Management of HIV/AIDS

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that maintenance of HIV and AIDS should go beyond the suppression of viral load and the prevention of opportunistic infection. It proposes adding a 'fourth 90' addressing a new 'quality of life' target that would focus specifically on increasing the quality of life for those that are able to suppress their viral load to undetectable levels along with new metrics to track the progress toward that target. This study serves as an example of the shifting paradigm in the dynamics of the health care system from being heavily 'disease-oriented' to more 'human-centered'. Though questions remain of what exactly a more 'human-centered' method of treatment looks like in practice, it generally aims to ask what kind of support, other than medical support, PLHIV need to cope with and eliminate HIV-related stigmas. Campaigns and marketing aimed at educating the general public in order to reduce any misplaced fears of HIV contraction is one example. Also encouraged is the capacity-building and guided development of PLHIV into more leadership roles with the goal of having a greater representation of this population in decision making positions. Structural legal intervention has also been proposed, specifically referring to legal interventions to put in place protections against discrimination and improve access to employment opportunities. On the side of the practitioner, greater competence for the experience of people living with HIV is encouraged alongside the promotion of an environment of nonjudgment and confidentiality.

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viral load. A 2009 meta-analysis studying the correlates of HIV-stigma found that individuals living with higher stigma burden were more likely to have poorer physical and mental health. Insufficient social support and delayed diagnosis due to decreased frequency of HIV testing and knowledge of risk reduction were cited as some of the reasons. People living with HIV (PLHIV) have lower health related quality of life (HRQoL) scores than do the general population. The stigma of having HIV is often compounded with the stigma of identifying with the LGBTQ community or the stigma of being an injecting drug user (IDU) even though heterosexual sexual transmission accounts for 85% of all HIV-1 infections worldwide. AIDS has been cited as the most heavily stigmatized medical condition among infectious diseases. Part of the consequence of this stigma toward PLHIV is the belief that they are seen as responsible for their status and less deserving of treatment.

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management of HIV/AIDS. The lack of sufficient and constant income does limit the options for food, treatment, and medications. The same can be inferred for those who are among the oppressed groups in society who are marginalized and may be less inclined or encouraged to seek care and assistance. Endeavors to address food insecurity should be included in HIV treatment programs and may help improve health outcomes if it also focuses on health equity among the diagnosed as much as it focuses on medications. Access to consistently safe and nutritious foods is one of the most important facets in ensuring PLWHA are being provided the best possible care. By altering the narratives for HIV treatment so that more support can be garnered to reduce food insecurity and other health disparities mortality rates will decrease for people living with HIV/AIDS.

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described as living with some level of poverty and food insecurity as reported by the NYC Department of Health on March 31, 2019. Having access to a consistent food supply that is safe and healthy is an important part in the treatment and management of HIV/AIDS. PLWHA are also greatly affected by food inequities and food deserts which causes them to be food insecure. Food insecurity, which can cause malnutrition, can also negatively impact HIV treatment and recovery from opportunistic infections. Similarly, PLWHA require additional calories and nutritionally support that require foods free from contamination to prevent further immunocompromising. Food insecurity can further exacerbate the progression of HIV/AIDS and can prevent PLWHA from consistently following their prescribed regimen, which will lead to poor outcomes.

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serodiscordant couples so long as "the partner living with HIV a durably suppressed viral load" include: Opposites Attract, PARTNER 1, PARTNER 2, (for male–male couples) and HPTN052 (for heterosexual couples). In these studies, couples where one partner was HIV-positive and one partner was HIV-negative were enrolled and regular HIV testing completed. In total from the four studies, 4097 couples were enrolled over four continents and 151,880 acts of condomless sex were reported, there were zero phylogenetically linked transmissions of HIV where the positive partner had an undetectable viral load. Following this the U=U consensus statement advocating the use of 'zero risk' was signed by hundreds of individuals and organisations including the US

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majority of increase in CD4 cell counts was in the first two years after starting ART with little increase afterwards. This study also found that patients who began ART at lower CD4 counts continued to have lower CD4 counts than those who started at higher CD4 counts. When viral suppression on ART is achieved but without a corresponding increase in CD4 counts it can be termed immunologic nonresponse or immunologic failure. While this is predictive of worse outcomes, there is no consensus on how to adjust therapy to immunologic failure and whether switching therapy is beneficial. DHHS guidelines do not recommend switching an otherwise suppressive regimen.

1070:(ILC) are another class of immune cell that is depleted during HIV infection. However, if ART is initiated before this depletion at around 7 days post infection, ILC levels can be maintained. While CD4 cell counts typically replenish after effective ART, ILCs depletion is irreversible with ART initiated after the depletion despite suppression of viremia. Since one of the roles of ILCs is to regulate the immune response to commensal bacteria and to maintain an effective gut barrier, it has been hypothesized that the irreversible depletion of ILCs plays a role in the weakened gut barrier of HIV patients, even after successful ART. 913:

older adult. There is data that older people with HIV have a blunted CD4 response to therapy but are more likely to achieve undetectable viral levels. However, not all studies have seen a difference in response to therapy. The guidelines do not have separate treatment recommendations for older adults, but it is important to take into account that older patients are more likely to be on multiple non-HIV medications and consider drug interactions with any potential HIV medications. There are also increased rates of HIV associated non-AIDS conditions (HANA) such as

83:, has written, "With collective and resolute action now and a steadfast commitment for years to come, an AIDS-free generation is indeed within reach." In the same paper, he noted that an estimated 700,000 lives were saved in 2010 alone by antiretroviral therapy. As another commentary noted, "Rather than dealing with acute and potentially life-threatening complications, clinicians are now confronted with managing a chronic disease that in the absence of a cure will persist for many decades." 115: 1229:

considered potentially infectious unless they are visibly bloody." Given the rare nature of these events, rigorous study of the protective abilities of antiretrovirals are limited but do suggest that taking antiretrovirals afterwards can prevent transmission. It is unknown if three medications are better than two. The sooner after exposure that ART is started the better, but after what period they become ineffective is unknown, with the

681:. In the US, 10.8% of one cohort of patients who had never been on ART before had at least one resistance mutation in 2005. Various surveys in different parts of the world have shown increasing or stable rates of baseline resistance as the era of effective HIV therapy continues. With baseline resistance testing, a combination of antiretrovirals that are likely to be effective can be customized for each patient. 1448:. In 2014 there were reports of the cure of HIV in two infants, presumably due to the fact that treatment was initiated within hours of infection, preventing HIV from establishing a deep reservoir. There is work being done to try to activate reservoir cells into replication so that the virus is forced out of latency and can be attacked by antiretrovirals and the host immune system. Targets include 11262: 1268:(IVF). Preferably this is done after the man has achieved an undetectable plasma viral load. In the past there have been cases of HIV transmission to an HIV-negative partner through processed artificial insemination, but a large modern series in which followed 741 couples where the man had a stable viral load and semen samples were tested for HIV-1, there were no cases of HIV transmission. 847:(an NNRTI) at the time of birth to prevent transmission. If this fails it can lead to NNRTI resistance. Also, a large study in Africa and India found that a PI based regimen was superior to an NNRTI based regimen in children less than 3 years who had never been exposed to NNRTIs in the past. Thus the WHO recommends PI based regimens for children less than 3. 1106:(or "structured treatment interruptions") are intentional discontinuations of antiretroviral drug treatment. As mentioned above, randomized controlled studies of structured treatment interruptions have shown higher rates of opportunistic infections, cancers, heart attacks and death in patients who took drug holidays. With the exception of 896:>100,000 copies/ml have a transmission risk of over 50%. The risk when viral loads are < 1000 copies/ml are less than 1%. ART for mothers both before and during delivery and to mothers and infants after delivery are recommended to substantially reduce the risk of transmission. The mode of delivery is also important, with a planned 877:

adolescents. They measured virologic suppression, death and adverse events. The authors found that there is no meaningful difference between abacavir-containing regimens and other NRTI-containing regimens. The evidence is of low to moderate quality and therefore it is likely that future research may change these findings.

546:(Vocabria), to be used together for the treatment of people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The two medicines are the first ARVs that come in a long-acting injectable formulation. This means that instead of daily pills, people receive intramuscular injections monthly or every two months. 5509:

with HIV had a durably suppressed viral load. Subsequently, the PARTNER and Opposites Attract studies confirmed these findings and extended them to male–male couples. ... The success of U=U as an HIV prevention method depends on achieving and maintaining an undetectable viral load by taking ART daily as prescribed.

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majority of CD4+ cells capable of being infected. The analysis found that only patients where less than 40% of cells were infected had reduced viral load. The Gene therapy was not effective if the native CD4+ cells remained. This is the main limitation which must be overcome for this treatment to become effective.

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A 2016 study sharing the WHO's definition of health critiques its 90-90-90 target goal, which is part of a larger strategy that aims to eliminate the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030, by arguing that it does not go far enough in ensuring the holistic health of PLHIV. The study suggests

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of an mRNA vaccine showed that 97 percent of participants had the desired initial “priming” immune response of naive b cells. This is a positive result for developing the first shot in a vaccine sequence. Moderna is partnering with Scripps and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative for a follow-up

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In essence, the sequential immunization approach represents an attempt to mimic Env evolution that would occur with natural infection.... In contrast to traditional prime/boost strategies, in which the same immunogen is used repeatedly for vaccination, the sequential immunization approach relies on a

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People living with HIV can expect to live a nearly normal life span if able to achieve durable viral suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy. However this requires lifelong medication and will still have higher rates of cardiovascular, kidney, liver and neurologic disease. This has prompted

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were made available to ease the administration. Later, the term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) gained favor with some physicians as a more accurate name, not conveying to patients any misguided idea of the nature of the therapy. Today multidrug, highly effective regimens are long since the

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is sequenced which can be compared with databases of other HIV viral genotypes and resistance profiles to predict response to therapy. Resistance testing may improve virological outcomes in those who have treatment failures. However, there is lack of evidence of effectiveness of such testing in those

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HIV can be especially harmful to infants and children, with one study in Africa showing that 52% of untreated children born with HIV had died by age 2. By five years old, the risk of disease and death from HIV starts to approach that of young adults. The WHO recommends treating all children less than

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Since viral loads are usually very high during acute infection, this period carries an estimated 26 times higher risk of transmission. By treating acutely infected patients, it is presumed that it could have a significant impact on decreasing overall HIV transmission rates since lower viral loads are

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Furthermore, the PARTNER study, which ran from 2010 to 2014, enrolled 1166 serodiscordant couples (where one partner is HIV positive and the other is negative) in a study that found that the estimated rate of transmission through any condomless sex with the HIV-positive partner taking ART with an HIV

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The combination of Rekambys and Vocabria injection is intended for maintenance treatment of adults who have undetectable HIV levels in the blood (viral load less than 50 copies/ml) with their current ARV treatment, and when the virus has not developed resistance to certain class of anti-HIV medicines

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The timing of when to start therapy has continued to be a core controversy within the medical community, though recent studies have led to more clarity. The NA-ACCORD study observed patients who started antiretroviral therapy either at a CD4 count of less than 500 versus less than 350 and showed that

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In April 1995, Merck and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases began recruiting patients for a trial examining the effects of a three drug combination of the protease inhibitor indinavir and two nucleoside analogs, illustrating the substantial benefit of combining two NRTIs with a

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In contrast, antiretroviral combination therapy defends against resistance by creating multiple obstacles to HIV replication. This keeps the number of viral copies low and reduces the possibility of a superior mutation. If a mutation that conveys resistance to one of the drugs arises, the other drugs

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The preamble to the World Health Organization's Constitution defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Those living with HIV today are met with other challenges that go beyond the singular goal of lowering their

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cell surface receptor, which is needed for some variants of HIV to enter a cell. Bone marrow transplants carry their own significant risks including potential death and was only attempted because it was necessary to treat a blood cancer he had. Attempts to replicate this have not been successful and

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Cost: The WHO maintains a database of world ART costs which have dropped dramatically in recent years as more first line drugs have gone off-patent. A one pill, once a day combination therapy has been introduced in South Africa for as little as $ 10 per patient per month. One 2013 study estimated an

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in adults living with HIV, such as the effects of the virus on the brain, other infections or tumours, antiretroviral drugs and other medical treatment. Rates of major depression are higher in people living with HIV compared to the general population, and this may negatively influence antiretroviral

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became an advocate of this "hit hard, hit early" approach with aggressive treatment with multiple antiretrovirals early in the course of the infection. Later reviews in the late 90s and early 2000s noted that this approach of "hit hard, hit early" ran significant risks of increasing side effects and

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In rare cases, individuals may have a mutation in the CCR5 delta gene which results in a nonfunctional CCR5 co-receptor and in turn, a means of resistance or slow progression of the disease. However, as mentioned previously, this can be overcome if an HIV variant that targets CXCR4 becomes dominant.

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NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., and colleagues summarize results from large clinical trials and cohort studies validating U=U. The landmark NIH-funded HPTN 052 clinical trial showed that no linked HIV transmissions occurred among HIV serodifferent heterosexual couples when the partner living

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Alternative approaches aiming to mimic one's biological immunity to HIV through the absence or mutation of the CCR5 gene is being conducted in current research efforts. The efforts of which are done through the introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells that have been CCR5 disrupted through the

1318:. This concept of three-drug therapy was quickly incorporated into clinical practice and rapidly showed impressive benefit with a 60% to 80% decline in rates of AIDS, death, and hospitalization. It would also create a new period of optimism at the 11th International AIDS Conference that was held in 1303:

in 1987. The FDA bypassed stages of its review for safety and effectiveness in order to distribute this drug earlier. Subsequently, several more NRTIs were developed but even in combination were unable to suppress the virus for long periods of time and patients still inevitably died. To distinguish

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CD4 cell counts are another key measure of immune status and ART effectiveness. CD4 counts should rise 50 to 100 cells per ml in the first year of therapy. There can be substantial fluctuation in CD4 counts of up to 25% based on the time of day or concomitant infections. In one long-term study, the

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Our results provide a similar level of evidence on viral suppression and HIV transmission risk for gay men to that previously generated for heterosexual couples and suggest that the risk of HIV transmission in gay couples through condomless sex when HIV viral load is suppressed is effectively zero.

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With improvements in HIV therapy, several studies now estimate that patients on treatment in high-income countries can expect a normal life expectancy. This means that a higher proportion of people living with HIV are now older and research is ongoing into the unique aspects of HIV infection in the

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The goals of treatment for pregnant women include the same benefits to the mother as in other infected adults as well as prevention of transmission to her child. The risk of transmission from mother to child is proportional to the plasma viral load of the mother. Untreated mothers with a viral load

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The successful treatment and management of HIV/AIDS is affected by a plethora of factors which ranges from successfully taking prescribed medications, preventing opportunistic infection, and food access etc. Food insecurity is a condition in which households lack access to adequate food because of

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Attempts to elicit an immune response that triggers broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) with a single vaccine dose have been unsuccessful. A multipart sequential mRNA vaccine regime, however, might guide the immune response in the right direction. The first shot triggers an immune response for

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or contact with damaged skin, they are at risk for acquiring HIV. Pooled estimates give a risk of transmission with puncture exposures of 0.3% and mucous membrane exposures 0.63%. United States guidelines state that "feces, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus are not

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test of a patient's virus against a range of drug concentrations can be performed, but is expensive and can take several weeks, so genotypes are generally preferred. Using information from a genotype or phenotype, a regimen of three drugs from at least two classes is constructed that will have the

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researchers assessed whether giving antidepressants to adults living with both HIV and depression may improve depression. Ten trials, of which eight were done in high-income countries, with 709 participants were included. Results indicated that antidepressants may be better in improving depression

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There are several treatment guidelines for HIV-1 infected adults in the developed world (that is, those countries with access to all or most therapies and laboratory tests). In the United States there are both the International AIDS Society-USA (IAS-USA) (a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization in

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A separate argument for starting antiretroviral therapy that has gained more prominence is its effect on HIV transmission. ART reduces the amount of virus in the blood and genital secretions. This has been shown to lead to dramatically reduced transmission of HIV when one partner with a suppressed

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patients who started ART at lower CD4 counts had a 69% increase in the risk of death. In 2015 the START and TEMPRANO studies both showed that patients lived longer if they started antiretrovirals at the time of their diagnosis, rather than waiting for their CD4 counts to drop to a specified level.

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which inhibit reverse transcription. HIV is an RNA virus, so it can not be integrated into the DNA in the nucleus of the human cell unless it is first "reverse" transcribed into DNA. Since the conversion of RNA to DNA is not naturally done in the mammalian cell, it is performed by a viral protein,

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in the United States of America, which significantly affects minority groups, people living at or below the poverty line, and those who are living with one or more morbidity. As of December 31, 2017, there were approximately 126,742 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in NYC, of whom 87.6% can be

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harmed consumers by implying unproven benefits and failing to disclose important information about the drugs. Overall, some drug companies chose not to present their drugs in a realistic way, which consequently harmed the general public's ideas, suggesting that HIV would not affect you as much as

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Research has shown that people with an undetectable viral load are unable to transmit the virus through condomless sex with a partner of either gender. The 'Swiss Statement' of 2008 described the chance of transmission as 'very low' or 'negligible,' but multiple studies have since shown that this

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Suppressing the viral load to undetectable levels (<50 copies per ml) is the primary goal of ART. This should happen by 24 weeks after starting combination therapy. Viral load monitoring is the most important predictor of response to treatment with ART. Lack of viral load suppression on ART is

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In the first six months after infection HIV viral loads tend to be elevated and people are more often symptomatic than in later latent phases of HIV disease. There may be special benefits to starting antiretroviral therapy early during this acute phase, including lowering the viral "set-point" or

596:

In July 2016 a consensus document was created by the Prevention Access Campaign which has been endorsed by over 400 organisations in 58 countries. The consensus document states that the risk of HIV transmission from a person living with HIV who has been undetectable for a minimum of six months is

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immune cells, but does not make a difference in terms of death and incidence of other infections. Furthermore, there is probably an increase in side-effects with interleukin 2. The findings of this review do not support the use of interleukin 2 as an add-on treatment to antiretroviral therapy for

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It is imperative that these food insecurity among PLWHA are addressed and rectified to reduce this health inequity. It is important to recognized that socioeconomic status, access to medical care, geographic location, public policy, race and ethnicity all play a pivotal role in the treatment and

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Baseline resistance is the presence of resistance mutations in patients who have never been treated before for HIV. In countries with a high rate of baseline resistance, resistance testing is recommended before starting treatment; or, if the initiation of treatment is urgent, then a "best guess"

505:

Antiretroviral drug treatment guidelines have changed over time. Before 1987, no antiretroviral drugs were available and treatment consisted of treating complications from opportunistic infections and malignancies. After antiretroviral medications were introduced, most clinicians agreed that HIV

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has been used in a Phase I trial of 12 humans and led to an increase in CD4 count and decrease in their viral load while off antiretroviral treatment. Attempt to reproduce this failed in 2016. Analysis of the failure showed that gene therapy only successfully treats 11–28% of cells, leaving the

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allows the drug resistant strains to become dominant. This in turn makes it harder to treat the infected individual as well as anyone else they infect. One trial showed higher rates of opportunistic infections, cancers, heart attacks and death in patients who periodically interrupted their ART.

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There is a consensus among experts that, once initiated, antiretroviral therapy should never be stopped. This is because the selection pressure of incomplete suppression of viral replication in the presence of drug therapy causes the more drug sensitive strains to be selectively inhibited. This

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block the viral protease enzyme necessary to produce mature virions upon budding from the host membrane. Particularly, these drugs prevent the cleavage of gag and gag/pol precursor proteins. Virus particles produced in the presence of protease inhibitors are defective and mostly non-infectious.

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To prevent fusion of the virus with the host membrane, enfuvirtide can be used. Enfuvirtide is a peptide drug that must be injected and acts by interacting with the N-terminal heptad repeat of gp41 of HIV to form an inactive hetero six-helix bundle, therefore preventing infection of host cells.

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are their 'U=U' or 'Undetectable=Untransmittable' public information strategy, an approach that has gained widespread support amongst HIV/AIDS-related medical, charitable, and research organisations. The studies demonstrating that U=U is an effective strategy for preventing HIV transmission in

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assessed the effects and safety of abacavir-containing regimens as first-line therapy for children between 1 month and 18 years of age when compared to regimens with other NRTIs. This review included two trials and two observational studies with almost eleven thousand HIV infected children and

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heterosexual couples in nine countries were planned to be followed for at least 10 years, with both groups receiving education on preventing HIV transmission and condoms, but only one group getting ART. The study was stopped early (after 1.7 years) for ethical reasons when it became clear that

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Patients starting ART should be willing and able to commit to treatment and understand the benefits and risks of therapy and the importance of adherence. Patients may choose to postpone therapy, and providers, on a case-by-case basis, may elect to defer therapy on the basis of clinical and/or

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life-cycle that the drug inhibits. Typical combinations include two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) as a "backbone" along with one non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), protease inhibitor (PI) or integrase inhibitors (also known as integrase nuclear strand

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The WHO has defined health as more than the absence of disease. For this reason, many researchers have dedicated their work to better understanding the effects of HIV-related stigma, the barriers it creates for treatment interventions, and the ways in which those barriers can be circumvented.

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HIV can also be detected in breast milk of infected mothers and transmitted through breast feeding. The WHO balances the low risk of transmission through breast feeding from women who are on ART with the benefits of breastfeeding against diarrhea, pneumonia and malnutrition. It also strongly

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Because of HIV's tendency to mutate, when patients who have started an antiretrovial regimen fail to take it regularly, resistance can develop. On the other hand, patients who take their medications regularly can stay on one regimen without developing resistance. This greatly increases life

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Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) are among the best tolerated of the antiretrovirals with excellent short and medium term outcomes. Given their relatively new development there is less long term safety data. They are associated with an increase in creatinine kinase levels and rarely myopathy.

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SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 have similarities—notably both are RNA viruses—but there are important differences. As a retrovirus, HIV-1 can insert a copy of its RNA genome into the host's DNA, making total eradication more difficult. The virus is also highly mutable making it a challenge for the

823:). The SPARTAC trial compared 48 weeks of ART vs 12 weeks vs no treatment in acute HIV infection and found that 48 weeks of treatment delayed the time to decline in CD4 count below 350 cells per ml by 65 weeks and kept viral loads significantly lower even after treatment was stopped. 523:

development of multidrug resistance, and this approach was largely abandoned. The only consensus was on treating patients with advanced immunosuppression (CD4 counts less than 350/μL). Treatment with antiretrovirals was expensive at the time, ranging from $ 10,000 to $ 15,000 a year.

1423:", was confirmed to be in complete remission of HIV. Like the Berlin Patient, the London Patient received a bone marrow transplant from a donor who has the same CCR5 mutation. He has been off antiviral drugs since September 2017, indicating the Berlin Patient was not a "one-off". 1588:—mature B cells not yet exposed to any antigen and are the progenitors of bnAbs—are rare. Further, the mutation events needed to turn these B cells into bnAbs are also rare. Because of this, there is a growing consensus that an effective HIV vaccine will need to create not only 1604:, where the virus copies its genetic material into the host's genome, is not present. Another advantage when compared to traditional vaccines is the speed of development. mRNA vaccines take months not years, which means a multipart sequential vaccine regime is possible. 673:

treatment regimen should be started, which is then modified on the basis of resistance testing. In the UK, there is 11.8% medium to high-level resistance at baseline to the combination of efavirenz + zidovudine + lamivudine, and 6.4% medium to high level resistance to

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is to use combinations of antiretroviral drugs. Combinations usually consist of three drugs from at least two different classes. This three drug combination is commonly known as a triple cocktail. Combinations of antiretrovirals are subject to positive and negative

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Gazzola L, Tincati C, Bellistrì GM, Monforte A, Marchetti G (February 2009). "The absence of CD4+ T cell count recovery despite receipt of virologically suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy: clinical risk, immunological gaps, and therapeutic options".

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continue to suppress reproduction of that mutation. With rare exceptions, no individual antiretroviral drug has been demonstrated to suppress an HIV infection for long; these agents must be taken in combinations in order to have a lasting effect. As a result, the

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suggested. This led to people not wanting to get tested, for fear of being HIV positive, because at the time (in the 1980s and 1990s particularly), having contracted HIV was seen as a death sentence, as there was no known cure. An example of such a case is

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became the first to receive FDA approval in October 2007. Raltegravir has two metal binding groups that compete for substrate with two Mg ions at the metal binding site of integrase. As of early 2022, four other clinically approved integrase inhibitors are

1238:(an INSTI). The rationale for this regimen is that it is "tolerable, potent, and conveniently administered, and it has been associated with minimal drug interactions." People who are exposed to HIV should have follow up HIV testing at 6, 12, and 24 weeks. 1023:

as "impossible to overstate", while lead author Alison Rodger declared that the message that "undetectable viral load makes HIV untransmittable ... can help end the HIV pandemic by preventing HIV transmission." The authors summarised their findings in

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superiority to their parent and can enable them to slip past defenses such as the human immune system and antiretroviral drugs. The more active copies of the virus, the greater the possibility that one resistant to antiretroviral drugs will be made.

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Mitochondrial Haplogroups(mtDNA), non pathologic mutations inherited from the maternal line, have been linked to the efficacy of CD4+ count following ART. Idiosyncratic toxicity with mtDNA haplogroup is also well studied (Boeisteril et al., 2007).

193:, which makes it a selective target for inhibition. NRTIs are chain terminators. Once NRTIs are incorporated into the DNA chain, their lack of a 3' OH group prevents the subsequent incorporation of other nucleosides. Both NRTIs and NtRTIs act as 478:

Although antiretroviral therapy has helped to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV, there is still a need to explore other ways to further address the disease burden. One such potential strategy that was investigated was to add

8650:"A Phase 1, Randomized, First-in-human, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of eOD-GT8 60mer mRNA Vaccine (mRNA-1644) and Core-g28v2 60mer mRNA Vaccine (mRNA-1644v2-Core) in HIV-1 Uninfected Adults in Good General Health" 5521:

Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, Grinsztejn B, Prestage GP, Zablotska-Manos IB, et al. (August 2018). "Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study".

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5 years old, and starting all children older than 5 with stage 3 or 4 disease or CD4 <500 cells/ml. DHHS guidelines are more complicated but recommend starting all children less than 12 months old and children of any age who have symptoms.

640:

The guidelines use new criteria to consider starting HAART, as described below. However, there remain a range of views on this subject and the decision of whether to commence treatment ultimately rests with the patient and his or her doctor.

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Musiime V, Ssali F, Kayiwa J, Namala W, Kizito H, Kityo C, et al. (October 2009). "Response to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based therapy in HIV-infected children with perinatal exposure to single-dose nevirapine".

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Hughes MD, Stein DS, Gundacker HM, Valentine FT, Phair JP, Volberding PA (January 1994). "Within-subject variation in CD4 lymphocyte count in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for patient monitoring".

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mRNA vaccines have advantages over traditional vaccines which may help deal with some of the challenges presented by the HIV virus. The mRNA in the vaccine only codes for the protein spike, not the whole virus, so the possibility of

1388:

given the risks, expense and rarity of CCR5 negative donors, bone marrow transplant is not seen as a mainstream option. It has inspired research into other methods to try to block CCR5 expression through gene therapy. A procedure

5572:"Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study" 1645:

rather than typical people with HIV/AIDS. Usually, these people will present with debilitating conditions or illnesses as a result of HIV/AIDS. In contrast, by featuring people in unrealistically strenuous activities, such as

1720: 6685:

Ippolito G, Puro V, De Carli G (June 1993). "The risk of occupational human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers. Italian Multicenter Study. The Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV infection".

244:. NNRTIs affect the handling of substrate (nucleotides) by reverse transcriptase by binding near the active site. NNRTIs can be further classified into 1st generation and 2nd generation NNRTIs. 1st generation NNRTIs include 3361:

Vernazza PL, Troiani L, Flepp MJ, Cone RW, Schock J, Roth F, et al. (January 2000). "Potent antiretroviral treatment of HIV-infection results in suppression of the seminal shedding of HIV. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study".

7132:"A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team" 9221: 1233:

Guidelines recommending starting prophylaxis up to a week after exposure. They also recommend treating for a duration of four weeks based on animal studies. Their recommended regimen is emtricitabine + tenofovir +

601:, stated in July 2017 that 'there should be no doubt about the clear and simple message that a person with sustained, undetectable levels of HIV virus in their blood cannot transmit HIV to their sexual partners.' 1443:

state, while antiretrovirals only attack actively replicating HIV. The cells in which HIV lies dormant are called the viral reservoir, and one of the main sources is thought to be central memory and transitional

5298:

Thompson MA, Aberg JA, Hoy JF, Telenti A, Benson C, Cahn P, et al. (July 2012). "Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2012 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA panel".

10659: 1715: 579:, consistent with a 96% reduction in risk of transmission while on ART. The single transmission in the experimental group occurred early after starting ART before viral load was likely to be suppressed. 530:

Other arguments for starting therapy earlier are that people who start therapy later have been shown to have less recovery of their immune systems, and higher CD4 counts are associated with less cancer.

4116:"Efavirenz or nevirapine in three-drug combination therapy with two nucleoside or nucleotide-reverse transcriptase inhibitors for initial treatment of HIV infection in antiretroviral-naïve individuals" 3901:"Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in chronically HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients: implications for routine resistance screening before initiation of antiretroviral therapy" 1650:; this proved to be offensive and insensitive to the suffering of people who are HIV positive. The US FDA reprimanded multiple pharmaceutical manufacturers for publishing such adverts in 2001, as the 5115: 1408:

Annemarie Wensing of the University Medical Center Utrecht announced this development during her presentation at the 2016 "Towards an HIV Cure" symposium. However, these two patients are still on

4347:

Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N, Gaillard P, Dabis F (8 October 2004). "Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis".

583:(PrEP) provides HIV-negative individuals with medication—in conjunction with safer-sex education and regular HIV/STI screenings—in order to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV. In 2011, the journal 403:

When antiretroviral drugs are used improperly, multi-drug resistant strains can become the dominant genotypes very rapidly. In the era before multiple drug classes were available (pre-1997), the

608:

In summary, as the WHO HIV treatment guidelines state, "The ARV regimens now available, even in the poorest countries, are safer, simpler, more effective and more affordable than ever before."

1472:

to restore CD4+ cell counts as well as therapeutic vaccines to prime immune responses. One such candidate vaccine is Tat Oyi, developed by Biosantech. This vaccine is based on the HIV protein

1350:

alone now covers their meaning. Thus as "all computers are digital now", so "all ART is combination ART now." However, the names HAART and cART, reinforced by thousands of earlier mentions in

1252:

Women with HIV have been shown to have decreased fertility which can affect available reproductive options. In cases where the woman is HIV negative and the man is HIV positive, the primary

831:). However an overall benefit has not been proven and has to be balanced with the risks of HIV treatment. Therapy during acute infection carries a grade BII recommendation from the US DHHS. 10633: 9216: 7494:"Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in HIV-1 infected individuals; the EpiStem Consortium [Conference Reports for NATAP] [IAS Durban HIV cure Symposium July 16–17 2016]" 789:

enzymes and "boost" the levels of other protease inhibitors, rather than for its direct antiviral effect. This boosting effect allows them to be taken less frequently throughout the day.

10551: 1358:, also remain in use. In 1997, the new number of new HIV/AIDS cases in the United States would see its first significant decline at 47%, with credit going to the effectiveness of HAART. 1584:, or bnAbs, have been shown to attach to the Env spike protein envelope regardless of the specific HIV mutations. This bodes well for vaccine development. Complicating matters, though, 4505:"Efficacy and safety of abacavir-containing combination antiretroviral therapy as first-line treatment of HIV infected children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2596:"Multiple drug resistance to nucleoside analogues and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in an efficiently replicating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patient strain" 1439:

The main obstacle to complete elimination of HIV infection by conventional antiretroviral therapy is that HIV is able to integrate itself into the DNA of host cells and rest in a

4653:"Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States" 1468:

Even with all latent virus deactivated, it is thought that a vigorous immune response will need to be induced to clear all the remaining infected cells. Strategies include using

2029: 356:, was halted in 2010. Resistance to some protease inhibitors is high. Second generation drugs have been developed that are effective against otherwise resistant HIV variants. 9528: 4024:"A multicenter study of initiation of antiretroviral therapy and transmitted drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive adolescents and young adults with HIV in New York City" 7398:

HIV-1 CCR5 gene therapy will fail unless it is combined with a suicide gene Aridaman Pandit & Rob J. de Boer. Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 18088 (2016)

6728:"Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis" 2495:

Perelson AS, Neumann AU, Markowitz M, Leonard JM, Ho DD (March 1996). "HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time".

1001: 978:

overall cost savings to ART therapy in South Africa given reduced transmission. In the United States, new on-patent regimens can cost up to $ 28,500 per patient, per year.

10653: 6783:"A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group" 10843: 9492: 368:

can be as short as about 1.5 days from viral entry into a cell, through replication, assembly, and release of additional viruses, to infection of other cells. HIV lacks

3583:: When the statement and list of endorsements was retrieved, it had last been updated on 23 August 2018 and included "over 850 organizations from nearly 100 countries." 1675:

Psychosocial group interventions such as psychotherapy, relaxation, group support, and education may have some beneficial effects on depression in HIV positive people.

10848: 3132:

Danel C, Moh R, Gabillard D, Badje A, Le Carrou J, Ouassa T, et al. (August 2015). "A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa".

597:

negligible to non-existent, with negligible being defined as "so small or unimportant to be not worth considering". The Chair of the British HIV Association (BHIVA),

7460: 1538:. This was a key breakthrough in optimizing the efficiency and efficacy of in vivo delivery. When the vaccine is injected, the mRNA enters cells and joins up with a 122:

There are six classes of drugs, which are usually used in combination, to treat HIV infection. Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are broadly classified by the phase of the

10794: 9211: 4170: 4071:

Pérez L, Kourí V, Alemán Y, Abrahantes Y, Correa C, Aragonés C, et al. (June 2013). "Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1 therapy-naive patients in Cuba".

1000:

mode of sexual transmission is impossible where the HIV-positive person has a consistently undetectable viral load. This discovery has led to the formation of the

7519: 996:

termed virologic failure. Levels higher than 200 copies per ml is considered virologic failure, and should prompt further testing for potential viral resistance.

9583: 3600:"Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy" 8790:"Health-related quality-of-life of people with HIV in the era of combination antiretroviral treatment: a cross-sectional comparison with the general population" 1684:

limited money or other resources. Food insecurity is a global issue that has affected billions of people yearly, including those living in developed countries.

98:. Because of the complexity of selecting and following a regimen, the potential for side effects, and the importance of taking medications regularly to prevent 10266: 10179: 1078:

In patients who have persistently detectable viral loads while taking ART, tests can be done to investigate whether there is drug resistance. Most commonly a

11233: 8663:

Kallen A, Woloshin S, Shu J, Juhl E, Schwartz L (1 October 2007). "Direct-to-consumer advertisements for HIV antiretroviral medications: a progress report".

5496: 2650: 1042: 709: 80: 3942:"National sentinel surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients in France over a decade: 2001-2011" 1608:

the correct naive B cells. Later vaccinations encourage the development of these cells further, eventually turning them into memory b cells, and later into

10430: 1710: 1304:

from this early antiretroviral therapy (ART), the term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced. In 1996 two sequential publications in

466:

have been developed. This greatly increases the ease with which they can be taken, which in turn increases the consistency with which medication is taken (

10174: 9228: 5123: 7230: 5742: 8922:

Wolfe D, Carrieri MP, Shepard D (July 2010). "Treatment and care for injecting drug users with HIV infection: a review of barriers and ways forward".

4556:"Maternal levels of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and the risk of perinatal transmission. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group" 2463: 1562:. Memory B cells then produce the antibodies, hopefully destroying the virus before it can bind to another cell and repeat the HIV life cycle. 102:, such organizations emphasize the importance of involving patients in therapy choices and recommend analyzing the risks and the potential benefits. 1033:

Our findings support the message of the U=U (undetectable equals untransmittable) campaign, and the benefits of early testing and treatment for HIV.

843:

As for which antiretrovirals to use, this is complicated by the fact that many children who are born to mothers with HIV are given a single dose of

10800: 9689: 6312:"T cell activation markers and African mitochondrial DNA haplogroups among non-Hispanic black participants in AIDS clinical trials group study 384" 5998:"Progressive proximal-to-distal reduction in expression of the tight junction complex in colonic epithelium of virally-suppressed HIV+ individuals" 1491:. Research into a vaccine for HIV has been ongoing for decades with no lasting success for preventing infection. The rapid development, though, of 1404:", two additional patients with both HIV infection and cancer were reported to have no traceable HIV virus after successful stem cell transplants. 1310:

by Hammer and colleagues and Gulick and colleagues illustrated the substantial benefit of combining two NRTIs with a new class of antiretrovirals,

8652:. ModernaTX, Inc., The University of Texas at San Antonio, George Washington University, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Emory University. 4679:"Longitudinal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in breast milk and of its relationship to infant infection and maternal disease" 10858: 10778: 9162: 5195: 3282: 1503: 981:

Public health: Individuals who fail to use antiretrovirals as directed can develop multi-drug resistant strains which can be passed onto others.

10863: 6263:"Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors" 1379:" has been potentially cured of HIV infection and has been off of treatment since 2006 with no detectable virus. This was achieved through two 463: 7576:"CCR5 Disruption in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9 Provides Selective Resistance of Immune Cells to CCR5-tropic HIV-1 Virus" 4114:

Mbuagbaw L, Mursleen S, Irlam JH, Spaulding AB, Rutherford GW, Siegfried N, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (December 2016).

3302:

Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

575:

antiviral treatment provided significant protection. Of the 28 couples where cross-infection had occurred, all but one had taken place in the

10811: 10212: 9563: 2874:"Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy" 2746:

Bangalore S, Kamalakkannan G, Parkar S, Messerli FH (August 2007). "Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis".

1542:. The ribosome then translates the mRNA instructions into the spike protein. The immune system detects the presence of the spike protein and 971:

Intolerance: The drugs can have serious side-effects which can lead to harm as well as keep patients from taking their medications regularly.

6422:"The other genome: a systematic review of studies of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and outcomes of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy" 6371:"European mitochondrial haplogroups are associated with CD4+ T cell recovery in HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy" 10833: 10817: 7714: 7547: 5458: 2714: 1570:

to develop a response. As a chronic infection, HIV-1 and the adaptive immune system undergo reciprocal selective pressures leading to the

154:, a co-receptor located on human helper T-cells. Caution should be used when administering this drug, however, due to a possible shift in 11186: 11181: 9435: 9254: 9204: 9152: 1051: 2428:

Wensing AM, van Maarseveen NM, Nijhuis M (January 2010). "Fifteen years of HIV Protease Inhibitors: raising the barrier to resistance".

387:. Its short life-cycle and high error rate cause the virus to mutate very rapidly, resulting in a high genetic variability. Most of the 10828: 9548: 7435: 1296: 1006: 506:

positive patients with low CD4 counts should be treated, but no consensus formed as to whether to treat patients with high CD4 counts.

5488: 2247:

Bai Y, Xue H, Wang K, Cai L, Qiu J, Bi S, et al. (February 2013). "Covalent fusion inhibitors targeting HIV-1 gp41 deep pocket".

10838: 6369:

Guzmán-Fulgencio M, Berenguer J, Micheloud D, Fernández-Rodríguez A, García-Álvarez M, Jiménez-Sousa MA, et al. (October 2013).

904:

recommends that breastfeeding infants receive prophylactic ART. In the US, the DHHS recommends against women with HIV breastfeeding.

11105: 9362: 5624:

Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in MSM couples with suppressive ART: The PARTNER2 Study extended results in gay men

6460:

Mitochondrial haplogroup H is related to CD4+ T cell recovery in HIV infected patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy

2636: 2212:

Lieberman-Blum SS, Fung HB, Bandres JC (July 2008). "Maraviroc: a CCR5-receptor antagonist for the treatment of HIV-1 infection".

10749: 7785:"Antiretroviral intensification and valproic acid lack sustained effect on residual HIV-1 viremia or resting CD4+ cell infection" 1326: 1091:

highest probability of suppressing the virus. If a regimen cannot be constructed from recommended first line agents it is termed

622: 459: 87: 7026: 3983:"Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive patients aged less than 25 years, in Bangkok, Thailand" 2120:

Logie C, Gadalla TM (June 2009). "Meta-analysis of health and demographic correlates of stigma towards people living with HIV".

1154:. First-line NRTIs such as lamivudine/emtrictabine, tenofovir, and abacavir are less likely to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. 9274: 9104: 8755: 6983:

Coutsoudis A, Kwaan L, Thomson M (October 2010). "Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings".

4728:"Impact on life expectancy of HIV-1 positive individuals of CD4+ cell count and viral load response to antiretroviral therapy" 4200:"Cobicistat boosts the intestinal absorption of transport substrates, including HIV protease inhibitors and GS-7340, in vitro" 2671:

Bangsberg DR, Kroetz DL, Deeks SG (May 2007). "Adherence-resistance relationships to combination HIV antiretroviral therapy".

138:(or fusion inhibitors) interfere with binding, fusion and entry of HIV-1 to the host cell by blocking one of several targets. 11204: 11095: 9523: 7063: 4182: 3663: 2354: 1626: 1581: 890: 819:

baseline viral load, reduce the mutation rate of the virus, and reduce the size of the viral reservoir (See section below on

71:

Treatment has been so successful that in many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to

3003: 9954: 1189:, a strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to numerous drug-drug interactions. They are also associated with 7942: 7467: 6515:"Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a review on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability" 3568:"Consensus statement: Risk of Sexual Transmission of HIV from a Person Living with HIV who has an Undetectable Viral Load" 1019:

medical journal. The importance of the final results of the PARTNER 2 study were described by the medical director of the

10853: 10190: 9642: 7087:

Moore RD, Chaisson RE (April 1996). "Natural history of opportunistic disease in an HIV-infected urban clinical cohort".

3179:"Incomplete peripheral CD4+ cell count restoration in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term antiretroviral treatment" 1428: 1306: 1230: 7617:"CRISPR-Cas9: how research on a bacterial RNA-guided mechanism opened new perspectives in biotechnology and biomedicine" 3786:"Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2014 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel" 1412:, which is not the case for the Berlin patient. Therefore, it is not known whether or not the two patients are cured of 10868: 10079: 9319: 1970: 648:

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all HIV-infected individuals to reduce the risk of disease progression.

7466:. Durban International Convention Centre (ICC), Durban, South Africa: AIDS Society (IAS). 21 June 2016. Archived from 6650:

Bell DM (May 1997). "Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in healthcare workers: an overview".

10424: 10205: 9502: 9392: 7210:

When Did HAART Become ART? Change Is About More Than Just Semantics [reviewed by a board-certified physician]

3015: 2391: 959:

compared to placebo, but the quality of the evidence is low and future research is likely to impact on the findings.

775: 694: 312: 8574: 6915:

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (April 1990). "HIV-1 infection and artificial insemination with processed semen".

11221: 10878: 10762: 9249: 7974:"Reservoir cells no longer detectable after a heterologous SHIV challenge with the synthetic HIV-1 Tat Oyi vaccine" 9014: 5892:"Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Depleted Irreversibly during Acute HIV-1 Infection in the Absence of Viral Suppression" 5067: 11292: 10888: 10873: 10536: 10524: 6470:

Boelsterli UA, Lim PL (April 2007). "Mitochondrial abnormalities--a link to idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity?".

1452:(HDAC) which represses transcription and if inhibited can lead to increased cell activation. The HDAC inhibitors 550:

called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INIs).

404: 283:

of viral DNA into the DNA of the infected cell. There are several integrase inhibitors under clinical trial, and

229: 174: 6119:"HIV drug susceptibility and treatment response to mega-HAART regimen in patients from the Frankfurt HIV cohort" 1534:

or messenger RNA, contains the instructions for how to make the spike protein. The mRNA is put into lipid-based

10768: 9982: 9244: 1638: 6068:

Aves T, Tambe J, Siemieniuk RA, Mbuagbaw L, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (November 2018).

4677:

Rousseau CM, Nduati RW, Richardson BA, Steele MS, John-Stewart GC, Mbori-Ngacha DA, et al. (March 2003).

1829:(February 2019). "HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable". 11282: 10044: 9558: 9538: 9269: 9157: 7208: 5492: 1046: 99: 68:

same-sex and opposite-sex partners so long as the HIV-positive partner maintains an undetectable viral load.

4393: 2052:

Lazarus JV, Safreed-Harmon K, Barton SE, Costagliola D, Dedes N, Del Amo Valero J, et al. (June 2016).

1224:

When people are exposed to HIV-positive infectious bodily fluids either through skin puncture, contact with

10198: 10157: 9430: 9418: 9299: 9259: 2646: 1300: 1253: 1190: 538:(EMA) has recommended the granting of marketing authorizations for two new antiretroviral (ARV) medicines, 484: 8965:

van der Heijden I, Abrahams N, Sinclair D, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (March 2017).

8575:"First-in-human clinical trial confirms novel HIV vaccine approach developed by IAVI and Scripps Research" 3940:

Descamps D, Assoumou L, Chaix ML, Chaillon A, Pakianather S, de Rougemont A, et al. (November 2013).

2473: 175:

Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI)

10973: 9929: 9625: 9553: 9482: 9440: 9184: 9142: 7043: 2594:

Schmit JC, Cogniaux J, Hermans P, Van Vaeck C, Sprecher S, Van Remoortel B, et al. (November 1996).

1219: 1110:(PEP), treatment guidelines do not call for the interruption of drug therapy once it has been initiated. 446: 7182: 5807:"Long-term increase in CD4+ T-cell counts during combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection" 3655:

Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection<

974:

Resistance: Not taking medication consistently can lead to low blood levels that foster drug resistance.

118:

Schematic description of the mechanism of the four classes of available antiretroviral drugs against HIV

11252: 9619: 9543: 9533: 9264: 9097: 8227: 6781:

Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, et al. (November 1997).

3852:"Time trends in primary resistance to HIV drugs in the United Kingdom: multicentre observational study" 1641:

and other advertisements for HIV drugs in the past were criticized for their use of healthy, glamorous

1535: 1530:

binds to the host cell's receptor and is what gains the virus entry into the cell. With mRNA vaccines,

760: 237: 5203: 3314:"Initiation of antiretroviral therapy leads to a rapid decline in cervical and vaginal HIV-1 shedding" 1476:. Animal models have shown the generation of neutralizing antibodies and lower levels of HIV viremia. 72: 10093: 10061: 10049: 10002: 9578: 5020:"Antiretroviral medication adherence and the development of class-specific antiretroviral resistance" 3287: 1261: 1107: 967:

There are several concerns about antiretroviral regimens that should be addressed before initiating:

793:

is used with elvitegravir for a similar effect but does not have any direct antiviral effect itself.

629: 535: 91: 17: 8834:"Health-related quality of life assessment after antiretroviral therapy: a review of the literature" 7664:

Chomont N, El-Far M, Ancuta P, Trautmann L, Procopio FA, Yassine-Diab B, et al. (August 2009).

6824:"Decreased fertility among HIV-1-infected women attending antenatal clinics in three African cities" 5939:

Sonnenberg GF, Monticelli LA, Alenghat T, Fung TC, Hutnick NA, Kunisawa J, et al. (June 2012).

5890:

Kløverpris HN, Kazer SW, Mjösberg J, Mabuka JM, Wellmann A, Ndhlovu Z, et al. (February 2016).

4652: 3899:

Novak RM, Chen L, MacArthur RD, Baxter JD, Huppler Hullsiek K, Peng G, et al. (February 2005).

3376: 3312:

Graham SM, Holte SE, Peshu NM, Richardson BA, Panteleeff DD, Jaoko WG, et al. (February 2007).

1330:

default in ART, which is why they are increasingly called simply ART instead of HAART or cART. This

705:("base"). Initial regimens use "first-line" drugs with a high efficacy and low side-effect profile. 11045: 10955: 10936: 10823: 10784: 9934: 9784: 9657: 9345: 9304: 8252:

Fischer W, Giorgi EE, Chakraborty S, Nguyen K, Bhattacharya T, Theiler J, et al. (July 2021).

7130:

Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, Grimes JM, Demeter LM, Currier JS, et al. (September 1997).

6726:

Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, Heneine W, Thomas V, Cheever LW, et al. (September 2013).

4454:

Violari A, Lindsey JC, Hughes MD, Mujuru HA, Barlow-Mosha L, Kamthunzi P, et al. (June 2012).

3415:

Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. (August 2011).

2517: 2165:"Ibalizumab, a Novel Monoclonal Antibody for the Management of Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection" 1554:. Should the actual virus later enter the system, the external spike protein will be recognized by 1488: 712:

preferred initial regimens for adults and adolescents in the United States, as of April 2015, are:

590: 580: 426:

were used serially or in combination leading to the development of multi-drug resistant mutations.

61: 9035:

Strayer DS, Akkina R, Bunnell BA, Dropulic B, Planelles V, Pomerantz RJ, et al. (June 2005).

4600:"Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy" 3228:"HIV-induced immunodeficiency and mortality from AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies" 663:

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) should be initiated in everyone living with HIV at any CD4 cell count

348:

have a similar effect by binding to gag, but development of two experimental drugs in this class,

11209: 10805: 10152: 10024: 9899: 9817: 9719: 9284: 9279: 7972:

Watkins JD, Lancelot S, Campbell GR, Esquieu D, de Mareuil J, Opi S, et al. (January 2006).

3683: 1484: 1272: 1010: 955: 487:

that were conducted across six countries. The researchers found that interleukin 2 increases the

8967:"Psychosocial group interventions to improve psychological well-being in adults living with HIV" 7666:"HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation" 5450: 4865:

Althoff KN, Justice AC, Gange SJ, Deeks SG, Saag MS, Silverberg MJ, et al. (October 2010).

3682:

El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, Arduino RC, et al. (November 2006).

1055:, that U=U is an effective HIV prevention method when an undetectable viral load is maintained. 785:

In the case of the protease inhibitor based regimens, ritonavir is used at low doses to inhibit

395:(often lacking the ability to reproduce at all) or convey no advantage, but some of them have a 275:(also known as integrase nuclear strand transfer inhibitors or INSTIs) inhibit the viral enzyme 10883: 9864: 9837: 9827: 9749: 9734: 9632: 9452: 9382: 9189: 7842:

Archin NM, Liberty AL, Kashuba AD, Choudhary SK, Kuruc JD, Crooks AM, et al. (July 2012).

5454: 5145:

Walensky RP, Ross EL, Kumarasamy N, Wood R, Noubary F, Paltiel AD, et al. (October 2013).

3371: 2872:

Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, Eron JJ, Gonzalez C, McMahon D, et al. (September 1997).

2724: 2512: 1651: 1593: 1571: 1567: 1416:. The cure might be confirmed if the therapy were to be stopped and no viral rebound occurred. 1380: 1265: 1020: 651:

ART also is recommended for HIV-infected individuals for the prevention of transmission of HIV.

458:

In 2000 drug companies have worked together to combine these complex regimens into single-pill

369: 280: 10991: 7520:"A decade after the first person was cured of HIV, a second patient is in long-term remission" 6310:

Hulgan T, Robbins GK, Kalams SA, Samuels DC, Grady B, Shafer R, et al. (27 August 2012).

5941:"Innate lymphoid cells promote anatomical containment of lymphoid-resident commensal bacteria" 5649:, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. (September 2016). 3653: 3598:

Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, van Lunzen J, et al. (July 2016).

3034:

Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, Merriman B, Saag MS, Justice AC, et al. (April 2009).

11287: 11080: 10893: 10773: 10643: 10242: 10147: 10101: 10039: 10029: 9939: 9874: 9445: 9413: 9350: 9174: 9090: 8884:

Mak WW, Poon CY, Pun LY, Cheung SF (July 2007). "Meta-analysis of stigma and mental health".

6822:

Glynn JR, Buvé A, Caraël M, Kahindo M, Macauley IB, Musonda RM, et al. (December 2000).

5701: 3735:

Silverberg MJ, Neuhaus J, Bower M, Gey D, Hatzakis A, Henry K, et al. (September 2007).

3466:"Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 prevents transmission of HIV-1: where do we go from here?" 3177:

Kelley CF, Kitchen CM, Hunt PW, Rodriguez B, Hecht FM, Kitahata M, et al. (March 2009).

3007: 1725: 1601: 1143: 934: 467: 384: 241: 233: 194: 190: 7783:

Archin NM, Cheema M, Parker D, Wiegand A, Bosch RJ, Coffin JM, et al. (February 2010).

7100: 782:

Both efavirenz and nevirapine showed similar benefits when combined with NRTI respectively.

10963: 10789: 10638: 10396: 10116: 10034: 9949: 9924: 9909: 9847: 9799: 9779: 9704: 9699: 9684: 9425: 9357: 8788:

Miners A, Phillips A, Kreif N, Rodger A, Speakman A, Fisher M, et al. (October 2014).

8371: 8358:

Pejchal R, Doores KJ, Walker LM, Khayat R, Huang PS, Wang SK, et al. (November 2011).

8314: 8036: 7855: 7844:"Administration of vorinostat disrupts HIV-1 latency in patients on antiretroviral therapy" 7796: 7409: 7301:

Hütter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Müssig A, Allers K, et al. (February 2009).

6479: 6323: 6220:

Johnson AA, Ray AS, Hanes J, Suo Z, Colacino JM, Anderson KS, et al. (November 2001).

5952: 5259: 4554:

Garcia PM, Kalish LA, Pitt J, Minkoff H, Quinn TC, Burchett SK, et al. (August 1999).

4080: 4022:

Gagliardo C, Brozovich A, Birnbaum J, Radix A, Foca M, Nelson J, et al. (March 2014).

3526: 2913: 2559:

Smyth RP, Davenport MP, Mak J (November 2012). "The origin of genetic diversity in HIV-1".

2504: 1389: 1271:

For cases where the woman is HIV positive and the man is HIV negative, the usual method is

1194: 1067: 869:

US DHHS guidelines are similar but include PI based options for children > 3 years old.

519: 483:

as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy for adults with HIV. A Cochrane review included 25

345: 10220: 8432: 8360:"A potent and broad neutralizing antibody recognizes and penetrates the HIV glycan shield" 5344:"The use of plasma HIV RNA as a study endpoint in efficacy trials of antiretroviral drugs" 3784:

Günthard HF, Aberg JA, Eron JJ, Hoy JF, Telenti A, Benson CA, et al. (23 July 2014).

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Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, Sharma S, et al. (August 2015).

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Miller V, Cozzi-Lepri A, Hertogs K, Gute P, Larder B, Bloor S, et al. (March 2000).

5805:

Lok JJ, Bosch RJ, Benson CA, Collier AC, Robbins GK, Shafer RW, et al. (July 2010).

5622: 4824:

Silverberg MJ, Leyden W, Horberg MA, DeLorenze GN, Klein D, Quesenberry CP (April 2007).

3825: 3226:

Monforte A, Abrams D, Pradier C, Weber R, Reiss P, Bonnet F, et al. (October 2008).

1449: 1311: 1182: 721: 702: 511: 272: 44:. There are several classes of antiretroviral agents that act on different stages of the 8375: 8318: 8178:

Richner JM, Himansu S, Dowd KA, Butler SL, Salazar V, Fox JM, et al. (March 2017).

8040: 7859: 7800: 6483: 6327: 5956: 5570:

Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, et al. (May 2019).

5263: 4247:

Fidler S, Porter K, Ewings F, Frater J, Ramjee G, Cooper D, et al. (January 2013).

4084: 3530: 2508: 2468: 925:

that are multifactorial complications from HIV, associated behaviors, coinfections like

10121: 10111: 10019: 10014: 9987: 9974: 9959: 9944: 9894: 9857: 9842: 9794: 9789: 9769: 9739: 9714: 9674: 9666: 9598: 9593: 9462: 9387: 9289: 8991: 8966: 8947: 8858: 8833: 8732: 8707: 8688: 8625: 8600: 8548: 8521: 8492: 8465: 8441: 8416: 8392: 8359: 8335: 8302: 8278: 8253: 8204: 8179: 8155: 8130: 8106: 8081: 8057: 8024: 8000: 7973: 7924: 7876: 7843: 7819: 7784: 7760: 7735: 7734:

Persaud D, Gay H, Ziemniak C, Chen YH, Piatak M, Chun TW, et al. (November 2013).

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Cane P, Chrystie I, Dunn D, Evans B, Geretti AM, Green H, et al. (December 2005).

3766: 3714: 3490: 3465: 3441: 3416: 3397: 3343: 3252: 3227: 3203: 3178: 3109: 3084: 3060: 3035: 2976: 2851: 2807: 2782: 2696: 2654: 2538: 2402: 2383: 2319: 2294: 2272: 2189: 2164: 2145: 2080: 2053: 1942: 1917: 1854: 1721:

Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors

1351: 1288: 1118:

Each class and individual antiretroviral carries unique risks of adverse side effects.

431: 261: 8935: 8806: 8789: 6663: 6287: 6262: 6188: 5588: 5535: 5427: 5410: 5093: 4360: 4198:

Lepist EI, Phan TK, Roy A, Tong L, Maclennan K, Murray B, et al. (October 2012).

3481: 2964: 2225: 1933: 796:

The WHO preferred initial regimen for adults and adolescents as of June 30, 2013, is:

48:

life-cycle. The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known as

11040: 10703: 10069: 9919: 9889: 9869: 9852: 9759: 9724: 9709: 9694: 9679: 9457: 9367: 9324: 9194: 9058: 8996: 8939: 8901: 8863: 8811: 8737: 8680: 8630: 8553: 8497: 8446: 8397: 8340: 8283: 8209: 8160: 8111: 8062: 8005: 7916: 7881: 7824: 7765: 7695: 7646: 7597: 7381: 7324: 7276: 7261: 7249: 7153: 7104: 7069: 7059: 7000: 6965: 6924: 6897: 6845: 6840: 6823: 6804: 6755: 6703: 6667: 6624: 6581: 6544: 6495: 6443: 6402: 6368: 6351: 6292: 6243: 6222:"Toxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogs and the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase" 6202: 6140: 6099: 6029: 5978: 5921: 5872: 5836: 5787: 5682: 5603: 5539: 5432: 5365: 5360: 5343: 5328: 5316: 5275: 5176: 5049: 5000: 4948: 4896: 4847: 4798: 4757: 4708: 4631: 4577: 4536: 4485: 4436: 4364: 4329: 4278: 4229: 4178: 4145: 4096: 4053: 4004: 3963: 3922: 3881: 3807: 3758: 3706: 3659: 3621: 3544: 3495: 3446: 3389: 3385: 3335: 3257: 3208: 3159: 3114: 3065: 3011: 2968: 2933: 2895: 2843: 2839: 2812: 2763: 2688: 2617: 2576: 2530: 2445: 2407: 2387: 2350: 2324: 2264: 2229: 2194: 2137: 2085: 1947: 1898: 1846: 1804: 1799: 1782: 1647: 1496: 1247: 1166:

NNRTIs are generally safe and well tolerated. The main reason for discontinuation of

1139: 951: 946: 897: 886: 873: 585: 396: 185: 8951: 8897: 8763: 8692: 8616: 7928: 7336: 7165: 7116: 7012: 6857: 6767: 6636: 6152: 5551: 5116:"New one-pill, $ 10-per-month anti-retroviral AIDS treatment debuts in South Africa" 4969:

Eshun-Wilson I, Siegfried N, Akena DH, Stein DJ, Obuku EA, Joska JA (January 2018).

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expectancy and leaves more drugs available to the individual should the need arise.

11065: 10126: 9904: 9884: 9879: 9809: 9744: 9487: 9048: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8931: 8893: 8853: 8845: 8801: 8727: 8719: 8672: 8620: 8612: 8543: 8533: 8487: 8477: 8436: 8428: 8387: 8379: 8330: 8322: 8273: 8265: 8199: 8191: 8150: 8142: 8101: 8093: 8052: 8044: 7995: 7985: 7908: 7871: 7863: 7814: 7804: 7755: 7747: 7685: 7677: 7636: 7628: 7587: 7371: 7363: 7314: 7241: 7143: 7096: 7051: 6992: 6955: 6887: 6835: 6794: 6739: 6695: 6659: 6616: 6593: 6571: 6534: 6526: 6487: 6433: 6392: 6382: 6341: 6331: 6282: 6274: 6233: 6192: 6184: 6130: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6019: 6009: 5968: 5960: 5911: 5903: 5864: 5826: 5818: 5779: 5672: 5662: 5593: 5583: 5531: 5422: 5355: 5308: 5267: 5166: 5158: 5039: 5031: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4938: 4930: 4886: 4878: 4837: 4810: 4788: 4747: 4739: 4698: 4690: 4621: 4611: 4567: 4526: 4516: 4475: 4467: 4428: 4356: 4319: 4309: 4268: 4260: 4219: 4211: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4088: 4043: 4035: 3994: 3953: 3912: 3871: 3863: 3797: 3748: 3698: 3611: 3534: 3485: 3477: 3464:

Cohen MS, Smith MK, Muessig KE, Hallett TB, Powers KA, Kashuba AD (November 2013).

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Harrington M, Carpenter CC (June 2000). "Hit HIV-1 hard, but only when necessary".

2925: 2885: 2835: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2755: 2680: 2607: 2572: 2568: 2522: 2437: 2397: 2379: 2314: 2306: 2256: 2221: 2184: 2176: 2129: 2075: 2065: 1937: 1929: 1888: 1838: 1826: 1794: 1783:"Natural history of HIV infection in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy" 1758: 1688: 1622: 1589: 1547: 1276: 1225: 1038: 135: 11239: 8649: 7044:

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Oversight of AIDS Activities (1988).

6278: 3539: 3514: 3283:"First long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy for HIV recommended approval" 2855: 2526: 2163:

Beccari MV, Mogle BT, Sidman EF, Mastro KA, Asiago-Reddy E, Kufel WD (June 2019).

1630:

phase 1 clinical trial of an HIV mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1644) starting later in 2021.

11266: 11141: 11100: 10260: 9637: 9377: 9147: 7809: 7574:

Kang H, Minder P, Park MA, Mesquitta WT, Torbett BE, Slukvin II (December 2015).

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Murray JS, Elashoff MR, Iacono-Connors LC, Cvetkovich TA, Struble KA (May 1999).

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May MT, Gompels M, Delpech V, Porter K, Orkin C, Kegg S, et al. (May 2014).

4092: 3753: 3736: 3330: 3313: 3243: 2759: 2310: 1656: 1355: 1135: 1092: 858:

and for children 3 years to less than 10 years and adolescents <35 kilograms:

786: 9053: 9036: 7245: 7148: 6799: 6782: 4572: 4555: 3867: 2929: 2890: 2873: 741:(two NRTIs) and dolutegravir for patients who have been tested negative for the 56:). HAART decreases the patient's total burden of HIV, maintains function of the 11215: 10221: 9588: 9372: 8269: 8195: 7950: 6491: 6135: 6118: 5646: 4842: 4825: 2783:"Interleukin-2 as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults" 2612: 2595: 1642: 1527: 1445: 1420: 1409: 1401: 1376: 625:

guidelines. In Europe there are the European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines.

571: 564: 65: 37: 8849: 8723: 8676: 8482: 8097: 7548:"HIV patient seemingly cured in second remarkable case, London doctors report" 7350:

Tebas P, Stein D, Tang WW, Frank I, Wang SQ, Lee G, et al. (March 2014).

7131: 6942:

Savasi V, Ferrazzi E, Lanzani C, Oneta M, Parrilla B, Persico T (March 2007).

6397: 5783: 4521: 4399:. US Department of Health and Human Services. 12 February 2014. pp. 50–61 4175:

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

3737:"Risk of cancers during interrupted antiretroviral therapy in the SMART study" 2684: 2260: 2133: 2070: 64:

that often lead to death. HAART also prevents the transmission of HIV between

11276: 10981: 10731: 10566: 10452: 9568: 9477: 8301:

Liao HX, Lynch R, Zhou T, Gao F, Alam SM, Boyd SD, et al. (April 2013).

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Lee FJ, Carr A (September 2012). "Tolerability of HIV integrase inhibitors".

5738: 5147:"Cost-effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention in serodiscordant couples" 3999: 3982: 3567: 1978: 1872: 1555: 1531: 1515: 1453: 1440: 1393: 1257: 918: 914: 759:(inhibiting metabolism of the former) in patients with good kidney function ( 576: 480: 210: 76: 57: 8538: 8383: 8048: 7899:

Carcelain G, Autran B (July 2013). "Immune interventions in HIV infection".

7736:"Absence of detectable HIV-1 viremia after treatment cessation in an infant" 7632: 7303:"Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation" 7045: 6960: 6943: 6892: 6875: 5964: 5720: 4394:"Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection" 3036:"Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival" 1842: 1763: 1746: 1716:

Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors

1617:

series of different immunogens with the goal of eventually inducing bnAb(s).

1487:

is an active area of research and an important tool for managing the global

628:

For resource limited countries, most national guidelines closely follow the

11035: 11025: 10606: 10596: 10414: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10323: 10303: 10233: 9603: 9294: 9062: 9000: 8943: 8905: 8867: 8815: 8741: 8684: 8634: 8557: 8501: 8450: 8401: 8344: 8287: 8254:"HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2: Patterns in the evolution of two pandemic pathogens" 8213: 8164: 8115: 8066: 8009: 7920: 7885: 7828: 7769: 7699: 7650: 7601: 7493: 7385: 7328: 7253: 7073: 7004: 6969: 6901: 6849: 6759: 6628: 6585: 6548: 6530: 6499: 6447: 6406: 6355: 6296: 6247: 6238: 6221: 6206: 6144: 6103: 6033: 5982: 5925: 5876: 5840: 5747: 5686: 5607: 5543: 5436: 5369: 5320: 5312: 5180: 5053: 5004: 4952: 4934: 4900: 4851: 4802: 4777:"Life expectancy living with HIV: recent estimates and future implications" 4761: 4712: 4635: 4581: 4540: 4489: 4440: 4368: 4333: 4282: 4233: 4149: 4100: 4057: 4008: 3967: 3926: 3885: 3811: 3802: 3785: 3762: 3710: 3625: 3616: 3548: 3499: 3450: 3393: 3339: 3261: 3212: 3163: 3154: 3118: 3069: 2972: 2816: 2767: 2692: 2641: 2580: 2449: 2411: 2328: 2268: 2233: 2198: 2141: 2089: 1951: 1902: 1893: 1876: 1850: 1808: 1585: 1492: 1198: 1174:

can cause severe hepatotoxicity, especially in women with high CD4 counts.

1131: 1103: 752: 728: 543: 365: 301: 293: 289: 8082:"HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein biosynthesis, trafficking, and incorporation" 7990: 7751: 7367: 7319: 7302: 7157: 7108: 6928: 6808: 6707: 6671: 5791: 5667: 5627:. AIDS2018: 22nd International AIDS Conference. Amsterdam, the Netherlands 5279: 5162: 5018:

Gardner EM, Burman WJ, Steiner JF, Anderson PL, Bangsberg DR (June 2009).

4826:"Older age and the response to and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy" 4471: 4432: 4324: 4264: 3432: 3145: 3100: 3085:"Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Early Asymptomatic HIV Infection" 3051: 2937: 2899: 2847: 2621: 2534: 900:

having a lower risk than vaginal delivery or emergency Caesarian section.

659:

The newest WHO guidelines (dated September 30, 2015) now agree and state:

162:. Ibalizumab is effective against both CCR5 and CXCR4 tropic HIV viruses. 11161: 11136: 11075: 11060: 11055: 10719: 10686: 10601: 10581: 10376: 10356: 10335: 10282: 10250: 9507: 9408: 9199: 8417:"Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design" 8303:"Co-evolution of a broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody and founder virus" 8146: 7592: 7575: 6387: 6370: 4626: 4456:"Nevirapine versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for HIV-infected children" 4215: 4039: 3958: 3941: 3702: 2180: 1609: 1575: 1235: 1151: 930: 926: 742: 717: 598: 539: 454:

promoting the advancement of single-pill antiretroviral drug combinations

415: 297: 284: 257: 169: 155: 143: 8326: 7867: 6564:"Protease inhibitor-based regimens for HIV therapy: safety and efficacy" 5620: 5071: 11166: 11146: 11131: 11126: 11090: 11085: 10999: 10944: 10914: 10726: 10714: 10709: 10681: 10621: 10611: 10586: 10571: 10561: 10510: 10505: 10493: 10477: 10467: 10447: 10409: 10319: 10307: 10299: 9467: 9309: 9137: 5388: 4867:"Virologic and immunologic response to HAART, by age and regimen class" 1523: 1522:

like HIV, the spike protein is formed by two proteins expressed by the

1519: 1457: 1292: 1171: 1015: 844: 801: 790: 756: 738: 678: 560: 423: 411: 407: 341: 329: 325: 253: 245: 206: 198: 182: 178: 147: 123: 94:(WHO) recommend offering antiretroviral treatment to all patients with 7912: 6996: 6751: 5743:"End to AIDS in sight as huge study finds drugs stop HIV transmission" 5341: 4919:"Management of human immunodeficiency virus infection in advanced age" 2830:

Darbyshire J (1995). "Perspectives in drug therapy of HIV infection".

2051: 11176: 11156: 11151: 11121: 11050: 11030: 10919: 10676: 10591: 10576: 10499: 10472: 10462: 10457: 10404: 10381: 10294: 8647: 7552: 7461:"2016 Towards an HIV Cure Symposium Programme. 16 & 17 July 2016" 5489:"The science is clear: with HIV, undetectable equals untransmittable" 4503:

Adetokunboh OO, Schoonees A, Balogun TA, Wiysonge CS (October 2015).

2999: 1473: 1469: 1460:

have been used in human trials with only preliminary results so far.

1383:

that replaced his immune system with a donor's that did not have the

1343: 1319: 1315: 1186: 1167: 1087: 771: 767: 674: 515: 419: 388: 349: 337: 333: 321: 317: 276: 249: 214: 139: 9076: 7681: 6727: 5068:"Global Price Reporting Mechanism for HIV, tuberculosis and malaria" 3981:

Sungkanuparph S, Pasomsub E, Chantratita W (January–February 2014).

2745: 2371: 2054:"Beyond viral suppression of HIV - the new quality of life frontier" 1558:, whose function is to memorize the characteristics of the original 11171: 10556: 9573: 9472: 9169: 9117: 6743: 5868: 4694: 4616: 4599: 4502: 4314: 4297: 4171:"Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection" 3917: 3900: 3194: 2295:"HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and antiviral drug resistance. Part 1" 1551: 1539: 1507: 1413: 1405: 1331: 1147: 1079: 922: 862: 734: 567: 218: 202: 114: 41: 9082: 7436:"No trace of HIV virus after successful stem cell transplantation" 4346: 3987:

Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care

563:(<50 copies/ml) has sex with a partner who is HIV negative. In 224: 11070: 10616: 10386: 9497: 7055: 6914: 5724: 5651:"Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission" 5225: 3630:

PARTNER (Partners of People on ART—A New Evaluation of the Risks)

3599: 3417:"Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy" 2719: 1705: 1559: 1095:, and when six or more drugs are needed it is termed mega-HAART. 436: 372: 353: 150:

are available agents in this class. Maraviroc works by targeting

6173:"HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment" 5996:

Chung CY, Alden SL, Funderburg NT, Fu P, Levine AD (June 2014).

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Beardsley T (July 1998). "Coping with HIV's ethical dilemmas".

4968: 4021: 2494: 2464:"Myriad Genetics suspends its HIV maturation inhibitor program" 1543: 1346:

technology, but with the later irrelevance of the distinction,

1334:

process is linguistically comparable to the way that the words

746: 8251: 7971: 5382: 4676: 4249:"Short-course antiretroviral therapy in primary HIV infection" 4113: 2593: 158:

which allows HIV to target an alternative co-receptor such as

10330: 9529:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

9037:"Current status of gene therapy strategies to treat HIV/AIDS" 8180:"Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection" 7841: 6047: 5889: 5768: 4971:"Antidepressants for depression in adults with HIV infection" 3939: 2994:

Sonenklar C (2011). "Chapter 6: Treatment for HIV and AIDS".

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abacavir (or zidovudine) + lamivudine + lopinivir + ritonivir

698: 451: 392: 159: 9034: 8466:"The expanding array of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies" 7663: 6725: 6116: 5017: 4916: 4597: 3684:"CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment" 3033: 2427: 10844:

Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide

10289: 10277: 9647: 9608: 8648:

International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (29 September 2021).

6067: 5569: 4917:

Greene M, Justice AC, Lampiris HW, Valcour V (April 2013).

4295: 3681: 3597: 2378:. Advances in Pharmacology. Vol. 67. pp. 75–105. 2372:"HIV integrase inhibitors: 20-year landmark and challenges" 1384: 1127: 1037:

This result is consistent with the conclusion presented by

827:

associated with lower risk of transmission (See section on

690: 151: 10849:

Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil

7300: 6941: 6309: 6070:"Antiretroviral resistance testing in HIV-positive people" 5144: 4453: 4296:

Hollingsworth TD, Anderson RM, Fraser C (September 2008).

4070: 3311: 3225: 3176: 3082: 2288: 2286: 1170:

is neuro-psychiatric effects including suicidal ideation.

10314: 10229: 9132: 9113: 8787: 8357: 7782: 7129: 4593: 4591: 3734: 3002:

Health Reports: Diseases and Disorders. Minneapolis, MN:

2211: 1612:, which can secrete the broadly neutralizing antibodies: 1511: 488: 380: 376: 95: 45: 10795:

Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide

9212:

WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease

8177: 8128: 7715:"Early Treatment Is Found to Clear H.I.V. in a 2nd Baby" 6873: 4864: 4417: 4246: 3898: 3463: 3360: 2423: 2421: 2162: 1824: 1659:, who died in 1991, aged 45, of AIDS-related pneumonia. 644:

The US DHHS guidelines (published April 8, 2015) state:

8129:

Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D (April 2018).

7573: 6876:"Reproductive assistance in HIV serodiscordant couples" 5645: 5297: 4725: 4553: 3515:"Breakthrough of the year. HIV treatment as prevention" 3414: 2871: 2369: 2283: 500: 230:

Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)

10180:

List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region

7733: 6982: 6821: 5995: 5621:

Rodger, A. (for the PARTNER study group) (July 2018).

4964: 4962: 4588: 3131: 1747:"A universal CAR-NK cell approach for HIV eradication" 170:

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors

11250: 8662: 7202: 7200: 7027:"U.S Approves Drug to Prolong Lives of AIDS Patients" 6260: 5804: 5497:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

3849: 2418: 1918:"The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease" 1419:

In March 2019, a second patient, referred to as the "

1134:

DNA synthesis and lead to high levels of lactate and

1098: 1043:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

81:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

8921: 8831: 6684: 3783: 2834:. 49 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): 1–3, discussion 38–40. 2670: 1711:

Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors

1342:

at first were needed to make useful distinctions in

470:), and thus their effectiveness over the long-term. 10175:

List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate

9564:

President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)

9549:

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

8079: 7349: 7177: 7175: 6170: 4959: 4774: 2950: 2780: 850:The WHO recommends for children less than 3 years: 464:

More than 20 antiretroviral fixed-dose combinations

8598: 7228: 7197: 6219: 6048:"Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database" 5383:Swiss National AIDS Commission (15 October 2016). 2916:(August 1995). "Time to hit HIV, early and hard". 1370: 1213: 439:, which limits the number of useful combinations. 6570:. 45 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): S5–13, quiz S28–31. 6419: 5514: 5196:"Activists Protest Stribild's $ 28,500 Price Tag" 4197: 2558: 11274: 10801:Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide 8883: 8414: 8300: 7498:National AIDS Treatment Advocacy Project (NATAP) 7410:"HIV cure study provides insight into 2008 case" 7172: 5709:. 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March 2011. Archived from 2647:Food and Drug Administration 2311:10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.012 1621:A Phase 1 clinical trial by 1325:As HAART became widespread, 1279:can be reduced to below 1%. 1254:assisted reproductive method 727:tenofovir/emtricitabine and 716:tenofovir/emtricitabine and 485:randomized controlled trials 252:. 2nd generation NNRTIs are 197:. Examples of NRTIs include 7: 10644:Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) 9720:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 9554:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS 9483:List of HIV-positive people 9054:10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.01.020 8421:Annual Review of Immunology 8025:"Developing an HIV vaccine" 7434:Darmanin M (21 July 2016). 7275:Rosenberg T (29 May 2011). 7246:10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.021 7149:10.1056/NEJM199709113371101 7089:Annals of Internal Medicine 6800:10.1056/NEJM199711203372101 4573:10.1056/NEJM199908053410602 3868:10.1136/bmj.38665.534595.55 2930:10.1056/NEJM199508173330710 2891:10.1056/NEJM199709113371102 2299:Current Opinion in Virology 1751:AIMS Allergy and Immunology 1699: 1361: 1185:(PIs) are often given with 962: 834: 684: 279:, which is responsible for 10: 11309: 10639:Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF) 9620:Reports from the Holocaust 9544:International AIDS Society 9534:Elton John AIDS Foundation 8270:10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.012 8228:"The HIV Life Cycle | NIH" 8196:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.017 7518:Johnson C (5 March 2019). 7207:Sifris D, Myhre J (2017), 6492:10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.013 6136:10.1177/135965350000500113 4843:10.1001/archinte.167.7.684 3004:Twenty-First Century Books 2345:Geretti, ed. 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US DHHS. 28 March 2014 4000:10.1177/2325957413488200 2673:Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2613:10.1093/infdis/174.5.962 1506:, the virus that causes 1231:US Public Health Service 1121: 865:+ lamivudine + efavirenz 731:(an integrase inhibitor) 591:Breakthrough of the Year 581:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 62:opportunistic infections 11240:initial regimen options 10806:Dolutegravir/lamivudine 10283:Enfuvirtide (ENF, T-20) 10261:Entry/fusion inhibitors 9626:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor 9609:Gay Men's Health Crisis 9285:Opportunistic infection 8706:Josefson D (May 2001). 8539:10.3390/vaccines9020134 8384:10.1126/science.1213256 8258:Cell Host & Microbe 8049:10.1126/science.aan0662 7633:10.15252/emmm.201504847 7621:EMBO Molecular Medicine 5965:10.1126/science.1222551 5784:10.1093/infdis/169.1.28 4509:BMC Infectious Diseases 1843:10.1001/jama.2018.21167 1764:10.3934/Allergy.2021015 1485:HIV vaccine development 1480:Sequential mRNA Vaccine 1381:bone marrow transplants 1327:fixed dose combinations 1273:artificial insemination 1011:British HIV Association 829:treatment as prevention 554:Treatment as prevention 460:fixed-dose combinations 11293:Prevention of HIV/AIDS 11081:Portmanteau inhibitors 10974:Translation inhibitors 10884:Lamivudine/raltegravir 10654:Non-nucleoside (NNRTI) 10612:Islatravir (EFdA, ISL) 9453:HIV-affected community 9393:HIV and homosexual men 7546:May A (5 March 2019). 6531:10.7448/ias.16.1.18567 6239:10.1074/jbc.M106743200 5455:Terrence Higgins Trust 5313:10.1001/jama.2012.7961 4935:10.1001/jama.2013.2963 3826:"EACS Guidelines 12.0" 3803:10.1001/jama.2014.8722 3617:10.1001/jama.2016.5148 1894:10.1001/jama.2012.8142 1745:Arachchige AS (2021). 1619: 1572:evolutionary arms race 1568:adaptive immune system 1410:antiretroviral therapy 1266:in vitro fertilization 1041:, the Director of the 1035: 1021:Terrence Higgins Trust 941:Adults with depression 455: 119: 75:is increasingly rare. 34:management of HIV/AIDS 11096:Synergistic enhancers 10894:Lamivudine/zidovudine 10774:Atazanavir/cobicistat 10750:Combined formulations 10587:Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV) 10525:Reverse-transcriptase 10397:Maturation inhibitors 9633:Silence=Death Project 9431:Criminal transmission 9351:Multiple sex partners 8605:Clinical Therapeutics 7991:10.1186/1742-4690-3-8 7901:Immunological Reviews 7752:10.1056/NEJMoa1302976 7368:10.1056/NEJMoa1300662 7320:10.1056/NEJMoa0802905 6961:10.1093/humrep/del422 6893:10.1093/humupd/dms046 5668:10.1056/NEJMoa1600693 5385:"The Swiss statement" 5163:10.1056/NEJMsa1214720 4472:10.1056/NEJMoa1113249 4433:10.1089/aid.2009.0054 4265:10.1056/NEJMoa1110039 3433:10.1056/NEJMoa1105243 3146:10.1056/NEJMoa1507198 3101:10.1056/NEJMoa1506816 3052:10.1056/NEJMoa0807252 2214:Clinical Therapeutics 1726:HIV capsid inhibition 1614: 1602:reverse transcription 1431:gene editing system. 1246:Further information: 1218:Further information: 1197:and elevated risk of 1144:peripheral neuropathy 1068:Innate lymphoid cells 1030: 935:human papilloma virus 655:psychosocial factors. 449: 385:reverse transcription 346:Maturation inhibitors 242:reverse transcriptase 191:reverse transcriptase 117: 110:Classes of medication 11283:Antiretroviral drugs 10937:Uncoating inhibitors 10790:Darunavir/cobicistat 10630:Nucleotide analogues 10548:Nucleoside analogues 10347:Integrase inhibitors 10226:antiretroviral drugs 9955:United Arab Emirates 9426:Circumcision and HIV 9383:City of Hope Patient 9143:structure and genome 8190:(6): 1114–1125.e10. 8147:10.1038/nrd.2017.243 7593:10.1038/mtna.2015.42 7473:on 21 September 2016 5582:(10189): 2428–2438. 4216:10.1128/AAC.01089-12 3703:10.1056/NEJMoa062360 2181:10.1128/AAC.00110-19 1390:zinc-finger nuclease 1205:Integrase inhibitors 1059:Immunologic response 496:Treatment guidelines 360:Combination therapy 273:Integrase inhibitors 268:Integrase inhibitors 38:antiretroviral drugs 10929:Experimental agents 10899:Lopinavir/ritonavir 10758:Abacavir/lamivudine 10732:Elsulfavirine (ESV) 10567:Emtricitabine (FTC) 10453:Fosamprenavir (FPV) 9503:AIDS Memorial Quilt 9315:HIV-positive people 8376:2011Sci...334.1097P 8370:(6059): 1097–1103. 8327:10.1038/nature12053 8319:2013Natur.496..469. 8041:2017Sci...355.1129H 8035:(6330): 1129–1130. 7868:10.1038/nature11286 7860:2012Natur.487..482A 7801:2010PLoSO...5.9390A 7525:The Washington Post 7240:. 454–455: 340–52. 6484:2007ToxAP.220...92B 6328:2012PLoSO...743803H 5957:2012Sci...336.1321S 5264:1998SciAm.279a.106B 5252:Scientific American 4085:2013InfGE..16..144P 3531:2011Sci...334.1628C 2657:on 14 January 2009. 2509:1996Sci...271.1582P 2476:on 8 September 2015 1634:Drug advertisements 1550:, begin to develop 1450:histone deacetylase 1446:memory CD4+ T cells 1336:electronic computer 1312:protease inhibitors 1183:Protease inhibitors 1178:Protease inhibitors 1130:can interfere with 986:Response to therapy 809:Special populations 776:protease inhibitors 722:integrase inhibitor 668:Baseline resistance 512:protease inhibitors 313:Protease inhibitors 308:Protease inhibitors 11226:Never to phase III 10372:Elvitegravir (EVG) 10367:Dolutegravir (DTG) 10362:Cabotegravir (CAB) 10080:Dominican Republic 9463:HIV/AIDS denialism 9388:Women and HIV/AIDS 9378:The London Patient 9245:Signs and symptoms 9153:CDC classification 7947:www.biosantech.org 7720:The New York Times 7440:UtrechtCentral.com 6948:Human Reproduction 6923:(15): 249, 255–6. 6398:20.500.12105/10623 6388:10.1093/jac/dkt206 5451:"Can't Pass It On" 4040:10.1093/cid/ciu003 3959:10.1093/jac/dkt238 3830:www.eacsociety.org 2430:Antiviral Research 1639:Direct-to-consumer 1352:medical literature 1242:Pregnancy planning 991:Virologic response 632:(WHO) guidelines. 518:. Later that year 456: 213:, and of NtRTIs – 120: 86:The United States 11248: 11247: 11195: 11194: 11041:Diarylpyrimidines 10744: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10720:Rilpivirine (RPV) 10704:diarylpyrimidines 10687:Delavirdine (DLV) 10582:Zalcitabine (ddC) 10539:nucleotide (NRTI) 10519: 10518: 10377:Raltegravir (RAL) 10357:Bictegravir (BIC) 10336:Fostemsavir (FTR) 10251:Lenacapavir (LEN) 10243:Capsid inhibitors 10188: 10187: 10166: 10165: 10088: 10087: 9569:The SING Campaign 9458:HIV/AIDS activism 9446:Cost of treatment 9368:Timothy Ray Brown 9363:World AIDS Museum 9041:Molecular Therapy 9015:"HIV/AIDS in NYC" 8313:(7446): 469–476. 7913:10.1111/imr.12083 7713:McNeil D (2014). 7281:New York Magazine 7065:978-0-309-03879-9 6997:10.1586/eri.10.94 6381:(10): 2349–2357. 6183:(9534): 489–504. 6123:Antiviral Therapy 5491:(Press release). 4355:(9441): 1236–43. 4184:978-0-443-06839-3 3665:978-92-4-150572-7 3476:(9903): 1515–24. 2959:(9221): 2147–52. 2356:978-0-955-16690-7 1971:"Guidelines: HIV" 1928:(9903): 1525–33. 1648:mountain climbing 1497:COVID-19 pandemic 1495:to deal with the 1464:Immune activation 1248:HIV and pregnancy 952:systematic review 898:Caesarian section 887:HIV and pregnancy 874:systematic review 774:(both latter are 616:Guideline sources 492:adults with HIV. 474:Adjunct treatment 397:natural selection 366:life cycle of HIV 16:(Redirected from 11300: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11256: 11066:Hydroxycarbamide 10933: 10932: 10727:Doravirine (DOR) 10715:Etravirine (ETR) 10710:Dapivirine (DPV) 10682:Nevirapine (NVP) 10667: 10666: 10572:Lamivudine (3TC) 10562:Didanosine (ddI) 10533: 10532: 10506:Tipranavir (TPV) 10494:Atazanavir (ATV) 10478:Saquinavir (SQV) 10468:Nelfinavir (NFV) 10448:Amprenavir (APV) 10438: 10437: 10320:Ibalizumab (IBA) 10215: 10208: 10201: 10192: 10191: 10158:Papua New Guinea 10008: 10007: 9663: 9662: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9084: 9083: 9066: 9056: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9011: 9005: 9004: 8994: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8930:(9738): 355–66. 8919: 8910: 8909: 8881: 8872: 8871: 8861: 8829: 8820: 8819: 8809: 8785: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8766:on 17 March 2019 8762:. Archived from 8752: 8746: 8745: 8735: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8671:(5): 1392–1398. 8660: 8654: 8653: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8628: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8551: 8541: 8517: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8485: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8444: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8395: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8338: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8281: 8264:(7): 1093–1110. 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8207: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8158: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8109: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8060: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8003: 7993: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7949:. Archived from 7939: 7933: 7932: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7822: 7812: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7763: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7693: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7644: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7595: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7379: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7322: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7235: 7226: 7215: 7214: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7151: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7047:Confronting AIDS 7041: 7035: 7034: 7033:. 21 March 1987. 7023: 7017: 7016: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6963: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6871: 6862: 6861: 6843: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6802: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6723: 6712: 6711: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6579: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6542: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6400: 6390: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6349: 6339: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6290: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6232:(44): 40847–57. 6217: 6211: 6210: 6200: 6168: 6157: 6156: 6138: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6097: 6080:(11): CD006495. 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6017: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5951:(6086): 1321–5. 5936: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5734: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5670: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5591: 5567: 5556: 5555: 5530:(8): e438–e447. 5518: 5512: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5484: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5295: 5284: 5283: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5206:on 14 April 2014 5202:. Archived from 5191: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5126:on 16 April 2014 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5047: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4929:(13): 1397–405. 4914: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4796: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4706: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4629: 4619: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4575: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4524: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4317: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4126:(12): CD004246. 4111: 4105: 4104: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4051: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4002: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3920: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3879: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3756: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3650: 3633: 3632: 3619: 3595: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3564: 3553: 3552: 3542: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3493: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3379: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3333: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3255: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3112: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3063: 3031: 3022: 3021: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2810: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2727:on 13 April 2014 2711: 2705: 2704: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2653:. Archived from 2632: 2626: 2625: 2615: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2556: 2547: 2546: 2520: 2503:(5255): 1582–6. 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2376:Antiviral Agents 2367: 2361: 2360: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2322: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2192: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2117: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2073: 2049: 2034: 2033: 2026: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1981:on 26 March 2005 1977:. Archived from 1967: 1956: 1955: 1945: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1822: 1813: 1812: 1802: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1742: 1689:health disparity 1623:Scripps Research 1548:white blood cell 1435:Viral reservoirs 1340:digital computer 1226:mucous membranes 1039:Anthony S. Fauci 950:treatment. In a 821:viral reservoirs 693:("backbone")+ a 432:standard of care 136:Entry inhibitors 131:Entry inhibitors 100:viral resistance 21: 11308: 11307: 11303: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11261: 11259: 11251: 11249: 11244: 11243: 11231: 11216:Clinical trials 11191: 11142:Dexelvucitabine 11110: 11101:Tre recombinase 11004: 10986: 10968: 10964:Tat antagonists 10950: 10924: 10903: 10736: 10691: 10677:Efavirenz (EFV) 10656: 10648: 10577:Stavudine (d4T) 10538: 10526: 10515: 10500:Darunavir (DRV) 10482: 10473:Ritonavir (RTV) 10463:Lopinavir (LPV) 10458:Indinavir (IDV) 10427: 10419: 10391: 10349: 10341: 10295:Maraviroc (MVC) 10263: 10255: 10237: 10222:Antiviral drugs 10219: 10189: 10184: 10162: 10136: 10084: 10056: 9997: 9969: 9915:Myanmar (Burma) 9804: 9652: 9638:Day Without Art 9584:The Global Fund 9512: 9441:Economic impact 9397: 9329: 9233: 9185:pathophysiology 9121: 9111: 9073: 9031: 9029:Further reading 9026: 9025: 9017: 9013: 9012: 9008: 8977:(3): CD010806. 8963: 8959: 8920: 8913: 8882: 8875: 8830: 8823: 8794:The Lancet. HIV 8786: 8779: 8769: 8767: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8704: 8700: 8661: 8657: 8646: 8642: 8597: 8593: 8583: 8581: 8579:www.scripps.edu 8573: 8572: 8565: 8518: 8509: 8462: 8458: 8413: 8409: 8356: 8352: 8299: 8295: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8232:hivinfo.nih.gov 8226: 8225: 8221: 8176: 8172: 8127: 8123: 8078: 8074: 8021: 8017: 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7897: 7893: 7854:(7408): 482–5. 7840: 7836: 7781: 7777: 7746:(19): 1828–35. 7732: 7728: 7711: 7707: 7682:10.1038/nm.1972 7670:Nature Medicine 7662: 7658: 7613: 7609: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7516: 7512: 7502: 7500: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7444: 7442: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7416: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7348: 7344: 7299: 7295: 7285: 7283: 7273: 7269: 7233: 7227: 7218: 7205: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7128: 7124: 7085: 7081: 7066: 7042: 7038: 7025: 7024: 7020: 6991:(10): 1163–75. 6981: 6977: 6940: 6936: 6913: 6909: 6872: 6865: 6820: 6816: 6793:(21): 1485–90. 6779: 6775: 6724: 6715: 6683: 6679: 6648: 6644: 6605: 6601: 6560: 6556: 6511: 6507: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6418: 6414: 6367: 6363: 6308: 6304: 6259: 6255: 6218: 6214: 6169: 6160: 6115: 6111: 6066: 6062: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6008:(6): e1004198. 5994: 5990: 5937: 5933: 5888: 5884: 5852: 5848: 5817:(12): 1867–76. 5803: 5799: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5735: 5731: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5615: 5568: 5559: 5524:The Lancet. HIV 5519: 5515: 5501: 5499: 5485: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5415:The Lancet. HIV 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5381: 5377: 5340: 5336: 5296: 5287: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5188: 5157:(18): 1715–25. 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5016: 5012: 4981:(1): CD008525. 4967: 4960: 4915: 4908: 4877:(16): 2469–79. 4863: 4859: 4822: 4818: 4773: 4769: 4738:(8): 1193–202. 4724: 4720: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4596: 4589: 4552: 4548: 4501: 4497: 4452: 4448: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4345: 4341: 4294: 4290: 4245: 4241: 4210:(10): 5409–13. 4196: 4192: 4185: 4169: 4168: 4157: 4112: 4108: 4069: 4065: 4020: 4016: 3979: 3975: 3952:(11): 2626–31. 3938: 3934: 3897: 3893: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3782: 3778: 3747:(14): 1957–63. 3733: 3726: 3697:(22): 2283–96. 3686: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3652: 3651: 3636: 3596: 3587: 3573: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3556: 3511: 3507: 3462: 3458: 3413: 3409: 3377:10.1.1.567.3563 3359: 3355: 3310: 3306: 3295: 3293: 3281: 3280: 3269: 3238:(16): 2143–53. 3224: 3220: 3175: 3171: 3130: 3126: 3081: 3077: 3046:(18): 1815–26. 3032: 3025: 3018: 2992: 2988: 2949: 2945: 2911: 2907: 2870: 2863: 2828: 2824: 2793:(5): CD009818. 2779: 2775: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2669: 2662: 2633: 2629: 2592: 2588: 2557: 2550: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2426: 2419: 2394: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2343: 2336: 2291: 2284: 2245: 2241: 2210: 2206: 2161: 2157: 2118: 2097: 2050: 2037: 2027: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1969: 1968: 1959: 1914: 1910: 1870: 1866: 1823: 1816: 1793:(14): 1933–42. 1779: 1772: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1702: 1681: 1679:Food insecurity 1665: 1657:Freddie Mercury 1636: 1594:T-cell-mediated 1482: 1466: 1437: 1375:The so-called " 1373: 1364: 1356:regularly cited 1285: 1250: 1244: 1222: 1216: 1207: 1180: 1164: 1136:lactic acidosis 1124: 1116: 1114:Adverse effects 1101: 1093:salvage therapy 1076: 1074:Salvage therapy 1061: 993: 988: 965: 943: 910: 893: 885:Main articles: 883: 837: 816: 814:Acute infection 811: 787:cytochrome p450 687: 677:+ lamivudine + 670: 638: 618: 556: 542:(Rekambys) and 503: 498: 476: 362: 310: 270: 234:allosteric site 227: 172: 133: 112: 60:, and prevents 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11306: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11270: 11269: 11246: 11245: 11230: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11224: 11213: 11207: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10996: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10978: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10960: 10958: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10948: 10941: 10939: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10915:Cobicistat (c) 10911: 10909: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10798: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10699: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10664: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10557:Abacavir (ABC) 10543: 10541: 10537:Nucleoside and 10530: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10497: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10444: 10442: 10435: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10401: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10353: 10351: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10327: 10311: 10297: 10286: 10273: 10271: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10247: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10218: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10195: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10098: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9983:United Kingdom 9979: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9814: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9671: 9669: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9616: 9611: 9601: 9596: 9594:YAA/Youthforce 9591: 9589:World AIDS Day 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9411: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9373:Berlin Patient 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9343: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9290:Superinfection 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9270:Cardiomyopathy 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9222:Teens / Adults 9219: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9110: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9072: 9071:External links 9069: 9068: 9067: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9006: 8957: 8911: 8873: 8821: 8777: 8756:"Constitution" 8747: 8718:(7295): 1143. 8698: 8665:Health Affairs 8655: 8640: 8611:(3): 499–514. 8591: 8563: 8507: 8456: 8427:(1): 635–659. 8407: 8350: 8293: 8244: 8219: 8170: 8141:(4): 261–279. 8121: 8092:(4): 582–608. 8072: 8015: 7964: 7953:on 1 June 2016 7934: 7891: 7834: 7775: 7726: 7705: 7676:(8): 893–900. 7656: 7627:(4): 363–365. 7607: 7566: 7538: 7510: 7484: 7452: 7426: 7400: 7391: 7362:(10): 901–10. 7342: 7293: 7267: 7216: 7196: 7171: 7142:(11): 725–33. 7122: 7079: 7064: 7036: 7031:New York Times 7018: 6975: 6934: 6907: 6863: 6814: 6773: 6744:10.1086/672271 6713: 6694:(12): 1451–8. 6677: 6642: 6599: 6554: 6505: 6462: 6453: 6432:(4): 213–220. 6412: 6361: 6302: 6253: 6212: 6158: 6109: 6060: 6039: 6002:PLOS Pathogens 5988: 5931: 5902:(2): 391–405. 5882: 5869:10.1086/695852 5846: 5797: 5761: 5741:(3 May 2019). 5729: 5692: 5638: 5613: 5557: 5513: 5472: 5442: 5401: 5375: 5354:(7): 797–804. 5334: 5307:(4): 387–402. 5285: 5242: 5217: 5186: 5137: 5107: 5085: 5074:on 20 May 2006 5059: 5030:(9): 1035–46. 5010: 4958: 4906: 4857: 4816: 4767: 4718: 4695:10.1086/374273 4669: 4641: 4617:10.1086/427287 4587: 4566:(6): 394–402. 4546: 4495: 4466:(25): 2380–9. 4446: 4427:(10): 989–96. 4410: 4382: 4339: 4315:10.1086/590501 4288: 4239: 4190: 4183: 4155: 4106: 4063: 4014: 3973: 3932: 3918:10.1086/427212 3891: 3862:(7529): 1368. 3842: 3817: 3776: 3724: 3671: 3664: 3634: 3585: 3554: 3525:(6063): 1628. 3505: 3456: 3427:(6): 493–505. 3407: 3353: 3304: 3267: 3218: 3195:10.1086/597093 3169: 3124: 3095:(9): 795–807. 3075: 3023: 3016: 2986: 2943: 2905: 2861: 2822: 2773: 2738: 2706: 2660: 2627: 2586: 2561:Virus Research 2548: 2518:10.1.1.34.7762 2487: 2455: 2417: 2392: 2362: 2355: 2349:. Mediscript. 2334: 2282: 2239: 2220:(7): 1228–50. 2204: 2155: 2095: 2035: 1992: 1957: 1908: 1864: 1837:(5): 451–452. 1814: 1770: 1757:(3): 192–194. 1736: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1680: 1677: 1664: 1661: 1635: 1632: 1556:memory B cells 1528:viral envelope 1481: 1478: 1465: 1462: 1436: 1433: 1421:London Patient 1402:Berlin patient 1377:Berlin patient 1372: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1284: 1281: 1243: 1240: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1179: 1176: 1163: 1160: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1100: 1097: 1075: 1072: 1060: 1057: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 982: 979: 975: 972: 964: 961: 942: 939: 909: 906: 882: 881:Pregnant women 879: 867: 866: 856: 855: 836: 833: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 780: 779: 764: 749: 732: 725: 686: 683: 669: 666: 665: 664: 657: 656: 652: 649: 637: 634: 617: 614: 572:serodiscordant 565:clinical trial 555: 552: 502: 499: 497: 494: 475: 472: 361: 358: 309: 306: 269: 266: 226: 223: 171: 168: 132: 129: 111: 108: 66:serodiscordant 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11305: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11268: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11241: 11238: 11235: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11198: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11115:Failed agents 11113: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10983: 10982:Trichosanthin 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10931: 10927: 10921: 10920:Ritonavir (r) 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10906: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10813: 10810: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10522: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10501: 10498: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10394: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10291: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10240: 10235: 10231: 10228:used against 10227: 10223: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10204: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10094:South America 10091: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10051: 10050:New York City 10048: 10047: 10046: 10045:United States 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10003:North America 10000: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9478:Sex education 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9260:Lipodystrophy 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9101: 9096: 9094: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9064: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9047:(6): 823–42. 9046: 9042: 9038: 9033: 9032: 9016: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8916: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8892:(2): 245–61. 8891: 8887: 8880: 8878: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8844:(7): 651–72. 8843: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8826: 8817: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8800:(1): e32-40. 8799: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8782: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8559: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8503: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8470:Retrovirology 8467: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8248: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7978:Retrovirology 7975: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7907:(1): 355–71. 7906: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7542: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7201: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7095:(7): 633–42. 7094: 7090: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6886:(2): 136–50. 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6834:(4): 345–52. 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6738:(9): 875–92. 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6478:(1): 92–107. 6477: 6473: 6466: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6322:(8): e43803. 6321: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6273:(3): 716–23. 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6049: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863:(3): 328–37. 5862: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5725:NAM / AIDSmap 5722: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5510: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5413:. Editorial. 5412: 5405: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5125: 5121: 5120:The Raw Story 5117: 5111: 5095: 5089: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4911: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4836:(7): 684–91. 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4627:11577/2435265 4623: 4618: 4613: 4610:(3): 458–65. 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4592: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4308:(5): 687–93. 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4259:(3): 207–17. 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4034:(6): 865–72. 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3911:(3): 468–74. 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3796:(4): 410–25. 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3610:(2): 171–81. 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3370:(2): 117–21. 3369: 3365: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3189:(6): 787–94. 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3155:10044/1/41218 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140:(9): 808–22. 3139: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3017:9780822585817 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2884:(11): 734–9. 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567:(2): 415–29. 2566: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2393:9780124058804 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2326: 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1640: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586:naive B cells 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:spike protein 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1493:mRNA vaccines 1490: 1489:AIDS epidemic 1486: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1454:valproic acid 1451: 1447: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1414:HIV infection 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1394:gene knockout 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:sperm washing 1255: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1211: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1195:triglycerides 1192: 1191:lipodystrophy 1188: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:mitochondrial 1129: 1119: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:Drug holidays 1096: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1045:for the U.S. 1044: 1040: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1003: 997: 980: 976: 973: 970: 969: 968: 960: 957: 953: 948: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:liver disease 916: 915:heart disease 905: 901: 899: 892: 888: 878: 875: 870: 864: 861: 860: 859: 853: 852: 851: 848: 846: 841: 832: 830: 824: 822: 803: 799: 798: 797: 794: 792: 788: 783: 777: 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 733: 730: 726: 723: 719: 715: 714: 713: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 682: 680: 676: 662: 661: 660: 653: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 633: 631: 626: 624: 613: 609: 606: 602: 600: 594: 592: 588: 587: 582: 578: 577:control group 573: 569: 566: 562: 551: 547: 545: 541: 537: 532: 528: 524: 521: 517: 513: 507: 493: 490: 486: 482: 481:interleukin 2 471: 469: 465: 461: 453: 448: 444: 440: 438: 433: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 305: 303: 299: 295: 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This 1429:CRISPR/Cas9 1400:After the " 1322:that year. 1236:raltegravir 1193:, elevated 1152:lipoatrophy 931:hepatitis C 927:hepatitis B 718:raltegravir 599:Chloe Orkin 540:rilpivirine 416:zalcitabine 298:bictegravir 285:raltegravir 281:integration 258:rilpivirine 144:enfuvirtide 11277:Categories 11167:Lodenosine 11147:Droxinavir 11132:Brecanavir 11127:Atevirdine 11091:Seliciclib 11086:Scytovirin 11000:Elipovimab 10945:TRIM5alpha 10622:Stampidine 10527:inhibitors 10511:TMC-310911 10410:BMS-955176 10308:Leronlimab 10300:Vicriviroc 9865:East Timor 9838:Bangladesh 9828:Azerbaijan 9750:Mozambique 9735:Madagascar 9468:Red ribbon 9310:Serostatus 9238:Conditions 9190:prevention 9180:management 9138:Lentivirus 8532:(2): 134. 7957:27 October 5389:HIV i-Base 5226:"Stribild" 4515:(1): 469. 4079:: 144–50. 3835:20 October 3296:16 October 1985:27 October 1732:References 1596:immunity. 1552:antibodies 1504:SARS-CoV-2 1458:vorinostat 1406:Virologist 1332:retronymic 1293:zidovudine 1172:Nevirapine 1088:phenotypic 1026:The Lancet 1016:The Lancet 947:depression 845:nevirapine 802:lamivudine 791:Cobicistat 757:cobicistat 743:HLA-B*5701 739:lamivudine 679:nevirapine 636:Guidelines 561:viral load 424:lamivudine 412:didanosine 408:zidovudine 342:atazanavir 330:amprenavir 326:nelfinavir 254:etravirine 246:nevirapine 207:lamivudine 199:zidovudine 183:nucleotide 179:nucleoside 148:Ibalizumab 124:retrovirus 11222:Phase III 11210:Withdrawn 11187:Telinavir 11182:Palinavir 11177:Mozenavir 11157:Emivirine 11152:Lasinavir 11122:Aplaviroc 11051:Foscarnet 11031:Ceragenin 10592:Amdoxovir 10405:Bevirimat 10382:BI 224436 10148:Australia 10102:Argentina 10062:Caribbean 10040:Nicaragua 10030:Guatemala 9940:Sri Lanka 9875:Indonesia 9658:Locations 9599:"Free Me" 9325:Pregnancy 9320:Nutrition 9175:diagnosis 8476:(1): 70. 7553:USA Today 7262:205649442 7185:. hiv.gov 5329:205038135 3372:CiteSeerX 3000:USA Today 2513:CiteSeerX 2122:AIDS Care 2064:(1): 94. 1470:cytokines 1344:computing 1320:Vancouver 1316:indinavir 1314:, namely 1295:(AZT), a 1264:(IUI) or 1187:ritonavir 1168:efavirenz 1140:steatosis 772:darunavir 768:ritonavir 675:stavudine 589:gave the 516:indinavir 514:, namely 468:adherence 437:synergies 420:stavudine 389:mutations 350:bevirimat 338:Darunavir 334:ritonavir 322:indinavir 318:lopinavir 277:integrase 250:efavirenz 215:tenofovir 186:analogues 140:Maraviroc 18:AIDS drug 11267:Medicine 11172:Loviride 10117:Colombia 10035:Honduras 9950:Thailand 9925:Pakistan 9910:Malaysia 9848:Cambodia 9800:Zimbabwe 9780:Tanzania 9705:Ethiopia 9700:Eswatini 9685:Botswana 9574:Solidays 9473:Safe sex 9414:Religion 9358:Timeline 9280:Pruritus 9217:Children 9195:research 9170:HIV/AIDS 9148:subtypes 9063:15922953 9001:28291302 8952:13205040 8944:20650513 8906:17462800 8868:23591907 8816:26423814 8742:11348904 8693:12536749 8685:17848450 8635:32035643 8558:33562203 8526:Vaccines 8502:30326938 8451:27168247 8402:21998254 8345:23552890 8288:34242582 8214:28222903 8165:29326426 8116:21762802 8067:28302812 8010:16441880 7929:34104811 7921:23772631 7886:22837004 7829:20186346 7789:PLOS ONE 7770:24152233 7700:19543283 7651:25796552 7602:26670276 7586:: e268. 7386:24597865 7337:14905671 7329:19213682 7286:12 April 7254:24636252 7238:Virology 7166:24043435 7117:20023137 7074:25032454 7013:46624541 7005:20954881 6970:17107974 6902:23146867 6858:22980353 6850:11114835 6768:17032413 6760:23917901 6637:29497910 6629:22886031 6586:17525691 6549:24008177 6500:17275868 6448:24322381 6407:23749950 6356:22970105 6316:PLOS ONE 6297:11850253 6248:11526116 6207:16890836 6153:33402816 6145:10846593 6104:30411789 6053:13 April 6034:24968145 5983:22674331 5926:26850658 5896:Immunity 5877:19123868 5841:20467286 5739:Devlin H 5721:abstract 5687:27424812 5647:Cohen MS 5608:31056293 5552:51702998 5544:30025681 5459:Archived 5457:. 2019. 5437:29096785 5370:10357378 5321:22820792 5235:11 April 5210:11 April 5200:AIDSMeds 5181:24171517 5100:12 April 5078:11 April 5054:19381075 5005:29355886 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