward proliferation from Pakistan 4093: 3782: 3680:Institute for Science and International Security 3317:. Islamabad: ABC Publishing House. p. 180. 3308:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1987). Sreedhar, VVS (ed.). 2187:University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 1625:pressured Iran to accept tougher inspections of 1438:, Chinese scientists were reportedly present at 1046: 1041: 6117:Science Advisor to the Presidential Secretariat 5952:"Are-Pakistani-Ahmadis-Loyal-to-their-Homeland" 4948:John Lancaster; Kamran Khan (3 February 2004). 4003: 3983:Sublette, Carey; et al. (2 January 2002). 3837: 3725: 2210: 1565: 664:origin. His maternal ancestors hailed from the 637:Abdul Qadeer Khan was born on 1 April 1936, in 307:Science Advisor to the Presidential Secretariat 19:For the cricketer named Abdul Qadeer Khan, see 6993:Presidents of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences 6973:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress 6788:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Islamabad 6238:Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University 5260: 5244:. Pakistan Academy of Sciences. Archived from 5161: 4979: 4571:. Icons Series. New York: Amazon/New Harvest. 4336:"Pakistan Tests Short-Range Ballistic Missile" 4264:"Kahuta - Pakistan Special Weapons Facilities" 3058:"Karachi University Physics Department alumni" 2671: 2669: 1829:of local populations during the height of the 893:method to assure a supply of nuclear fuel for 6978:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan 6808:D. J. Sindh Government Science College alumni 6465:Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics 6418: 6150: 5677:. Islamic Academy of Sciences. Archived from 5605:"A.Q. Khan's family figures in Panama Papers" 5514: 5512: 4626: 2579: 2577: 1562:to cap the program to 3% enrichment in 1990. 6948:Recipients of Pakistani presidential pardons 5162:staff reporter, agencies (20 October 2008). 4545:. Defence News. Defence News. Archived from 4534: 4333: 3897: 3138: 1406: 1282:Visible effect of the nuclear weapons test, 751:From 1956 to 1959, Khan was employed by the 522:who is colloquially known as the "father of 510:; 1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021), known as 6233:Defence Science and Technology Organization 6084:. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. p. 138. 6065:(1st ed.). New York: Walker & Co. 5867:The Physics war of Munir Khan and A.Q. Khan 5813: 5785: 5661:Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmed Khan 5487:"I saved my country from nuclear blackmail" 5287:"AQ Khan set to launch own political party" 5024:"AQ Khan did not act alone: Swedish report" 4603: 4107:"Where Mountains Move: The Story of Chagai" 3731: 2852: 2666: 2426: 2320:Khan, Abdul Qadeer; Hussain, Syed Shabbir; 2250:, 23(9) (September 1986), pp. 819–827. 2113:Bruno Tertrais, a senior researcher at the 1758:The "A. Q. Khan network" involved numerous 1689:Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal 1523:, who teamed up with the administration of 1208:program, and a parallel program was led by 728:with his family, Khan briefly attended the 632: 6908:Founders of Pakistani schools and colleges 6425: 6411: 6157: 6143: 5509: 2832: 2574: 2235:Published by Clarendon Press-Oxford 1986). 1883:who marked the details of debriefings as " 1294:, May 1998. All five nuclear devices were 1261: 995:, with the US backing Pakistan during the 916:(U), which is non-fissile, and 0.0055% of 506: 58: 50: 5822: 5757: 5269: 5097: 4486:"Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL)" 4105:Azam, Rai Muhammad Saleh (20 June 1998). 3573:De zaak van atoomspion Kan (aflevering 4) 3341:"The technology of mining and metallurgy" 3292: 3031: 2840:"Overview of Dr.Abdul Qadeer Khan's Life" 2736:. GEO.tv. 6 February 2009. Archived from 2734:"IHC declares Dr A Q Khan a free citizen" 2497: 2495: 2493: 2309:Metallurgical Thermodynamics and Kinetics 2248:Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 1706:, son of former Malaysian Prime Minister 1474:technology to Pakistan, where Pakistan's 989:General Intelligence and Security Service 319:1 January 2001 – 31 January 2004 6988:Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers 6838:Pakistani expatriates in the Netherlands 5760:Men of Metals and Materials: My Memoires 5518: 5374: 5372: 5272:Men of Metals and Materials: My Memoires 5194:"The past and the present (12 Nov 2008)" 5170:. Dawn Newspaper, 2008. Dawn Newspaper. 4849: 4409: 4234:"On the trail of the black market bombs" 3982: 2019: 1789:Security hearings, pardon, and aftermath 1569: 1336: 1277: 1153: 1138:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction 6918:Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences 6082:Men of metals and materials: my memoirs 6003:by Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins 5939:"Pakistan's Nuclear Father, Master Spy" 5284: 4916: 4888:『戦後７０年に向けて・核回廊を歩く:パキスタン編／１６　イスラエルの脅威』. 4668:"Pakistan, Nuclear Black Market Linked" 4196: 3812: 3508: 3487:"Ex-colleague spills beans on A Q Khan" 3218: 3139:Langewiesche, William (November 2005). 2806: 2783: 2052:statement on 16 May 2011, published in 1505:eventually probed Khan on suspicion of 895:nuclear power plants in the Netherlands 821:such as Pakistan – and joined the 16:Pakistani nuclear physicist (1936–2021) 6770: 6121:1 January 2001 – 31 January 2004 5875:. The Atlantic Monthly. November 2005. 5766: 5602: 5545: 5497:from the original on 18 September 2011 5450: 5117:from the original on 15 September 2015 5036:from the original on 27 September 2021 4964: 4540: 4446: 4292: 4141: 4061: 4048: 3481: 3436: 3267: 3153:from the original on 12 September 2011 2974: 2758: 2707: 2550: 2490: 2326:Dr. A.Q. Khan on science and education 2004:, expressed grief over his death in a 1846:Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission 142:D. J. Sindh Government Science College 6843:Delft University of Technology alumni 6406: 6138: 5714:from the original on 31 December 2015 5369: 5174:from the original on 24 November 2020 4992: 4929:from the original on 15 December 2017 4733: 4731: 4648:from the original on 10 November 2012 4214:from the original on 10 November 2010 3936: 3865: 3787:. Islamabad: Shahid-ur-Rehman, 1999. 3451: 2884: 2641: 2106:in 2016 as owners of Wahdat Ltd., an 1497:Court controversy and U.S. objections 966:, Khan's colleague at FDO, uncovered 956:(rpm). Khan, whose work was based on 869:), an engineering firm subsidiary of 6913:Academic staff of Hamdard University 6858:Catholic University of Leuven alumni 5855:Annotated bibliography for A.Q. Khan 5848: 5744: 5672: 5573:Le Livre noir de l'économie mondiale 5484: 5390:from the original on 11 October 2021 5357:from the original on 10 October 2021 5297:from the original on 1 November 2012 4496:from the original on 21 October 2012 4483: 4428: 4364: 4305: 4244:from the original on 9 November 2011 4171: 4104: 4077:. Historycommons.org. Archived from 3991:. Nuclear weapon archives. p. 1 3903: 3584:Vrijzinnig Protestantse Radio Omroep 3441:(Television documentary) (in Dutch). 3410: 3307: 3249: 3064:from the original on 22 January 2015 2956:from the original on 22 January 2015 2623:from the original on 24 October 2014 2597:from the original on 10 October 2021 2515:from the original on 10 October 2021 2355:Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories 2306: 2293: 2206:Selected research papers and patents 2129: 1976: 1913:of technology eventually led to his 1538:discreet to avoid pressure from the 1096:that met Khan at his family home in 825:in metallurgical engineering at the 736:, where he graduated in 1956 with a 5804: 5456:"Nuclear capability saved Pakistan" 5327:from the original on 8 October 2021 4635: 3743:from the original on 13 August 2011 2045:country after a disgraceful defeat. 1466:city". China also exported some of 1458:had KRL run a HEU programme in the 856: 505: 13: 6888:Materials scientists and engineers 5485:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (17 May 2011). 5462:. GEO News (GNews). Archived from 4728: 3945:from the original on 22 April 2009 2921:from the original on 27 March 2015 2885:Ahmed, Khaled (27 November 2010). 2812: 2654:from the original on 27 March 2015 1631:International Atomic Energy Agency 1206:electromagnetic isotope separation 152:Pakistan's nuclear weapons program 14: 7009: 6248:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 5967: 5919:Nuclear Engineering International 5884:Federation of American Scientists 5749:.". In Khan, Abdul Qadeer (ed.). 5285:Gishkor, Zahid (27 August 2012). 4797:"Germany Convicts Khan Associate" 4522:from the original on 24 July 2009 4462:from the original on 11 July 2011 4182:. Steerforth Press. p. 165. 4159:from the original on 19 July 2011 4022:. 4 February 2004. Archived from 3347:. UNU publication on metallurgy. 3250:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (March 1972). 3231:from the original on 12 June 2018 3219:Bowcott, Owen (6 February 2009). 3090:from the original on 27 June 2006 3013:from the original on 6 April 2018 2159:from universities in the country. 2115:Foundation for Strategic Research 1932:to launch satellites into space. 1446:in the early 1980s. In 1996, the 1191:Engineering Research Laboratories 987:at the time, later said that the 985:Prime Minister of the Netherlands 524:Pakistan's atomic weapons program 6883:Weapons scientists and engineers 6853:Pakistani expatriates in Belgium 6833:Pakistani expatriates in Germany 6828:20th-century Pakistani engineers 6434: 5739:The International History Review 5685: 5666: 5653: 5644: 5624: 5596: 5578: 5566: 5478: 5429:from the original on 23 May 2013 5339: 5309: 5235: 5073:from the original on 17 May 2013 4569:Benazir Bhutto: Favored Daughter 4388:from the original on 28 May 2021 3885:from the original on 3 July 2020 3529:from the original on 28 May 2021 3351:from the original on 2 July 2020 3321:from the original on 28 May 2021 2478:from the original on 14 May 2008 2000:The Prime Minister of Pakistan, 1831:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1482:borrowed from DF-11 technology. 753:Karachi Metropolitan Corporation 421: 214: 204: 6164: 5816:E=mc²: Today's Nuclear Equation 5730: 5663:, Defence Journal, 27 June 2004 5603:Husain, Khurram (14 May 2016). 5519:Hoodbhoy, Pervez (4 May 1999). 5129: 5016: 4993:Hersh, Seymour (1 March 2004). 4941: 4910: 4895: 4882: 4869: 4850:Milholin, Gary (4 March 2014). 4816: 4789: 4769: 4708: 4688: 4660: 4561: 4508: 4431:Sehar Honay Tak (Until Sunrise) 4327: 4256: 4226: 4129: 4067: 4054: 3909:"Bhutto, Zia-ul-Haq And Kahuta" 3815:"The Uranium Route to the Bomb" 3701:"Nuclear Underground: The Guru" 3693: 3664: 3642: 3620: 3593: 3566: 3541: 3475: 3445: 3430: 3285: 3243: 3183: 3165: 3132: 3076: 2993: 2968: 2903: 2878: 2813:TV, Riphah (25 November 2019). 2777: 2752: 2726: 2701: 2687: 2296:Advances in Physical Metallurgy 2200: 1775:Defense Industries Organization 1764:Shahid Bagheri Industrial Group 1460:Chinese nuclear weapons program 1450:maintained that China provided 1369:' in 1998. Intervention by the 1162:In April 1976, Khan joined the 680:soldier who came to India with 641:, a city then in the erstwhile 182: 5880:"Kahuta Research Laboratories" 4334:Usman Ansari (22 April 2014). 4287:Congressional Research Service 3915:. draqkhan.com. Archived from 3813:Shabbir, Usman (5 June 2003). 3311:Dr. A.Q. Khan on Pakistan Bomb 2763:. Allen Lane. pp. 63–64. 2712:. Allen Lane. pp. 60–61. 2635: 2609: 2544: 2527: 2460: 2407: 1820:On 5 February 2004, President 1365:its series of nuclear tests, ' 827:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 790:In 1962, while on vacation in 781:Delft University of Technology 649:, and now the capital city of 600:Federal Government of Pakistan 138:Catholic University of Louvain 134:Delft University of Technology 1: 6938:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz 6459:Institute of Space Technology 6243:Pakistan Institute of Physics 6014:Heart disease Random thoughts 4747:University of Quebec Montreal 4541:Ansari, Usman (28 May 2012). 4204:"Eye To Eye: An Islamic Bomb" 2448: 2221:metallic phase transformation 1971:Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan 1204:The PAEC did not forgo their 1047:Smiling Buddha and initiation 1042:Scientific career in Pakistan 904:is composed of just 0.71% of 763:that allowed him to study in 591:of Pakistan's Prime Minister 560:. After learning of India's " 371:Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan 6958:Pakistani technology writers 6933:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz 6878:Pakistani nuclear physicists 6813:University of Karachi alumni 6798:Indian emigrants to Pakistan 6008:Written by Abdul Qadeer Khan 5987:Pakistan Academy of Sciences 5585:Khan built hotel in Timbuktu 5460:Geo Television Network (GTN) 5196:. A. Q. Khan. Archived from 5107:The New York Review of Books 4604:Fitzpatrick, Mark (2007). "§ 3737:"Profile: Abdul Qadeer Khan" 3672:"Team GmbH and Ernest Piffl" 3509:Spector, Leonard S. (2019). 3221:"Profile: Abdul Qadeer Khan" 3195:Press Information Department 3084:"Profile: Abdul Qadeer Khan" 2975:Ansari, Iqbal Ahmad (2006). 2453: 2413:Though other people such as 2313:Pakistan Academy of Sciences 2211:Nuclear and material physics 2030:thermal quantum field theory 1948:Pakistan Academy of Sciences 1722:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 1566:North Korea, Iran, and Libya 1251:balancing of rotating masses 1142:Rotation around a fixed axis 1102:Prime Minister's Secretariat 1071:Prime Minister's Secretariat 1023:was imposed on his company. 930:electromagnetically separate 902:uranium in its natural state 7: 6335:Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui 6253:National Centre for Physics 5996:Islamic Academy of Sciences 5673:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1998). 5640:(in French). February 2009. 5523:. Chowk.com. Archived from 4917:AQ Khan (5 February 2004). 4750:(in French). Archived from 4516:"American Spaces Dashboard" 3872:Last Days of Premier Bhutto 3652:(in Dutch). 18 January 2011 2343: 2307:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1983). 2294:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1972). 2238:Flow-induced vibrations in 2110:registered in the Bahamas. 1993:before being buried at the 1909:Khan's strong advocacy for 1448:U.S. intelligence community 1401:minimum credible deterrence 813: – an equivalent to a 732:before transferring to the 722:religious violence in India 621:before being buried at the 252:GIK Institute of Technology 10: 7014: 6963:Pakistani textbook writers 6228:Khan Research Laboratories 5823:Bernstein, Jeremy (2008). 4976:, 14 February 2005, p. 22. 4785:(in French). 11 June 2008. 4484:Pike, John (16 May 2000). 3819:PakDef Military Consortium 1902: 1685:Khan Research Laboratories 1609:Khan Research Laboratories 1440:Khan Research Laboratories 1420:People's Republic of China 1410: 1328:innovation of centrifuges, 1271: 1265: 1135: 1050: 1028:Khan Research Laboratories 871:Verenigde Machinefabrieken 805:In 1967, Khan obtained an 570:Khan Research Laboratories 248:Khan Research Laboratories 18: 6903:Scientists from Islamabad 6739: 6693: 6685:Sonmiani Flight Test Rage 6677: 6646: 6630: 6607: 6560: 6542: 6521: 6500: 6493: 6477: 6445: 6394:Nuclear power in Pakistan 6388: 6302: 6261: 6213: 6172: 6123: 6114: 6106: 6101: 5915:"Tracking the technology" 5694:"Condense Matter Physics" 4456:archive.indianexpress.com 4342:. Gannett. Archived from 3606:National Security Archive 2015: 1835:U.S. Embassy in Islamabad 1436:Nuclear Threat Initiative 1407:Proliferation controversy 928:of centrifugal method to 843:metallurgical engineering 716:train, partly due to the 388: 384: 380: 366: 361: 357: 345: 333: 323: 312: 305: 301: 297: 293: 283: 265: 243: 238:Metallurgical engineering 233: 226: 200: 192: 169: 147: 125: 117: 98: 69: 57: 48: 30: 6793:People from Bhopal State 6668:University of the Punjab 6664:Astronomical Observatory 6617:Lunar prediction program 6485:Satellite Ground Station 4852:"Nukes 'R' Us (Opinion)" 4802:Arms Control Association 2585:"Tribute to Dr A Q Khan" 2400: 2365:Conservatism in Pakistan 2287: 2281:Pakistan Physics Society 2259:Pakistan Physics Society 2172:Baqai Medical University 2071:Pakistan Physics Society 2034:condensed matter physics 1930:expendable launch system 1795:Musharraf administration 1663:sting operation, due to 1253:and thermodynamics with 1053:Operation Smiling Buddha 952:) gas at up to ~100,000 819:English-speaking nations 744:with a concentration on 633:Early life and education 577:Musharraf administration 49: 6868:Pakistani metallurgists 6440:Pakistani Space Program 6370:Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi 5992:Prof. Abdul Qadeer Khan 4716:"Buhary Syed Abu Tahir" 4452:"A day with A. Q. Khan" 4416:Viewed 24 October 2012. 3985:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan" 3627:De Nederlandse atoombom 3177:Encyclopædia Britannica 2946:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan" 2911:"Chronology: A.Q. Khan" 2644:"Chronology: A.Q. Khan" 2642:Staff (16 April 2006). 2539:Encyclopædia Britannica 1667:between two countries. 1383:boosted fission devices 1300:highly enriched uranium 1262:Nuclear tests: Chagai-I 1214:Chaklala Air Force Base 1121:highly enriched uranium 21:Abdul Qadir (cricketer) 6923:Theoretical physicists 6823:Engineers from Karachi 6654:University Observatory 5827:. New York: Springer. 5413:"Frontiers in Physics" 4567:Allen, Brooke (2016). 4365:Kirk, Russell (2017). 3941:. Globalsecurity.org. 3437:Bromet, Frans (2021). 3427:Viewed 7 January 2013. 3060:. Karachi University. 2887:"Scientists, our kind" 2759:Rashid, Ahmed (2012). 2708:Rashid, Ahmed (2012). 2617:"A.Q. Khan & Iran" 2269:Non-equilibrium phases 2217:Dilation investigation 2141:Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1996) 2059: 2038:peace through strength 2025: 1920:Indian missile program 1863:In 2007, the U.S. and 1691:surrounding Scomi CEO 1591:was based entirely on 1583: 1560:Clinton administration 1513:, which sentenced him 1486:administration tasked 1392:The News International 1342: 1332:differential equations 1303: 1274:Boosted fission weapon 1159: 954:revolutions per minute 583:handed to them by the 520:metallurgical engineer 6983:Nuclear proliferation 6757:Spin-off technologies 6706:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 6658:University of Karachi 6345:Iqbal Hussain Qureshi 5788:Nuclear black markets 5741:37.3 (2015): 431–457. 5323:. 13 September 2021. 4875:중국 비밀무기상 리팡웨이를 잡아라 . 4610:Nuclear black markets 4315:. CSIS Missile Threat 4075:"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" 3637:Omroepvereniging VARA 3098:– via BBC News. 2785:Warrick, Joby Warrick 2761:Pakistan in the Brink 2710:Pakistan in the Brink 2441:) by the local media. 2436:Protector of Pakistan 2388:Anwar Ali (physicist) 2167:University of Karachi 2042: 2023: 1928:missile system as an 1877:Chairman joint chiefs 1803:nuclear proliferation 1779:nuclear proliferation 1708:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 1578:, when he worked for 1573: 1540:Reagan administration 1413:Nuclear proliferation 1411:Further information: 1371:Chairman Joint Chiefs 1340: 1281: 1272:Further information: 1157: 1078:crash weapons program 833:, who supervised his 734:University of Karachi 730:D. J. Science College 695:Ministry of Education 589:former administration 581:nuclear proliferation 130:University of Karachi 6968:Pakistani columnists 6953:Pakistani memoirists 6863:Theoretical chemists 6818:Pakistani physicists 6622:SUPARCO rocket tests 6380:Ghulam Dastagir Alam 6279:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 5954:. Pakistani Tribune. 5925:on 27 December 2004. 5860:14 July 2007 at the 5103:"He Changed History" 4919:"I seek your pardon" 4450:(16 February 2004). 4313:"Haft 6 "Shaheen 2"" 4240:. 12 February 2004. 3471:on 10 December 2022. 3439:In de ban van de bom 3120:on 29 September 2010 3086:. 20 February 2004. 1943:" for the country". 1827:win hearts and minds 1544:Operation Brasstacks 1424:uranium hexafluoride 1320:separative work unit 1247:analytical mechanics 1150:Analytical mechanics 946:uranium hexafluoride 811:materials technology 773:Technical University 718:reservation politics 608:Obama administration 604:Islamabad High Court 568:when he founded the 6998:People from Karachi 6893:Pakistani inventors 6647:Space observatories 6350:Muneer Ahmad Rashid 6274:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 6269:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 6102:Government offices 6020:More on thalassemia 6001:Why He Went Nuclear 5873:"The Wrath of Khan" 5769:Long Road to Chagai 5681:on 28 January 2002. 5386:. 10 October 2021. 5353:. 10 October 2021. 5291:The Tribune Express 5238:"Abdul Qadeer Khan" 5200:on 14 February 2010 5143:on 26 February 2021 5069:. 26 October 2007. 5032:. 7 December 2006. 4960:on 11 October 2008. 4954:The Washington Post 4014:"The Wrath of Khan" 3785:Long road to Chagai 3739:. History Commons. 3676:exportcontrols.info 3485:(29 January 2004). 3270:Long Road to Chagai 3141:"The Wrath of Khan" 3009:. 7 February 2004. 2950:storyofpakistan.com 2892:The Express Tribune 2793:The Washington Post 2787:(7 February 2009). 2619:. Global Security. 2474:. 4 February 2004. 2468:"The Wrath of Khan" 2419:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 2050:Abdul Qadeer Khan, 1865:European Commission 1811:Chief of Army Staff 1807:Pakistan Television 1799:conservative sphere 1730:Bush administration 1697:Kamaluddin Abdullah 1643:Iranian negotiators 1627:its nuclear program 1605:technology transfer 1456:military government 1286:, conducted in the 1255:mathematical rigour 1234:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 1164:atomic bomb program 1094:Bashiruddin Mahmood 1090:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1073:in September 1974. 958:physical metallurgy 851:graphene morphology 746:solid-state physics 738:Bachelor of Science 712:to Pakistan on the 585:Bush administration 164:graphene morphology 51:ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان 6873:Project-706 people 6740:History and policy 6721:Wladyslaw Turowicz 6375:Władysław Turowicz 6365:Noor Muhammad Butt 6044:I saved my country 6032:Great expectations 5983:Abdul Quadeer Khan 5248:on 4 February 2014 4904:The New York Times 4856:The New York Times 4676:. 11 February 2004 4636:PBS (March 2004). 4269:GlobalSecurity.org 4117:on 20 January 2015 3919:on 7 October 2011. 3847:. Capital Studios. 3825:on 20 January 2015 2915:The New York Times 2697:. Global Security. 2681:The Times of India 2648:The New York Times 2177:Hamdard University 2092:Pakistan Air Force 2026: 1964:Karachi University 1960:Hamdard University 1848:(WMDC), headed by 1783:nuclear enrichment 1665:strained relations 1584: 1536:nuclear capability 1529:legal technicality 1422:for acquiring the 1397:Teller–Ulam design 1343: 1304: 1298:devices that used 1292:Sulaiman Mountains 1195:Corps of Engineers 1160: 977:legal technicality 891:gaseous centrifuge 879:uranium enrichment 720:at that time, and 699:partition of India 674:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 645:princely state of 554:isotope separation 550:uranium metallurgy 514:, was a Pakistani 256:Hamdard University 6765: 6764: 6747:Space Vision 2040 6716:Abdul Qadeer Khan 6603: 6602: 6501:Earth observation 6400: 6399: 6340:Samar Mubarakmand 6315:Abdul Qadeer Khan 6289:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 6190:Kala Chitta Range 6133: 6132: 6124:Succeeded by 6091:978-1-4620-1840-6 6072:978-0-8027-1554-8 6026:Memorable Karachi 5964: 5963: 5797:978-0-86079-201-7 5527:on 3 January 2011 5099:Bernstein, Jeremy 4892:. 26 August 2014. 4619:978-0-86079-201-7 4577:978-0-544-64893-7 4381:978-1-351-50115-6 4346:on 1 October 2014 4051:, pp. 59–60) 3522:978-0-429-71464-1 3295:, pp. 51–52) 3197:. 4 November 2021 3172:Abdul Qadeer Khan 3006:Independent.co.uk 2917:. 16 April 2006. 2590:Pakistan Observer 2534:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2423:Mohsin-e-Pakistan 2375:Nuclear arms race 2370:Nuclear espionage 2335:978-969-35-0821-5 2240:Gas-tube assembly 2227:maraging steels, 2197: 2196: 2056: 1977:Illness and death 1738:Leuven University 1525:Leuven University 1507:nuclear espionage 1472:ballistic missile 1218:Manhattan Project 1146:Gaseous diffusion 1106:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 1001:Soviet–Afghan War 968:nuclear espionage 936:U, U, and U from 831:Leuven University 815:Master of Science 807:engineer's degree 579:over evidence of 542:phase transitions 516:nuclear physicist 403:Abdul Qadeer Khan 400: 399: 289:Martin J. Brabers 228:Scientific career 175:Hendrina Reternik 156:gaseous diffusion 32:Abdul Qadeer Khan 7005: 6498: 6497: 6439: 6438: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6310:Munir Ahmad Khan 6159: 6152: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6107:Preceded by 6099: 6098: 6095: 6076: 6064: 5979: 5978: 5976:Official website 5955: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5921:. Archived from 5906: 5904: 5902: 5876: 5849: 5838: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5782: 5763: 5754: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5698: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5670: 5664: 5659:Shabbir, Usman, 5657: 5651: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5600: 5594: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5554:on 14 March 2012 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5420:13 December 1988 5417: 5409: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5233: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5139:. Archived from 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5067:Pakistan Tribune 5059: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5004:. The New Yorker 4999: 4990: 4977: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4956:. Archived from 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4899: 4893: 4890:Mainichi Shimbun 4886: 4880: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4824:"Gotthard Lerch" 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4756: 4743: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4601: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4426: 4417: 4415: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4373: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302:; June 15, 2004. 4296: 4290: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4145: 4139: 4137:Project Hydrogen 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4102: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3980: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3907:(29 July 2009). 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3863: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3780: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3646: 3640: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3590:on 25 June 2016. 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3506: 3497: 3496: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3465:. 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Archived from 3114:Pakistanileaders 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2942: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2740:on 15 April 2012 2730: 2724: 2723: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2593:. 2 April 2021. 2581: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2562:on 14 March 2012 2548: 2542: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2511:. 1 April 2019. 2499: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2464: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2415:Munir Ahmad Khan 2411: 2339: 2316: 2303: 2182:Gomal University 2130: 2108:offshore company 2067:Munir Ahmad Khan 2057: 2051: 1822:Pervez Musharraf 1777:was involved in 1772: 1750: 1734:Friedrich Tinner 1705: 1503:Dutch government 1375:Jehangir Karamat 1329: 1172:physical chemist 1128:returning home. 1082:Munir Ahmad Khan 1022: 1015: 922:daughter product 910:fissile material 908:(U), which is a 857:Career in Europe 823:doctoral program 817:(MS) offered in 769:material science 682:Muhammad of Ghor 509: 508: 497: 493: 489: 484: 483: 482: 481: 474: 471: 470: 467: 464: 461: 457: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 440: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 418: 396: 376: 362:Personal details 348: 336: 328:Pervez Musharraf 317: 285:Doctoral advisor 279: 218: 208: 186: 184: 105: 79: 77: 62: 52: 28: 27: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6898:Pakistani spies 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6735: 6689: 6673: 6642: 6631:Launch vehicles 6626: 6599: 6556: 6538: 6517: 6489: 6473: 6441: 6433: 6431: 6401: 6396: 6384: 6298: 6294:Mubashir Hassan 6284:Rahimuddin Khan 6257: 6215: 6209: 6185:Chagai District 6168: 6163: 6129: 6120: 6112: 6092: 6073: 6046:1 November 2012 5974: 5973: 5970: 5965: 5950: 5937: 5929: 5913: 5900: 5898: 5897:on 7 April 2005 5889: 5871: 5862:Wayback Machine 5841: 5835: 5798: 5779: 5751:Sehar Honay Tak 5733: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5671: 5667: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5601: 5597: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5517: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5454:(17 May 2011). 5449: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5283: 5279: 5268: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5234: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5101:(28 May 2009). 5096: 5089: 5076: 5074: 5061: 5060: 5053: 5039: 5037: 5029:Hindustan Times 5022: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4997: 4991: 4980: 4969: 4965: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4911: 4900: 4896: 4887: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4757:on 1 March 2014 4754: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4729: 4721:History Commons 4714: 4713: 4709: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4602: 4583: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4549:on 19 July 2013 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4482: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4445: 4438: 4427: 4420: 4408: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4382: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4298:Duncan Lennox; 4297: 4293: 4284: 4277: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4103: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4081:on 15 June 2011 4073: 4072: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4012: 4011: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3981: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3935: 3924: 3905:Khan, A. Qadeer 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3864: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3811: 3802: 3795: 3781: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3733:History Commons 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3706:Frontline World 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3582:9 August 2005. 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3523: 3507: 3500: 3480: 3476: 3462:Financial Times 3450: 3446: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3409: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3345:archive.unu.edu 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3314: 3306: 3299: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3266: 3259: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3217: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2944: 2943: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 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government 670:Khyber District 635: 558:gas centrifuges 546:metallic alloys 495: 491: 487: 477: 476: 458: 441: 424: 420: 406: 394:draqkhan.com.pk 392: 374: 373: 367:Political party 346: 334: 318: 313: 277: 258: 254: 250: 213: 210:Nishan-i-Imtiaz 188: 185: 1963) 180: 176: 140: 136: 132: 126:Alma mater 113: 107: 103: 102:10 October 2021 94: 81: 75: 73: 65: 53: 44: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7011: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6803:Muhajir people 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6731:Ghulam Murtaza 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6638:Rehbar program 6634: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6609:Space missions 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6262:Administrators 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6219: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6162: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6139: 6131: 6130: 6127:Atta ur Rahman 6125: 6122: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6077: 6071: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5969: 5968:External links 5966: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5948: 5943: 5935: 5927: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5887: 5877: 5869: 5864: 5847: 5840: 5839: 5834:978-0387765068 5833: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5796: 5783: 5777: 5764: 5755: 5742: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5684: 5665: 5652: 5643: 5623: 5595: 5590:Times of India 5577: 5565: 5538: 5508: 5477: 5466:on 20 May 2011 5440: 5401: 5368: 5338: 5308: 5277: 5259: 5211: 5185: 5154: 5128: 5087: 5051: 5015: 4978: 4963: 4940: 4909: 4894: 4881: 4868: 4842: 4815: 4788: 4768: 4727: 4707: 4687: 4659: 4625: 4618: 4581: 4560: 4533: 4518:. usinfo.org. 4507: 4473: 4448:Nayyar, Kuldip 4436: 4418: 4410:IISS reports. 4399: 4380: 4357: 4326: 4304: 4291: 4275: 4255: 4225: 4195: 4188: 4170: 4140: 4128: 4092: 4066: 4064:, pp. 60) 4053: 4037: 4026:on 12 May 2008 4002: 3956: 3922: 3896: 3849: 3836: 3800: 3793: 3754: 3724: 3692: 3663: 3641: 3635:. 07-11-2005. 3619: 3592: 3565: 3540: 3521: 3498: 3474: 3444: 3429: 3422:978-0804776011 3421: 3362: 3332: 3315:(google books) 3297: 3293:Bernstein 2008 3284: 3278: 3257: 3242: 3208: 3182: 3164: 3131: 3101: 3075: 3049: 3043:978-0674744561 3042: 3024: 2992: 2985: 2967: 2932: 2902: 2877: 2851: 2831: 2805: 2776: 2769: 2751: 2725: 2718: 2700: 2686: 2683:. 6 July 2008. 2665: 2634: 2608: 2573: 2554:(1 May 2007). 2543: 2526: 2489: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2317: 2304: 2300:Elsevier Press 2289: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2277:solidification 2265:Thermodynamics 2262: 2251: 2236: 2232: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2145:Hilal-e-Imtiaz 2142: 2139: 2128: 2079:Foreign Policy 2047: 2017: 2014: 1997:in Islamabad. 1978: 1975: 1900: 1897: 1856:: "Suppose if 1790: 1787: 1742:Gotthard Lerch 1623:European Union 1601:Benazir Bhutto 1589:Ghauri missile 1567: 1564: 1556:Benazir Bhutto 1498: 1495: 1452:magnetic rings 1431: 1427: 1408: 1405: 1351:implosion-type 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1180:military-grade 1176:nuclear weapon 1168:Khalil Qureshi 1133: 1130: 1063:Smiling Buddha 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 949: 858: 855: 651:Madhya Pradesh 643:British Indian 634: 631: 593:Benazir Bhutto 566:atomic weapons 562:Smiling Buddha 507:عبد القدیر خان 398: 397: 390: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 368: 364: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 352:Atta-ur-Rahman 349: 343: 342: 337: 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 310: 309: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 281: 280: 269: 263: 262: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 224: 223: 220:Hilal-i-Imtiaz 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 178: 174: 173: 171: 167: 166: 149: 148:Known for 145: 144: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 108: 106:(aged 85) 100: 96: 95: 82: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7010: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 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6446:Organizations 6444: 6437: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6395: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Kharan Desert 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6180:Ras Koh Hills 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6042: 6040:30 April 2012 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931:"BBC profile" 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5836: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5778:969-8500-00-6 5774: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5656: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575:- p. 61. 5574: 5569: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5513: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5266: 5264: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5084: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5003: 4998:(google docs) 4996: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4906:. p. A1. 4905: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4879:. 2016-02-24. 4878: 4872: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4642:PBS Frontline 4639: 4632: 4630: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4478: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4372:(googlebooks) 4370: 4369: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4308: 4301: 4295: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4191: 4189:9781586421373 4185: 4181: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3881: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3867:Niazi, Kausar 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3794:969-8500-00-6 3790: 3786: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3515:. Routledge. 3514: 3513: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3483:Bhatia, Shyam 3478: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3433: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3320: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3279:969-8500-00-6 3275: 3271: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2986:9788178271309 2982: 2978: 2971: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2866:. 28 May 2013 2865: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2770:9781846145858 2766: 2762: 2755: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2721: 2719:9781846145858 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2653: 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1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1941:unforgettable 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1915:ostracisation 1912: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1858:Edward Teller 1855: 1854:Seymour Hersh 1851: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1753:Alfred Hempel 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1649:In May 1998, 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1582:in the 1970s. 1581: 1577: 1572: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501:In 1979, the 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488:Major-General 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 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