429:
95:
168:
691:
485:
282:
706:
that the
Russian delegation "invariably spoke with a united voice," in sharp contrast to the contentious and divided delegations from Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States. Therefore, "the Communist International which would make the world revolution was created in the image of the party which had made the Russian revolution," Carr observed.
359:(ECCI) voted to hold a 2nd World Congress of its member parties at some indefinite date in the near future. This was followed on June 14, 1920, by the formal publication by ECCI of a call for a 2nd World Congress to be held in Moscow one month hence. Political parties pledging allegiance to the organization were urged to send delegations at once.
581:
should be established and supported, arguing the 25 million workers participating in unions affiliated with the
Amsterdam International had already made their basic organizational decision. Instead, Lenin and his co-thinkers argued, radical workers should remain within these established unions and to
663:
might be dominant. Particular attention was paid to formulating an alliance with the rural poor as a means of winning and holding power in a revolution. Russia's
Bolsheviks did not apply any of this to non-Russian territories under Bolshevik control at the time—although non-Russian communist parties
466:
Voting delegates were provided with red cards, non-voting "consultative" delegates blue cards, and guests green cards, with votes taken by means of counting cards. Voting strength of each delegation was based upon the relative importance of each national party to the international communist movement
455:
Following the opening festivities in
Petrograd, a three-day break followed, after which the Congress reconvened in Moscow in the former Vladimir Throne Room of the Kremlin. Four official languages were used at the convention — English, French, German, and Russian — with secretaries typing convention
705:
has argued that the 2nd World
Congress — to some extent unintentionally and unconsciously — was the first to "establish Russian leadership of Comintern on an impregnable basis." In addition to the esteem accorded the Russians as practitioners of the first successful Marxist revolution, Carr noted
523:
On July 25, the
Commission on Conditions for Admission voted 5–3 on a proposal by Lenin that only parties with a clear majority on their governing Central Committee favoring affiliation to the Comintern prior to the 2nd World Congress would be permitted membership in that organization. Subsequent
272:
It was at the 2nd World
Congress that the nature of Communist parties was decided upon, the conditions for their admission to the Communist International set, and the relationship of the national organizations to their international directing center formally established for the first time.
585:
At the same time the
Comintern leadership had already been working to establish a new revolutionary international union organization to compete with the Amsterdam International — a goal which the left-wing communists saw as contradictory with the policy of remaining within the established
451:
on the international situation and the tasks of the
Comintern delivered by Lenin. Afterwards the delegates participated in a mass demonstration before gathering at the former stock exchange to see a costume drama called "Spectacle of the Two Worlds" performed by a cast of 3,000.
233:. The gathering is also significant for the level of participation of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, who participated in the affairs of the gathering more intensely than at any other, preparing a host of key documents and actively helping to chart the gathering's course.
680:
match between Moscow and an
International XI. Willie Gallagher captained the International XI, which included John Reed. However, they lost heavily to Moscow in front of a crowd of 18,000 in the Red Stadium, located in the former Moscow River Yacht
586:"conservative" unions. Meetings between Comintern officials and trade union leaders in Moscow in the summer of 1920 had led to the establishment of the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions (Mezhsovprof), forerunner of the
512:
of such organizations marked them as fundamentally different from the Communist movement and its orientation towards armed struggle and saw the Comintern as a mechanism for the centralized coordination of such efforts around the world.
492:
The 2nd World Congress began its actual work on July 23, 1920. Two sessions were dedicated to discussion of the structure and role of Communist parties, with a summary report and theses delivered to the body by Comintern Chairman
497:. After Zinoviev's theses on the matter were unanimously adopted by the assembled delegates, debate moved to conditions for admission to the Communist International, a discussion which ultimately produced a document known as the
224:
The 2nd World Congress of the Communist International, held in the summer of 1920, has been regarded by scholars as "the first authentic international meeting of the new organization's members and supporters," owing to the
524:
debate by the Congress itself on July 29 and 30 urged against any concessions to so-called "Centrist" leaders. Following extended commission discussions, a set of 21 Conditions for admission to the Comintern was proposed.
424:
The Congress was scheduled to open on July 15, but owing to rampant transit difficulties, many delegates had not arrived in Soviet Russia by that date. ECCI decided to postpone the first working sessions by one week.
256:
Whereas in 1919 no mass Socialist party had participated in the activities of the Founding Convention, the 1920 gathering saw the inclusion of credentialed delegates from several large European groups, including the
508:(SPA) and the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) — had sought admission into the ranks of the international organization. To the Comintern leadership, the electoral orientation and
428:
651:
The final resolution of the Congress directed communists in colonial countries to support the "national-revolutionary" movement in each, without regard to the fact that non-communist and non-
516:
Such so-called "Centrist" parties, with the German USPD in the first rank, sought a more inclusive and advisory role for the Comintern, in line with the model utilized by the ill-fated
1245:
Stephen Velychenko, "Painting Imperialism and Nationalism Red. The Ukrainian Marxist Critique of Russian Communist rule in Ukraine (1918–1925)" TOronto, Univ of Toronto Press, 2015.
312:. With food in short supply, fare provided to the delegates was poor, with some delegates forced to rely to some extent upon stores brought into the country with them.
301:, and other non-Communist political parties and 12 representatives of youth organizations. At least 30 delegates were representatives of the various nationalities of
463:. All delegates had the right to submit resolution proposals to the Congress and the privilege was not an empty one, as a number of such proposals were submitted.
315:
Upon arriving at their hotel rooms, delegates were provided with an assortment of written reports, draft resolutions, and copies of two recently published books —
456:
documents in each. The primary languages spoken on the floor were French and German, with simultaneous translations taking place in various corners of the room.
605:" the established unions. Ultimately, the majority of the 2nd World Congress moved to support Lenin's policy, detailed at length in his recently published book
1249:
395:
Some delegates were forced by circumstances to use false passports and identity documents or to travel without any legal documentation whatsoever, such as by
555:. The limited horizons of such organizations, limited to matters of daily concern as wages, hours, and working conditions, were seen as a manifestation of
328:
17:
356:
293:
The official records of the 2nd World Congress indicate that a total of 218 delegates participated in the proceedings, including 54 representatives of
1136:
339:
Delegates participated a wide range of events, touring the country, attending shop meetings, watching theatrical performances, and participating in a
120:
1248:
ibid., "Russian Bolsheviks, Ukrainian Communists, and the Comintern: How Russian Bolsheviks Shaped Foreign Radical Leftist Views on Ukraine," <
392:
raged in the summer of 1920 and wrecked locomotives and derailed freight cars lined the tracks, further complicating the transportation situation.
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and that they, like the political parties of the Second International, had betrayed the working class by supporting their national governments in
715:
262:
258:
363:
100:
548:
504:
Ever since the founding of the Comintern in 1919, a number of political parties in the Social Democratic tradition — including the
577:
Lenin and other Comintern leaders disagreed sharply with the demand of the left-wing communists that new explicitly revolutionary
520:. The four delegates of the USPD remained united before the session of the 2nd Congress's Commission on Conditions for Admission.
244:"The second congress marked the crowning moment in the history of the Comintern as an international force, the moment when the
593:
The union question remained a matter of heated contention at the 2nd World Congress, with the representatives of the British
1250:
https://krytyka.com/en/articles/russian-bolsheviks-ukrainian-communists-and-comintern-how-russian-bolsheviks-shaped-foreign
230:
720:
110:
587:
269:. The Bolsheviks denied permission to attend to the recently formed (January 1920) Ukrainian Communist Party (CPU).
167:
308:
Delegates were housed in Moscow at the Delevoi Dvor, a hotel a short walk from the Congress's sessions held at the
540:
were scornful of the "conservative" nature of the established union movement in many counties, exemplified by the
447:, the delegates, accompanied by thousands of Petrograd workers, marched to the Uritsky Theater where they heard a
248:
seemed most certainly on the point of transforming itself into a European revolution, with the destinies of the
1283:
266:
1240:
Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!: Proceedings and Documents of the Second Congress, 1920.
845:
Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!: Proceedings and Documents of the Second Congress, 1920.
541:
1262:
156:
from July 19 to August 7, 1920. The 2nd Congress is best remembered for formulating and implementing the
505:
574:
conquest. Such unions were worthy only of expeditious destruction, the left-wing communists believed.
1303:
1298:
1293:
633:
601:
delegates from Germany and the United States refusing to abandon their hostility to the strategy of "
245:
204:
697:. Festival of the II Congress of Comintern on the Uritsky Square (former Palace square) in Petrograd
236:
The 2nd World Congress took place at a time of heated world political passion, as British historian
1288:
467:
rather than the actual size of the membership of these groups. At no point in the Congress was a
460:
317:
161:
145:
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by land and sea, making travel extremely difficult. Legal passage was possible only through the
624:
of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Theses on colonial issues were presented to the Congress by
594:
672:
There were several cultural and sports activities arranged to accompany the second congress:
498:
408:
389:
157:
1219:
Theses, Resolutions and Manifestos of the First Four Congresses of the Third International.
517:
8:
617:
556:
1278:
1079:
The title of the Russian original of Lenin's polemic against the left-wing communists,
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taken; rather, a simple counting of cards raised on the floor determined all outcomes.
616:
The 2nd World Congress also for the first time paid serious attention to the national
494:
184:
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delegates lost their lives in transit, when a small fishing boat setting sail from
298:
200:
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208:
537:
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was a gathering of approximately 220 voting and non-voting representatives of
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468:
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281:
212:
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The Congress elected a Bureau (governing committee) to make decisions about
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The 2nd World Congress dealt extensively with the relationship between the
322:
196:
172:
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A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923: Volume 3.
484:
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actually translates as "The Childhood Illness of 'Leftism' in Communism."
656:
598:
571:
567:
533:
188:
1265:, Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/ Retrieved April 10, 2011.
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563:
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The left-wing communists argued that these unions were a by-product of
333:
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as distributed to delegates to the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern.
237:
176:
1137:"The Strange Story of Nikolai Starostin, Football and Lavrentii Beria"
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attempt to work from within to move them onto a revolutionary course.
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378:), but even this means was difficult due to the systematic denial of
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and an impediment to the revolutionary transformation of society.
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375:
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309:
72:
847:
In two volumes. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991; vol. 1, pg. 6.
1263:"Minutes of the Second Congress of the Communist International"
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226:
153:
82:
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625:
249:
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movement and the emerging international communist movement.
302:
474:
1221:
Introduction by Bertil Hessel. London: Ink Links, 1980.
1150:(4, Soviet and East European History (1994)): 681–690.
745:
Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1972; pg. 271.
1123:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
1110:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
1097:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
1068:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
1055:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
1042:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
1016:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
996:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
983:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
965:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
945:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
925:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
905:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
887:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
871:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
858:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
827:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
811:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
795:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
782:Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!
357:Executive Committee of the Communist International
1242:In two volumes. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991.
667:
590:(Profintern) that was established the next year.
148:political parties from around the world, held in
138:2nd World Congress of the Communist International
30:2nd World Congress of the Communist International
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33:Второй конгресс Коммунистического интернационала
716:List of delegates of the 2nd Comintern congress
252:merged in those of some broader European unit."
1228:Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1964.
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259:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
1235:Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1972.
881:
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607:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder.
1231:Branko Lazitch and Milorad M. Drachkovitch,
839:
837:
835:
741:Branko Lazitch and Milorad M. Drachkovitch,
737:
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329:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder
263:French Section of the Workers' International
101:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1226:The Forming of the Communist International.
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632:, formally a delegate from the fledgling
267:Social Democratic Party of Czechoslovakia
1217:Alix Holt and Barbara Holland (trans.),
689:
611:
549:International Federation of Trade Unions
483:
427:
280:
171:Delegates II Congress of the Comintern:
166:
1134:
1128:
1081:Детская болезнь "левизны" в коммунизме,
276:
14:
1271:
1238:John Riddell (editor and translator),
843:John Riddell (editor and translator),
475:Notable Topics and Decisions Discussed
443:Following a meal in the Great Hall of
411:blockade went down in stormy weather.
382:to radicals intending on traveling to
488:Comintern Chairman Grigorii Zinoviev.
285:The first English edition of Lenin's
203:(thirteenth, hands behind his back),
479:
390:War between Soviet Russia and Poland
721:Congress of the Peoples of the East
24:
18:2nd World Congress of the Comintern
1233:Lenin and the Comintern: Volume 1.
1211:
743:Lenin and the Comintern: Volume 1.
25:
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758:London: Macmillan, 1953; pg. 196.
588:Red International of Labor Unions
432:Lenin delivers an address at the
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668:Cultural and sports activities
414:
374:port of Revel (known today as
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1:
544:in the United States and the
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130:218 delegates from 54 parties
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542:American Federation of Labor
7:
1203:A History of Soviet Russia,
1190:A History of Soviet Russia,
1177:A History of Soviet Russia,
1029:A History of Soviet Russia,
709:
219:
195:(tenth, hands in pockets),
42:February 19, 1920
10:
1320:
767:Lazitch and Drachkovitch,
664:in those territories did.
506:Socialist Party of America
1156:10.1080/09668139408412191
685:
634:Communist Party of Mexico
407:in an attempt to run the
207:(nineteen white blouse),
205:Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova
199:(eleventh with the hat),
126:
116:
106:
88:
78:
68:
53:
38:
29:
769:Lenin and the Comintern,
528:The trade union question
366:was subject to an armed
231:1919 Founding Convention
32:
420:Opening of the Congress
355:On April 22, 1920, the
318:Terrorism and Communism
162:Communist International
146:revolutionary socialist
57:March 7, 1920
698:
644:, and Pak Chin-sun of
595:Shop Stewards Movement
489:
440:
290:
287:"Left Wing" Communism,
254:
216:
160:for membership in the
1135:Riordan, Jim (1994).
693:
655:elements such as the
612:The colonial question
487:
431:
284:
242:
170:
1205:vol. 3, pp. 198-199.
618:liberation movements
538:Left-wing communists
518:Second International
277:Delegate composition
175:(second from left),
1144:Europe-Asia Studies
570:— seen as a war of
557:class collaboration
436:; 1924 painting by
362:During this period
1057:vol. 1, pp. 48-49.
1044:vol. 1, pp. 46-47.
699:
638:Avetis Sultan-Zade
603:boring from within
490:
441:
291:
246:Russian revolution
217:
179:(third, smoking),
495:Grigorii Zinoviev
480:The 21 Conditions
399:on a ship. Three
299:Social Democratic
211:(with beard) and
191:(ninth, shaved),
187:(seventh, form),
185:Mikhail Lashevich
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
1311:
1304:Events in Moscow
1299:1920 conferences
1294:1920 in politics
1284:Marxism–Leninism
1224:James W. Hulse,
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1199:
1193:
1192:vol. 3, pg. 198.
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1179:vol. 3, pg. 197.
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695:Boris Kustodiyev
380:travel passports
265:(SFIO), and the
240:later recalled:
201:Grigory Zinoviev
181:Nikolai Bukharin
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1159:. Retrieved
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397:stowing away
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323:Leon Trotsky
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261:(USPD), the
255:
243:
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223:
197:Sergey Zorin
173:Lev Karakhan
137:
135:
127:Participants
121:3rd Congress
111:1st Congress
754:E.H. Carr,
657:bourgeoisie
599:syndicalist
579:dual unions
568:World War I
551:, based in
534:trade union
415:Proceedings
189:Maxim Gorky
79:Location(s)
1273:Categories
703:E. H. Carr
701:Historian
564:capitalism
351:Background
334:V.I. Lenin
177:Karl Radek
117:Next event
61:1920-03-07
46:1920-02-19
1279:Comintern
1121:Riddell,
1108:Riddell,
1095:Riddell,
1066:Riddell,
1053:Riddell,
1040:Riddell,
1014:Riddell,
994:Riddell,
981:Riddell,
963:Riddell,
943:Riddell,
923:Riddell,
903:Riddell,
885:Riddell,
869:Riddell,
856:Riddell,
825:Riddell,
809:Riddell,
793:Riddell,
780:Riddell,
727:Footnotes
661:peasantry
630:M. N. Roy
553:Amsterdam
546:reformist
461:procedure
341:subbotnik
295:Socialist
238:E.H. Carr
183:(fifth),
150:Petrograd
142:communist
771:pg. 272.
710:See also
659:and the
628:radical
622:colonies
572:imperial
510:pacifism
405:Murmansk
372:Estonian
368:blockade
343:loading
220:Overview
620:of the
376:Tallinn
310:Kremlin
89:Country
73:Kremlin
59: (
44: (
1201:Carr,
1188:Carr,
1175:Carr,
1161:20 May
1027:Carr,
686:Legacy
678:soccer
642:Persia
626:Indian
445:Smolny
409:Allied
401:French
227:ad hoc
154:Moscow
98:
83:Moscow
39:Begins
1140:(PDF)
681:Club.
646:Korea
250:RSFSR
69:Venue
1252:>
1163:2018
597:and
325:and
303:Asia
152:and
144:and
136:The
54:Ends
1152:doi
640:of
332:by
321:by
1275::
1148:46
1146:.
1142:.
1088:^
1003:^
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676:a
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48:)
20:)
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