Working time - Knowledge

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referred to as the Aubry Law, according to the name of the Labor Minister at that time. Employees may (and do) work more than 35 hours a week, yet in this case firms must pay them overtime bonuses. If the bonus is determined through collective negotiations, it cannot be lower than 10%. If no agreement on working time is signed, the legal bonus must be of 25% for the first 8 hours, then goes up to 50% for the rest. Including overtime, the maximum working time cannot exceed 48 hours per week, and should not exceed 44 hours per week over 12 weeks in a row. In France the labor law also regulates the minimum working hours: part-time jobs should not allow for less than 24 hours per week without a branch collective agreement. These agreements can allow for less, under tight conditions. According to the official statistics (DARES), after the introduction of the law on working time reduction, actual hours per week performed by full-time employed, fell from 39.6 hours in 1999, to a trough of 37.7 hours in 2002, then gradually went back to 39.1 hours in 2005. In 2016 working hours were of 39.1.

159: 3505:, but does not support a legislation to regulate working hours limit. They believe "standard working hours" is not the best way to achieve work–life balance and the root cause of the long working hours in Hong Kong is due to insufficient labor supply. The managing director of Century Environmental Services Group, Catherine Yan, said "Employees may want to work more to obtain a higher salary due to financial reasons. If standard working hour legislation is passed, employers will need to pay a higher salary to employees, and hence the employers may choose to segment work tasks to employer more part time employees instead of providing overtime pay to employees." She thinks this will lead to a situation that the employees may need to find two part-time jobs to earn their living, making them wasting more time on transportation from one job to another. 3473:, while the global and regional average were 1,915 and 2,154 hours per year respectively, the average working hours in Hong Kong is 2,296 hours per year, which ranked the fifth longest yearly working hours among 72 countries under study. In addition, from the survey conducted by the Public Opinion Study Group of the University of Hong Kong, 79% of the respondents agree that the problem of overtime work in Hong Kong is "severe", and 65% of the respondents support the legislation on the maximum working hours. In Hong Kong, 70% of surveyed do not receive any overtime remuneration. These show that people in Hong Kong concerns the working time issues. As Hong Kong implemented the minimum wage law in May 2011, the Chief Executive, 145: 4960: 3426:

workers. Japan has enacted an 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week (44 hours in specified workplaces). The overtime limits are: 15 hours a week, 27 hours over two weeks, 43 hours over four weeks, 45 hours a month, 81 hours over two months and 120 hours over three months; however, some workers get around these restrictions by working several hours a day without 'clocking in' whether physically or metaphorically. The overtime allowance should not be lower than 125% and not more than 150% of the normal hourly rate. Workaholism in Japan is considered a serious social problem leading to early death, a phenomenon dubbed

3653:, believes that standard working hours cannot deliver "work–life balance". He referenced the research to the US by the University of California, Los Angeles in 1999 and pointed out that in the industries and regions in which the wage elasticity is low, the effects of standard working hours on lowering actual working time and increasing wages is limited: for regions where the labor supply is inadequate, standard working hours can protect employees' benefits yet cause unemployment; but for regions (such as Japan) where the problem does not exist, standard working hours would only lead to unemployment. 3410: 3630:

experience of practicing standard working hours in selected regions, current work hour situations in different industries, and the impact assessment of standard working hours. Also, Matthew Cheung mentioned that the government will form a select committee by first quarter of 2013, which will include government officials, representative of labor unions and employers' associations, academics and community leaders, to investigate the related issues. He also said that it would "perhaps be unrealistic" to put forward a bill for standard working hours in the next one to two years.

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not spend any time at work) remained stable at between 27 and 28 hours per week. This unchanging average, however, masks a significant redistribution of work from men to women. Between 1974 and 1997, the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australian men fell from 45 to 36 hours per week, while the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australian women rose from 12 to 19 hours per week. In the period leading up to 1997, the amount of time Australian workers spent at work outside the hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays also increased.

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worker is less than 44 hours every alternate week, the 44-hour weekly limit may be exceeded in the other week. However, this is subject to the pre-specification in the service contract, and the maximum should not exceed 48 hours per week or 88 hours in any consecutive two week period. In addition, a shift worker can work up to 12 hours a day, provided that the average working hours per week do not exceed 44 over a consecutive three-week period. The overtime allowance per overtime hour must not be less than 1.5 times the employee's hourly basic rates.

948: 172: 4769: 4790: 3646:, has said that introducing standard working hours could avoid excessively long working hours of employees. He also said that nowadays Hong Kong attains almost full employment, has a high rental price and severe inflation, recently implemented minimum wage, and is affected by a gloomy global economy; he also mentioned that comprehensive considerations on macroeconomic situations are needed, and emphasized that it is perhaps inappropriate to adopt working-time regulation as exemplified in other countries to Hong Kong. 3323: 9088: 3858: 1063: 832:(or normal working hours) refers to the legislation to limit the working hours per day, per week, per month or per year. The employer pays higher rates for overtime hours as required in the law. Standard working hours of countries worldwide are around 40 to 44 hours per week (but not everywhere: from 35 hours per week in France to up to 105 hours per week in North Korean labor camps) and the additional overtime payments are around 25% to 50% above the normal hourly payments. 905: 936: 3360:

debate with many male CEO's strongly supporting 70-hour workweeks to boost productivity and cover losses due to the Corona Pandemic. A 70-hour workweek translates to working approximately 12 hours a day, for six days a week, a phenomenon unofficially occurring in the IT industry. Women in all workplaces are at risk of overwork despite the existence of work laws. Many women already worked much more than 70 hours a week - at both the office and their homes.

43: 204: 3453:, with the state media reporting in 2014 that 600,000 people were dying suddenly annually, some of them were dying from overwork. Despite this, work hours have reportedly been falling for about three decades due to rising productivity, better labor laws, and the spread of the two-day weekend. The trend has affected both factories and white-collar companies that have been responding to growing demands for easier work schedules. 4034: 3947:

generally called "exempt" positions, because they are exempt from federal and state laws that mandate extra pay for extra time worked. The rules are complex, but generally exempt workers are executives, professionals, or sales staff. For example, school teachers are not paid extra for working extra hours. Business owners and independent contractors are considered self-employed, and none of these laws apply to them.

3660:, believed that standard working hours may not lower work time but increase unemployment. He used Japan as an example to illustrate that the implementation of standard working hours lowered productivity per head and demotivated the economy. He also said that even if the standard working hours can shorten employees' weekly working hours, they may need to work for more years to earn sufficient amount of money for 3460:, as it is known, is where employees work from 09:00 to 21:00, six days a week, excluding two hours of lunch & nap during the noon and one hour of supper in the evening. Alibaba founder Jack (Yun) Ma, and JD.Com founder Richard (Qiangdong) Liu both praise the 996 schedule, saying such a schedule has helped Chinese tech giants like Alibaba and Tencent grow to become what they are today. 5641: 3571:(DAB), believed that standard working hours were a labor policy and was not related to family-friendly policies. The Vice President of Young DAB, Wai-hung Chan, stated that standard working hours would bring limitations to small and medium enterprises. He thought that the government should discuss the topic with the public more before legislating standard working hours. 3481:

different sectors, and (3) estimation of the possible impact of introducing standard working hour in Hong Kong. Under the selected parameters, from most loosen to most stringent, the estimated increase in labour cost vary from 1.1 billion to 55 billion HKD, and affect 957,100 (36.7% of total employees) to 2,378,900 (91.1% of total) employees.

5638: 3642:, has noted that professions such as nursing and accountancy have long working hours and that this may affect people's social life. He believes that standard working hours could help to give Hong Kong more family-friendly workplaces and to increase fertility rates. Randy Chiu, Professor of the Department of Management of 3723:(which have an opt-out, meaning that employees in Malta may work longer than 48 hours if they wish, but they cannot be forced to do so). A major reason for the lower annual hours worked in Europe is a relatively high amount of paid annual leave. Fixed employment comes with four to six weeks of holiday as standard. 3774:

the discretion of the employer (as of July 2024, the work-week is 46 hours). Also, the law notes that workdays should be divided into 2 sections to allow a break, usually given as the meal time which is not counted as work. Typically, there is a 2-hours break for lunch that starts from 12:00 through 13:00.

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In Australia, between 1974 and 1997 no marked change took place in the average amount of time spent at work by Australians of "prime working age" (that is, between 25 and 54 years of age). Throughout this period, the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australians (including those who did

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period most workers had two jobs to be able to sustain their families. Following this tradition, in small and medium-sized cities, restaurants and businesses shut down during this time period of 2-5 for retail and 4-8 for restaurants. Many office jobs only allow one hour or even a half hour breaks to

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Working hours are regulated by law. Mandatory logging of employee working time has been in place since 2019 in an attempt by legislators to eliminate unpaid overtime and push for more transparency of actual working hours. Non-regulated pauses during the workday for coffee or smoking are not permitted

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approved a bill for the reduction of the work-week, from 48 to 42 hours, which will be implemented in several stages, from 2023 to 2026. In accordance with it, articles 161 to 167 of the Substantive Work Code in Colombia provide for a maximum of 42 hours of work a week, distributed in 5 or 6 days, at

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recently stated, “Somehow our youth have the habit of taking not-so-desirable habits from the West. My request is that our youngsters must say – ‘This is my country. I want to work 70 hours a week’. This is exactly what the Germans and Japanese did after the Second World War”. This sparked a national

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estimated that globally in 2016 one in ten workers were exposed to working 55 or more hours per week and 745,000 persons died as a result of having a heart disease event or a stroke attributable to having worked these long hours, making exposure to long working hours the occupational risk factor with

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report issued May 2002, "In 1950, the overall participation rate of women was 34 percent. ... The rate rose to 38 percent in 1960, 43 percent in 1970, 52 percent in 1980, and 58 percent in 1990 and reached 60 percent by 2000. The overall labor force participation rate of women is projected to attain

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In 2016, the average man employed full-time worked 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time worked 7.8 hours per work day. There is no mandatory minimum amount of paid time off for sickness or holiday but the majority of full-time civilian workers have access to paid vacation

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has already received the government report on working hours in June, and the Labour Advisory Board and the LegCo's Manpower Panel will receive the report in late November and December respectively. On 26 November 2012, the Labour Department released the report, and the report covered the regimes and

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Most countries in the developed world have seen average hours worked decrease significantly. For example, in the U.S in the late 19th century it was estimated that the average work week was over 60 hours per week. Today the average hours worked in the U.S. is around 33, with the average man employed

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In 2009, a rapid increase in the number of working hours was reported in a study by The Australia Institute. The study found the average Australian worked 1855 hours per year at work. According to Clive Hamilton of The Australia Institute, this surpasses even Japan. The Australia Institute believes

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has an 8-hour normal work day (9 hours including lunchtime), a 45-hour normal working week, and a maximum 48-hour work week. If the employee works no more than five days a week, the employee's normal working day is 9 hours and the working week is 44 hours. Also, if the number of hours worked by the

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On 26 November 2012, the Labour Department of the HKSAR released the "Report of the policy study on standard working hours". The report covers three major areas, including: (1) the regimes and experience of other places in regulating working hours, (2) latest working time situations of employees in

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per week. Working time may vary from person to person, often depending on economic conditions, location, culture, lifestyle choice, and the profitability of the individual's livelihood. For example, someone who is supporting children and paying a large mortgage might need to work more hours to meet

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In all, the adults of the Dobe camp worked about two and a half days a week. Because the average working day was about six hours long, the fact emerges that !Kung Bushmen of Dobe, despite their harsh environment, devote from twelve to nineteen hours a week to getting food. Even the hardest working

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time, which introduced the mandatory forty-hour, five-day working week in 2004 for companies with over 1,000 employees. Beyond regular working hours, it is legal to demand up to 12 hours of overtime during the week, plus another 16 hours on weekends. The 40-hour workweek expanded to companies with

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Many professional workers put in longer hours than the forty-hour standard. In professional industries like investment banking and large law firms, a forty-hour workweek is considered inadequate and may result in job loss or failure to be promoted. Medical residents in the United States routinely

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The majority of full-time employees in Australia work additional overtime hours. A 2015 survey found that of Australia's 7.7 million full-time workers, 5 million put in more than 40 hours a week, including 1.4 million who worked more than 50 hours a week and 270,000 who put in more

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According to a study conducted jointly by the Business, Economic and Public Affairs Research Centre and Enterprise and Social Development Research Centre of Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 16% surveyed companies believe that a standard working hours policy can be considered, and 55% surveyed think

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believes that it is so difficult to implement standard working hours that apply "across-the-board", specifically, to accountants and barristers. In addition, he believes that standard working hours may decrease individual employees' working hours and would not increase their actual income. It may

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are decreasing, but many Japanese still work long hours. Recently, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) issued a draft report recommending major changes to the regulations that govern working hours. The centerpiece of the proposal is an exemption from overtime pay for white-collar

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Under most circumstances, wage earners and lower-level employees may be legally required by an employer to work more than forty hours in a week; however, they are paid extra for the additional work. Many salaried workers and commission-paid sales staff are not covered by overtime laws. These are

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have argued that reduced work hours would increase consumption and invigorate the economy. However, other articles state that consumption would decrease, which could reduce the environmental impact. Other arguments for the four-day week include improvements to workers' level of education (due to

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In terms of manpower, our present defense targets will require an increase of nearly one million men and women in the armed forces within a few months, and probably not less than four million more in defense production by the end of the year. This means that an additional 8 percent of our labor

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had inaugurated the 40-hour work week for all federal employees. Beginning in 1950, under the Truman Administration, the United States became the first known industrialized nation to explicitly (albeit secretly) and permanently forswear a reduction of working time. Given the military-industrial

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Hong Kong Catholic Commission For Labour Affairs urges the government to legislate the standard working hours in Hong Kong, and suggests a 44 hours standard, 54 hours maximum working hours in a week. The organization thinks that long working time adversely affects the family and social life and

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of northern Brazil. These studies expanded the definition of work beyond purely hunting-gathering activities, but the overall average across the hunter-gatherer societies he studied was still below 4.86 hours, while the maximum was below 8 hours. Popular perception is still aligned with the old

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band worked ceaselessly in an unremitting search for sustenance. Such a dramatic picture might appear confirmed by an erroneous theory almost everyone recalls from schooldays: A high culture emerges only when the people have the leisure to build pyramids or to create art. The fact is that high

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France experimented in 2000 with a sharp cut of legal or statutory working time of the employees in the private and public sector from 39 hours a week to 35 hours a week, with the stated goal to fight against rampant unemployment at that time. The Law 2000–37 on working time reduction is also

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The maximum working week in the United Kingdom is 48 hours a week on average, which is typically averaged over 17 weeks. Workers have the choice of opting out of the 48-maximum week. There also exceptions to the maximum working week including – but not limited to – being in the armed forces,

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Between 1950 and 2007 official price inflation was measured to 861 percent. President Truman, in his 1951 message to Congress, predicted correctly that his military buildup "will cause intense and mounting inflationary pressures." Using the data provided by the United States Bureau of Labor

3610:, Jeffery Lam, believes that standard working hours would adversely affect productivity, tense the employer-employee relationship, and increase the pressure faced by businesses who suffer from inadequate workers. He does not support the regulation on working hours at its current situation. 3886:

force, and possibly much more, will be required by direct defense needs by the end of the year. These manpower needs will call both for increasing our labor force by reducing unemployment and drawing in women and older workers, and for lengthening hours of work in essential industries.

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proposed the motion "That is the Council urges the Government to introduce a bill on the regulation of working hours within this legislative session, the contents of which must include the number of standard weekly hours and overtime pay". As the motion was not passed by both

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300 employees or more in 2005, 100 employees or more in 2006, 50 or more in 2007, 20 or more in 2008 and a full inclusion to all workers nationwide in July 2011. The government has continuously increased public holidays to 16 days in 2013, more than the 10 days of the

983:, there was a financial incentive for a company to maximize the return on expensive machinery by having long hours. Records indicate that work schedules as long as twelve to sixteen hours per day, six to seven days per week were practiced in some industrial sites. 4390:"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury" 821:

with lower housing costs. In developed countries like the United Kingdom, some workers are part-time because they are unable to find full-time work, but many choose reduced work hours to care for children or other family; some choose it simply to increase

3671:, pointed out that "as different employees perform various jobs and under different degrees of pressures, it may not be appropriate to establish standard working hours in Hong Kong"; and he proposed a 50-hour maximum work week to protect workers' health. 1251:

during these hours to take orders from the bosses, hence the relationship between this phrase and subordination. Workplace hours have become more flexible, but the phrase is still commonly used even in situations where the term does not apply literally.

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Statistics, Erik Rauch has estimated productivity to have increased by nearly 400%. According to Rauch, "if productivity means anything at all, a worker should be able to earn the same standard of living as a 1950 worker in only 11 hours per week."

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Lunch breaks are one hour and are not usually counted as work. A typical work schedule is 8:00 or 9:00–12:00, 13:00–18:00. In larger cities, workers eat lunch on or near their work site, while some workers in smaller cities may go home for lunch.

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has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard work week to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time. Bill Schaninger writing for

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In the United States, the working time for upper-income professionals has increased compared to 1965, while total annual working time for low-skill, low-income workers has decreased. This effect is sometimes called the "leisure gap".

3956:, or 1.5 times the worker's base wage, for each hour of work past forty. California also applies this rule to work in excess of eight hours per day, but exemptions and exceptions significantly limit the applicability of this law. 1040:

Economic growth in monetary terms tends to be concentrated in health care, education, government, criminal justice, corrections, and other activities rather than those that contribute directly to the production of material goods.

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The main labor law in Spain, the Workers' Statute Act, limits the amount of working time that an employee is obliged to perform. In the Article 34 of this law, a maximum of 9 hours per day and 40 hours per week are established.

3364:, a 26-year old a young Chartered Accountant (CA) from Kerala, had started working in the E&Y Pune office on 18th March 2024, but her premature death within 4 months on 20th July 2024 due to stress caused by overwork, 3877:(NSC-68) proposed the US government undertake a massive permanent national economic expansion that would let it "siphon off" a part of the economic activity produced to support an ongoing military buildup to contain the 3897:

As President Truman's 1951 message had predicted, the share of working women rose from 30 percent of the labor force in 1950 to 47 percent by 2000 – growing at a particularly rapid rate during the 1970s. According to a

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payment schemes. Wage earners are compensated on a per-hour basis, whereas salaried workers are compensated on a per-week or per-job basis, and commission workers get paid according to how much they produce or sell.

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Hong Kong has no legislation regarding maximum and normal working hours. The average weekly working hours of full-time employees in Hong Kong is 49 hours. According to the Price and Earnings Report 2012 conducted by

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suggested a standard 44-hour work week with overtime pay of 1.5 times the usual pay. It believes the regulation of standard working hour can prevent the employers to force employees to work (overtime) without pay.

3761: (OECD). Indeed, private sector employees often work overtime without receiving overtime compensation. Fear of unemployment and threats by employers explain in part why the 48-hour work week is disregarded. 3585:

believed regulating working hours could help achieve a work–life balance. It suggests an 8-hour work day, a 44-hour standard work week, a 60-hour maximum work week and an overtime pay of 1.5 times the usual pay.

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has a 44-hour work week, normally 8 hours per day and 4 hours on Saturday or 8.8 hours per day. Jobs with no meal breaks or on-duty meal breaks are 6 hours per day. Public servants work 40 hours per week.

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has, in theory, offered protection to labour rights. However, the average office worker, women and the IT sector are unofficially forced to work overtime without overtime pay. The software billionaire CEO

3790:, which stipulates that different regulations and laws regarding employee work week and wage apply based on the type of job. Overall they rank as the 13th highest in regard to international GDP growth. 1099:, have argued that a 15-hour work week is reachable by 2030 and British sociologist Peter Fleming has proposed a three-day work-week. Actual work week lengths have been falling in the developed world. 7077: 3596:

thought that it is possible to set work hour limit for all industries; and the regulation on working hours can ensure the overtime payment by employers to employees, and protect employees' health.

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Lee, Sangheon, Deirdre McCann and Jon C. Messenger, (2007), "Working Time Around the World'. Trends in working hours, laws and policies in a global comparative perspective". London: ILO/Routledge.

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In 2018, Taiwan had the world's 4th longest work hour and 2nd in Asia, with the average number of work hours hit 2,033 hours. There had been reduction in the work hours by 122 from 2008 to 2018.

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Over the 20th century, work hours shortened by almost half, partly due to rising wages brought about by renewed economic growth and competition for skilled workers, with a supporting role from

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its highest level in 2010, at 62 percent." The inclusion of women in the work force can be seen as symbolic of social progress as well as of increasing American productivity and hours worked.

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for companies to limit working time, but makes these additional hours more desirable for the worker. It is not uncommon for overtime hours to be accepted voluntarily by wage-earning workers.

4257: 1033:, permitting standards of living to rise as hours decline. In developed economies, as the time needed to manufacture goods has declined, more working hours have become available to provide 5265: 3493:

health of employees; it also indicates that the current Employment Ordinance does not regulate overtime pays, working time limits nor rest day pays, which can protect employees rights.

5290: 3963:, or twice the base rate, for each hour of work past 60, or each hour of work past 12 in one day in California, also subject to numerous exemptions and exceptions. This provides an 3813:

However, one of the interesting aspects of the Spanish work day and labor is the traditional presence of a break around lunchtime. It is sometimes mistakenly thought to be due to

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and weaken competitiveness of businesses. He believes that the government can encourage employers to pay overtime salary, and there is no need to regulate standard working hours.

3817:, but in fact was due to workers returning to their families for the main midday meal. That break, typically of 1 or 2 hours, has been kept in the working culture because in the 4603: 3825:

A majority of adults emphasize the lack of a siesta during the typical work week. Only one in ten Spaniards take a mid-day nap, a percentage less than other European nations.

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in 2000. In 1995, China adopted a 40-hour week, eliminating half-day work on Saturdays (though this is not widely practiced). Working hours in industrializing economies like

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having extra time to take classes and courses) and improvements to workers' health (less work-related stress and extra time for exercise). Reduced hours also save money on

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full-time for 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time for 7.9 hours per work day. The front runners for lowest average weekly work hours are the

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Employer representative in the Labour Advisory Board, Stanley Lau, said that standard working hours will completely alter the business environment of Hong Kong, affect

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was estimated to work two-and-a-half days per week, at around 6 hours a day. Aggregated comparisons show that on average the working day was less than five hours.

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Employees typically receive either 12 or 14 payments per year, with approximately 21 days of vacation. According to Spanish law, Spain holds what is known as the

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suggested a 44-hour standard work week and compulsory overtime pay to help achieve the balance between work, rest and entertainment of people in Hong Kong.

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Lee, S.K. et al. 2012. Standard Working Hours or Flexible Working Hours – Policy alternatives to facilitate Work–Life Balance, Hong Kong: Ovis Press.

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Mexican laws mandate a maximum of 48 hours of work per week, but they are rarely observed or enforced due to loopholes in the law, the volatility of

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The structure of the work week varies considerably for different professions and cultures. Among salaried workers in the western world, the work

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civilization is hectic, and that primitive hunters and collectors of wild food, like the Shoshone, are among the most leisured people on earth.

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individual in the camp, a man named =oma who went out hunting on sixteen of the 28 days, spent a maximum of 32 hours a week in the food quest.

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suggests "to actively study setting weekly standard working hours at 44 hours to align with family-friendly policies" in LegCo Election 2012.

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refers to the maximum working hours of an employee. The employee cannot work more than the level specified in the maximum working hours law.

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Fagan, Colette, Ariane Hegewisch and Jane Pillinger, (2006), "Out of Time: why Britain needs a new approach to working time flexibility",

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made it possible for a larger segment of the population to work year-round, because this labor was not tied to the season and artificial

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Better Life Index, 4% of Spanish workers work more than 50 hours per week, compared to an average of 11% of workers in OECD countries.

5687: 8973: 6765: 5219: 4063: 468: 8817: 8379: 7494: 4961:"Gapminder World" graph of working hours per week plotted against purchasing power- and inflation-adjusted GDP per capita over time 4685: 3401:'s 8 days. Despite those efforts, South Korea's work hours are still relatively long, with an average 1,874 hours per year in 2023 4388:

Pega, Frank; Nafradi, Balint; Momen, Natalie; Ujita, Yuka; Streicher, Kai; Prüss-Üstün, Annette; Technical Advisory Group (2021).

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Various sectors of the community show concerns about the standard working hours in Hong Kong. The points are summarized as below:

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often treat overtime as a desirable commodity when negotiating how these opportunities shall be partitioned among union members.

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The following list is the average annual hours worked by participants in the labor force of the OECD member states. As of 2022,

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The average working time of married couples – of both spouses taken together – rose from 56 hours in 1969 to 67 hours in 2000.

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Since 1 September 2022, the weekly work hour in Malaysia was reduced from 48 hours to 45 hours after it was promulgated in the

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Contensou, François and Radu Vranceanu, (2000), "Working Time. Theory and Policy Implications", Edward Elgar, Cheltelham, UK,

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Tradition and economic progress in Samoa: A case study of the role of traditional social institutions in economic development

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Man's Rise to Civilization As Shown by the Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial State

3509: 1003: 6199: 8874: 7762: 7244: 4205:"A New Index of Perceived Job Quality in 116 Countries: Associations with Working Hours and Other National Characteristics" 3557: 107: 5733: 5084: 5002: 4811: 1147:

costs and transportation, which in turn helps the environment with less carbon-related emissions. These benefits increase

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Workweek policies are not uniform in the U.S. Many compensation arrangements are legal, and three of the most common are

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McCarthy, Eugene J. and William McGaughey, (1989), "Nonfinancial Economics: The Case for Shorter Hours of Work", Praeger

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was the first country in the industrialized world where the overall average working week dropped to less than 30 hours.

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A 30-day vacation is mandated by law. Holidays vary by municipality with approximately 13 to 15 holidays per year.

3869: 3537: 3361: 1215:. Negatively used, it connotes a tedious or unremarkable occupation. The phrase also indicates that a person is an 609: 481: 332: 7092:"Take it or leave it: flexible working-time arrangements and the synchronization of business cycle and life cycle" 6766:"The Theory of the Leisure Class: An economic mystery: Why do the poor seem to have more free time than the rich?" 9106: 8186: 7014:(...) findings generally agree on an average of about 28-30 hours work per week for an adult male village worker. 5908: 5858: 761: 684: 6426: 5672: 5485: 5291:"After EY Pune CA Death, MNC Employee's X Post On Working 17 To 18 Hours, Attending 5 AM Meeting Draws Reaction" 3477:, of the Special Administrative Region pledged that the government will standardize working hours in Hong Kong. 9116: 8879: 8251: 8203: 7469: 7417: 5420: 5047: 4271: 3668: 3626: 382: 377: 64: 7182: 4163: 3384:, which is the result of the government's proactive move to lower working hours at all levels and to increase 93: 8967: 8859: 8271: 7819: 5176: 3742: 1192:

set aside as a time of personal work and leisure. Sunday is set aside in the western world because it is the

669: 60: 5521: 3372:

in India. Since the pandemic began, various Indian CEOs have repeatedly advocated this toxic work culture.

9048: 8221: 7272: 7091: 6470: 4579: 3575: 644: 7036:

Bunting, Madeleine, (2004), "Willing Slaves: How the Overwork Culture is Ruling Our Lives", HarperCollins.

998:

legislation. The workweek, in most of the industrialized world, dropped steadily, to about 40 hours after

9162: 9033: 8246: 5502: 4004: 3924: 3550: 3525: 144: 75: 6516:"The spectre of overwork: An analysis of trends between 1974 and 1997 using Australian time-use diaries" 5986: 5772: 4639: 4326: 3664:, i.e. delay their retirement age. The total working time over the course of a lifetime may not change. 8962: 8844: 8320: 7772: 7464: 7372: 5948: 5784: 4303: 3899: 3891: 1160: 864:

Since the 1960s, the consensus among anthropologists, historians, and sociologists has been that early

718: 654: 17: 5455: 793:

such as personal housework or caring for children or pets is not considered part of the working week.

9126: 9121: 8942: 8616: 8527: 8406: 7103: 6248: 4095: 4085: 3667:

In 2012, Lok-sang Ho, Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre for Public Policy Studies of

3622: 3546: 848: 674: 402: 342: 7206:

Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) resources on the UK Working Time Regulations

7172: 6367: 6302: 5874: 5069: 4983: 9131: 9101: 8792: 8594: 8353: 8310: 8276: 7777: 7767: 7449: 7237: 7051: 6471:"La Audiencia Nacional avala descontar del tiempo de trabajo las pausas para fumar o tomar un café" 3618: 3582: 1227:. More neutrally, it connotes a job with stable hours and low career risk, but still a position of 1087: 916: 649: 624: 352: 253: 5398: 5377: 9058: 8937: 8839: 8777: 8589: 8216: 8103: 8037: 7950: 6107: 4615: 4126: 4039: 3457: 3441: 3389: 1193: 1168: 1011: 892:

academic consensus that hunter-gatherers worked far in excess of modern humans' forty-hour week.

664: 193: 53: 7205: 8912: 8864: 8834: 8671: 8639: 8629: 8446: 8431: 8411: 8293: 8064: 8059: 7334: 6405: 4541: 4531: 4120: 3716: 1148: 1122: 1026:, though still much higher than the leading industrial countries, are also declining steadily. 840: 629: 599: 591: 362: 5266:"Average to poor work life balance: Indian IT sector employees forced to work 50 hours a week" 3540:

members in Hong Kong debated on the motion "legislation for the regulation of working hours".

3409: 9157: 9152: 8854: 8849: 8787: 8732: 8681: 8303: 7834: 7807: 7479: 7407: 7071: 6354: 6289: 5971: 5796: 3502: 1092: 991: 976: 960: 847:

have increased. In 1900, American workers worked 50% more than their counterparts today. The

659: 619: 604: 327: 233: 8922: 8698: 8651: 8471: 8466: 8241: 8236: 8211: 8151: 7995: 7975: 7927: 7797: 7712: 7550: 7094:(as part of the European Foundation project "Flexibility and Security over the lifecourse") 5626: 4706: 4660: 4497: 4401: 3894:, the average non-farm private sector employee worked 34.5 hours per week as of June 2012. 3770: 1179: 995: 708: 639: 458: 293: 263: 6648: 6316: 5399:"Yearly working hours for S. Koreans fall by 200, but remain far longer than OECD average" 100: 8: 8827: 8822: 8760: 8708: 8426: 8394: 8384: 8266: 8256: 7787: 7782: 7603: 7583: 7504: 7424: 7402: 7382: 7230: 6966: 5560:"China's work ethic stretches beyond '996' as tech companies feel the impact of slowdown" 5111: 4252: 1244: 1034: 754: 634: 288: 6945: 6925: 6743: 6669: 4405: 1203:

are 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday to Friday, representing a workweek of five

1095:

has put forward a similar proposal of a 20-hour workweek. Others, such as the historian

8927: 8891: 8755: 8644: 8624: 8497: 8461: 8348: 8330: 8261: 7897: 7757: 7737: 7692: 7593: 7578: 7107: 6997: 6538: 5057: 4537: 4424: 4389: 4350: 4105: 3802: 1103: 884: 537: 397: 5126: 4661:"Insee – Travail-Emploi – Soixante ans de réduction du temps de travail dans le monde" 947: 9038: 9018: 8750: 8715: 8547: 8441: 8421: 8340: 8193: 8128: 7802: 7752: 7727: 7687: 7682: 7613: 7459: 7217: 7201:

Explanation of Working Time Limits (48 hour week) in the UK and how the opt-out works

7147: 7122: 7099: 7081: 7058: 7040: 7003: 6970: 6562: 6542: 6065: 5333: 5311: 5244: 5085:"The Ecological Limits of Work: on carbon emissions, carbon budgets and working time" 5043: 4842: 4545: 4451: 4429: 4370: 4226: 4053: 3818: 3754: 3638:

Yip Siu-fai, Professor of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration of

3351: 3346: 728: 679: 614: 557: 367: 223: 7031:

21 Hours. Why a Shorter Working Week Can Help Us All to Flourish in the 21st Century

5833: 4852: 4835:

21 hours: Why a shorter working week can help us all to flourish in the 21st century

9008: 8797: 8765: 8725: 8720: 8517: 8507: 8325: 8156: 8113: 8086: 8081: 7935: 7902: 7892: 7742: 7670: 7474: 7412: 7392: 7377: 6719: 6534: 6530: 6342: 4501: 4482: 4419: 4409: 4362: 4216: 3607: 3326:

Average annual hours actually worked per worker in OECD countries from 1970 to 2020

1019: 873: 713: 703: 258: 6855: 6670:"Harry S. Truman: Annual Message to the Congress: The President's Economic Report" 6149: 171: 9068: 9003: 8812: 8782: 8770: 8634: 8532: 8399: 7732: 7499: 7302: 7277: 7267: 7212: 6882: 6690: 5930: 5884: 5843: 5806: 5645: 5312:"Shantanu Deshpande: Bombay Shaving Co CEO criticised for 18-hour workday advice" 5202:"What male CEOs like Narayana Murthy don't get about working women and the youth" 4573: 4511: 4456: 4414: 4115: 4090: 3952: 3719:

imposes a 48-hour maximum working week that applies to every member state except

3541: 3513: 3369: 3356: 865: 733: 547: 505: 427: 213: 6449:"Spain introduces new working hours law requiring employees to clock in and out" 6004: 5024: 1083:

countries, Germany had the lowest average working hours per week at 25.6 hours.

9053: 8802: 8703: 8656: 8358: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8017: 7945: 7702: 7660: 7344: 7312: 6620:"73 percent of all civilian workers had access to paid vacations in March 2016" 6515: 4748: 4000: 3712: 3649:

Lee Shu-Kam, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Finance of

3564: 3398: 1204: 1200: 1096: 839:

In advanced economies, working time has declined substantially over time while

814: 809: 747: 572: 567: 552: 515: 337: 183: 6905: 6875: 6789: 5942: 3521:

that it would be difficult to implement standard working hours in businesses.

3322: 9146: 9028: 8947: 8932: 8917: 8688: 8666: 8572: 8456: 8389: 8363: 8298: 8141: 8098: 8093: 7940: 7824: 7722: 7444: 7297: 7282: 6174: 5862: 5694: 5468: 5150: 4489: 4374: 4349:

Kopytov, Alexandr; Roussanov, Nikolai; Taschereau-Dumouchel, Mathieu (2023).

4230: 4073: 3866: 3857: 3589: 3394: 1224: 1139: 1114: 888: 818: 805: 497: 432: 392: 357: 283: 7194:, OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers n° 45, OECD, Paris. 6938: 5855: 5706: 5657: 5354: 3711:

In most European Union countries, working time is gradually decreasing. The

1102:

Factors that have contributed to lowering average work hours and increasing

9063: 9043: 9023: 9013: 8988: 8742: 8577: 8557: 8542: 8512: 8502: 8281: 8136: 8118: 8054: 8032: 7980: 7877: 7867: 7839: 7570: 7560: 7387: 7327: 7167: 6638:

California Assembly Concurrent Resolution 11, Cal. Resolutions 1946, Ch. 19

4568: 4493: 4433: 4221: 4204: 4110: 4100: 4048: 4011: 3878: 3688: 3474: 3365: 1240: 1220: 1062: 1057: 1030: 999: 987: 877: 801: 577: 542: 525: 422: 407: 372: 322: 317: 309: 243: 7134: 7126: 5658:

Oxfam Hong Kong releases survey on Minimum Wage and Standard Working Hours

4351:"Cheap Thrills: The Price of Leisure and the Global Decline in Work Hours" 3838:

that Australians work the highest number of hours in the developed world.

8676: 8599: 8567: 8027: 7970: 7588: 7545: 7520: 7489: 7484: 7439: 7364: 7354: 7339: 7292: 7130: 6346: 4724: 4331: 4298: 3968: 3600: 1228: 1072: 1045: 1023: 790: 786: 451: 278: 248: 228: 5761:

working hours could derail Hong Kong's economy, warns government adviser

4682:"Evolution de la durée du travail en France et dans le monde – Direccte" 3449:

Traditionally, Chinese have worked long hours, and this has led to many

935: 904: 8886: 8693: 8606: 8584: 8552: 8451: 8436: 8416: 8181: 8146: 8108: 8022: 7985: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7872: 7829: 7814: 7792: 7717: 7555: 7535: 7454: 7322: 7317: 7287: 7253: 6918: 6427:"Why Spanish employees may have to start clocking in and out once more" 4477: 3881:. In his 1951 Annual Message to the Congress, President Truman stated: 3822:

eat the meal in office building restaurants or designated lunch rooms.

3661: 3517:

also lead to an increase of number of part-timers in the labor market.

1269: 1212: 980: 869: 844: 723: 417: 412: 6087:"Working time limits (the 48-hour week) : Directgov – Employment" 4079: 4014:

work two-and-a-half days per week, rarely more than six hours per day.

3787: 3757:, and its underdevelopment relative to other members countries of the 3450: 3446:

China adopted a 40-hour week, eliminating half-day work on Saturdays.

3428: 9073: 8993: 8807: 8492: 7846: 7747: 7707: 7677: 7598: 7434: 7397: 3964: 3699: 1129: 940: 797: 532: 273: 268: 31: 7142:

McCann, Deirdre, (2005), "Working Time Laws: A global perspective",

6862: 4878:"Cut the working week to a maximum of 20 hours, urge top economists" 4348: 42: 8907: 7965: 7955: 7887: 7882: 7851: 7697: 7652: 7530: 7525: 7429: 7307: 6606:"The 38-hour week a rarity among full-time workers, new data shows" 4743: 4741: 4366: 3861:

Average annual hours worked by persons engaged in the United States

1261: 1216: 1189: 1164: 1144: 1118: 975:, and working time during the year increased significantly. Before 968: 964: 387: 27:

Period of time that an individual spends at paid occupational labor

5245:"NR Narayana Murthy: Why Indians are debating a 70-hour work week" 3741:

emergency services or police. This was established in 1998 by the

3656:

Francis Lui, Head and Professor of the Department of Economics of

3501:

Generally, business sector agrees that it is important to achieve

1134:

Dropping fertility rates leading to fewer children needing support

203: 8537: 8487: 8226: 8176: 7960: 7665: 7349: 7197:

Hart, Bob 'Working time and employment' Routledge Revivals, 2010.

6381: 5600:"China's JD.com Boss Criticises 'Slackers' as Company Makes Cuts" 5220:"India debate on 70-hour workweek: Illegal or road to greatness?" 3414: 3385: 1277: 1276:

ranked the highest In EU with 1886 average hours per year, while

1207:

comprising 40 hours in total. These are the origin of the phrase

1172: 1037:, resulting in a shift of much of the workforce between sectors. 1014:. The decline continued at a faster pace in Europe: for example, 972: 823: 562: 7057:

de Graaf, John, (2003), "Take Back Your Time", Berrett-Koehler,

4738: 4182:"Employment by sex and weekly hours actually worked (thousands)" 3569:

Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong

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Legislative Council Commission, HKSARG, retrieved on 2012-12-10

5775:

Legislative Council Commission, HKSARG, retrieved on 2012-12-10

3979: 3814: 1285: 1280:

ranked the lowest with 1340 average hours worked respectively.

1273: 1265: 1248: 1076: 1015: 952: 510: 7090:

Klamer, Ute, Ton Wilthagen, Heejung Chung, Anke Thiel, (2008)

4604:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

4033: 1008:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

164:

Percentage of workforce working for at least 49 hours per week

8522: 7222: 6269:

Ginès i Fabrellas, Anna; Luque Parra, Manuel (January 2016).

4628:

ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/opt/lpr/histmfgsic.zip

4018: 3873:

requirements of the Cold War, the authors of the then secret

3720: 3650: 3422: 1281: 520: 7097:

Lebergott, Stanley, (2002), "Wages and Working Conditions",

6563:"PM – Australians work longest hours in the developed world" 6268: 4832:

Coote, Anna; Franklin, Jane; Simms, Andrew (February 2010).

1243:

as part of the 40 hours and others not. In many traditional

1002:. The limitation of working hours is also proclaimed by the 8562: 8005: 4936:"It's time to put the 15-hour work week back on the agenda" 3801:

to be documented as working time, according to a ruling by

3794: 3643: 3381: 3380:

South Korea has the fastest shortening working time in the

1185: 1080: 782: 4580:

Pre-industrial workers had a shorter workweek than today's

971:

and farm laborers moved from rural areas to work in urban

7540: 7050:

Chung, Heejung, Marcel Kerkhofs and Peter Ester, (2008),

6125:"La durée individuelle du travail - Ministère du Travail" 4909:"Re:think: The 20-hour workweek - McKinsey & Company" 3639: 3470: 3368:, exhaustion and fatigue has re-ignited the debate about 868:

societies enjoyed more leisure time than is permitted by

5865:

Civic Party LegCo Election 2012, retrieved on 2012-11-12

1188:

often consists of Monday to Friday or Saturday with the

3496: 1211:, used to describe a conventional and possibly tedious 8232:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

6792:. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 6720:"A century of change: the U.S. labor force, 1950–2050" 3759:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

6262: 6029:[45 Hours Weekly Work Starting 1 September]. 4640:"Working time in the European Union: the Netherlands" 4387: 4247:"More and more workers join the part-time revolution" 4059:

Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930

7218:

OECD Average annual hours actually worked per worker

6224:"Colombia: working week lowered from 48 to 42 hours" 5627:

Report of the Policy Study on Standard Working Hours

5522:"China's young warm to the West's work–life balance" 5446:– Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2012-11-12 4029: 1272:

ranked the highest number of hours worked per year.

1128:

More women participating in the workforce and fewer

6763: 6200:"The Countries Where People Work the Longest Hours" 5987:

Business / Opinion Setting maximum work hours first

4133:

Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1957

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United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 6002: 5897:LegCo rejects standard work hours proposal 3959:In some states, firms are required to pay 967:made it possible to work longer each day. 800:by law, such as stipulating minimum daily 762: 748: 8974:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 7191:Trends in Working Hours in OECD Countries 7098: 6027:"Kerja 45 jam seminggu kuat kuasa 1 Sept" 5617: 5151:"Who works the longest hours? - BBC News" 4976:"Business: On the Way to a Four-Day Week" 4953: 4562: 4472: 4470: 4423: 4413: 4220: 4202: 4064:Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 8818:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 7495:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 6946:"Exceptions to the general overtime law" 6493:"Spanish stereotypes: They love siestas" 6473:(in Spanish). 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May 2002 6662: 6641: 6632: 6597: 6576: 6555: 6507: 6485: 6463: 6441: 6419: 6398: 6374: 6334: 6309: 6063: 5529:from the original on 2022-12-10. 5501:Phillips, Tom (6 October 2015). 5419:Justine Underhill (2015-08-20). 5331: 5124: 4260:from the original on 2022-01-12. 4032: 3848: 903: 333:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 202: 157: 143: 41: 6744:"Productivity and the Workweek" 6241: 6216: 6192: 6167: 6142: 6117: 6100: 6079: 6045: 6019: 5996: 5980: 5936: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5868: 5849: 5827: 5812: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5739: 5727: 5712: 5700: 5681: 5651: 5632: 5592: 5566: 5552: 5533: 5513: 5494: 5479: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5412: 5391: 5370: 5347: 5325: 5304: 5283: 5258: 5237: 5212: 5193: 5168: 5143: 5118: 5104: 5076: 5031: 5016: 4990: 4968: 4927: 4900: 4804: 4783: 4762: 4713: 4707:"Hours of Work in U.S. History" 4674: 4653: 4632: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4520: 3432:, meaning death from overwork. 1256:Average annual hours per worker 810:maximum number of working hours 52:needs additional citations for 8880:Employment-to-population ratio 8252:Occupational health psychology 7252: 7104:"Wages and Working Conditions" 6649:"NSC-68, Beginning Section VI" 6535:10.1080/10301763.2002.10722021 6150:"Maximum weekly working hours" 5208:– via indianexpress.com. 4997:Janice Peterson (2008-06-09). 4381: 4318: 4237: 4196: 4174: 4156: 3375: 383:Occupational safety and health 378:Occupational safety and health 13: 1: 8968:Works Progress Administration 8860:Unemployment Convention, 1919 8272:Personal protective equipment 7820:Occupational Outlook Handbook 7183:21 hours: a new working week? 6833:"The State Bar of California" 6790:"Working in the 21st Century" 5856:Social welfare and livelihood 4876:Stuart, H. (January 7, 2012) 4149: 3743:Working Time Regulations 1998 3613: 1138:Recent articles supporting a 785:that a person spends at paid 506:Chronological list of strikes 9049:Psychopathy in the workplace 8222:Human factors and ergonomics 7076:Hunnicutt, Benjamin Kline, " 6906:"Overtime in California FAQ" 6129:dares.travail-emploi.gouv.fr 5909:City Digest, October 19,2012 5023:Anders Hayden (2012-06-11). 4982:. 1971-03-01. Archived from 4959:Gapminder Foundation (2011) 4415:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 4244:Woods, Judith (1 May 2012). 3950:Generally, workers are paid 3828: 3793:According to a study of the 3694: 3633: 3463: 3330: 1231:employment. The actual time 887:of the Upper Amazon and the 876:; for instance, one camp of 856:the largest disease burden. 796:Many countries regulate the 7: 9034:Narcissism in the workplace 8247:Occupational exposure limit 7002:. Oxford University Press. 6089:. Direct.gov.uk. 2009-08-01 5503:"How hard does China work?" 5491:– 中華人民共和國中央人民政府, 2005-08-05 5456:Japan– Labour Standards Law 4461:Comparisons and conclusions 4025: 3764: 3682: 3551:geographical constituencies 3536:On 17–18 October 2012, the 3526:small and medium enterprise 10: 9179: 8963:Civil Works Administration 8845:Technological unemployment 8321:Workplace health promotion 7773:Professional certification 7470:Personality–job fit theory 6251:. Gerencie.com. 2014-07-10 6033:(in Malay). 11 August 2022 5444:Measures for Working Hours 5380:. Hankyung.com. 2013-04-26 5359:(in Korean). 100.naver.com 4831: 4021:is approximately 30 hours. 3900:Bureau of Labor Statistics 3892:Bureau of Labor Statistics 3803:The Spanish National Court 3439: 3344: 1177: 1161:9 to 5 (Dolly Parton song) 1158: 1055: 895: 29: 9082: 8981: 8943:Guaranteed minimum income 8900: 8741: 8615: 8528:Organizational commitment 8480: 8372: 8339: 8202: 8127: 8004: 7926: 7860: 7647: 7569: 7513: 7363: 7260: 4723:. Bsu.edu. Archived from 4394:Environment International 4096:Right to rest and leisure 4086:Labour market flexibility 3974: 3809:Traditional mid-day break 3748: 3726: 3706: 3674: 3623:Labour and Welfare Bureau 3547:functional constituencies 1199:The traditional American 849:World Health Organization 817:than someone of the same 469:International comparisons 403:Right to rest and leisure 343:Employment discrimination 9112:Aspects of organizations 8793:Involuntary unemployment 8354:Equal pay for equal work 8277:Repetitive strain injury 7778:Professional development 7768:Professional association 7450:Letter of recommendation 6565:. Abc.net.au. 2004-11-19 6406:"OECD Better Life Index" 6276:(IUSLabor 1/2016): 54–65 5578:South China Morning Post 5540:Yuan, Li (22 Feb 2017). 5355: 4915:. McKinsey & Company 3993: 3777: 3619:Matthew Cheung Kin-chung 3417:" protest in Tokyo, 2018 3404: 3340: 1088:New Economics Foundation 254:Social movement unionism 30:Not to be confused with 9097:Aspects of corporations 9059:Slow movement (culture) 8938:Employer of last resort 8840:Structural unemployment 8778:Frictional unemployment 8217:Epilepsy and employment 8104:Performance-related pay 8038:National average salary 7951:996 working hour system 5899:China Daily, 2012-10-19 5697:China Daily, 2010-10-15 5038:Hayden, Anders (1999). 4616:European Social Charter 4577:, pp. 43–seq, excerpt: 4574:The Overworked American 4127:Waiting for the Weekend 4040:Organized labour portal 3458:996 working hour system 3442:996 working hour system 3397:and double that of the 3335: 1169:9 to 5 (disambiguation) 1012:European Social Charter 939:Eight-hour day banner, 464:Trade union federations 459:Trade unions by country 9107:Aspects of occupations 8913:Unemployment insurance 8865:Unemployment extension 8835:Reserve army of labour 8640:Constructive dismissal 8447:Sleeping while on duty 8412:Exploitation of labour 8294:Sick building syndrome 7465:Person–environment fit 7335:Independent contractor 7080:," Temple Press, 2013. 7054:, European Foundation. 6965:Robert Levine (1997). 6429:. El País. 13 May 2020 6362:Cite journal requires 6297:Cite journal requires 5083:Frey, Philipp (2019). 4222:10.3390/socsci12090492 4121:Universal basic income 3888: 3862: 3755:labor rights in Mexico 3717:working time directive 3418: 3362:Anna Sebastian Perayil 3327: 1167:. For other uses, see 1149:workforce productivity 1123:information technology 1093:McKinsey & Company 1067: 1044:In the mid-2000s, the 981:worker protection laws 956: 944: 830:Standard working hours 363:Freedom of association 176: 9117:Aspects of workplaces 8855:Unemployment benefits 8850:Types of unemployment 8788:Graduate unemployment 8682:Letter of resignation 8311:Workers' compensation 8304:Occupational fatality 7808:Vocational university 7408:Employment counsellor 6967:"A Geography of Time" 6672:. Presidency.ucsb.edu 6586:. Fair Work Ombudsman 5724:港股王 – 蘋果日報，2012-10-08 4751:. Bls.gov. 2017-06-27 4642:. Eurofound.europa.eu 3883: 3860: 3412: 3345:Further information: 3325: 1235:often varies between 1151:on a per-hour basis. 1065: 992:collective bargaining 977:collective bargaining 961:Industrial Revolution 950: 938: 834:Maximum working hours 348:Employment protection 328:Collective bargaining 234:Exploitation of labor 174: 8923:Job creation program 8699:Mandatory retirement 8652:Employee offboarding 8472:Workplace incivility 8467:Workplace harassment 8242:Occupational disease 8237:Occupational burnout 8152:Disability insurance 7996:Workweek and weekend 7976:Retroactive overtime 7798:Vocational education 7713:Continuing education 7551:Permanent employment 7181:, 17 February 2010, 6996:Pitt, David (1970). 6695:Employment Situation 6347:10.1787/702131842121 6204:World Economic Forum 5944:城市論壇標準工時徵建議勞資官民齊集思 5837:勞工 – 工黨 Labour Party 5293:. Jagran. 2024-09-19 3788:Convenios-Colectivos 3621:, the Secretary for 3553:, it was negatived. 3508:The Chairman of the 3451:deaths from overwork 1180:Workweek and weekend 709:Industrial relations 698:Academic disciplines 294:National-syndicalism 264:Democratic socialism 61:improve this article 8828:Recession-proof job 8823:Lists of recessions 8761:Economic depression 8709:Retirement planning 8590:Work–life interface 8427:Employee monitoring 8395:Corporate behaviour 8385:Accounting scandals 8267:Occupational stress 8257:Occupational injury 7788:Reflective practice 7783:Professional school 7505:Work-at-home scheme 7425:Induction programme 7403:Employment contract 7383:Business networking 7171:, August 20, 2005, 6523:Labour and Industry 6382:"Spain - OECD Data" 5639:Prices and Earnings 5027:. CommonDreams.com. 4814:. nbcnews.com. 2012 4406:2021EnInt.15406595P 4306:on 22 February 2009 4272:"French labor laws" 4253:The Daily Telegraph 3538:Legislative Council 3488:Labor organizations 2934:Russian Federation 2375:Korea, Republic of 1293: 1163:. For the car, see 1075:with 27 hours, and 289:Anarcho-syndicalism 9163:Working conditions 9091:See also templates 8928:Job creation index 8892:Youth unemployment 8756:Discouraged worker 8645:Wrongful dismissal 8625:At-will employment 8498:Civil conscription 8462:Workplace bullying 8349:Affirmative action 8331:Workplace wellness 8262:Occupational noise 7898:Long service leave 7758:Overspecialization 7738:Induction training 7693:Career development 7211:2010-12-29 at the 7108:David R. Henderson 7100:Lebergott, Stanley 6843:on January 4, 2009 6341:"Jobless record". 5929:2013-05-26 at the 5883:2015-09-09 at the 5842:2012-04-19 at the 5805:2013-06-16 at the 5644:2015-09-24 at the 5356:주5일근무제 : 지식백과 5112:"nine-to-five job" 4907:Schaninger, Bill. 4858:on 9 February 2016 4538:Aldine Transaction 4106:Short-time working 3863: 3805:in February 2020. 3771:Colombian Congress 3769:In June 2021, the 3669:Lingnan University 3419: 3370:toxic work culture 3328: 1291: 1155:Workweek structure 1104:standard of living 1068: 957: 945: 915:. You can help by 874:agrarian societies 841:labor productivity 398:Professional abuse 177: 9140: 9139: 9039:Post-work society 9019:Kiss up kick down 8751:Barriers to entry 8716:Severance package 8548:Human trafficking 8442:Sexual harassment 8422:Employee handbook 8341:Equal opportunity 8204:Safety and health 8194:Take-home vehicle 7803:Vocational school 7753:Lifelong learning 7728:Further education 7688:Career counseling 7683:Career assessment 7460:Overqualification 6837:www.calbar.ca.gov 5425:finance.yahoo.com 5314:. BBC. 2022-08-31 5247:. BBC. 2023-11-01 5092:Autonomy Research 4986:on July 15, 2010. 4791:"Gapminder World" 4770:"Gapminder World" 4452:Hans-Joachim Voth 4168:Our World in Data 4054:Four-day workweek 4017:The work week in 3890:According to the 3627:Executive Council 3532:Political parties 3503:work–life balance 3352:Indian labour law 3347:Indian labour law 3315: 3314: 1194:Christian sabbath 933: 932: 781:is the period of 772: 771: 729:Post-work society 558:Solidarity action 368:Legal working age 224:Conflict theories 175:Working Time 2020 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 9170: 9127:Critique of work 9122:Corporate titles 9090: 9089: 9009:Evil corporation 8875:Employment rates 8798:Jobless recovery 8766:Great Depression 8726:Golden parachute 8721:Golden handshake 8518:Job satisfaction 8508:Critique of work 8326:Workplace phobia 8157:Health insurance 8114:Wage compression 8082:Progressive wage 7936:35-hour workweek 7903:No call, no show 7893:Leave of absence 7743:Knowledge worker 7671:Master craftsman 7475:Personality hire 7413:Executive search 7393:Curriculum vitae 7378:Background check 7247: 7240: 7233: 7224: 7223: 7121: 7116:(1st ed.). 7017: 7016: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6839:. 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Stats.oecd.org 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6000: 5994: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5933:HKET, 2012-02-27 5923: 5918: 5912: 5911:SCMP, 2012-10-19 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5853: 5847: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5763:SCMP, 2012-12-03 5758: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5736:SCMP, 2012-10-08 5731: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5604:NDTV Gadgets 360 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336:. Stats.oecd.org 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4972: 4966: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4940:The Conversation 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4904: 4898: 4889: 4883: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4851:. 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Archived from 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4249: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4186:ILOSTAT explorer 4178: 4172: 4171: 4160: 4042: 4037: 4036: 3608:Economic Synergy 3576:Democratic Party 3318:Trends over time 1294: 1290: 1238: 1052:Gradual decrease 1020:35-hour workweek 928: 925: 907: 900: 764: 757: 750: 704:Critique of work 548:Pen-down strikes 259:Social democracy 206: 196: 186: 179: 178: 161: 147: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9132:Organized labor 9102:Aspects of jobs 9078: 9069:Toxic workplace 9004:Emotional labor 8977: 8901:Public programs 8896: 8813:Great Recession 8783:Full employment 8771:Long Depression 8737: 8635:Banishment room 8611: 8533:Refusal of work 8476: 8400:Corporate crime 8368: 8335: 8198: 8123: 8000: 7922: 7856: 7733:Graduate school 7643: 7565: 7509: 7500:Underemployment 7359: 7303:Self-employment 7278:Contingent work 7268:Academic tenure 7261:Classifications 7256: 7251: 7213:Wayback Machine 7163: 7026: 7024:Further reading 7021: 7020: 7010: 6994: 6990: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6969:. Basic Books. 6963: 6959: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6896: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6817: 6815: 6814:. Legal Affairs 6812:"Legal Affairs" 6808: 6804: 6795: 6793: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6774: 6772: 6762: 6758: 6749: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6675: 6673: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6651:. Mtholyoke.edu 6647: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6633: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6602: 6598: 6589: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6547: 6545: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6390: 6388: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6351: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6298: 6296: 6287: 6286: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6233: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6208: 6206: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6092: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6071: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6001: 5997: 5985: 5981: 5975:「標準工時」會否僵化勞動市場？ 5972: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5931:Wayback Machine 5924:標準工時雖動聽政治現實恐難容 5921: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5885:Wayback Machine 5875: 5873: 5869: 5854: 5850: 5844:Wayback Machine 5834: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5809:香港成報，2012-10-10 5807:Wayback Machine 5797: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5686: 5682: 5676:工黨「父親節」工時問卷調查報告 5673: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5648:UBS, 2012-11-07 5646:Wayback Machine 5637: 5633: 5625: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5538: 5534: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5458:ILO, 2012-11-12 5454: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5429: 5427: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5200:Chawla, Payal. 5198: 5194: 5185: 5183: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5133: 5123: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5065: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5036: 5032: 5021: 5017: 5008: 5006: 4995: 4991: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4905: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4796: 4794: 4793:. Gapminder.org 4789: 4788: 4784: 4775: 4773: 4772:. Gapminder.org 4768: 4767: 4763: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4567: 4563: 4552: 4525: 4521: 4475: 4468: 4450: 4441: 4386: 4382: 4347: 4340: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4290: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4242: 4238: 4209:Social Sciences 4201: 4197: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4116:Soviet calendar 4091:Refusal of work 4038: 4031: 4028: 3996: 3977: 3953:time-and-a-half 3920: 3851: 3845:than 70 hours. 3831: 3811: 3780: 3767: 3751: 3738: 3729: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3677: 3636: 3616: 3542:Cheung Kwok-che 3534: 3514:Chow Chung-kong 3499: 3490: 3466: 3444: 3438: 3407: 3378: 3357:Narayana Murthy 3349: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3320: 3235:United Kingdom 1902:European Union 1258: 1236: 1205:eight-hour days 1182: 1176: 1157: 1060: 1054: 929: 923: 920: 913:needs expansion 898: 866:hunter-gatherer 862: 860:Hunter-gatherer 815:costs of living 768: 739: 738: 734:Refusal of work 714:Labor economics 699: 691: 690: 689: 594: 584: 583: 582: 573:Wildcat strikes 568:Whipsaw strikes 553:Sitdown strikes 500: 490: 489: 486: 454: 444: 443: 442: 428:Toxic workplace 312: 302: 301: 298: 216: 195:Organized labor 194: 184: 169: 168: 167: 166: 165: 162: 153: 152: 151: 148: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9176: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9054:Sunday scaries 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8805: 8803:Phillips curve 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8758: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8704:Retirement age 8701: 8691: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8657:Exit interview 8654: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8627: 8621: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8407:Discrimination 8404: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8359:Gender pay gap 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8208: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8179: 8174: 8172:Parental leave 8169: 8167:Marriage leave 8164: 8162:Life insurance 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8018:Income bracket 8014: 8012: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7946:Eight-hour day 7943: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7705: 7703:Creative class 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7663: 7661:Apprenticeship 7657: 7655: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7629:Scarlet-collar 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7345:Temporary work 7342: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7313:Skilled worker 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7203: 7198: 7195: 7186: 7176: 7162: 7161:External links 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7140: 7137: 7095: 7088: 7074: 7065: 7055: 7048: 7037: 7034: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7008: 6988: 6975: 6957: 6937: 6917: 6894: 6874: 6854: 6824: 6810:Kuckes, Niki. 6802: 6781: 6756: 6735: 6708: 6682: 6661: 6640: 6631: 6611: 6596: 6575: 6554: 6506: 6495:. The Guardian 6484: 6462: 6440: 6418: 6397: 6373: 6364:|journal= 6333: 6321:Spanish Living 6308: 6299:|journal= 6261: 6240: 6215: 6191: 6166: 6141: 6116: 6099: 6078: 6056: 6044: 6018: 5995: 5979: 5977:雷鼎鳴，2010-12-08 5964: 5955: 5935: 5913: 5901: 5889: 5887:林健鋒，2011-06-23 5867: 5861:2013-04-12 at 5848: 5826: 5824:民主黨，2011-10-11 5811: 5789: 5785:Voting Results 5777: 5765: 5753: 5738: 5726: 5722:大失預算-最低工資曾衝擊業界 5711: 5699: 5693:2013-02-15 at 5680: 5662: 5650: 5631: 5616: 5591: 5580:. Apr 12, 2019 5565: 5551: 5532: 5512: 5493: 5478: 5475:. 2 June 2017. 5460: 5448: 5436: 5411: 5390: 5369: 5346: 5324: 5303: 5282: 5257: 5236: 5211: 5192: 5167: 5142: 5131:stats.oecd.org 5117: 5103: 5075: 5048: 5030: 5015: 4989: 4967: 4952: 4926: 4899: 4896:Globe and Mail 4884: 4869: 4847: 4824: 4803: 4782: 4761: 4737: 4712: 4698: 4673: 4652: 4631: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4561: 4550: 4519: 4466: 4439: 4380: 4367:10.1086/723717 4338: 4317: 4284: 4263: 4236: 4195: 4173: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4008: 3995: 3992: 3976: 3973: 3919: 3918:Overtime rules 3916: 3850: 3847: 3830: 3827: 3819:post-civil-war 3810: 3807: 3779: 3776: 3766: 3763: 3750: 3747: 3737: 3736:United Kingdom 3734: 3728: 3725: 3713:European Union 3708: 3705: 3696: 3693: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3635: 3632: 3615: 3612: 3565:Elizabeth Quat 3533: 3530: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3465: 3462: 3437: 3436:Mainland China 3434: 3421:Work hours in 3406: 3403: 3399:United Kingdom 3377: 3374: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3278:United States 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 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2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1257: 1254: 1201:business hours 1178:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1097:Rutger Bregman 1053: 1050: 931: 930: 910: 908: 897: 894: 861: 858: 770: 769: 767: 766: 759: 752: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 688: 687: 682: 680:United Kingdom 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 596: 595: 590: 589: 586: 585: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 529: 528: 523: 516:General strike 513: 508: 502: 501: 496: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 485: 484: 479: 473: 471: 466: 461: 455: 450: 449: 446: 445: 441: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 338:Eight-hour day 335: 330: 325: 320: 314: 313: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 220: 217: 214:Labor movement 212: 211: 208: 207: 199: 198: 190: 189: 163: 156: 155: 154: 149: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138: 135: 134: 76:"Working time" 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9175: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9029:Make-work job 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8948:Right to work 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933:Job guarantee 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8918:Make-work job 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8689:Restructuring 8687: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8667:Notice period 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8573:Unfree labour 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8543:Bonded labour 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8457:Whistleblower 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:Control fraud 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8364:Glass ceiling 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8299:Work accident 8297: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8287:United States 8285: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8187:United States 8185: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Casual Friday 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099:Paid time off 8097: 8095: 8094:Overtime rate 8092: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8075:United States 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941:Four-day week 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7825:Practice firm 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7723:Employability 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624:Orange-collar 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7571:Working class 7568: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7445:Job interview 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7298:Part-time job 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7283:Full-time job 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7243: 7241: 7236: 7234: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7155: 7153: 7152:92-2-117323-2 7149: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7087: 7086:9781439907153 7083: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063:1-57675-245-3 7060: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045:1-85898-996-5 7042: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7015: 7011: 7009:0-19-823156-3 7005: 7001: 7000: 6992: 6978: 6976:0-465-02892-6 6972: 6968: 6961: 6947: 6941: 6927: 6921: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6884: 6878: 6864: 6858: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6813: 6806: 6791: 6785: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6745: 6739: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6671: 6665: 6650: 6644: 6635: 6621: 6615: 6607: 6600: 6585: 6579: 6564: 6558: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6494: 6488: 6472: 6466: 6450: 6444: 6428: 6422: 6407: 6401: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6369: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6304: 6291: 6272: 6265: 6250: 6244: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6109: 6103: 6088: 6082: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6007:. Taiwan News 6006: 5999: 5993:, 2012-11-20. 5992: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5871: 5864: 5863:archive.today 5860: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5696: 5695:archive.today 5692: 5689: 5684: 5678:工黨，2012-06-17 5677: 5669: 5667: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5561: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5401:. yonhap news 5400: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5358: 5350: 5335: 5328: 5313: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5246: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5206:IndianExpress 5203: 5196: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5157:. 21 May 2012 5156: 5152: 5146: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5042:. Zed Books. 5041: 5034: 5026: 5019: 5005:on 2011-06-16 5004: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4964:gapminder.org 4962: 4956: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4854: 4850: 4848:9781904882701 4844: 4837: 4836: 4828: 4813: 4807: 4792: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4727:on 2014-12-10 4726: 4722: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4688:on 2014-05-02 4687: 4683: 4677: 4662: 4656: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4551:0-202-01109-7 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4528:Cohen, Yehudi 4523: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490:New York City 4486: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4464: 4460: 4459:, Chapter 5, 4458: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361:(1): 80–118. 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4273: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4248: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4074:Human capital 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4030: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012:!Kung Bushmen 4009: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3867:United States 3865:By 1946, the 3859: 3855: 3849:United States 3846: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3775: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3680: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3590:Poon Siu-ping 3587: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3494: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3461: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3411: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395:United States 3391: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3324: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:self-employed 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1140:four-day week 1133: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:mechanization 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1064: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 954: 949: 942: 937: 927: 918: 914: 911:This section 909: 906: 902: 901: 893: 890: 886: 881: 879: 878:!Kung Bushmen 875: 871: 867: 857: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 825: 820: 819:earning power 816: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779:laboring time 776: 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 745: 743: 742: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 719:Labor history 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 695: 694: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 645:New Caledonia 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 593: 592:Labor parties 588: 587: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:Overtime bans 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 499: 498:Strike action 494: 493: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 453: 448: 447: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 393:Paid time off 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 358:Four-day week 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 311: 306: 305: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 284:Union busting 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 219: 218: 215: 210: 209: 205: 201: 200: 197: 192: 191: 187: 181: 180: 173: 160: 146: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 9158:Labor rights 9153:Working time 9064:Toxic leader 9044:Presenteeism 9024:Labor rights 9014:Going postal 8989:Bullshit job 8972: 8957: 8952: 8743:Unemployment 8595:Downshifting 8578:Wage slavery 8558:Penal labour 8513:Dead-end job 8503:Conscription 8282:Right to sit 8137:Annual leave 8119:Working poor 8055:Minimum wage 8033:Maximum wage 7991:Working time 7990: 7981:Six-hour day 7878:Career break 7840:Professional 7634:Black-collar 7604:White-collar 7584:Green-collar 7561:Volunteering 7398:Drug testing 7388:Cover letter 7328:Tradesperson 7189: 7179:The Guardian 7178: 7168:The Guardian 7166: 7111: 7013: 6998: 6991: 6980:. 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