691:
1898:
755:
1179:, was easily recaptured but the Uzbek leader Din Mohammed Khan was safely behind the walls of the other chief city, Herat. Abbas managed to lure the Uzbek army out of the town by feigning a retreat. A bloody battle ensued on 9 August 1598, in the course of which the Uzbek khan was wounded and his troops retreated (the khan was murdered by his own men during the retreat). However, during the battle, Farhad Khan had fled after being wounded and was later accused of fleeing due to cowardice. He was nevertheless forgiven by Abbas, who wanted to appoint him as the governor of Herat, which Farhad Khan refused. According to Oruch Beg, Farhad Khan's refusal made Abbas feel that he had been insulted. Due to Farhad Khan's arrogant behaviour and his suspected treason, he was seen as a threat to Abbas, so Abbas had him executed. Abbas then converted Gilan and Mazandaran into the crown domain (
1378:
1024:
984:, one of the richest provinces in Persia. His power reached its peak in 1598, when he became the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces. Not only did the ghulam system allow the shah to control and manage the rival Qizilbash Turks and Persians, it also resolved budgetary problems, in the short term at least, for by restoring the Shah's complete control of the provinces formerly governed by the Qizilbash chiefs, the provinces' revenues now supplemented the royal treasury. From now on, government officials collected the taxes and remitted them directly to the royal treasury. In the harem, the Circassians and Georgians rapidly replaced the Turcoman factions and, as a result, gained a significant direct influence on the
624:
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1240:
769:
government posts among his own friends, gradually confining Abbas to the palace. Meanwhile, the Uzbeks continued their conquest of
Khorasan. When Abbas heard they were besieging his old friend Ali Qoli Khan Shamlu in Herat, he pleaded with Murshid to take action. Fearing a rival, Murshid did nothing until the news came that Herat had fallen and the Uzbeks had slaughtered the entire population. Only then did he set out on campaign to Khorasan. But Abbas planned to avenge the death of Ali Qoli Khan, and he arranged for four Qizilbash leaders to kill Murshid after a banquet on 23 July 1589. With Murshid gone, Abbas could now rule Iran in his own right.
927:
817:
1802:
544:. The new king's reign turned out to be short and murderous. The long years of imprisonment had left him suffering from paranoia, with the result that he saw enemies everywhere who had to be eliminated. First and foremost, he began murdering most of the members of Ustajlu tribe regardless of whether or not they had supported Haydar Mirza. He also executed people whose only crime was having held a position during Tahmasp's reign. The young Abbas was directly affected by his uncle's purge when a group of horsemen rushed into his guardian's house, Shah Qoli Sultan, and killed him.
503:(guardian). Abbas's Qizilbash guardians and their wives became substitute parents for him. He never saw his mother again and only saw his father fifteen years later. Abbas learnt the necessary skills of a soldier from his Qizilbash guardians. He played polo and went frequently on hunts. Like most of the Iranian kings, he developed a passion for hunting, which was regarded as a form of military training. Abbas was educated alongside household "slaves" (ghulams), who would have become his childhood companions. Some or perhaps most of them are likely to have been
1749:
46:
580:
the administration and made all the decisions, even in military matters. The
Qizilbash were not happy to see her taking power. The divisions in the Safavid court encouraged rebellions in various parts of the country and the old Qizilbash rivalries rose again, with the Ustajlu and Shamlu tribes immediately confronting each other. Mohammad Khodabanda and the queen asked Ali-Qoli Khan to bring Abbas to Qazvin, fearing that Ali-Qoli Khan was conspiring to enthrone Abbas, but the Qizilbash amirs of Khorasan argued that with the threat of the
1689:
1786:, a town the shah had built for the Armenians primarily meant for these Armenians from Jugha ("Old Julfa"), near his capital Isfahan. Thousands of Armenians died on the journey. Those who survived enjoyed considerable religious freedom in New Julfa, where the shah built them a new cathedral. Abbas' aim was to boost the Iranian economy by encouraging the Armenian merchants who had moved to New Julfa. As well as religious liberties, he also offered them interest-free loans and allowed the town to elect its own mayor (
1499:; however Saakadze intercepted a courier and uncovered the plot. Saakadze then defected to the Georgians, and led a new rebellion which succeeded in throwing the Persians out of Kartli and Kakheti while crowning Teimuraz as king of both territories. Abbas counterattacked in June, won the subsequent war and dethroned Teimuraz, but lost half his army at the hands of the Georgians and was forced to accept Kartli and Kakheti only as vassal states while abandoning his plans to eliminate Christians from the area.
1261:
2973:
2108:
647:, Morteza Quli Khan Pornak. The Takkalu tribe eventually seized the power in Qazvin and proceeded to purge a number of prominent Shamlu members, among them being the mother and father of Ali-Qoli Khan. This angered Ali-Qoli Khan and, just as the queen had predicted, in 1581, he took arms against the crown and made his ward, the ten-year-old Abbas, the figurehead of a rebellion in Khorasan by proclaiming him Shah of Iran. Ali-Qoli and Murshid Qoli Khan took control of
2089:
1841:
710:
on the way, came to pledge their allegiance. By the time they approached Qazvin, their small force had increased to 2,000 armed horsemen. The lord mayor of Qazvin and the
Qizilbash amirs inside the city at first urged resistance. But they gave up when crowds of citizens and soldiers, anxious to avoid fighting, came out onto the streets and voiced their support for Abbas, who rode into the capital beside Murshid Qoli Khan in late-September 1587.
1561:
1874:
1674:
2030:
484:. The nominal governorship of Herat was handed over to Abbas. At first, Tahmasp intended to make Hamza the governor of Herat, but Khayr al-Nisa Begum was unwilling to be separated from Hamza, who was her favourite son. So she persuaded the king to appoint Abbas instead. The fact that Abbas was still a baby was not considered an obstacle, as Tahmasp himself had been appointed titular governor of Khorasan at the age of two.
2145:
in the harem, their exclusion from the affairs of state and from contact with the leading aristocracy of the empire and the generals, all the abuses of the princes' education, which were nothing new but which became the normal practice with Abbas at the court of
Isfahan, effectively put a stop to the training of competent successors, that is to say, efficient princes prepared to meet the demands of ruling as kings."
2987:
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blinding was only partially successful and the prince's followers planned to smuggle him out of the country to safety with the
Mughals whose aid they would use to overthrow Abbas and install Mohammed on the throne. But the plot was betrayed, the prince's followers were executed and the prince himself imprisoned in the fortress of Alamut where he would later be murdered by Abbas' successor, Shah Safi.
717:. When the news reached them, the amirs decided to abandon the shah and his heir for Abbas Mirza. Mohammad Khodabanda decide that he had no choice but to abdicate. On 1 October 1587, at a ceremony in the palace in Qazvin, he placed his crown on the head of his seventeen-year-old son, who ascended the throne as Abbas I. Murshid Qoli Khan, to whom Abbas owed the crown, was rewarded with the title of
1475:
his invasion after brokering a truce with the
Ottomans. Now Iranian rule was fully restored over eastern Georgia. In a punitive expedition to Kakhetia, his army then killed perhaps 60,000–70,000 or 100,000 Georgians, with twice as many more being deported to Iran, removing about two-thirds of the Kakhetian population. More refugees were rounded up in 1617. In 1619 Abbas appointed the loyal
668:. He remained as the governor and as Abbas' guardian and even received a reward from the shah. Mohammad Khodabanda removed Ali-Qoli Khan's old enemy, Morteza Quli Khan Pornak, from his position as governor of Mashhad and replaced him with an Ustajlu amir. According to Iskandar Beg Monshi, many came to believe Abbas Mirza's claim would eventually prevail over Hamza Mirza's.
664:, where Murshid Qoli was in control, and on Herat, where both Ali-Qoli Khan and Abbas resided. Both attempts proved futile. Upon hearing the news of another Ottoman attack on northwest Iran, the leading ministers of the campaign hurriedly reached an agreement with Ali-Qoli Khan. The former rebel suffered no repercussions and only had to pledge loyalty to Hamza Mirza as the
1981:, the chief opponent of the Ottomans in Europe. Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. But the stumbling block of Hormuz remained, a port that had fallen into Spanish hands when the King of Spain inherited the throne of Portugal in 1580. The Spanish demanded Abbas break off relations with the
2959:
902:
represented a serious threat to the ruler or could lead to unnecessary court intrigues. For
Tahmasp, the problem revolved around the military tribal elite of the empire, the Qizilbash, who believed that physical proximity to and control of a member of the immediate Safavid family guaranteed spiritual advantages, political fortune and material advancement.
2049:. Shortly after, Mohammed Baqir broke protocol during a hunt by killing a boar before the shah had a chance to put his spear in the animal. This seemed to confirm Abbas' suspicions and he sunk into melancholy; he no longer trusted any of his three sons. In 1615, he decided he had no choice but to have Mohammed killed. A Circassian named
852:(a word literally meaning "slaves"). From these newly introduced slaves, the Shah created a military force of up to 37,000 soldiers, completely funded by the Crown. This weakened the power that the Qizilbash had against the crown significantly as they no longer had a "military monopoly" in Iran. Like the
2119:
Abbas projected great military power, regained most of the lands lost by his predecessors, and adopted a set of forward-looking policies designed to optimise military strength, centralise state control, and expand Iran’s internal and international commercial scope. He paired ruthlessness with justice
1320:
and Qazvin, which they could use as bargaining chips in exchange for other territories. The shah decided to lay a trap. He would allow the
Ottomans to enter the country, then destroy them. He had Tabriz evacuated of its inhabitants while he waited at Ardabil with his army. In 1618, an Ottoman army of
938:
Learning from his grandfather, Abbas (who had been used by the vying
Qizilbash factions during his youth) decided to encourage this new (Caucasian) grouping in Iranian society, as he realised that he must impose his authority on the Qezelbāš or remain their puppet. So Abbas single-handedly encouraged
369:
slave-soldiers joined the civil administration and the military. With the help of these newly created layers in
Iranian society (initiated by his predecessors but significantly expanded during his rule), Abbas managed to eclipse the power of the Qizilbash in the civil administration, the royal house,
1486:
Having momentarily secured the region, Abbas took further acts of revenge for the recalcitrance of Teimuraz and Luarsab. He castrated Teimuraz's sons, who both died shortly afterwards. He executed Luarsab in 1622, and in 1624 he had Ketevan, who had been sent to the Shah as a negotiator, tortured to
1328:
invaded and easily seized Tabriz. The vizier sent an ambassador to the shah demanding he make peace and return the lands taken since 1602. Abbas refused and pretended he was ready to set fire to Ardabil and retreat further inland rather than face the Ottoman army. When Halil Pasha heard the news, he
1251:
The Safavids had not yet beaten their archrival, the Ottomans, in battle. After a particularly arrogant series of demands from the Ottoman ambassador, the Shah had him seized, had his beard shaved and sent it to his master, the sultan, in Constantinople. This was effectively a declaration of war. In
1073:
Abbas greatly increased the number of cannon at his disposal so that he could field 500 cannon in a single battle. Ruthless discipline was enforced and looting was severely punished. Abbas was also able to draw on military advice from a number of European envoys, particularly the English adventurers
843:
from the very beginning of Safavid rule and they also occupied many posts in the government. As a result, effective power in the state in the early days of the dynasty was held by the Qizilbash, leaving the shah often powerless. To counterbalance their power and as a decisive answer to this problem,
2144:
rejects the view that the death of Abbas marked the beginning of the decline of the Safavid dynasty as Iran continued to prosper throughout the 17th century, but blames him for the poor statesmanship of the later Safavid shahs: "The elimination of royal princes, whether by blinding or immuring them
2131:
view, Abbas "was a talented administrator and military leader, and a ruthless autocrat. His reign was the outstanding creative period of the Safavid era. But the civil wars and troubles of his childhood (when many of his relatives were murdered) left him with a dark twist of suspicion and brutality
2127:: "Shah Abbas I possessed in abundance qualities which entitle him to be styled 'the Great'. He was a brilliant strategist and tactician whose chief characteristic was prudence. He preferred to obtain his ends by diplomacy rather than war, and showed immense patience in pursuing his objectives." In
2064:
In 1621, Abbas fell seriously ill. His heir, Mohammed Khodabanda, thought he was on his deathbed and began to celebrate his accession to the throne with his Qizilbash supporters. But the shah recovered and punished his son by blinding him, which would disqualify him from ever taking the throne. The
1704:
and Muhammad Qasim. Despite the ascetic roots of the Ṣafavid dynasty and the religious injunctions restricting the pleasures lawful to the faithful, the art of Abbas' time denoted a certain relaxation of the strictures. The portrait by Muhammad Qasim suggests that the Muslim prohibition against the
709:
During the first ten days of Ramadan 1586, Abbas, his guardian and a small escort of not more than a few hundred horsemen, decided to ride towards Qazvin. As they rode along the Silk Road, Qizilbash amirs from the powerful Takkalu, Afshar and Zul al-Qadr tribes, who controlled many of the key towns
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Unexpectedly, Abbas now chose as heir the son of Mohammed Baqir Mirza, Sam Mirza, a cruel and introverted character who was said to loathe his grandfather because of his father's murder. Nevertheless, he did succeed Shah Abbas at the age of 17 in 1629, taking the name Shah Safi. Abbas's health was
1474:
Teimuraz returned to eastern Georgia in 1615, taking advantage of a resurgence in Ottoman–Safavid hostilities, and there he defeated a Safavid force. However, when the Ottoman army postponed its invasion of the Safavids, Abbas was able to briefly send an army back to defeat Teimuraz, and redoubled
918:
of the neighbouring Ottoman Empire. Their arrival in such large numbers led to the formation of a new grouping in Iranian society solely composed of ethnic Caucasians. Although the first slave soldiers would not be organised until Abbas' reign, during Tahmasp's time Caucasians would already become
638:
After the queen's death, Hamza Mirza, aged eleven, was proclaimed crown prince. The Qizilbash found no reason to fear a child. So they took control over the realm while fighting among themselves over the division of power. The conflict was most intense at the court in Qazvin and in Khorasan, where
579:
On 11 or 13 February 1578, Mohammad Khodabanda was chosen by the Qizilbash as the new shah. The new shah appeared weak, indifferent and incompetent. In these circumstances power soon passed into other hands. Abbas' mother, Khayr al-Nisa Begum, was a strong-willed woman. She took complete charge of
547:
Ismail then turned on his family. He ordered the execution of many of his half-brothers, cousins and nephews. He spared Mohammad Khodabandae, possibly because they were full-brothers and perhaps because Mohammad Khodabanda was already blind and disqualified as a possible claimant to the throne. In
2177:
Abbas gained strong support from the common people. Sources report him spending much of his time among them, personally visiting bazaars and other public places in Isfahan. Short in stature but physically strong until his health declined in his final years, Abbas could go for long periods without
1777:
bordering the Ottoman Empire. From 1604 Abbas implemented a "scorched earth" policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policy that involved the forced resettlement of up to 300,000 Armenians from their homelands. The Armenians came primarily
959:
corps. Many of those deported from the Caucasus settled in various regions of Iran and became craftsmen, farmers, cattle breeders, traders, soldiers, generals, governors and peasants within Iranian society. As part of the ghulam slave system, Abbas greatly expanded the ghulam military corps (also
1985:
before they would consider relinquishing the town. Abbas was unable to comply. Eventually Abbas became frustrated with Spain, as he did with the Holy Roman Empire, which wanted him to make his 400,000+ Armenian subjects swear allegiance to the Pope but did not trouble to inform the shah when the
1470:
Abbas threatened Imeretia with devastation if they did not give up the fugitive kings; the Imeretian, Mingrelian and Gurian rulers jointly refused his demand. Luarsab, however, surrendered voluntarily to the Shah; Abbas initially treated him well but when he learned that Luarsab and Teimuraz had
901:
Tahmasp I, the second Safavid shah, had realised, by looking at his own empire and that of the neighbouring Ottomans, that he faced ongoing threats from dangerous rival factions and internal family rivalries that were a threat to him as the head of state. If not properly managed, these rivalries
768:
Firstly, Abbas settled his score with his mother's killers, executing three of the ringleaders of the plot and exiling four others. His next task was to free himself from the power of Murshid Qoli Khan. Murshid made Abbas marry Hamza's widow and a Safavid cousin, and began distributing important
1256:
and destroyed the fortress in the city, which the Ottomans had planned to use as an advance base for attacks on Iran. The next year, Abbas pretended he was setting off on a hunting expedition to Mazandaran with his men. This was merely a ruse to deceive the Ottoman spies in his court – his real
705:
In the meantime, in Khorasan, Murshid Qoli Khan emerged as a rival to Ali-Qoli. He successfully seized Mashhad and abducted Abbas from Ali-Qoli's possession. An Uzbek invasion advanced through Khorasan and laid siege to Herat. This threatened Murshid Qoli's position who realised it was his last
991:
The increasing numbers of Georgians and Circassians in the Safavid bureaucracy and the court of the Safavid state vied with the Qizilbash for power and as a result also became involved in court intrigues. This competition for influence saw queens (and their supporters in the harem, court and
968:
ghulams. Abbas then reduced the number of Qizilbash provincial governorships and systematically moved Qizilbash governors to other districts, thus disrupting their ties with the local community and reducing their power. Most were eventually replaced by ghulams, whose loyalty was to the shah.
1856:
Abbas' tolerance towards most Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. The idea of such an anti-Ottoman alliance was not a new one – over a century before,
519:
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where the queen resided and strangled Khayr al-Nisa Begum. Although Abbas was still only a boy and barely knew his mother, her murder at the hands of the Qizilbash made a deep impression on him. That experience probably led to his belief that the power of the Qizilbash had to be broken.
1280:, a town that had become one of the main Ottoman strongholds in the Caucasus since the Safavids had ceded it in 1590. It finally fell in June 1604 and with it the Ottomans lost the support of most Armenians, Georgians and other Caucasians. But Abbas was unsure how the new Sultan
1194:, Baqi Muhammad Khan attempted to retake Balkh and Abbas found his troops were still no match for the Uzbeks. By 1603, the battle lines had stabilized, albeit with the loss of the majority of the Persian artillery. Abbas was able to hold onto most of Khorassan, including Herat,
333:
Although Abbas would preside over the apex of Safavid Iran's military, political and economic power, he came to the throne during a troubled time for the country. Under the ineffective rule of his father, the country was riven with discord between the different factions of the
1959:
in 1602. Although the expedition never managed to return to Iran, being shipwrecked on the journey around Africa, it marked an important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe and Europeans began to be fascinated by the Iranians and their culture – Shakespeare's 1601–02
882:(by conquest and slave trade), had converted or had been converted to Islam, and had taken up service in the army, royal household or the civil administration, and were loyal only to the shah. Under Abbas' leadership this new grouping in Iranian society (also called the
1537:
After the conquest, he was very conciliatory to Jahangir, claiming he had only taken back what was rightly his and disavowing any further territorial ambitions. Jahangir was not appeased but he was unable to recapture the province. A childhood friend of Abbas, named
1635:
had there been such a comprehensive example of town-planning in the Islamic world, and the scope and layout of the city centre clearly reflect its status as the capital of an empire." Isfahan became the centre of Safavid architectural achievement, with the mosques
1659:
In making Isfahan the centre of Safavid Empire, Abbas utilized the Armenian people, whom he had forcibly relocated to Isfahan from their Armenian homelands. Once they were settled, he allowed them considerable freedom and encouraged them to continue in their
1494:
Abbas was then warned of another imminent Kakhetian uprising, so he returned to Georgia in early 1625. He lured Kakhetian soldiers on a false pretext and then began executing them. He also had plans to execute all armed Kartlians, including his own general
706:
chance to enthrone Abbas. Many of the Qizilbash amirs gave their assurance of their support for placing Abbas on the throne. After learning that Mohammad Khodabanda had left Qazvin to confront rebels in the south, Murshid Qoli Khan decided to strike.
1056:), and to a much lesser extent Iranians, to fight alongside the traditional, feudal force provided by the Qizilbash. The new army regiments' loyalty was to the Shah. The new army consisted of 10,000 to 15,000 cavalry or squires (conscripted Caucasian
2156:
organization, although he was equally at ease speaking Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, of the majority of the population, as well as of the court when Isfahan became the capital under his reign (1598). According to
1315:
Several years of peace followed as the Ottomans carefully planned their response. But their secret training manoeuvres were observed by Iranian spies. Abbas learnt that the Ottoman plan was to invade Iran via Azerbaijan, take Tabriz then move on to
1716:
increased its role as an important part of Persian industry and culture, as wealthy Europeans started importing Persian rugs. Silk production became a monopoly of the crown, and manuscripts, bookbinding, and ceramics were also important exports.
1439:, they did not appear as they feared that they would be either imprisoned or killed. At this point war broke out, Iranian armies invaded the two territories in March 1614, and the two allied kings subsequently sought refuge in the Ottoman vassal
1529:
seized Kandahar. Abbas continued to maintain cordial relations with the Mughals, even though he pursued the return of Kandahar. Finally, in 1620, a diplomatic incident, in which the Iranian ambassador refused to bow down in front of the Emperor
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6197:
1502:
Even then, Saakadze and Teimuraz launched another rebellion in 1626, and were effective in clearing Iranian forces from most of the region. Thus, the Georgian territories continued to resist Safavid encroachments until Abbas' death.
690:
1329:
decided to march on Ardabil right away. This was just what Abbas wanted. His army of 40,000 was hiding at a crossroads on the way and they ambushed the Ottoman army in a battle, which ended in complete victory for the Iranians.
913:
Circassian and Georgian slaves (30,000 in just four raids). These slaves would form the basis of a Safavid military slave system. These slaves would serve a similar role in their formation, implementation and use to the
744:) and the Uzbeks had overrun half of Khorasan in the north-east. Iran itself was riven by fighting between the various factions of the Qizilbash, who had mocked royal authority by killing the queen in 1579 and the
425:, making the city the pinnacle of Safavid architecture. In his later years, following a court intrigue involving several leading Circassians, Abbas became suspicious of his own sons and had them killed or blinded.
1664:
trade. Silk was an integral part of the economy and considered to be the best form of hard currency available. The Armenians had already established trade networks that allowed Abbas to strengthen Iran's economy.
5127:. His reigned marked the peak of Safavid dynasty's achievement in art, diplomacy, and commerce. It was probably around this time that the court, which originally spoke a Turkic language, began to use Persian"
1121:, since Khan Ahmad Khan had no male successor. Khan Ahmad Khan disagreed due to the age of his daughter. This resulted in a Safavid invasion of Gilan in 1591 under the leadership of one of Abbas' favourites,
7100:
1070:(also 12,000 strong). In addition Abbas had a personal bodyguard, composed of Caucasian ghulams, that was increased to 3,000. This force amounted to about 40,000 soldiers paid for and beholden to the Shah.
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for military aid – but none of the Safavids had made diplomatic overtures to Europe and Abbas' attitude was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller
1174:
Abbas' first campaign with his reformed army was against the Uzbeks who had seized Khorasan and were ravaging the province. In April 1598 he went on the attack. One of the two main cities of the province,
992:
bureaucracy) compete against each other in order to get their own sons on the throne. This competition increased under Abbas and his successors which weakened the dynasty considerably. Abbas' own son and
2068:
Imam Qoli Mirza, the third and last son, then became the crown prince. Abbas groomed him carefully for the throne but, for some reason, in 1627, he had him partially blinded and imprisoned in Alamut.
1742:
1340:, he pretended to be making a pilgrimage to the Shi'ite shrines of Kerbala and Najaf, but used his army to seize Baghdad. However, Abbas was then distracted by a rebellion in Georgia in 1624 led by
1769:
was astonished at the Shah's knowledge of Christian history and theology and establishing diplomatic links with European Christian states was a vital part of the shah's foreign policy. Christian
1705:
consumption of wine, as well as that against male intimacy, "were more honoured in the breach than in the observance". Abbas brought in 300 Chinese potters to Iran to enhance local production of
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687:. On 5 December 1586, he was assassinated by his personal barber, who may have had been bribed by a group of Qizilbash conspirators. This assassination provided a pathway for Abbas' ascension.
1897:
955:
from the Caucasus to Persia's heartland, with a significant number gaining responsibilities and roles in Iranian society, including some of the highest positions of the state, including the
2001:
had little interest in fighting against the Ottomans. The Shirley brothers arrived in 1598 and helped reorganise the Iranian army, which proved to be pivotal for the Safavid victory in the
1348:
In 1638, however, after Abbas' death, the Ottomans retook Baghdad, and the Iranian–Ottoman border was finalised to be roughly the same as the current Iran–Turkey and Iran–Iraq borders.
1870:
from his court upon hearing he was a Christian. For his part, Abbas declared that he "preferred the dust from the shoe soles of the lowest Christian to the highest Ottoman personage".
1435:; both seemed like malleable youths. However, tensions soon arose between the Shah and the Georgian kings. In 1613, when the Shah summoned them to join him on a hunting expedition in
2041:(born 1587; better known in the West as Safi Mirza). In 1614, however, during a campaign in Georgia, the shah heard rumours that the prince was conspiring against him with a leading
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449:, the second Shah of Safavid Iran. He chose the name Abbas for the infant. Abbas' father, Mohammad Khodabanda, was the governor of Herat, the capital city of the major province of
3902:
1828:
tortured to death when she refused. Abbas's anger at Georgian rebelliousness also generated his plan to deport or exterminate eastern Georgia's Christians and replace them with
457:, describes Mohammad Khodabanda as ‘a pious, ascetic and gentle soul’. Abbas' mother, Khayr al-Nisa Begum, was the daughter of Mir Abdollah II, a local ruler in the province of
7183:
1209:
Abbas' north-east frontier was now safe for the time being and he could turn his attention to the Ottomans in the west. After defeating the Uzbeks, he moved his capital from
1161:. In response, in 1598 Abbas invaded his domains and besieged Kojur. Jahangir managed to flee, but was captured and killed by a pro-Safavid Paduspanid named Hasan Lavasani.
1700:
Abbas' painting studios (of the Isfahan school established under his patronage) created some of the finest art in modern Iranian history, by such illustrious painters as
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Kouymjian, Dickran (2004). "1: Armenia From the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
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tribe to Herat to kill the young Abbas. Ali-Qoli delayed Abbas' execution, giving as a reason that it would be "inappropriate" to execute an "innocent" descendant of a
3030:
2092:
754:
1824:
Abbas was more intolerant of Christians in Georgia, where the threat of rebellion loomed larger. Abbas frequently demanded that nobles convert to Shia Islam, and had
1534:, led to war. India was embroiled in civil turmoil and Abbas realized that he needed just a lightning raid to take back the far easternmost town of Kandahar in 1622.
1048:
took swaths of territory from Iran. He also used military reorganisation as another way of side-lining the Qizilbash. He created a standing army of many thousands of
2120:
and dealt harshly with threats to his power, while remaining in touch with his people. All these qualities eventually entitled him to be styled as Abbas the Great.
1276:
For the first time, the Iranians made great use of their artillery and the town – which had been ruined by Ottoman occupation – soon fell. Abbas set off to besiege
2483:
Havva Begum (died 1617, Zanjan), married firstly to Mirza Riza Shahristani (Sadr), married secondly to Mirza Rafi al-Din Muhammad (Sadr), and had issue three sons;
2178:
needing to sleep or eat and could ride great distances. At the age of 19, Abbas shaved off his beard, keeping only his moustache, thus setting a fashion in Iran.
1623:
in 1598. Embellished by a magnificent series of new mosques, baths, colleges, and caravansarais, Isfahan became one of the most beautiful cities in the world. As
1911:
1257:
target was Azerbaijan. He changed course for Qazvin where he assembled a large army and set off to retake Tabriz, which had been in Ottoman hands for some time.
598:. The Safavid armies suffered several defeats before Khayr al-Nisa Begum organised a counter-offensive. Together with her son, Hamza Mirza and the grand vizier,
1044:
Abbas needed ten years to get his army into shape so that he could effectively confront his Ottoman and Uzbek enemies. During this period, the Uzbeks and the
453:. Mohammad Khodanbanda was disqualified from succeeding his father because an eye disease had left him almost completely blind. The Safavid court chronicler,
530:, proclaimed himself king with the support of the Ustajlu tribe and the powerful court Georgians. However, he was immediately overthrown and killed by the
346:, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves. In 1588, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a
772:
Abbas decided he must re-establish order within Iran before he took on the foreign invaders. To this end he made a humiliating peace treaty, known as the
740:
The empire Abbas inherited was in a desperate state. The Ottomans had seized vast territories in the west and the north-west (including the major city of
526:
On 14 May 1576, Tahmasp I died without a designated heir, which led to the realm descending into civil war. The following day, Tahmasp I's favourite son,
6566:
1483:) as a puppet ruler of Kakheti, while placing a series of his own governors to rule over districts where the rebellious inhabitants were mostly located.
536:(the royal bodyguards). After his death, with the support of the majority of the Qizilbash tribes and the endorsement of Tahmasp's influential daughter,
1974:, for men—were enthusiastically adopted by European aristocrats. Henceforward, the number of diplomatic missions to and from Persia greatly increased.
713:
Mohammad Khodabanda and his heir apparent, Abu Taleb Mirza, and their entourage of Ustajlu and Shamlu amirs, were camped 200 miles away in the city of
1805:
1284:, would respond and withdrew from the region using scorched earth tactics. For a year, neither side made a move, but in 1605, Abbas sent his general
6656:
1190:. This would be a short-lived victory and he would eventually have to settle on controlling only some of this conquest after the new ruler of the
964:, "crown servants") from just a few hundred during Tahmasp's era, to 15,000 highly trained cavalrymen, as part of a whole army division of 40,000
480:
When Abbas was barely eighteen months old, he was separated from his father and his mother, who were transferred by Tahmasp to govern the city of
3077:
Stefan Sperl, C. Shackle, Nicholas Awde, "Qasida poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa", Brill Academic Pub; Set Only edition (February 1996), p. 193
7470:
7160:
6310:
5744:
1517:
The Safavids were traditionally allied with the Mughals in India against the Uzbeks, who coveted the province of Khorasan. The Mughal emperor
1377:
2037:
Of Abbas' five sons, three had survived past childhood, so the Safavid succession seemed secure. He was on good terms with the crown prince,
2021:
and other commodities for silk, with did not become very profitable due to the lack of Persian interest and small quantity of English goods.
1372:
379:
610:. But her attempt to dictate the campaign strategy angered the Qizilbash amirs. Eventually, on 26 July 1579, the Qizilbash stormed into the
1000:, was caught in the court intrigue involving several leading Circassians, which eventually led to him being executed under Abbas' orders.
5872:
5676:
5547:
5469:
5271:
3897:
5625:
5586:
7054:
4116:
7032:
1093:, in conjunction with Robert Shirley, undertook further reorganizations of the army, which led to a further increase in the number of
3025:
3020:
1924:
7169:
7718:
7562:
1023:
2013:
between 1609 and 1615. The English East India Company also began to take an interest in Iran and in 1622 four of its ships helped
6836:
6360:. Vol. II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
2010:
2002:
1906:
1397:
1226:
595:
383:
330:, he is generally considered one of the most important rulers in Iranian history and the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty.
7005:
6479:
1137:, travelled to the court of the Abbas, where he handed over his domains to him, and spend the rest of his life on an estate at
7138:
7243:
7208:
6743:
6708:
6681:
6529:
6417:
6261:
6234:
6147:
6009:
5990:
5963:
5866:
5839:
5789:
5670:
5619:
5580:
5541:
5502:
5463:
5421:
5394:
5369:
5307:
5265:
3863:
3838:
1356:
5795:
5705:
5508:
5427:
5313:
1471:
offered an alliance with the Ottomans he demanded that Luarsab accept Islam. When Luarsab refused, he was thrown in prison.
7713:
7708:
7462:
6960:
6085:
1062:
5533:
Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries
660:
In the following year, an army from western Iran advanced into Khorasan to resolve the situation. This army laid siege to
7693:
1333:
7011:
2252:
Olghan Pasha Khanum (m. 1587), daughter of Husayn Mirza, son of Bahram Mirza Safavi, and widow of Hamza Mirza;
2170:
7387:
6650:
6392:
5910:
5738:
4753:
4714:
3917:
3884:
3090:, translated by Janet Watson, Marian Hill, Edition: 2, illustrated, published by Columbia University Press, 2004, p. 80
1987:
1512:
1239:
1083:
2017:. The capture of Ormuz gave the opportunity for the Company to develop trade with Persia, attempting to trade English
7402:
7316:
7289:
7088:
6985:
6946:
6915:
6880:
6861:
6822:
6799:
6772:
6618:
6591:
6552:
6465:
6365:
6338:
6280:
6178:
6071:
6040:
5933:
5194:
5116:
3040:
2123:
Abbas I is generally considered one of the greatest rulers of Iranian history and the Safavid dynasty. According to
1551:
1345:
1234:
898:
becoming an integral part of Iranian society and taking up key government, royal household and military positions.
1525:
as a reward for helping him regain his throne. In 1590, profiting from the confusion in Iran, Humayun's successor
2005:
and the first Safavid victory in battle over their neighbouring Ottoman archrivals. One of the Shirley brothers,
1774:
1244:
840:
371:
909:
region which provided battle experience for his soldiers, as well as leading to the capture of large numbers of
639:
Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu, and his principal ally, Murshid Qoli Khan Ustajlu, had for some time been at war with the
3909:
6540:
980:, had become one of the most powerful men in the Safavid state when he was appointed the Governor-General of
623:
7743:
6767:]. Persian Heritage (in Arabic and English). Translated by Savory, Roger M. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
2140:
466:
7447:
7334:
Wilson, Richard (March 2010). "When Golden Time Convents: Twelfth Night and Shakespeare's Eastern Promise".
2452:
Princess Izz-i-Sharif Begum, married to Sayyid Abdullah, son of Mirza Muhammad Shafi. she had issue, a son:
1332:
In 1623, Abbas decided to take back Mesopotamia, which had been lost by his grandfather Tahmasp through the
7733:
7555:
4707:
From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa
3899:
From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa
2136:
described him as "exceptionally perspicacious and active," but also "a murderous paranoiac when aroused."
1798:, but the climate was unhealthy and malarial. Many settlers died and others gradually abandoned the city.
1060:) armed with muskets and other weapons (then the largest cavalry in the world), a corps of musketeers, or
7728:
6204:. Vol. IV: Bāyjū – Carpets. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 818–819. Archived from
2280:
Fatima Sultan Begum also known a Peri and Lela, née Tinatin (married 1604 – div.), daughter of King
1011:
would continue to play a crucial role during the rest of the Safavid era and later until the fall of the
943:. It is estimated that during Abbas' reign alone some 130,000 to 200,000 Georgians, tens of thousands of
3005:
2181:
Abbas was also a charismatic orator who could persuade and influence people with his eloquence. Classic
2158:
7738:
7723:
7522:
7154:
7048:
6640:
3035:
1487:
death when she refused to renounce Christianity. Teimuraz, meanwhile, sought aid from the Ottomans and
56:
6101:
Cole, Juan R. I. (May 1987). "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shi'ism in Eastern Arabia, 1300–1800".
5662:
Isfahan and its Palaces: Statecraft, Shi'ism and the Architecture of Conviviality in Early Modern Iran
3015:
2297:
2112:
2077:
1581:
1344:
thus allowing an Ottoman force to besiege Baghdad, but the Shah came to its relief the next year and
1230:
773:
172:
146:
844:
Abbas turned to the newly introduced members of Iranian society (an initiative put in place by Shah
7571:
6299:
5728:
1641:
1542:, was then appointed as the governor of the city, which he would govern until his death in 1624/5.
1265:
926:
816:
532:
7458:
5611:
The Lives of Girls and Women from the Islamic World in Early Modern British Literature and Culture
7548:
7506:
2446:
2014:
1849:
1794:
and Mazandaran. These were less lucky. Abbas wanted to establish a second capital in Mazandaran,
1592:
1565:
1555:
1452:
965:
572:). This dealy saved Abbas' life, for on 24 November 1577, Ismail II died from consuming poisoned
288:
1447:, was infuriated by what was perceived as the defection of two of his most trusted subjects and
338:
army, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, its arch-rival the
6817:. Vol. X: Fisheries – Gindaros. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 284–285.
3876:
1967:
7412:
7022:
5856:
5660:
5531:
5453:
5255:
4745:
4739:
2161:, the Spanish ambassador to the Safavid court during Abbas' later reign, he heard Abbas speak
374:, enabled him to fight the Ottomans and Uzbeks and reconquer Iran's lost provinces, including
350:
and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne. However, Abbas soon seized power for himself.
7408:
6871:
Roemer, H. R. (1986). "5: The Safavid Period". In Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence (eds.).
6636:
5609:
5570:
2489:
Malik Nissa Begum, married to Mir Jalal Shahristani, the mutvalli of the shrine of Imam Riza;
2462:
2367:
2073:
1890:
1795:
1653:
1637:
1409:
1360:
1305:
1292:. On 6 November 1605 the Iranians, led by Abbas, scored a decisive victory over the Ottomans
1122:
931:
31:
6256:. Vol. 1: Strategic Information and Developments. International Business Publications.
4108:
540:, Ismail Mirza, who had been imprisoned by his father for twenty years, was crowned king as
196:
7703:
7698:
7645:
6875:. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6460:. Vol. III: Ātaš – Bayhaqī. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 385–391.
6275:. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6066:. Vol. III: Ātaš – Beyhaqi. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 774–776.
2456:
2442:
2310:
2239:
2038:
1971:
1405:
1118:
997:
549:
7450:, in association with Iran Heritage Foundation, 19 February – 14 June 2009,
2321:, Gilan), was Governor of Mashhad 1587–1588, and of Hamadan 1591–1592. Married firstly at
8:
7613:
7515:
2844:
2790:
2610:
2149:
2050:
1956:
1801:
1444:
1436:
1105:
During the 1590s, Abbas moved to depose the provincial rulers of Persia. He started with
748:
599:
576:, and Ali-Qoli Khan assumed the governorship of Herat and the role of guardian of Abbas.
527:
458:
454:
442:
438:
327:
257:
247:
84:
6229:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3668:
Cleveland, William L. "A History of the Modern Middle East" (Westview Press, 2013) p. 50
1748:
7637:
7359:
7130:
6222:
6126:
5221:
The Waning of the Qizilbash: The Spiritual and the Temporal in Seventeenth Century Iran
4735:
3859:
2438:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2046:
1998:
1982:
1862:
1825:
1766:
1733:. In 1601, he made a pilgrimage on foot from Isfahan to Mashhad, site of the shrine of
1682:
1645:
1476:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1301:
1199:
661:
628:
585:
470:
343:
6810:
6331:
The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran
5335:
1186:
By 1599, Abbas had conquered not only Herat and Mashhad, but had moved as far east as
45:
7540:
7418:
7398:
7383:
7363:
7351:
7322:
7312:
7295:
7285:
7268:
7249:
7239:
7222:
7214:
7204:
7175:
7117:
7084:
6991:
6981:
6952:
6942:
6921:
6911:
6904:
6899:
6886:
6876:
6857:
6828:
6818:
6795:
6778:
6768:
6735:
6714:
6704:
6687:
6677:
6646:
6624:
6614:
6597:
6587:
6558:
6548:
6525:
6471:
6461:
6440:
6423:
6413:
6371:
6361:
6344:
6334:
6286:
6276:
6257:
6240:
6230:
6184:
6174:
6153:
6143:
6130:
6118:
6077:
6067:
6046:
6036:
6015:
6005:
5986:
5969:
5959:
5939:
5929:
5906:
5862:
5835:
5785:
5734:
5666:
5615:
5576:
5537:
5498:
5494:
European Georgia: (ethnogeopolitics in Caucasus and Ethnogenetical History of Europe)
5459:
5417:
5390:
5365:
5303:
5261:
5190:
5112:
4749:
4710:
3913:
3880:
2162:
1991:
1952:
1944:
1916:
1867:
1573:
1424:
1389:
1325:
1293:
1146:
1142:
793:
785:
497:
tribes called the Ustajlu tribe, was appointed as the actual governor and as Abbas's
403:
190:
7262:
6941:. Vol. I: Āb - Anāhid. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 71–75.
6453:
1970:', then the English term for the Shahs of Iran. Persian fashions—such as shoes with
1688:
1183:), and appointed Allahverdi Khan as the new commander-in-chief of the Safavid army.
1113:, who had disobeyed Abbas' orders when he requested that Khan Ahmad Khan's daughter
1086:
on an unofficial mission to persuade Persia to enter into an anti-Ottoman alliance.
7343:
7105:
6110:
5951:
3068:
George Lenczowski, "Iran under the Pahlavis", Hoover Institution Press, 1978, p. 79
3000:
2964:
2293:
2245:
A daughter of Mustafa Mirza (m. 1587), daughter of Mustafa Mirza, son of Shah
2128:
1886:
1882:
1456:
1381:
1336:. Profiting from the confusion surrounding the accession of the new Ottoman Sultan
1191:
1033:
537:
450:
395:
279:
217:
180:
7168:
Shakespeare, William (1863). Clark, William George; Wright, William Aldis (eds.).
6727:
3830:
7484:
7067:
5779:
5775:
5699:
5492:
5411:
5297:
3906:
3872:
3010:
2978:
2477:
2431:
2259:
2133:
1706:
1526:
1496:
1423:
In 1606, Abbas had appointed these Georgians onto the thrones of Safavid vassals
1341:
1285:
1106:
1090:
1075:
973:
905:
Therefore, between 1540 and 1555, Tahmasp conducted a series of invasions of the
820:
474:
237:
6934:
6059:
1986:
Emperor Rudolf signed a peace treaty with the Ottomans. Contacts with the Pope,
1260:
469:. She and Mohammad Khodabanda had already two children before Abbas, Hassan and
7629:
7532:
7199:
Starkey, Paul (2010). "Tawfīq Yūsuf Awwād (1911–1989)". In Allen, Roger (ed.).
7109:
6384:
2992:
2668:
2341:
2330:
2182:
2061:. The shah almost immediately regretted his action and was plunged into grief.
2006:
1978:
1902:
1757:
1713:
1620:
1079:
1045:
857:
824:
592:
411:
339:
94:
7347:
6601:
6114:
2378:, Qazvin) Blinded on the orders of his father, 1621. Had issue, one daughter:
1272:
of the severed heads of Ottoman soldiers. Drawn by a European traveller, 1603.
7687:
7653:
7355:
7218:
7121:
6739:
6122:
5665:. Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art. Edinburgh University Press. p. 109.
4741:
A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)
3865:
A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)
2427:
2100:
1962:
1878:
1649:
1595:
1539:
1451:. He deported 30,000 Kakhetian peasants to Iran, and appointed a grandson of
1012:
981:
665:
387:
5111:, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, revised ed., 2003,
2401:, Qazvin) Blinded on the orders of his father, 1627. He had issue, one son:
2107:
7575:
5898:
5413:
Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson
2584:
2263:
2255:
2124:
2054:
1813:
1734:
1730:
1624:
1599:
1577:
1322:
1269:
1126:
1114:
993:
985:
952:
910:
745:
499:
462:
316:
164:
135:
114:
6503:. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 816–819. Archived from
5614:. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 30.
2972:
2029:
1955:
gave the travellers a long audience. They finally arrived at the court of
5832:
Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran
5458:. Hakluyt Society, Second Series. Taylor & Francis. pp. 431–32.
2381:
Gawhar Shad Begum, married to Mirza Qazi, the Shaykh-ul-Islam of Isfahan;
2088:
2042:
1928:
1858:
1738:
1701:
1598:
from the Portuguese. He replaced it as a trading centre with a new port,
1150:
1053:
944:
915:
891:
871:
853:
568:
512:
399:
358:
118:
1840:
1564:
The island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo-Persian force in the 1622
939:
the growth in influence and power of this new grouping, also called the
811:
671:
Meanwhile, Hamza Mirza was preoccupied with pushing the Ottomans out of
588:
raiding near Herat, the presence of a prince in the city was necessary.
7661:
2424:
Shahzada Begum, married to Mirza Mohsin Razavi. and had issue two sons;
2357:
2186:
1817:
1741:
was the religion of Iran's main rival, the Ottoman Empire, Abbas often
1726:
1464:
1203:
1130:
777:
684:
562:
370:
and the military. These actions, as well as his reforms of the Iranian
267:
71:
6701:
The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric
6524:. International Library of Iranian Studies. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
7669:
7605:
7597:
6547:. Vol. IX: Ethé – Fish. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5360:
Munshī, I.; Beg, M.I.; Munšī, I.T.; Savory, R.; Bernhard, R. (1978).
3114:, chpt.Shah Abbas as the 'Supreme Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'
2552:
2334:
2326:
2246:
2166:
2153:
1783:
1632:
1584:
1560:
1401:
1134:
977:
948:
895:
887:
875:
867:
845:
836:
801:
680:
676:
541:
508:
504:
494:
446:
366:
362:
335:
6906:
Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts
5455:
Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589–1605: Volumes I and II
1873:
1845:
1673:
1308:
in 1612, effectively granting them back suzerainty over most of the
7589:
5416:. University of Utah Press. University of Utah Press. p. 242.
2786:
2760:
2526:
2096:
1829:
1809:
1693:
1531:
1522:
1337:
1309:
1297:
1289:
1253:
1195:
906:
797:
789:
781:
648:
640:
391:
131:
7299:
7253:
7226:
6718:
6691:
6427:
6375:
6348:
6244:
6188:
6157:
6019:
5973:
4700:
4698:
3782:
3780:
1765:
Abbas was usually tolerant of Christianity. The Italian traveller
38:Ṣāḥeb-i Qerān-i ʿAlāʾ (Supreme Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
7203:. Vol. 3: 1850–1950. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz.
6611:
The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730
5124:
2394:
2387:
2322:
2314:
2287:
A sister of Ismail Khan, a Circassian, and Abbas' favourite wife;
1940:
1770:
1737:, which he restored (it had been despoiled by the Uzbeks). Since
1678:
1628:
1588:
1518:
1460:
1317:
1281:
1277:
1214:
1176:
862:
724:
653:
644:
607:
518:
422:
407:
375:
354:
232:
7422:
7326:
7272:
7179:
6995:
6956:
6925:
6890:
6832:
6782:
6628:
6562:
6475:
6444:
6290:
6081:
6050:
5943:
5336:"History Of Shah Abbas The Great Vol. 2 : Savory, Roger M."
2486:
Shahr Banu Begum, married to Mir Abdulazim, darughah of Isfahan;
1966:, for example, makes two references (at II.5 and III.4) to 'the
5120:
4695:
3777:
2455:
Sayyid Muhammad Daud, married to Shahr Banu Begum, daughter of
2409:
2398:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2348:
2033:
Shah Abbas in later life with a page. By Muhammad Qasim (1627).
1936:
1932:
1816:, the palace that was the main residence of Abbas the Great in
1616:
1488:
1210:
1158:
805:
741:
695:
672:
603:
581:
557:
553:
481:
418:
417:
Abbas was a great builder and moved his kingdom's capital from
5387:
Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World
1007:
system did not work as well as it had after the Safavids, the
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5691:
5403:
5234:
5232:
5230:
2318:
2242: and Queen Anna of Kakheti, and mother of Zubayda Begum;
2189:, who lived a century after Abbas, mentioned him in the poem
2058:
2018:
1791:
1779:
1187:
1154:
1138:
1110:
920:
886:) grew in influence and power, with many thousands of ethnic
776:, with the Ottomans in 1590, ceding to them the provinces of
719:
627:
Prince ʽAbbās proclaimed Shah in Khorasan in 1581. Page from
611:
573:
434:
110:
6794:. Library of Middle East History. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
5985:. Library of Middle East History. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
5523:
2053:
executed the Shah's orders and the prince was murdered in a
1521:
had given Abbas' grandfather, Shah Tahmasp, the province of
675:. However, he became caught up in the rivalries between the
5919:
4446:
1948:
1661:
1300:, during the war Abbas also managed to capture what is now
1157:, killed two prominent Safavid nobles during a festival in
1141:, which Abbas had given to him. In 1597, Abbas deposed the
804:. This demeaning treaty even ceded the previous capital of
489:
347:
323:
319:
7236:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
6060:"Barda and Barda-Dāri v. Military Slavery in Islamic Iran"
6002:
Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend
5759:
5227:
5101:
4524:
1905:
being honoured by the Trumpets of Fame, together with the
1602:, nearby on the mainland, but it never became successful.
6584:
Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
6522:
Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
6140:
The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
6109:(2). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 177–203.
5529:
5378:
5130:
4709:. California: University of California Press. p. 1.
1431:, at the behest of Kartlian nobles and Teimuraz's mother
1400:, Abbas suppressed a rebellion led by his formerly loyal
714:
5353:
2290:
A daughter of Shaykh Lotfullah Maisi, a Shia theologian;
1997:
More came of Abbas' contacts with the English, although
1790:). Other Armenians were transferred to the provinces of
1720:
988:
Safavid bureaucracy and the court of the Safavid state.
298:; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as
7174:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Macmillan and Company.
6435:
Lockhart, Lawrence (1953). Arberry, Arthur John (ed.).
5697:
5017:
3265:
3263:
2235:
A Circassian concubine, mother of Mohammad Baqer Mirza;
7570:
5530:
Fukasawa, K.; Kaplan, B.J.; Beaurepaire, P.Y. (2017).
5328:
5029:
4440:
3831:"GEORGIA vii. Georgians in the Safavid Administration"
3797:
3795:
3165:
1459:(also known as "Isā Khān"). Raised up at the court in
6167:
The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors
5409:
4536:
3538:
3512:
3510:
3495:
3471:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3404:
3380:
3344:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
2296:, daughter of Faramarz Amilakhori and sister of
812:
Reducing the Qizilbash's power and Caucasus invasions
310:
293:
6900:"Asia and Islam: Ancient Cultures, Modern Conflicts"
6674:
New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society
5920:
Asat'iani, Nodar; Bendianachvili, Alexandre (1997).
5640:
5410:
Dickson, M.B.; Mazzaoui, M.M.; Moreen, V.B. (1990).
5364:. Bibliotheca Persica. Westview Press. p. 220.
5359:
5089:
5041:
4730:
4728:
4726:
3332:
3308:
3260:
3189:
3134:
3132:
2954:
1725:
Like almost all other Safavid monarchs, Abbas was a
1443:. Abbas, as reported by the Safavid court historian
602:, she led an army north to confront the Ottoman and
4589:
4587:
4398:
4396:
3792:
3117:
2148:Abbas was fluent in the Turkic dialect used by the
522:
Ismail II, the third Shah of Iran and Abbas' uncle.
7099:
7004:
6903:
6439:. The Legacy Series. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
5572:Women and Islam in Early Modern English Literature
5384:
4408:
3507:
3483:
3459:
3428:
3392:
3368:
3356:
3320:
3275:
3248:
3236:
3201:
3177:
3144:
1677:The Statue of Shah Abbas, which was on display in
1351:
1066:, (12,000 strong) and a corp of artillery, called
414:, beyond the traditional territories of Dagestan.
7414:Zanzibar, the Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa
6271:Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence, eds. (1986).
4723:
4143:
3129:
3031:Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism
2072:poor from 1621 onwards. He died at his palace in
1977:The shah had set great store on an alliance with
1580:. In 1602, the Iranian army under the command of
679:tribes and angered his officers by executing the
465:who claimed descent from the fourth Shi'ia imam,
7685:
6410:A Global History of Pre-modern Islamic Societies
6358:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
5484:
5260:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 54, 201 n. 4.
4584:
4393:
2325:, 1601, Princess Fakhr Jahan Begum, daughter of
1782:(also known as Jolfa). Many were transferred to
1591:. In 1622, with the help of four English ships,
6270:
6026:
5928:] (in French). Paris, France: L'Harmattan.
5249:
5247:
5172:
5160:
5011:
4999:
4987:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4792:
4780:
4768:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4593:
4578:
4554:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4458:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4199:
4094:
4082:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3572:
2217:There are many who'd say they are good orators,
2076:on the Caspian coast in 1629 and was buried in
1467:, he was perceived as fully loyal to the Shah.
1252:the resulting conflict, Abbas first recaptured
410:and expanded Iranian rule and influence in the
50:Shah Abbas I in a 16th or 17th century portrait
5983:Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran
5848:
5447:
5445:
5291:
5289:
5223:. Princeton University. pp. 91, 309, 310.
4008:
4006:
1100:
1052:(always conscripted from ethnic Georgians and
923:and in the civil and military administration.
919:important members of the royal household, the
7556:
7311:(7th ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins.
7021:Savory, R.N. (1985). "ʿAlī-Qolī Khan Šāmlū".
6980:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6703:. Persian Studies. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
6613:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6412:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6142:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5119:, p. 392: "Shah Abbas moved his capital from
3812:
3810:
2480:, and had issue four sons and four daughters;
2347:Sultan Suleiman Mirza (killed August 1632 at
2208:
2199:
2190:
2165:, which he had doubtlessly acquired from his
2024:
1545:
473:, and she gave birth to two more sons later:
7382:, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles,
6103:International Journal of Middle East Studies
5727:Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2012).
5652:
5601:
5562:
5244:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
3102:, chpt. Shah Abbas and political legitimacy'
1861:, then ruler of part of Iran, had asked the
1745:living in western border provinces harshly.
1304:. The Persian victory was recognised in the
7167:
6635:
5726:
5442:
5286:
5238:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5184:
4864:
4734:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4052:
4050:
4003:
3786:
2220:Though nobody is as eloquent as Shah Abbas.
1832:, which has been described as "genocidal".
1778:from the wealthy Armenian merchant town of
1506:
1220:
7563:
7549:
7417:. New York, NY: E. P. Dutton and Company.
7159:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7012:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6494:
6035:] (in French). Paris, France: Perrin.
6027:Bomati, Yves; Nahavandi, Houchang (1998).
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5575:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
5490:
4431:
3807:
3761:
3697:
3695:
3693:
2340:Sultan Abul-Naser Sam Mirza, succeeded as
2210:
2201:
1373:Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns
548:November 1577, however, Ismail dispatched
44:
7233:
6854:Shah Abbas: The King who Refashioned Iran
6809:Parizi, Mohammad-Ebrahim Bastani (2000).
6792:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
6725:
6355:
6328:
6297:
6173:. London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
5704:. Indian History Congress. p. 1242.
5257:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
4887:
4885:
4804:
4426:
4414:
3738:
3727:
2238:Fakhr Jahan Begum, daughter of King
2195:(Not a jewel) with the following verses:
1844:Persian ambassador during his entry into
1610:
1169:
1089:From 1600 onwards, the Safavid statesman
1082:, who arrived in 1598 as envoys from the
694:Accession of Shah Abbas to the throne in
353:Under his leadership, Iran developed the
7306:
7280:Thorne, John O., ed. (1984). "Abbas I".
6698:
6671:
6645:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
6608:
6541:"Farhād Khan Qaramānlū, Rokn-al-Saltana"
6495:Manz, Beatrice; Haneda, Masashi (1990).
6451:
6434:
6057:
6033:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia: 1587–1629
6029:Shah Abbas, Empereur de Perse: 1587–1629
5950:
5854:
5203:
5071:
4816:
4744:(2 ed.). Mazda Publishers. p.
4704:
4402:
4384:
4349:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4078:
4076:
4047:
4041:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3929:
3750:
3712:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3226:
3171:
2258:(m. 1 September 1602), daughter of
2209:
2200:
2106:
2103:, the palace where Abbas the Great died.
2087:
2028:
1896:
1872:
1839:
1800:
1747:
1687:
1672:
1605:
1559:
1376:
1355:
1288:to meet Ottoman forces on the shores of
1259:
1238:
1022:
925:
815:
753:
689:
622:
517:
7380:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587–1629
7267:. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
7198:
7128:
7097:
6581:
6538:
6519:
6407:
6307:Friends of Academic Research in Georgia
6220:
5829:
5810:
5497:. publisher not indicated. p. 60.
5385:Necipogulu, G.; Roxburgh, D.J. (2000).
5299:The Golden Age of Persian Art 1501-1722
5218:
5023:
4164:
4137:
4029:
3828:
3772:
3690:
3560:
3532:
3453:
3159:
3086:Heinz Halm, Janet Watson, Marian Hill,
2434:Shaykhavand, and had issue a daughter;
2386:Sultan Ismail Mirza (6 September 1601,
2083:
2015:Abbas retake Hormuz from the Portuguese
1893:receiving the Persian ambassadors, 1603
1835:
758:Portrait of Shah Abbas as a young man,
591:The weak state of the realm led to the
445:. His father was the first-born son of
7686:
7407:
7390:, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
7333:
7279:
7078:
7061:
7053:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7029:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8
7020:
7002:
6975:
6932:
6897:
6870:
6808:
6789:
6758:
6385:"Why Did Men Stop Wearing High Heels?"
6382:
6195:
5980:
5897:
5658:
5607:
5568:
5253:
5189:. Iran: Gonbad-e Qabous. p. 325.
5148:
5083:
5059:
5047:
5035:
4975:
4882:
4876:
4641:
4629:
4605:
4542:
4530:
4259:
4211:
4187:
4175:
4067:
4056:
4012:
3997:
3964:
3952:
3816:
3723:
3721:
3701:
3684:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3556:
3528:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3449:
3410:
3386:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3269:
3195:
3138:
3123:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2626:
2516:
2512:
2430:(killed 20 February 1632), married to
1627:writes, "Not since the development of
735:
16:Shah of Safavid Iran from 1587 to 1629
7544:
7260:
7186:from the original on 19 November 2015
6851:
6482:from the original on 17 November 2014
6164:
5956:Empire of the Mind: A History of Iran
5858:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
5774:
5730:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age
5646:
5536:. Taylor & Francis. p. 276.
5451:
5295:
4518:
4470:
4155:
4119:from the original on 24 December 2017
4073:
4025:
4023:
4021:
3970:
3671:
3111:
3099:
3026:Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)
3021:Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
2903:
2900:
2890:
2878:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2832:
2820:
2810:
2806:
2794:
2784:
2774:
2758:
2748:
2744:
2720:
2710:
2698:
2688:
2684:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2644:
2634:
2630:
2614:
2608:
2598:
2582:
2572:
2568:
2556:
2550:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2459:. She had issue, two sons including:
2445:by his wife, Queen Anna, daughter of
2317:, Khorasan – killed 25 January 1615,
1729:. He had a particular veneration for
1721:Attitude towards religious minorities
1587:managed to expel the Portuguese from
1392:, eastern Georgia, from 1633 to 1658.
1346:defeated the Turkish army decisively.
1018:
386:, Abbas had regained possession over
7135:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
7072:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
7035:from the original on 14 October 2022
6765:The History of Shah 'Abbas the Great
6137:
6100:
5999:
5981:Babaie, Sussan; et al. (2004).
5784:. British Museum Press. p. 21.
5362:The History of Shah ʻAbbas the Great
5187:Explanatory Dictionary of Magtymguly
5136:
5095:
4617:
4566:
3940:
3801:
3544:
3516:
3465:
3437:
3422:
3398:
3374:
3362:
3298:
3286:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3214:
3183:
2356:Sultan Hasan Mirza (September 1588,
831:) helped modernize the Persian Army.
792:and Qarajadagh, as well as parts of
651:; there, they struck coins and read
380:widescale massacres and deportations
326:from 1588 to 1629. The third son of
7471:"Shah 'Abbas: The Remaking of Iran"
7455:Iranian treasures bound for Britain
7378:Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,
7201:Essays in Arabic Literary Biography
6395:from the original on 17 August 2014
6383:Kremer, William (25 January 2013).
6251:
4447:Asat'iani & Bendianachvili 1997
3718:
2437:Jahan Banu Begum, married in 1624,
2393:Imam Qoli Mirza (12 November 1602,
2132:at the centre of his personality."
2011:second diplomatic mission to Europe
1848:for the wedding ceremonies of King
1243:"Abbas King of Persia", as seen by
303:
283:
221:
13:
7372:
7284:. Edinburgh, UK: Chambers Harrap.
7074:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
6659:from the original on 21 April 2023
6586:. New York: Taylor & Francis.
5875:from the original on 21 April 2023
5798:from the original on 21 April 2023
5747:from the original on 21 April 2023
5708:from the original on 21 April 2023
5679:from the original on 21 April 2023
5628:from the original on 21 April 2023
5589:from the original on 21 April 2023
5550:from the original on 21 April 2023
5511:from the original on 21 April 2023
5472:from the original on 21 April 2023
5430:from the original on 21 April 2023
5316:from the original on 21 April 2023
5274:from the original on 21 April 2023
4018:
2269:Princess Helena, daughter of King
1925:first diplomatic mission to Europe
1644:and other monuments including the
1631:in the eighth century A.D. by the
1396:Between 1614 and 1616, during the
596:declaring war against Iran in 1578
402:. He also took back land from the
14:
7755:
7437:
7307:Wallbank, Thomas Walter (1992) .
5781:Shah ʻAbbas: The Remaking of Iran
3829:Matthee, Rudi (7 February 2012).
2611:Muhammad Khodabanda, Shah of Iran
1692:The Statue of Abbas the Great in
839:had provided the backbone of the
698:. Page from Ahmad Monshi Ghomi's
7457:, BBC Radio 4, 19 January 2009,
7444:Shah Abbās: The Remaking of Iran
7395:Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran
7282:Chambers Biographical Dictionary
7171:The Works of William Shakespeare
7141:from the original on 18 May 2022
6839:from the original on 17 May 2015
6746:from the original on 17 May 2015
6672:Mitchell, Colin P., ed. (2011).
6642:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
6569:from the original on 17 May 2015
6316:from the original on 18 May 2015
6198:"Čarkas: ii. Under the Safavids"
6088:from the original on 17 May 2015
5834:. Harvard CMES. pp. 400–1.
5720:
5698:Indian History Congress (2004).
5302:. Harry N. Abrams. p. 118.
5178:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5077:
5065:
5053:
5005:
4993:
4981:
4969:
4957:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4870:
4858:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4774:
4762:
4683:
4671:
4659:
4647:
4635:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4106:
3841:from the original on 19 May 2021
2985:
2971:
2957:
2211:هيچ کيم شاه عباس دک سخنور بولماز
1028:Shah 'Abbās King of the Persians
66:1 October 1587 – 19 January 1629
7719:17th-century monarchs of Persia
7309:Civilization Past & Present
7238:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
6963:from the original on 7 May 2015
6138:Dale, Stephen Frederic (2010).
5958:. London, UK: C. Hurst and Co.
5890:
5861:. Reaktion Books. p. 198.
4420:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4169:
4131:
4100:
4088:
4061:
4035:
3991:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3923:
3890:
3853:
3822:
3766:
3755:
3744:
3732:
3706:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3550:
3522:
3443:
3292:
3220:
2003:Ottoman-Safavid War (1603–1618)
1352:Quelling the Georgian uprisings
1334:Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)
1227:Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1612)
930:Portrait of Abbas the Great on
878:who had been brought into Iran
730:
378:, whose people he subjected to
7397:, 2009, British Museum Press,
7261:Sykes, Ella Constance (1910).
7234:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011).
7083:. Cambridge University Press.
6676:. Milton Park, UK: Routledge.
6221:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
6171:Emperors of the Peacock Throne
5341:. 27 October 2021. p. 549
5185:Nūrmuhammed, Ashūrpūr (1997).
3910:University of California Press
3105:
3093:
3080:
3071:
3062:
2478:Sultan al-Ulama Khalife Sultan
1513:Mughal-Safavid War (1622–1623)
1:
7393:Canby, Sheila R. (ed), 2009,
7129:Simpson, Marianna S. (1997).
7114:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
6937:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6873:The Cambridge History of Iran
6813:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6759:Monshi, Eskandar Beg (1978).
6609:Matthee, Rudolph P. (1999a).
6543:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6456:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6273:The Cambridge History of Iran
6200:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6062:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
5109:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
3046:
2449:. She had issue, a daughter:
2405:
2351:, Qazvin) – with Fakhr Jahan;
2141:The Cambridge History of Iran
1615:Abbas moved his capital from
1576:had established bases in the
1572:During the 16th century, the
1164:
759:
487:Shah Qoli Sultan Ustajlu, an
467:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
437:, Abbas was the third son of
428:
6761:Tārīk̲-e ʻālamārā-ye ʻAbbāsī
6726:Mitchell, Colin P. (2009a).
6408:Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2012).
6333:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
6004:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
3056:
2502:Ancestors of Abbas the Great
2284:and Queen Mariam Lipartiani;
2152:portion of the multi-ethnic
1935:, before proceeding through
1619:to the more central city of
1552:Safavid–Portuguese conflicts
1235:Siege of Baghdad (1625–1626)
618:
7:
7714:17th-century Iranian people
7709:16th-century Iranian people
7459:BBC Radio 4's live magazine
6699:Mitchell, Colin P. (2009).
6254:Armenia Country Study Guide
5733:. I.B.Tauris. p. 483.
5173:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
5161:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
5012:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
5000:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4988:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4964:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4952:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4940:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4928:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4916:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4904:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4892:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4853:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4841:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4829:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4793:Jackson & Lockhart 1986
4781:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4769:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4690:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4678:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4666:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4654:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4594:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4579:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4555:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4507:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4495:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4483:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4459:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4344:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4332:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4320:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4308:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4296:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4284:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4272:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4248:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4236:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4224:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4200:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4095:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4083:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
3609:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
3597:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
3585:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
3573:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
2950:
2493:
2408:1625 – killed August 1632,
2202:سخنور من ديان کوپدير جهانده
2095:Palace (or Shah Palace) in
1101:Consolidation of the Empire
962:ḡolāmān-e ḵāṣṣa-ye-e šarifa
433:Born in 27 January 1571 in
311:
294:
10:
7760:
7694:16th-century Safavid shahs
6790:Newman, Andrew J. (2006).
3036:Shah Abbas Mosque, Yerevan
2738:
2620:
2514:
2337:. He had issue, two sons:
2025:Family tragedies and death
1983:English East India Company
1943:(where it was received by
1549:
1546:War against the Portuguese
1510:
1370:
1224:
1153:, the Paduspanid ruler of
357:system where thousands of
7585:
7529:
7520:
7512:
7505:
7478:
7348:10.1080/17450911003790331
7342:(2). Routledge: 209–226.
7079:Savory, Roger M. (2007).
6976:Savory, Roger M. (1980).
6933:Savory, Roger M. (1983).
6898:Saslow, James M. (1999).
6856:. Oneworld Publications.
6329:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006).
6115:10.1017/s0020743800031834
5905:. Yale University Press.
5830:Babayan, Kathryn (2002).
4705:Aslanian, Sebouh (2011).
4385:Rayfield, Donald (2013).
3879:) Mazda Publishers, 2002
3016:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I
2884:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2826:
2808:
2800:
2768:
2746:
2742:
2704:
2686:
2678:
2651:
2632:
2628:
2592:
2570:
2562:
2534:
2518:
2390:– killed 16 August 1613);
2298:Abd-ol-Ghaffar Amilakhori
2224:
2113:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I
1907:1609–1615 Persian embassy
1889:in Venice depicting doge
1642:Masjed-e Sheykh Lotfollah
1455:to the throne of Kartli,
1231:Capture of Baghdad (1624)
263:
253:
243:
231:
213:
211:
206:
202:
189:
154:
147:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I
141:
129:19 January 1629 (aged 57)
125:
104:
100:
90:
80:
70:
62:
55:
43:
36:Ẓellollāh (Shadow of God)
28:
23:
6910:. New York, NY: Viking.
6165:Eraly, Abraham (2003) .
6058:Bosworth, C. E. (1989).
4867:, pp. 258, 262, 282
3051:
3041:Shah Abbas Mosque, Ganja
3006:García de Silva Figueroa
2785:6. Mir Abdullah Khan II
2159:García de Silva Figueroa
1931:and spent the winter in
1927:. The group crossed the
1923:In 1599, Abbas sent his
1507:Kandahar and the Mughals
1268:and the parading before
1221:War against the Ottomans
1038:Atrium heroicum Caesarum
934:, Vagharshapat, Armenia.
328:Shah Mohammad Khodabanda
7098:Rahimlu, Yusof (2015).
7081:Iran Under the Safavids
6978:Iran under the Safavids
6298:Kacharava, Eka (2011).
6227:Encyclopædia Britannica
6196:Haneda, Masahi (1990).
5491:Anchabadze, Z. (2014).
2645:10. Musa Sultan Musullu
2553:Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran
2527:Isma'il I, Shah of Iran
2476:Agha Begum, married to
2447:Alexander II of Kakheti
1994:were no more fruitful.
1912:Allégorie de l'Occasion
1850:Sigismund III of Poland
1668:
1556:Capture of Ormuz (1622)
1453:Alexander II of Imereti
394:, as well as swaths of
7409:Pearce, Francis Barrow
7062:Savory, R. M. (1982).
7016:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
6852:Quinn, Sholeh (2015).
6637:Mikaberidze, Alexander
6582:Matthee, Rudi (2019).
6539:Matthee, Rudi (1999).
6520:Matthee, Rudi (2011).
5922:Histoire de la Géorgie
5903:Iran: A Modern History
5452:Allen, W.E.D. (2017).
3877:University of Michigan
3860:Bournoutian, George A.
3762:Manz & Haneda 1990
2397:– killed August 1632,
2374:– killed August 1632,
2191:
2116:
2104:
2034:
1920:
1894:
1853:
1821:
1775:a key Safavid province
1762:
1707:Chinese-style ceramics
1697:
1685:
1611:Isfahan: a new capital
1569:
1393:
1368:
1296:, near Tabriz. In the
1273:
1248:
1170:War against the Uzbeks
1041:
935:
832:
765:
702:
635:
523:
7264:Persia and its People
7003:Savory, R.M. (2012).
6452:Madelung, W. (1988).
5855:Rayfield, D. (2013).
5389:. Brill. p. 85.
5254:Newman, A.J. (2012).
4113:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4109:"ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)"
2723:Abbas I, Shah of Iran
2368:Soltan Mohammad Mirza
2110:
2091:
2032:
1900:
1876:
1843:
1804:
1751:
1691:
1676:
1654:Naghsh-i Jahan Square
1606:Shah and his subjects
1563:
1380:
1361:Teimuraz I of Kakheti
1359:
1306:Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
1263:
1242:
1123:Farhad Khan Qaramanlu
1026:
947:, and around 300,000
932:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
929:
819:
757:
693:
626:
521:
384:1603–1618 Ottoman War
32:King of Kings of Iran
7744:Iranian slave owners
7031:. pp. 875–876.
6939:Encyclopædia Iranica
6815:Encyclopædia Iranica
6732:Encyclopædia Iranica
6545:Encyclopædia Iranica
6501:Encyclopædia Iranica
6458:Encyclopædia Iranica
6437:The Legacy of Persia
6202:Encyclopædia Iranica
6064:Encyclopædia Iranica
6000:Blow, David (2009).
5219:Babayan, K. (1993).
5139:, pp. 166, 118.
5107:Cyril Glassé (ed.),
3905:5 April 2023 at the
3871:5 April 2023 at the
3789:, pp. 291, 536.
2443:Bagrat VII of Kartli
2313:(15 September 1587,
2311:Mohammad Baqer Mirza
2240:Bagrat VII of Kartli
2084:Character and legacy
2039:Mohammed Baqir Mirza
1836:Contacts with Europe
1712:Under Abbas' reign,
1119:Mohammad Baqer Mirza
1032:Copper engraving by
998:Mohammad Baqer Mirza
856:of the neighbouring
700:Kholāsat al-tavārikh
633:Kholāsat al-tavārikh
382:. By the end of the
7734:Patrons of the arts
7614:Mohammad Khodabanda
7516:Mohammad Khodabanda
5659:Babaie, S. (2008).
5608:Andrea, B. (2017).
5569:Andrea, B. (2008).
4736:Bournoutian, George
4533:, pp. 284–285.
3875:(original from the
2901:Fakhr al-Nisa Begum
2845:Khayr al-Nisa Begum
2329:, married secondly
1957:Philip III of Spain
1445:Iskander Beg Munshi
1398:Ottoman–Safavid War
1321:100,000 led by the
749:Mirza Salman Jabiri
736:Abbas takes control
600:Mirza Salman Jaberi
455:Iskandar Beg Monshi
443:Khayr al-Nisa Begum
439:Mohammad Khodabanda
258:Khayr al-Nisa Begum
248:Mohammad Khodabanda
177:Fatima Sultan Begum
161:Oghlan Pasha Khanum
85:Mohammad Khodabanda
7729:Mazandarani people
7448:The British Museum
6300:"Alaverdy Eparchy"
6223:"Abbas I (Persia)"
5926:History of Georgia
5296:Canby, S. (2000).
5014:, pp. 243–246
5002:, pp. 241–242
4990:, pp. 240–241
4966:, pp. 236–237
4954:, pp. 235–236
4930:, pp. 161–162
4918:, pp. 136–137
4906:, pp. 134–135
4497:, pp. 123–124
4346:, pp. 158–159
4322:, pp. 157–158
4250:, pp. 150–151
4238:, pp. 149–150
4226:, pp. 148–149
4202:, pp. 147–148
4085:, pp. 141–142
4044:, pp. 134–135
4000:, pp. 183–184
3896:Aslanian, Sebouh.
2759:12. Sultan Mahmud
2439:Simon II of Kartli
2404:Najaf Qoli Mirza (
2360:– 18 August 1591,
2282:George X of Kartli
2275:Ketevan the Martyr
2271:David I of Kakheti
2129:Michael Axworthy's
2117:
2105:
2047:Farhad Beg Cherkes
2035:
1921:
1895:
1854:
1826:Ketevan the Martyr
1822:
1767:Pietro della Valle
1763:
1698:
1696:, Mazandaran, Iran
1686:
1683:Iranian Revolution
1570:
1418:Kingdom of Kakheti
1394:
1369:
1302:Kabardino-Balkaria
1274:
1249:
1149:. One year later,
1117:marry Abbas' son,
1042:
1019:Reforming the army
936:
833:
774:Treaty of Istanbul
766:
703:
662:Torbat-e Heydarieh
636:
629:Ahmad Monshi Ghomi
524:
7739:People from Herat
7724:Filicides in Iran
7681:
7680:
7674:
7666:
7658:
7650:
7642:
7634:
7626:
7618:
7610:
7602:
7594:
7580:
7539:
7538:
7530:Succeeded by
7245:978-0-8133-1359-7
7210:978-3-447-06141-4
7155:cite encyclopedia
7106:Madelung, Wilferd
7049:cite encyclopedia
6710:978-0-8577-1588-3
6683:978-0-4157-7462-8
6531:978-1-8451-1745-0
6419:978-0-5217-3298-7
6389:BBC News Magazine
6263:978-1-4387-7382-7
6236:978-1-59339-837-8
6169:. original title
6149:978-0-521-69142-0
6011:978-1-84511-989-8
5992:978-1-8606-4721-5
5965:978-1-8506-5871-9
5952:Axworthy, Michael
5868:978-1-78023-070-2
5841:978-0-932-88528-9
5791:978-0-7141-2452-0
5672:978-0-7486-3376-0
5621:978-1-4875-1280-4
5582:978-1-139-46802-2
5543:978-1-351-72217-9
5504:978-9941-0-6322-0
5465:978-1-317-06039-0
5423:978-0-87480-342-6
5396:978-90-04-11669-6
5371:978-0-89158-296-0
5309:978-0-8109-4144-1
5267:978-0-85773-366-5
4389:. Reaktion Books.
3835:iranicaonline.org
3547:, pp. 29–30.
3425:, pp. 25–26.
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
1953:Pope Clement VIII
1945:Emperor Rudolf II
1917:Frans II Francken
1901:Abbas I as a new
1868:Anthony Jenkinson
1326:Damat Halil Pasha
1266:capture of Tabriz
808:to the Ottomans.
315:), was the fifth
309:
292:
273:
272:
227:
226:
169:Fakhr Jahan Begum
30:Šāhanšāh-i Īrān (
24:Abbas I the Great
7751:
7672:
7664:
7656:
7648:
7640:
7632:
7624:
7616:
7608:
7600:
7592:
7578:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7542:
7541:
7513:Preceded by
7501:
7494:
7480:Abbas the Great
7476:
7475:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7367:
7330:
7303:
7276:
7257:
7230:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7164:
7158:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7125:
7116:. Brill Online.
7103:
7094:
7075:
7068:Yarshater, Ehsan
7058:
7052:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7017:
7008:
6999:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6929:
6909:
6894:
6867:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6811:"Ganj-ʿAlī Khan"
6805:
6786:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6722:
6695:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6632:
6605:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6535:
6516:
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6512:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6448:
6431:
6404:
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6400:
6379:
6352:
6325:
6323:
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6315:
6304:
6294:
6267:
6248:
6217:
6215:
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6097:
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6054:
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5996:
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5916:
5885:
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5845:
5827:
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5488:
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5449:
5440:
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5437:
5435:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5339:Internet Archive
5332:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5251:
5242:
5239:Mikaberidze 2015
5236:
5225:
5224:
5216:
5201:
5200:
5182:
5176:
5175:, pp. 57–58
5170:
5164:
5163:, pp. 44–47
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5105:
5099:
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4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4865:Shakespeare 1863
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4732:
4721:
4720:
4702:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4668:, pp. 98–99
4663:
4657:
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4609:
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4027:
4016:
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3995:
3989:
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3894:
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3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3790:
3787:Mikaberidze 2015
3784:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3748:
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3736:
3730:
3725:
3716:
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3669:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3611:, pp. 38–39
3606:
3600:
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3542:
3536:
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3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3001:Battle of DimDim
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2965:Biography portal
2962:
2961:
2960:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2407:
2370:(18 March 1591,
2294:Tamar Amilakhori
2214:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2174:and concubines.
1883:Gabriele Caliari
1633:Caliph al-Mansur
1566:Capture of Ormuz
1457:Jesse of Kakheti
1192:Khanate of Khiva
1078:and his brother
1034:Dominicus Custos
829:pictured in 1622
764:
761:
657:in Abbas' name.
538:Pari Khan Khanum
493:from one of the
463:Mar'ashi dynasty
396:Eastern Anatolia
314:
308:romanized:
307:
305:
297:
287:
285:
223:
215:
204:
203:
181:Tamar Amilakhori
48:
21:
20:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7581:
7569:
7535:
7526:
7518:
7507:Iranian royalty
7500:19 January 1629
7495:
7493:27 January 1571
7489:
7488:
7485:Safavid dynasty
7481:
7467:(audio report).
7440:
7427:
7425:
7375:
7373:Further reading
7370:
7319:
7292:
7246:
7211:
7189:
7187:
7152:
7151:
7144:
7142:
7131:"Ebrāhīm Mīrzā"
7110:Daftary, Farhad
7091:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7036:
6988:
6966:
6964:
6949:
6918:
6883:
6864:
6842:
6840:
6825:
6802:
6775:
6749:
6747:
6711:
6684:
6662:
6660:
6653:
6621:
6594:
6572:
6570:
6555:
6532:
6510:
6508:
6485:
6483:
6468:
6420:
6398:
6396:
6368:
6341:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6302:
6283:
6264:
6237:
6211:
6209:
6181:
6150:
6091:
6089:
6074:
6043:
6012:
5993:
5966:
5936:
5913:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5869:
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4387:Edge of Empires
4383:
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3992:
3984:
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3959:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3907:Wayback Machine
3895:
3891:
3873:Wayback Machine
3858:
3854:
3844:
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3827:
3823:
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3808:
3800:
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3603:
3595:
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3571:
3567:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:, p. 261;
3527:
3523:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:, p. 259;
3448:
3444:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
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3381:
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3333:
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3309:
3297:
3293:
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3276:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3011:History of Iran
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:Monarchy portal
2977:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2496:
2344:– with Dilaram;
2262: and
2260:Khan Ahmad Khan
2227:
2134:Donald Rayfield
2086:
2057:in the city of
2027:
1838:
1806:SafiAbad Palace
1761:
1723:
1671:
1652:palace and the
1613:
1608:
1558:
1550:Main articles:
1548:
1515:
1509:
1497:Giorgi Saakadze
1412:(also known as
1384:(also known as
1375:
1363:(also known as
1354:
1342:Giorgi Saakadze
1286:Allahverdi Khan
1264:Drawing of the
1237:
1223:
1172:
1167:
1109:, the ruler of
1107:Khan Ahmad Khan
1103:
1091:Allāhverdī Khan
1076:Anthony Shirley
1040:pub. 1600–1602.
1031:
1021:
974:Allahverdi Khan
821:Anthony Shirley
814:
762:
738:
733:
621:
431:
312:ʿAbbās-e Bozorg
300:Abbas the Great
216:
214:Abbas the Great
185:
150:
130:
109:
108:27 January 1571
51:
37:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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7509:
7503:
7502:
7482:
7479:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7451:
7439:
7438:External links
7436:
7435:
7434:
7405:
7391:
7388:978-1595845672
7374:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7331:
7317:
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6849:
6823:
6806:
6800:
6787:
6773:
6756:
6723:
6709:
6696:
6682:
6669:
6652:978-1442241466
6651:
6633:
6619:
6606:
6592:
6579:
6553:
6536:
6530:
6517:
6507:on 17 May 2015
6492:
6466:
6449:
6432:
6418:
6405:
6380:
6366:
6353:
6339:
6326:
6295:
6281:
6268:
6262:
6249:
6235:
6218:
6208:on 17 May 2015
6193:
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6072:
6055:
6041:
6024:
6010:
5997:
5991:
5978:
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5948:
5934:
5917:
5912:978-0300112542
5911:
5894:
5892:
5889:
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5886:
5867:
5847:
5840:
5809:
5790:
5758:
5740:978-1780769905
5739:
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5581:
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5522:
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5422:
5402:
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5285:
5266:
5243:
5226:
5202:
5195:
5177:
5165:
5153:
5141:
5129:
5100:
5098:, p. 165.
5088:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5040:
5038:, p. 101.
5028:
5026:, p. 247.
5016:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4968:
4956:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4805:Kouymjian 2004
4797:
4785:
4773:
4761:
4755:978-1568591414
4754:
4722:
4716:978-0520947573
4715:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4430:
4427:Kacharava 2011
4419:
4415:Khanbaghi 2006
4407:
4392:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4107:R.M., Savory.
4099:
4087:
4072:
4060:
4046:
4034:
4017:
4002:
3990:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3922:
3918:978-0520947573
3889:
3885:978-1568591414
3852:
3821:
3819:, p. 1116
3806:
3804:, p. 174.
3791:
3776:
3765:
3754:
3743:
3739:Streusand 2011
3731:
3728:Mitchell 2009a
3717:
3705:
3689:
3670:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3549:
3537:
3521:
3506:
3504:, p. 261.
3494:
3482:
3480:, p. 260.
3470:
3458:
3442:
3427:
3415:
3413:, p. 256.
3403:
3391:
3389:, p. 255.
3379:
3367:
3355:
3353:, p. 253.
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3301:, p. 21;
3291:
3274:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3229:, p. 58;
3219:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3174:, p. 160.
3164:
3143:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3079:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2993:History portal
2982:
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2671:
2669:Sultanum Begum
2666:
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2391:
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2352:
2345:
2331:Dilaram Khanum
2307:
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2250:
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2222:
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2206:
2085:
2082:
2026:
2023:
2007:Robert Shirley
1891:Marino Grimani
1837:
1834:
1760:) in New Julfa
1758:Vank Cathedral
1756:(the Armenian
1752:
1743:treated Sunnis
1727:Shi'ite Muslim
1722:
1719:
1714:carpet weaving
1670:
1667:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1582:Imam Quli Khan
1547:
1544:
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1388:), viceroy of
1353:
1350:
1245:Thomas Herbert
1222:
1219:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1125:. In 1593–94,
1102:
1099:
1080:Robert Shirley
1020:
1017:
858:Ottoman Empire
825:Robert Shirley
813:
810:
737:
734:
732:
729:
620:
617:
593:Ottoman Empire
560:on holy days (
441:and his wife,
430:
427:
412:North Caucasus
340:Ottoman Empire
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
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186:
184:
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178:
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173:Princess Marta
170:
167:
162:
158:
156:
152:
151:
149:, Kashan, Iran
145:
143:
139:
138:
134:, Mazandaran,
127:
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92:
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7700:
7697:
7695:
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7691:
7689:
7671:
7668:
7663:
7660:
7655:
7654:Soltan Hoseyn
7652:
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7499:
7492:
7487:
7486:
7477:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7456:
7453:John Wilson,
7452:
7449:
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7442:
7441:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7406:
7404:
7403:9780714124520
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7328:
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7318:0-6733-8867-0
7314:
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7293:
7291:0-550-18022-2
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7090:9780521042512
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7077:
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7056:
7050:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7024:Archived copy
7019:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:"Ḥamza Mīrzā"
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6987:0-521-22483-7
6983:
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6948:0-7100-9090-0
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6882:0-5212-0094-6
6878:
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6863:9781780745688
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6626:
6622:
6620:0-5216-4131-4
6616:
6612:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6593:9781000392876
6589:
6585:
6580:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6554:0-7100-9090-0
6550:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6467:0-7100-9121-4
6463:
6459:
6455:
6454:"Baduspanids"
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6367:1-4039-6422-X
6363:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6340:1-8451-1056-0
6336:
6332:
6327:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6282:0-5212-0094-6
6278:
6274:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6180:1-8421-2723-3
6176:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6141:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6073:0-7100-9090-0
6069:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6042:2-2620-1131-1
6038:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5935:2-7384-6186-7
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5899:Amanat, Abbas
5896:
5895:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5723:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5694:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5649:, p. 54.
5648:
5643:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5604:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5565:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5526:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5448:
5446:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5340:
5337:
5331:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5292:
5290:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5250:
5248:
5241:, p. 61.
5240:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5222:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5198:
5196:964-7836-29-5
5192:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5169:
5162:
5157:
5151:, p. 103
5150:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5117:0-7591-0190-6
5114:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5086:, p. 278
5085:
5080:
5074:, p. 134
5073:
5072:Axworthy 2007
5068:
5062:, p. 101
5061:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5020:
5013:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4989:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4942:, p. 235
4941:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4894:, p. 131
4893:
4888:
4886:
4879:, p. 210
4878:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4855:, p. 129
4854:
4849:
4843:, p. 128
4842:
4837:
4831:, p. 114
4830:
4825:
4819:, p. 347
4818:
4817:Lockhart 1953
4813:
4806:
4801:
4795:, p. 454
4794:
4789:
4783:, p. 104
4782:
4777:
4771:, p. 209
4770:
4765:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4692:, p. 107
4691:
4686:
4680:, p. 111
4679:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4638:
4632:, p. 147
4631:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4607:
4602:
4596:, p. 162
4595:
4590:
4588:
4581:, p. 161
4580:
4575:
4569:, p. 186
4568:
4563:
4557:, p. 159
4556:
4551:
4545:, p. 94.
4544:
4539:
4532:
4527:
4521:, p. 264
4520:
4515:
4509:, p. 124
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4485:, p. 121
4484:
4479:
4473:, p. 263
4472:
4467:
4461:, p. 120
4460:
4455:
4449:, p. 188
4448:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4423:
4417:, p. 131
4416:
4411:
4404:
4403:Mitchell 2011
4399:
4397:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4340:
4334:, p. 158
4333:
4328:
4321:
4316:
4310:, p. 156
4309:
4304:
4298:, p. 155
4297:
4292:
4286:, p. 154
4285:
4280:
4274:, p. 153
4273:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4178:, p. 267
4177:
4172:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4152:, p. 390
4151:
4150:Madelung 1988
4146:
4139:
4134:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4097:, p. 143
4096:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4042:Axworthy 2007
4038:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4015:, p. 818
4014:
4009:
4007:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3986:Mitchell 2011
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3930:Matthee 1999a
3926:
3919:
3915:
3912:, 4 mei 2011
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3751:Bosworth 1989
3747:
3741:, p. 148
3740:
3735:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3715:, p. 369
3714:
3713:Wallbank 1992
3709:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3687:, p. 265
3686:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3665:
3659:, p. 266
3658:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3519:, p. 29.
3518:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3468:, p. 27.
3467:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3440:, p. 26.
3439:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3401:, p. 24.
3400:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3377:, p. 23.
3376:
3371:
3365:, p. 22.
3364:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3341:, p. 70.
3340:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3317:, p. 42.
3316:
3311:
3305:, p. 69.
3304:
3300:
3295:
3289:, p. 21.
3288:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3272:, p. 69.
3271:
3266:
3264:
3257:, p. 19.
3256:
3251:
3245:, p. 18.
3244:
3239:
3233:, p. 17.
3232:
3228:
3227:Mitchell 2009
3223:
3217:, p. 17.
3216:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3198:, p. 71.
3197:
3192:
3186:, p. 16.
3185:
3180:
3173:
3172:Mitchell 2009
3168:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3126:, p. 77.
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2955:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:Zubayda Begum
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2101:Jules Laurens
2098:
2094:
2093:Chehel Sotoun
2090:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:, led Abbas'
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:Twelfth Night
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1887:Doge's Palace
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1754:Kelisa-e Vank
1750:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:Chehel Sotoun
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:Masjed-e Shah
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1540:Ganj Ali Khan
1535:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:Tahmuras Khan
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1365:Tahmuras Khan
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:Earl of Essex
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1013:Qajar dynasty
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
933:
928:
924:
922:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
756:
752:
750:
747:
743:
728:
726:
722:
721:
716:
711:
707:
701:
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
666:heir apparent
663:
658:
656:
655:
650:
646:
642:
634:
630:
625:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
589:
587:
583:
577:
575:
571:
570:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
550:Ali-Qoli Khan
545:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
496:
492:
491:
485:
483:
478:
477:and Tahmasp.
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Transcaucasia
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
318:
313:
301:
296:
290:
281:
277:
269:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
234:
230:
219:
210:
205:
201:
198:
194:
192:
188:
182:
179:
176:
174:
171:
168:
166:
163:
160:
159:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
47:
42:
39:
33:
27:
22:
19:
7621:
7576:Safavid Iran
7523:Shah of Iran
7521:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7463:
7454:
7443:
7428:13 September
7426:. Retrieved
7413:
7394:
7379:
7339:
7335:
7308:
7281:
7263:
7235:
7200:
7188:. Retrieved
7170:
7143:. Retrieved
7137:. New York.
7134:
7113:
7080:
7071:
7037:. Retrieved
7028:
7023:
7010:
6977:
6965:. Retrieved
6938:
6935:"'Abbās (I)"
6905:
6872:
6853:
6841:. Retrieved
6814:
6791:
6764:
6760:
6748:. Retrieved
6731:
6700:
6673:
6661:. Retrieved
6641:
6610:
6583:
6571:. Retrieved
6544:
6521:
6509:. Retrieved
6505:the original
6500:
6486:13 September
6484:. Retrieved
6457:
6436:
6409:
6399:13 September
6397:. Retrieved
6388:
6357:
6330:
6318:. Retrieved
6306:
6272:
6253:
6252:IBP (2013).
6226:
6212:13 September
6210:. Retrieved
6206:the original
6201:
6170:
6166:
6139:
6106:
6102:
6090:. Retrieved
6063:
6032:
6028:
6001:
5982:
5955:
5925:
5921:
5902:
5891:Bibliography
5877:. Retrieved
5857:
5850:
5831:
5800:. Retrieved
5780:
5749:. Retrieved
5729:
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5700:
5693:
5681:. Retrieved
5661:
5654:
5642:
5630:. Retrieved
5610:
5603:
5591:. Retrieved
5571:
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5532:
5525:
5513:. Retrieved
5493:
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5454:
5432:. Retrieved
5412:
5405:
5386:
5380:
5361:
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5338:
5330:
5318:. Retrieved
5298:
5276:. Retrieved
5256:
5220:
5186:
5180:
5168:
5156:
5144:
5132:
5108:
5103:
5091:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5050:, p. 1.
5043:
5031:
5024:Matthee 2019
5019:
5007:
4995:
4983:
4978:, p. 95
4971:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4807:, p. 20
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4740:
4706:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4656:, p. 96
4649:
4644:, p. 67
4637:
4625:
4620:, p. 94
4613:
4608:, p. 96
4601:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4433:
4422:
4410:
4405:, p. 70
4386:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4262:, p. 87
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4214:, p. 85
4207:
4195:
4190:, p. 84
4183:
4171:
4165:Matthee 1999
4145:
4140:, p. 38
4138:Starkey 2010
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4112:
4102:
4090:
4070:, p. 79
4063:
4037:
4030:Hoiberg 2010
3993:
3988:, p. 69
3967:, p. 82
3960:
3955:, p. 81
3948:
3943:, p. 37
3936:
3925:
3898:
3892:
3864:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3834:
3824:
3773:Lapidus 2012
3768:
3757:
3746:
3734:
3708:
3664:
3652:
3647:, p. 52
3640:
3635:, p. 77
3628:
3623:, p. 50
3616:
3604:
3599:, p. 38
3592:
3587:, p. 37
3580:
3575:, p. 36
3568:
3561:Rahimlu 2015
3552:
3540:
3533:Rahimlu 2015
3524:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3454:Rahimlu 2015
3445:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3294:
3250:
3238:
3222:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3160:Rahimlu 2015
3119:
3107:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3073:
3064:
2722:
2585:Tajlu Khanum
2264:Maryam Begum
2256:Yakhan Begum
2192:"Zer bolmaz"
2180:
2176:
2169:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2125:Roger Savory
2122:
2118:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2036:
1996:
1976:
1961:
1922:
1910:
1855:
1823:
1814:Jean Chardin
1787:
1764:
1753:
1731:Imam Hussein
1724:
1711:
1699:
1658:
1625:Roger Savory
1614:
1600:Bandar Abbas
1593:Abbas retook
1578:Persian Gulf
1571:
1536:
1516:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1481:Semayun Khan
1480:
1473:
1469:
1448:
1422:
1413:
1395:
1385:
1364:
1331:
1323:Grand Vizier
1314:
1275:
1270:Shah Abbas I
1250:
1208:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1127:Jahangir III
1115:Yakhan Begum
1104:
1094:
1088:
1072:
1067:
1063:tufangchiyan
1061:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1008:
1004:
1002:
994:crown prince
990:
986:meritocratic
971:
961:
956:
940:
937:
904:
900:
883:
879:
866:were mainly
861:
849:
841:Safavid army
834:
828:
771:
767:
746:grand vizier
739:
731:Rule as shah
718:
712:
708:
704:
699:
683:governor of
670:
659:
652:
643:governor of
637:
632:
590:
578:
567:
561:
546:
531:
528:Haydar Mirza
525:
498:
488:
486:
479:
432:
416:
352:
332:
299:
295:ʿAbbās yekom
275:
274:
165:Yakhan Begum
136:Safavid Iran
117:(modern-day
115:Safavid Iran
57:Shah of Iran
29:
18:
7704:1629 deaths
7699:1571 births
7673:(1732–1736)
7665:(1722–1732)
7657:(1694-1722)
7649:(1666–1694)
7641:(1642–1666)
7633:(1629–1642)
7625:(1587–1629)
7617:(1577–1587)
7609:(1576–1577)
7601:(1524–1576)
7593:(1501–1524)
7579:(1501–1736)
7336:Shakespeare
7145:5 September
7039:5 September
6728:"Ṭahmāsp I"
5879:25 November
5802:25 November
5776:Canby, S.R.
5751:23 November
5712:25 November
5701:Proceedings
5683:25 November
5632:25 November
5593:25 November
5554:25 November
5515:25 November
5476:25 November
5434:25 November
5345:21 November
5320:25 November
5278:25 November
5149:Savory 1980
5084:Roemer 1986
5060:Savory 1980
5048:Thorne 1984
5036:Savory 2007
4976:Savory 1980
4877:Wilson 2010
4642:Newman 2006
4630:Saslow 1999
4606:Savory 1980
4543:Babaie 2004
4531:Parizi 2000
4260:Savory 1980
4212:Savory 1980
4188:Savory 1980
4176:Roemer 1986
4068:Savory 1980
4057:Kremer 2013
4032:, p. 9
4013:Haneda 1990
3998:Savory 1980
3965:Savory 1980
3953:Savory 1980
3817:Monshi 1978
3702:Savory 1983
3685:Roemer 1986
3657:Roemer 1986
3645:Newman 2006
3633:Savory 1980
3621:Newman 2006
3557:Savory 1982
3529:Roemer 1986
3502:Roemer 1986
3490:Savory 2012
3478:Roemer 1986
3450:Roemer 1986
3411:Roemer 1986
3387:Roemer 1986
3351:Roemer 1986
3339:Savory 1980
3327:Savory 1985
3315:Newman 2006
3303:Savory 1980
3270:Savory 1980
3196:Savory 1980
3139:Savory 1982
3124:Amanat 2017
2789:, Ruler of
2463:Suleiman II
1929:Caspian Sea
1859:Uzun Hassan
1739:Sunni Islam
1702:Reza Abbasi
1681:before the
1386:Rustam Khan
1151:Jahangir IV
1097:to 25,000.
1054:Circassians
1036:, from his
1009:third force
1003:Though the
945:Circassians
941:third force
916:janissaries
892:Circassians
884:third force
872:Circassians
854:janissaries
763: 1590
569:Eid al-Fitr
513:Circassians
400:Mesopotamia
119:Afghanistan
81:Predecessor
7688:Categories
7662:Tahmasp II
7646:Suleiman I
7527:1588–1629
7300:2010367095
7254:2010024984
7227:2010359879
7101:"ʿAbbās I"
7064:"ʿAbbas I"
7014:(12 vols.)
6719:2010292168
6692:2010032352
6663:8 November
6602:1274244049
6428:2011043732
6376:2004273378
6349:2006296797
6245:2008934270
6189:2005440260
6158:2010278301
6020:2009464064
5974:2008399438
5647:Quinn 2015
4519:Eraly 2003
4471:Eraly 2003
4437:Suny p. 50
3112:Quinn 2015
3100:Quinn 2015
3047:References
2791:Mazandaran
2457:Suleiman I
2412:, Qazvin);
2358:Mazandaran
2273:and Queen
2187:Magtymguly
2111:Tomb, the
2051:Behbud Beg
2043:Circassian
1877:Canvas by
1818:Mazandaran
1574:Portuguese
1437:Mazandaran
1410:Teimuraz I
1406:Luarsab II
1371:See also:
1294:at Sufiyan
1225:See also:
1165:Reconquest
1131:Paduspanid
778:Azerbaijan
685:Azarbaijan
606:forces in
563:Qadr Night
459:Mazandaran
429:Early life
404:Portuguese
359:Circassian
302:(Persian:
268:Shia Islam
72:Coronation
7670:Abbas III
7606:Ismail II
7598:Tahmasp I
7464:Front Row
7364:191598902
7356:1745-0918
7219:0938-9024
7122:1875-9831
6740:2330-4804
6131:162702326
6123:0020-7438
5137:Blow 2009
5096:Blow 2009
4618:Dale 2010
4567:Cole 1987
4123:1 January
3941:Blow 2009
3802:Blow 2009
3545:Blow 2009
3517:Blow 2009
3466:Blow 2009
3438:Blow 2009
3423:Blow 2009
3399:Blow 2009
3375:Blow 2009
3363:Blow 2009
3299:Blow 2009
3287:Blow 2009
3255:Blow 2009
3243:Blow 2009
3231:Blow 2009
3215:Blow 2009
3184:Blow 2009
3057:Citations
2441:, son of
2419:Daughters
2327:Ismail II
2247:Tahmasp I
2154:Qizilbash
2074:Farahabad
1863:Venetians
1796:Farahabad
1784:New Julfa
1735:Imam Reza
1585:Undiladze
1416:) in the
1404:subjects
1145:ruler of
1143:Khorshidi
1133:ruler of
1068:tupchiyan
972:By 1595,
966:Caucasian
960:known as
949:Armenians
911:Christian
896:Armenians
888:Georgians
876:Armenians
868:Georgians
846:Tahmasp I
837:Qizilbash
802:Kurdistan
751:in 1583.
681:Qizilbash
677:Qizilbash
619:Ascension
552:from the
542:Ismail II
509:Armenians
505:Georgians
495:Qizilbash
475:Abu Taleb
461:from the
447:Tahmasp I
336:Qizilbash
304:عباس بزرگ
289:romanized
222:عباس بزرگ
212:English:
91:Successor
7638:Abbas II
7590:Ismail I
7423:20008651
7411:(1920).
7327:91025406
7273:10001477
7184:Archived
7180:20000243
7139:Archived
7112:(eds.).
7033:Archived
6996:78073817
6961:Archived
6957:84673402
6926:99019960
6891:67012845
6837:Archived
6833:84673402
6783:78020663
6744:Archived
6657:Archived
6639:(2015).
6629:99012830
6567:Archived
6563:84673402
6497:"Čarkas"
6480:Archived
6476:84673402
6445:53002314
6393:Archived
6311:Archived
6291:67012845
6086:Archived
6082:84673402
6051:99161812
5954:(2007).
5944:98159624
5901:(2017).
5873:Archived
5796:Archived
5778:(2009).
5745:Archived
5706:Archived
5677:Archived
5626:Archived
5587:Archived
5548:Archived
5509:Archived
5470:Archived
5428:Archived
5314:Archived
5272:Archived
4738:(2002).
4117:Archived
3903:Archived
3869:Archived
3839:Archived
2951:See also
2494:Ancestry
2432:Isa Khan
2335:Georgian
2230:Consorts
2167:Georgian
2163:Georgian
2150:Turkoman
2097:Behshahr
1852:in 1605.
1830:Turkmens
1810:Behshahr
1788:kalantar
1694:Behshahr
1646:Ali Qapu
1640:and the
1532:Jahangir
1523:Kandahar
1477:Simon II
1441:Imeretia
1402:Georgian
1338:Murad IV
1310:Caucasus
1298:Caucasus
1290:Lake Van
1254:Nahavand
1247:in 1627.
1196:Sabzevar
1147:Luristan
1046:Ottomans
978:Georgian
953:deported
907:Caucasus
880:en masse
798:Luristan
790:Dagestan
782:Karabagh
649:Nishapur
451:Khorasan
406:and the
392:Dagestan
367:Armenian
363:Georgian
342:and the
284:عباس یکم
264:Religion
132:Behshahr
7622:Abbas I
7070:(ed.).
5125:Isfahan
3088:Shi'ism
2787:Marashi
2761:Marashi
2395:Esfahan
2388:Esfahan
2323:Esfahan
2315:Mashhad
2183:Turkmen
2171:gholams
1999:England
1992:Muscovy
1941:Germany
1919:, 1628.
1885:in the
1771:Armenia
1679:Isfahan
1629:Baghdad
1621:Isfahan
1589:Bahrain
1519:Humayun
1461:Isfahan
1449:gholams
1433:Ketevan
1429:Kakheti
1318:Ardabil
1282:Ahmed I
1278:Yerevan
1215:Isfahan
1181:khasseh
1177:Mashhad
1095:ghulams
1058:ghulams
1050:ghulams
863:ghulams
850:ghulams
794:Georgia
725:viceroy
645:Mashhad
641:Turkman
608:Shirvan
586:Bukhara
533:qurchis
423:Isfahan
408:Mughals
376:Kakheti
355:ghilman
317:Safavid
291::
280:Persian
276:Abbas I
238:Safavid
233:Dynasty
218:Persian
155:Consort
7572:Rulers
7496:
7421:
7401:
7386:
7362:
7354:
7325:
7315:
7298:
7288:
7271:
7252:
7242:
7225:
7217:
7207:
7190:24 May
7178:
7120:
7087:
6994:
6984:
6967:24 May
6955:
6945:
6924:
6914:
6889:
6879:
6860:
6843:24 May
6831:
6821:
6798:
6781:
6771:
6750:12 May
6738:
6717:
6707:
6690:
6680:
6649:
6627:
6617:
6600:
6590:
6573:24 May
6561:
6551:
6528:
6511:24 May
6474:
6464:
6443:
6426:
6416:
6374:
6364:
6347:
6337:
6320:24 May
6289:
6279:
6260:
6243:
6233:
6187:
6177:
6156:
6146:
6129:
6121:
6092:24 May
6080:
6070:
6049:
6039:
6018:
6008:
5989:
5972:
5962:
5942:
5932:
5909:
5865:
5838:
5788:
5737:
5669:
5618:
5579:
5540:
5501:
5462:
5420:
5393:
5368:
5306:
5264:
5193:
5121:Qazvin
5115:
4752:
4713:
3916:
3883:
3845:14 May
2410:Alamut
2399:Alamut
2376:Alamut
2372:Qazvin
2362:Qazvin
2349:Alamut
2225:Family
2078:Kashan
2055:hammam
1988:Poland
1951:where
1937:Norway
1933:Moscow
1903:Caesar
1846:Kraków
1648:, the
1617:Qazvin
1596:Hormuz
1489:Russia
1465:Muslim
1463:and a
1425:Kartli
1390:Kartli
1382:Rostom
1233:, and
1211:Qazvin
1202:, and
1159:Qazvin
1129:, the
1005:ghulam
957:ghulam
860:, the
848:) the
806:Tabriz
742:Tabriz
696:Qazvin
673:Tabriz
654:khutba
582:Uzbeks
554:Shamlu
482:Shiraz
419:Qazvin
365:, and
344:Uzbeks
254:Mother
244:Father
142:Burial
7498:Died:
7491:Born:
7360:S2CID
7104:. In
7066:. In
6763:[
6314:(PDF)
6303:(PDF)
6127:S2CID
6031:[
5924:[
3887:p 208
3052:Notes
2319:Rasht
2185:poet
2059:Resht
2019:cloth
1979:Spain
1972:heels
1968:Sophy
1947:) to
1915:, by
1909:, in
1879:Carlo
1792:Gilan
1780:Jugha
1527:Akbar
1200:Farah
1188:Balkh
1155:Kojur
1139:Saveh
1111:Gilan
951:were
921:harem
786:Ganja
720:vakil
612:harem
604:Tatar
574:opium
558:seyed
471:Hamza
435:Herat
207:Names
197:below
191:Issue
111:Herat
63:Reign
7630:Safi
7533:Safi
7430:2014
7419:LCCN
7399:ISBN
7384:ISBN
7352:ISSN
7323:LCCN
7313:ISBN
7296:LCCN
7286:ISBN
7269:LCCN
7250:LCCN
7240:ISBN
7223:LCCN
7215:ISSN
7205:ISBN
7192:2015
7176:LCCN
7161:link
7147:2022
7118:ISSN
7085:ISBN
7055:link
7041:2022
6992:LCCN
6982:ISBN
6969:2015
6953:LCCN
6943:ISBN
6922:LCCN
6912:ISBN
6887:LCCN
6877:ISBN
6858:ISBN
6845:2015
6829:LCCN
6819:ISBN
6796:ISBN
6779:LCCN
6769:ISBN
6752:2015
6736:ISSN
6715:LCCN
6705:ISBN
6688:LCCN
6678:ISBN
6665:2020
6647:ISBN
6625:LCCN
6615:ISBN
6598:OCLC
6588:ISBN
6575:2015
6559:LCCN
6549:ISBN
6526:ISBN
6513:2015
6488:2014
6472:LCCN
6462:ISBN
6441:LCCN
6424:LCCN
6414:ISBN
6401:2014
6372:LCCN
6362:ISBN
6345:LCCN
6335:ISBN
6322:2015
6287:LCCN
6277:ISBN
6258:ISBN
6241:LCCN
6231:ISBN
6214:2014
6185:LCCN
6175:ISBN
6154:LCCN
6144:ISBN
6119:ISSN
6094:2015
6078:LCCN
6068:ISBN
6047:LCCN
6037:ISBN
6016:LCCN
6006:ISBN
5987:ISBN
5970:LCCN
5960:ISBN
5940:LCCN
5930:ISBN
5907:ISBN
5881:2021
5863:ISBN
5836:ISBN
5804:2021
5786:ISBN
5753:2021
5735:ISBN
5714:2021
5685:2021
5667:ISBN
5634:2021
5616:ISBN
5595:2021
5577:ISBN
5556:2021
5538:ISBN
5517:2021
5499:ISBN
5478:2021
5460:ISBN
5436:2021
5418:ISBN
5391:ISBN
5366:ISBN
5347:2021
5322:2021
5304:ISBN
5280:2021
5262:ISBN
5191:ISBN
5113:ISBN
4750:ISBN
4711:ISBN
4125:2016
3914:ISBN
3881:ISBN
3847:2021
2342:Safi
2333:, a
2305:Sons
1990:and
1949:Rome
1881:and
1773:was
1669:Arts
1662:silk
1554:and
1479:(or
1427:and
1408:and
1204:Nisa
1074:Sir
982:Fars
976:, a
894:and
874:and
835:The
823:and
800:and
566:and
500:lala
490:amir
398:and
390:and
372:army
348:coup
324:Iran
320:shah
195:See
126:Died
105:Born
95:Safi
76:1588
7574:of
7344:doi
6111:doi
5123:to
4746:208
3920:p 1
2843:3.
2721:1.
2609:2.
2583:9.
2551:4.
2525:8.
2099:by
1812:by
1808:in
1213:to
1135:Nur
727:).
715:Qom
631:'s
584:of
511:or
421:to
322:of
7690::
7461:,
7446:,
7358:.
7350:.
7338:.
7321:.
7294:.
7248:.
7221:.
7213:.
7182:.
7157:}}
7153:{{
7133:.
7108:;
7051:}}
7047:{{
7027:.
7009:.
6990:.
6959:.
6951:.
6920:.
6902:.
6885:.
6835:.
6827:.
6777:.
6742:.
6734:.
6730:.
6713:.
6686:.
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