2015 Esperance bushfires

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were on Incident Management Team (IMT) tasked with managing numerous brigades under the principles of the Australasian Inter–service Incident Management System (AIIMS). The chronic lack of IMT personnel in the Great Southern region in which Esperance is situated—only 18 DFES staff to manage 239 volunteer brigades and other emergency services units—is thought to have increased risk during the fires. Mark Wandel, a local farmer, described traveling 30–40 kilometres (19–25 mi) with other farmers to establish fire breaks and not witnessing "... any fire services people all day," stressing his concerns that fire authorities were "... stretched to the max."

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ignited and use graders to contain the fire before the catastrophic conditions on 17 November, however the regulations and administrative bureaucracy concerning UCL prevented them from doing so. Mick Fels, the WA Farmers Esperance-Ravensthorpe zone president and an Esperance-area farmer whose property borders a reserve, described to the ABC his experience advocating for "... two or three years, at every level, to get DPAW to put a firebreak against boundary fence ..." however his efforts were "... unsuccessful". Fels hoped to see firebreak control and fuel reduction responsibilities transferred from DPAW and DFES, and back to local communities.

724:. Much of the habitat had already been burned by a bushfire in Cape Arid National Park during October of the same year. Prior to the fires, there were believed to be only 140 individual parrots living in the wild, and the number was estimated to have been reduced to only 30–40 as a result of the damage caused by the fires. The widespread destruction of dense vegetation the ground-dwelling birds rely on for nesting prompted discussion that the critically endangered parrot could "... become the first bird in at least 200 years to become extinct in Western Australia". Two parrots—a male and a female—were rescued from the Cape Arid fire ground and taken to 941:

in the areas burned by the Merivale fire was estimated to be about 7 years, as a result of a number of prescribed burns since 2000, however the fuel age of the UCL burned in the Cascades fire was estimated to be significantly older, at up to 20 years. As part of its fire mitigation strategy in 2009–10, DPAW had performed scrub rolling and burning of pre-existing buffers at the interface of UCL where the Cascades fire ignited and private property. However, constraints on time and resources meant that only 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of the interface was burned, of which a mere 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) turned out to be in the eventual path of the fire.

991:. During a grievance debate on 7 April 2016, Dr. Graham Gibson Jacobs MP introduced before the WA Legislative Assembly his concerns about resource allocation, with particular focus on the absence of aerial support and the decision by the state operations centre that the Esperance area did not require additional resources in the face of the catastrophic conditions on 17 November. Aerial assistance for firefighters did not arrive until 18 November, as all available aerial assets—two fixed-wing water bombing aircraft—were deployed some 470 kilometres (290 mi) away in 708:, revealed that 200,000 tonnes of vegetation from agricultural areas was removed by the fires. Further agricultural loss was expected in the coming harvests as a result of soil erosion; to mitigate the damage done, as soon as the remaining crops had been harvested, paddocks were scarified and barley and maize were sown as cover crops. Over 2000ha at point of harvest Plantation Blue Gums were destroyed or damaged. Value $ US 60 million. Major woodchip exporters in Australia will not purchase and export woodchips from fire damaged plantations. 965: 28: 1063: 532:

wind gust of 83 kilometres per hour (52 mph) from the west-north-west at 16:12 AWST. A wind change shifted the direction of fire spread to north–east at approximately 18:00 AWST, and an "emergency" warning was issued at 21:04 AWST, after the fire had crossed Cape Le Grand Rd. Two houses were destroyed in the Stockyard Creek area during the night. The ability of crews to control the Merivale fire was hampered by the vegetation and the varying terrain in the area, which included

480:. The fire moved rapidly once it had entered private property; during its major south–east run on the afternoon of 17 November, the Cascades fire is estimated to have spread at a rate of 15–23 kilometres per hour (9.3–14.3 mph), fueled by the heavy harvest fuel loads, and to have traveled approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) over a five-hour period. The Cascades fire is estimated to have reached a peak intensity of around 45,000 318:, which rapidly dried out the unharvested crops and other plant material. Statewide average temperatures in Western Australia during October were +3.28 °C above average and the highest on record, and rainfall was generally light across the Esperance region at 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in). Temperature observations were similarly elevated in November, at +1.78 °C above average and the second warmest on record. 465:(FFDI) recordings of 175 and 180—significantly above the threshold of 100 for "catastrophic" conditions—were recorded at Scaddan and Cascades respectively. FFDI ratings of up to 221 were reportedly observed elsewhere around Esperance. This resulted in an escalation of all three fires, including the major run of the Cascades fire. 865:

described only being notified after the fire had passed through their properties, and the reliance on word-of-mouth communication is thought to have contributed to the death of Curnow, who died while driving to inform others of the Cascades fire. During the morning power outage in the Cascades fire zone, twenty-one

748:, jointly announced that disaster assistance pursuant to the Commonwealth-State Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements (NDRRA) had been activated for those affected by fire in the Shire of Esperance. Victims were eligible for personal hardship and distress assistance, personal and financial 852:

into the response to the Harvey-Waroona bushfire. However, the Esperance bushfires were omitted from the terms of reference, prompting criticism from the Association of Volunteer Bushfire Brigades, the Emergency Services Volunteer Association, the State Emergency Services Volunteer Association and WA

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Ninety minutes after the fire front had traversed the highway and impacted Scaddan township, the fire was upgraded to "Level 3", a designation that effectively grants the DFES command and control of the incident. By mid–evening, between 100 and 150 people from Scaddan and Grass Patch had evacuated to

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within the hour, however an "emergency warning" was not issued for the fire until 17:50 AWST, some two hours after the fire impacted Griggs Rd., 50–60 kilometres (31–37 mi) from the point of ignition. All four civilians fatalities from the Cascades fire occurred at approximately 15:50 AWST, when

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As early as 06:30 AWST, farmers made calls to fire authorities with concerns about the height of flames in inaccessible areas close to properties in and around Cascades, as the fire front expanded to at least 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). During the morning, the Cascades and Merivale fires caused power

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that claimed 173 lives and injured some 5000 people". Despite fears for the escalation of the fire in the forecast conditions, which greatly exceeded the threshold for "catastrophic" (an FFDI of 100), all three fires remained at the classification of "Level 1" and therefore under the control of local

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south of Lake Mends in the North Cascades area. Lightning from the same storm system also ignited the Merivale fire in the vicinity of Doombup Lake and Mullet Lake, 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Esperance town, and the Cape Arid complex of fires in the Gypsum Mine, Mount Ragged, and Thomas River

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In addition, during a statement to the Commonwealth Senate on 25 November 2015, Hon. Senator Christopher Back discussed "... questions as to whether personnel were able to go into crown land reserves after the lightning strike had started the fires." The senator stated there was "... never

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The authority of farmers to clear and manage land—particularly areas designated UCL—was a "... contentious issue" in the Esperance area, and several landholders were prosecuted for clearing land in contravention the state regulations. Landholders offered to enter the UCL where the Cascades fire

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produce was approximately A$ 1.5 million, of which around A$ 1 million was spent on fire–related activities. During the same period, DPAW conducted prescribed burns across 147,082 hectares (363,450 acres) in the South-West region, well below their target of 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres). Fuel age

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An "all clear" message was issued for both the Cascades and Merivale fires on the afternoon of 25 November, indicating that the series of fires were essentially extinguished. The Esperance District complex of fires was downgraded to "Level 1" and the DFES transitioned control for the recovery effort

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The fuel load on private property before the fires was described as "... enormous", with wheat crops ranging from 4–5 tonnes per hectare; Esperance-region families who had been "... farming this land for more than 100 years" described the 2015 harvest as "... the best crop ever." The

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in the communities of Grass Patch and Salmon Gums. The warning was downgraded to "watch and act" at approximately 15:00 AWST with no further injury or serious damage to property, although the perimeter of the fire had expanded to 214 kilometres (133 mi). By 20 November 300 people had evacuated

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At least 200 firefighters and volunteers from the BFB, DFES, DPAW, and VFRS assisted in fighting the fires during their 12-day duration. However, during the period of 15–17 November—immediately following the ignition of the fire and during its major run—only 4 DFES, DPAW and local government staff

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in the radio infrastructure system of the Esperance region, and therefore no workarounds available in the event of infrastructure not being functional. These failures were compounded by radio congestion. Esperance shire had two channel systems intended for use during incidents; the BFB network and

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A forecast yield of over 3 million tonnes was reduced to 2.5 million, with wheat comprising the majority of produce lost in the fires and winds; the destruction of produce is thought to have cost the region up to A$ 150 million. A survey of the impacted area by a satellite that provides imagery to

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On 17 November, the Merivale fire also moved rapidly in a south–east direction, and DFES warnings were upgraded to "watch and act" level at 11:55 AWST. Fire conditions peaked during the afternoon, with the Esperance station recording an astonishingly low relative humidity of 2% at 15:00 AWST and a

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at approximately 17:50 AWST and impacted the community of Scaddan, where the majority of structural damage occurred. The DFES superintendent for Goldfields-Esperance, Trevor Tasker, witnessed the fire front impacting the highway and created a road block, preventing an estimated 100 cars—containing

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Following the fires, access to unallocated crown land (UCL) and reserves to perform bushfire mitigation emerged as a key issue for local landholders, who sought the ability to prepare and maintain permanent firebreaks in bushland bordering farming properties. At the time of the fires, the DoL had

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experienced two significant fires and a complex of fires; 128,000 hectares (320,000 acres) were burnt by the Cascades fire, 18,000 hectares (44,000 acres) were burnt by the Merivale fire, and 164,000 hectares (410,000 acres) were burnt by the Cape Arid complex of fires. On 17 November, during the

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A failure to appreciate the value of local knowledge about terrain, infrastructure and typical fire behaviour; a situation was reported where vehicles became bogged in areas known locally to be a risk and the inappropriate placement of control points and road blocks without consideration for the

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from the north to west and relative humidity ranged from approximately 30–40%. Although no rainfall was recorded until 24 November, the low winds and temperatures of 25–32 °C (77–90 °F) meant that the Cascades fire was largely stationary and the Merivale fire was spreading slowly, yet

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in the communities impacted by the fires was poor before the fires, and added pressure on the network during the emergency caused significant issues, including motorists being unaware of the risks in certain areas and inadvertently driving into the paths of the fires. Numerous property owners

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prevented traffic entering the area impacted by fire from the opposite direction. Scaddan farmer Chris Reichstein used a speed tiller to cut a firebreak several meters wide through burning crops and stubble along the eastern edge of the fire front, preventing the fire front from crossing into

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administrative responsibility for UCL and Unmanaged Reserves in Western Australia, however fire mitigation, such as hazard reduction burning, was performed by the DFES within townsites and performed by the DPAW outside townsites, excluding locals from access to assist and manage fuel loads.

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Although the MIR found that the fires were "broadly well managed" in the context of the challenging conditions, intensity of the fires and competing resource demands across the state, there were a number of examples of firefighting effort being "compromised" by organizational failures.

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of up to 5 tonnes per hectare were reported in the Esperance district, which was estimated to be around 50% harvested at the time of the fires. This represented a 2015 harvest that was far above the 5 year average, even accounting for the "... hundreds of thousands of tonnes" of

1002:" agricultural aircraft operated by private contractors in the Esperance area were offered for aerial support suppression tasking; officially, regulatory constraints and contract management capacity prohibited their deployment. Comments by Liam Bartlett, printed in a 29 November 627:"Cougar", only a few kilometres from the property the trio were working at. Curnow also died in his vehicle while driving door-to-door to warn neighbours about the approaching fire front. Curnow was described in the media as a "hero" for his efforts to assist others, and his 402:

and relative humidity ranged from approximately 25–55%; conditions favourable to containment. However, by the end of the day on 16 November, both the Cascades and Merivale fire remained uncontained and residents of 7 properties near the Merivale fire were advised to leave.

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article, suggest that pilots may have been "... more than ready to take to the skies ..." however the pilots were "... threatened with a loss of license if they flew near the blaze ..." and therefore were not able to not assist. The nearest

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A special inquiry pursuant to section 24H(2) and (3) of the Public Sector Management Act 1994 to examine the organisation and management of the bushfire in the Waroona area in January 2016. Euan Ferguson AFSM was appointed to undertake the role of Special

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to the Cascades foreground was 50 kilometres (31 mi) south in Esperance township, and the MIR publication cast doubt over whether aerial suppression would have been effective in controlling the run of the Cascades fire in catastrophic conditions.

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Farmers; the group of organizations issued a joint statement discussing serious concerns about the scope of the inquiry. A Major Incident Report (MIR) was, however, compiled by the consultancy firm Nous Group for the DFES and released on 8 March 2016.

1044:)—to map resources on the fire ground; movements of crews on the fireground must be communicated back to the control point to enable the placement of T cards to be updated, and therefore is susceptible to failure when communication is limited. 659:

caused a week long power outage for 400–500 residents in the region. The series of fires did not reach the Insurance Council of Australia (ICA) threshold for "insurance emergency" because infrastructure losses were not particularly extensive.

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A "Level 3" incident is characterized by being protracted, large and resource intensive. They typically require significant coordination of multi-agency resources—usually by the DFES—and have a high level of complexity and community

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Issues with staffing, organization and coordination, within and between, the DFES, DPAW, Department of Lands (DoL), Volunteer Bush Fire Brigades (BFB), Volunteer Fire and Rescue Service (VFRS), local governments, and the

3561: 3612: 3232: 655:. In addition, the Merivale fire destroyed 2 houses in Stockyard Creek. Roads and utilities infrastructure was also damaged within the fire ground; the destruction of 320 power poles and hundreds of kilometres of 1116:

A "Level 1" incident is characterized by being within the scope of local government and local brigades to respond to and manage, having a low level of complexity and a relatively minor impact on the community.

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from the communities impacted by the Cascades fire. Residential areas were again threatened by the Merivale fire on 21–22 November, when it broke containment lines under the influence of a wind change.

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of the Cascades and Merivale fires to Local Government, and the recovery effort for the Cape Arid complex of fires was transferred to the Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPAW) on 26 November.

476:. Just prior to midday the Cascades fire jumped across fuel modification breaks—consisting of substantial pre-existing scrub rolling and other fuel treatment—on the interface of crown land and 375:(DFES) on 15 November, including the Cascades fire, the Merivale fire, and the Cape Arid complex, which constituted three of the ten incidents recorded by the DFES in the Shire of Esperance. 243:

habitat—reportedly up to 90%—prompting discussion that the critically endangered parrot could "... become the first bird in at least 200 years to become extinct in Western Australia".

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The three foreign nationals, who had been staying at Karranga farm on 17 November, died in the same vehicle while fleeing to Esperance town. The bodies were discovered in a vehicle with a

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was recorded at 15:37 AWST. Winds were consistently 50–60 kilometres per hour (31–37 mph) during the afternoon, with frequent gusts up to 70–80 kilometres per hour (43–50 mph).

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a circumstance in which volunteer brigade members could not go into crown land owned by the Commonwealth to suppress, fight and mitigate major fires if life and property are at risk."

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Changes in farming practices in the Esperance region have resulted in more widespread and higher yield cropping areas, creating higher fuel loads across a larger area prior to harvest.

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the DFES command network, however the DFES command network was not able to be used during the initial days of the incident, or 17 November major runs by the fires, due to a faulty

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from the north to west over the Shire of Esperance and all three fire zones, elevating the temperature to over 40 °C (104 °F) across most of the shire. An extremely low

4355: 3574: 1033:, compounded by infrastructure constraints; Personnel had to book air time or break in over the top of communications, which often consisted of idle conversation between teams. 428:

People in the area were advised to put their survival first and leave the night before or early in the day if possible, and that it was not safe to stay and defend their homes.

3512: 1582: 298:, reported its highest winter rainfall in 88 years; 91.2 millimetres (3.59 in) fell in August, the highest August total rainfall for at least 30 years. Prior to the 2015 2841: 1441: 216:. As of 2020, the Cascades fire was equally the worst bushfire in Western Australia in terms of human fatalities along with the Willow Springs/Nannup fire of January 1958. 3164: 826:

Following the fires, state and federal representatives, the community, and a review commissioned by the DFES identified shortcomings including, but not limited to;

688:—were destroyed by both the fire and the strong north-westerly winds experienced on 17 November. The winds resulted in significant yield loss due to pod shatter in 615:

Kym Curnow, 45, of Australia — Curnow was a father-of-three and farmer in the Esperance-region, who was also an Officer of the Scaddan Volunteer Bush Fire Brigade.

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yields marked a great increase from the 2 tonnes per hectare considered a "good crop" in the Esperance-region decades prior, and the Major Incident Report noted;

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Head loss is when the straw of plants may remain standing but breakage immediately under the head occurs and the heads fall to the ground, reducing grain yields.

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established a "Lord Mayor's Distress Relief Fund" to accept donations that would be distributed to the victims of the fires; donations to the fund included

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At approximately midday on 19 November, the warning for the Cascade fire was once again upgraded to emergency level for the areas west of the

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The yield was significantly higher than the average of 1–2 tonnes per hectare recorded in Western Australia most years between 2005 and 2014.

908:—in the Grass Patch and Salmon Gums townships respectively—was expedited by the Shire of Esperance in early December 2015. The electorate of 79: 3002: 390:

The fires remained uncontained by dawn on 16 November and a bushfire advice message for North Cascade was issued by the DFES at 11:30 AWST (

239:—were burnt. In addition, the Merivale fire destroyed 2 houses in Stockyard Creek, and the Cape Arid complex destroyed significant areas of 3780: 1755: 1548: 1088: 3266: 1320: 1946: 3435: 3402: 528:

Salmon Gums Recreation Centre, and at approximately 22:00 AWST the area under threat was expanded to include Red Lake and Salmon Gums.

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Joe Francis, Member for Jandakot; Minister for Emergency Services, Fisheries, Corrective Services & Veterans (7 April 2016).

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A speed tiller, sometimes called a disc plow, is designed to remove stubble and weeds by mulching the organic material and burying it.

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The Cascades fire destroyed Scaddan town hall, one house, 16 non-residential structures and dozens of vehicles in the communities of

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Particular criticism from the community was reserved for the decisions surrounding the usage of aerial firefighting assets, such as

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communications could not be ensured during the response to the fire. An absence of portable or back–up repeaters meant there was no

2855: 912:, in which the impacted communities are located, also received up to A$ 54 million as part of a federal mobile blackspots program. 4656: 4370: 3315: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4485: 4470: 4465: 4420: 2482: 2448: 4390: 4350: 4340: 4115: 1592: 1663: 494:

At 13:10 AWST the DFES warning for the Cascades fire was upgraded to "watch and act", and the warning was reported by the

4623: 4455: 3734: 3686: 3490: 3443: 3345: 3199: 2721: 2570: 2490: 2426: 1954: 1800: 1763: 1701: 1556: 1520: 1083: 3601:"Mobile Black Spot Programme to deliver almost 500 new or upgraded base stations with total investment of $ 385 million" 1614: 668:

The fires caused significant damage to rural produce and the harvest was delayed for at least a week as grains handler

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As anticipated, the Esperance region experienced catastrophic fire weather conditions on the afternoon of 17 November;

612:— Butcher, a mechanical fitter, had resided in Australia for the four years prior and was working at Karranga Station. 4661: 4410: 462: 411: 394:), although there was no threat to lives or homes at the time. Winds in the Cascades fire ground on 16 November were 2920: 2321: 2196: 1281: 700:; barley head loss in the order of 1.5 to over 2 tonnes per hectare was observed in many areas of Esperance shire. 561: 511: 414:(FFDI) rating of 250–260 was reportedly forecast for 17 November; described as "... worse than the day of the 2127: 4108: 3413: 1172: 4205: 648: 644: 342:, was expected to increase the severity and duration of the 2015–16 fire season in Western Australia, with the 224: 220: 3191: 2942: 4255: 1999: 1826: 4245: 4171: 4141: 3522: 3142: 2159: 878: 489:... the hottest grassland fire in WA's recorded history, and possibly in Australia's recorded history. 473: 295: 72: 423:

brigades. Following the fires, Deputy Commissioner of the DFES, Lloyd Bailey, stated that on 16 November;

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major run of the Cascades fire, four civilian fatalities occurred in vehicles traveling on Griggs Road in

4270: 4181: 3648: 1667: 741: 520: 2613: 2266: 1883: 4651: 652: 504: 500: 228: 213: 3290:"Esperance bushfires: Perth Lord Mayor Lisa Scaffidi opens Distress Relief Fund for affected families" 4415: 4265: 4260: 4190: 4186: 4035: 3994: 3262: 3228: 992: 4093: 4055: 4014: 1048:

locally-known flow of road trains, resulting in the vehicles having great difficulty turning around.

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2.4 Rural Tanker, one of the models used by Volunteer Bush Fire Brigades in rural Western Australia

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Issues surrounding fire mitigation and suppression, especially in the areas of resource allocation.

415: 877:, however Telstra staff could not access the sites because of road blocks, resulting in a lack of 4646: 4360: 4250: 4151: 3608: 3017: 2977: 1175:, to deliver 499 new and upgraded mobile base stations across Australia; 130 of which were in WA. 1168: 909: 721: 716:

The Cape Arid complex of fires destroyed significant areas—reportedly up to 90%—of the remaining

384: 3598: 2419:"Malcolm Turnbull meets bushfire volunteers as Esperance community comes to terms with its loss" 2217: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4345: 4235: 4131: 1078: 861: 1947:"Fires and hot, windy weather cut expected crop estimates in Esperance port zone this harvest" 643:, one house, 16 other non-residential structures and dozens of vehicles in the communities of 4430: 4335: 4315: 4022: 3981: 3192:"Perth Zoo's western ground parrot breeding program suffers setback after death of two birds" 2609: 2262: 2037: 1879: 845: 717: 602: 455: 407: 399: 240: 3436:"Yarloop fire inquiry: Agencies 'disappointed' terms of reference omits Esperance bushfires" 1694:"Esperance bushfire investigation finds region poorly resourced against 'unstoppable' fires" 684:

died and 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of crop—constituting an estimated 500,000 tonnes of

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had reportedly been stripped, leaving nothing but sandy plains. Approximately 4,500 head of

283:, which maintains a combustible ground cover and increases fuel load in pre-harvest fields. 199:

were a series of catastrophic bushfires that burned from 15 to 26 November and affected the

4375: 4295: 4275: 4210: 4026: 3985: 1756:"Fears for rare western ground parrot after Esperance fires destroy 90 per cent of habitat" 419: 378:

The Cascades fire ignited north of Pyramid Rd. and west of Ned's Corner Rd. on unallocated

360: 343: 331: 200: 3727:"WA Premier says now is not the time for blame as bushfire-affected residents return home" 1513:"WA bushfires: Foreign workers die trying to flee farm, save horse in Esperance bushfires" 869:

sites—four mobile phone towers and seventeen exchange and connectivity points—switched to

8: 4195: 4176: 3925: 3483:"Fears State Government's bushfire inquiry will overlook key issues from Esperance fires" 3102: 2883: 2575: 2483:"Esperance fire victims' families to travel from Europe to see where loved ones perished" 439: 346:

region in particular to experience "above normal fire potential" due to high fuel loads.

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erratically. Four single-engine air tankers were deployed to control the Merivale fire.

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and lightning ignited fires across a large area. At least 40 fires were recorded by the

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Difficulty mobilizing and managing emergency and administrative staff in a remote area.

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Hon. Tony Abbott MP; Hon. Malcolm Turnbull MP; Hon. Paul Fletcher MP (25 June 2015).

2713: 2418: 2395:"Grievance Debate – Esperance Bushfires - Resource Allocation and Early Intervention" 2347:"Grievance Debate – Esperance Bushfires - Resource Allocation and Early Intervention" 1248:

David Grills MLC, Member for the Mining and Pastoral Region (26 November 2015).

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died and 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of crop—constituting about 500,000 tonnes of

204: 171: 2528:"Goldfields firefighter Trevor Tasker saves people from driving into Esperance fire" 4240: 1549:"Esperance bushfires: European workers killed trying to flee blaze named by police" 964: 764: 729: 537: 477: 1378:

Dr. Christopher John Back, Senator for Western Australia (25 November 2015).

231:. There was also significant damage to rural produce; approximately 4,500 head of 4365: 4220: 4161: 3225:

Minister for Justice, Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Counter-Terrorism

1793:"Western ground parrot 'facing extinction' after devastating Esperance bushfires" 898: 811: 582:

The four civilians who died in the Cascades fire were identified on 19 November.

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outages in Esperance shire that affected at least 300 customers and also stopped

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Scott, Matthew (27 November 2015). "Local Recovery Committee; Esperance Fires".

1442:"Esperance fires: Partner pays tribute to British man killed in Esperance fires" 1037: 885: 849: 760: 673: 609: 553: 451: 443: 395: 27: 1831:. Bentley DC: Grain Industry Association of Western Australia. 6 November 2015 290:

rainfall in 2015, promoting the growth of large quantities of crops and other

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of 6% was observed at the Salmon Gums Research Station at 15:00 AWST, and a "

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material. Salmon Gums Research Station, 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of

255:; between 1990 and 2000 the region witnessed an increase of 50% in the total 94: 81: 3165:"90 Percent of Western Ground Parrot Habitat Destroyed By Fire In Australia" 2637:"Esperance bushfires: 100kmh winds spark 'catastrophic fire danger' warning" 2817: 2029: 988: 929: 873:; the batteries were designed to last eight hours before being replaced by 821: 470: 364: 280: 276: 2813:"Esperance bushfire: British man, Norwegian student and farmer among dead" 2714:"Esperance fires: 'Race against time' before worsening weekend conditions" 2255:"Salmon Gums, Western Australia; November 2015 Daily Weather Observations" 4100: 2846: 969: 749: 656: 620: 2781:"Esperance fires: Norwegian woman Anna Winther, 29, killed in firestorm" 2602:"Esperance, Western Australia; November 2015 Daily Weather Observations" 1872:"Salmon Gums, Western Australia; August 2015 Daily Weather Observations" 924:

In 2014–15, statewide funding for the DoL to undertake fire mitigation,

1274:"Esperance bushfires: Damage bill for crop losses 'in excess of $ 60m'" 995:

in preparation for catastrophic conditions in that area of the region.

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In response to the failures during the fires, the construction of two

327: 3517: 3403:"Public Inquiry in to January 2016 Waroona Fire - Terms of Reference" 3137: 2915: 2316: 2034:

Bushfire & Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centres Programme

1587: 1003: 783: 756: 725: 681: 669: 640: 260: 232: 187: 38: 2189:"WA bushfires: Shire of Esperance facing 'catastrophic' fire danger" 4285: 3639: 3635:"Esperance bushfires: Malcolm Turnbull flags better telco coverage" 3133:"Esperance fires: Green, crops toll stands out in satellite images" 3016:(5). Toowoomba, Queensland: Greenmount Press: 50–52. Archived from 2785: 2752: 2641: 2532: 1475:"Esperance bushfire victim's sister says he was "living the dream"" 1008: 795: 705: 552:

Winds in the Cascades fire ground on 18 November again returned to

541: 275:. Cropped areas are particularly combustible prior to harvest, and 3560:

Parker, Basil (15 December 2015). "Infrastructure and Buildings".

3353: 2879:"Esperance fires: Bushfire casualty died for the love of a horse" 2402: 2354: 1449: 1384: 1257: 1171:

committed A$ 100 million, supplemented by A$ 32 million from the

866: 803: 768: 677: 628: 587: 516: 299: 3679:"Better land access for bushfire management on the cards for WA" 1919:(7). Toowoomba, Queensland: Greenmount Press: 29. Archived from 3930: 3107: 2888: 2683:"Update: Watch and Act remains for Grass Patch and Salmon Gums" 2580: 2393:

Dr. Graham Gibson Jacobs, Member for Eyre (7 April 2016).

1029:

An absence of protocols and discipline in the usage of the BFB

937: 693: 689: 594: 287: 272: 268: 2406:. Western Australia: Legislative Assembly. pp. 2317–2319. 2358:. Western Australia: Legislative Assembly. pp. 2317–2319. 2218:"Bushfire Advice: North Cascade in the Shire of Esperance, WA" 321: 1346:"2015/16 Wandrra Eligible Disaster Proclamation Notification" 1261:. Western Australia: Legislative Council. pp. 9043–9044. 933: 889: 697: 685: 624: 533: 454:" wind gust of 93 kilometres per hour (58 mph) from the 264: 236: 2748:"Esperance bushfires: firefighters battle through the night" 2000:"Challenging bushfire season expected for Western Australia" 314:

The winter rains were followed by an unusually dry and warm

3605:

Ministers for the Department of Communications and the Arts

2449:"Esperance bush fires cause black outs for power customers" 925: 33: 1581:

Butler, Bruce; le Messurier, Danielle (18 November 2015).

524:

bushland where it "... could have burned for weeks".

2312:"Now is the time to answer questions over Esperance fire" 1377: 1352:. Department of the Premier and Cabinet. 22 December 2015 1041: 2392: 2160:"Esperance devastation – a warning for the season ahead" 1790: 1388:. Commonwealth of Australia: Senate. pp. 8928–8929. 830:

Failures of telecommunications and radio infrastructure.

822:

Criticism of authorities and subsequent incident reviews

3346:"Aurizon donates $ 25,000 to the Esperance Fire Appeal" 3096:

Knowles, Gabrielle; Thompson, Brad (24 November 2015).

1380:"Statements by Senators - Western Australia: Bushfires" 251:

Agriculture is the predominant land use by area in the

4021: 3980: 2073: 2030:"Southern Australia Seasonal Bushfire Outlook 2015–16" 1986: 1974: 4066:

Major Incident Review of the Esperance District fires

3316:"City of Bunbury to donate $ 10k for Esperance fires" 3077:(77). South East Premium Wheat Growers Association: 2 676:

and shut six grain storage sites. In some areas, the

3476: 3474: 3472: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1058: 2509: 2507: 2168:. Government of Western Australia. 30 November 2015 519:and locals—from driving into the flames; police in 259:area and a decrease in the total area dedicated to 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3513:"Esperance farewell fire hero Kym 'Freddy' Curnow" 2369: 2367: 2365: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 1580: 1511:Bennett, Mark; Powell, Graeme (20 November 2015). 848:, the Government of Western Australia announced a 442:over the south-west of the state created winds of 4028:Monthly Weather Review - Australia; November 2015 3469: 2052: 1843: 1583:"Esperance bushfire: Four dead in raging inferno" 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1036:The reliance on a physical "T card" system—not a 4638: 3987:Monthly Weather Review - Australia; October 2015 2997: 2995: 2504: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1469: 1467: 1247: 605:, who was working as a cook at Karranga Station. 3878: 3876: 3781:"Esperance farmers blame bushfires on red tape" 3720: 3718: 3663: 3095: 2976:. Grains Research and Development Corporation, 2677: 2675: 2362: 2240: 1864: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1436: 1434: 1432: 856: 732:program, however both birds died in captivity. 590:— Kohrs-Lichte was working at Karranga Station. 3705: 3703: 3050:. South East Premium Wheat Growers Association 2810: 2569:Sas, Nick; Thompson, Brad (20 November 2015). 2340: 2338: 2069: 2067: 1791:Rhiannon Shine; Sam Tomlin (22 January 2016). 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1350:ARGN688 Bushfires Esperance - 15 November 2015 1302: 1300: 1298: 1211: 4116: 2992: 2877:Bell, Kelly; Clarke, Tim (20 November 2015). 2610:Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government) 2476: 2474: 2379: 2263:Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government) 1944: 1880:Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government) 1715: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1464: 1340: 1338: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 484:, described in the Major Incident Report as; 367:moved in an easterly direction over southern 107:(approximate ignition point of Cascades fire) 3959: 3949: 3947: 3873: 3861: 3715: 3287: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2672: 2571:"Phone problems in fire zone 'risked lives'" 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2116:Special Council Notice of Meeting and Agenda 1814: 1658: 1656: 1429: 1271: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1089:List of disasters in Australia by death toll 631:was attended by up to four thousand people. 3700: 3543: 3541: 3539: 2594: 2568: 2344: 2335: 2286: 2284: 2064: 1938: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1576: 1574: 1392: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1295: 1272:le Messurier, Danielle (19 November 2015). 499:the fire front impacted Griggs Rd. between 322:Predictions for the 2015–16 bushfire season 4130: 4123: 4109: 4062: 3965: 3953: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3767: 3755: 3709: 3547: 3510: 3463: 3457: 3377:"Lord Mayor's Distress Relief Fund update" 3255:"WA—Esperance Bushfire (15 November 2015)" 2908: 2876: 2839: 2666: 2513: 2471: 2373: 2290: 2108: 2106: 2097: 2085: 2058: 1858: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1687: 1685: 1647: 1534: 1497: 1335: 1232: 1226: 1205: 740:On 21 November, the Minister for Justice, 338:and the warmer waters associated with the 120:More than 310,000 hectares (766,000 acres) 26: 4074:Department of Fire and Emergency Services 3944: 3900: 3849: 3433: 3288:le Messurier, Daniel (20 November 2015). 3162: 3126: 3124: 2735: 2551: 2226:Department of Fire and Emergency Services 2165:Department of Fire and Emergency Services 2145: 2008:Department of Fire and Emergency Services 1653: 1188: 373:Department of Fire and Emergency Services 44:Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite 3837: 3536: 3130: 2840:Macfarlane, Kristin (19 November 2015). 2634: 2309: 2281: 2186: 1945:de Landgrafft, Tara (23 November 2015). 1632: 1615:"Bushfire Memorial | Monument Australia" 1571: 1405: 1364: 1307:Sprague, Julie-Anne (19 November 2015). 963: 744:, and the Premier of Western Australia, 639:The Cascades fire destroyed the Scaddan 4381:Eastern Victoria Great Divide (2006–07) 2940: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2103: 1777: 1738: 1682: 1664:"Esperance bushfire damage toll rising" 1306: 711: 286:The Esperance region had above average 4639: 3918: 3724: 3676: 3559: 3511:Paddenburg, Trevor (4 December 2015). 3480: 3131:Anderson, Alyesha (22 November 2015). 3121: 3068: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2909:Paddenburg, Trevor (4 December 2015). 2778: 2711: 2525: 2480: 2416: 2187:Anderson, Alyesha (18 November 2015). 1691: 790:100,000 from the WA state government, 663: 359:Over the weekend of 14–15 November, a 4104: 3811:"Quick thinking saved couple's lives" 3374: 3259:Australian Government Disaster Assist 3189: 3098:"$ 150m lost to Esperance fire, wind" 3044:"Barley straw strength and head loss" 2943:"Esperance bushfire victims go solar" 2112: 1753: 263:farming, the main crops produced are 2779:Foster, Brendan (19 November 2015). 2635:Corridon, Sarah (17 November 2015). 2526:Foster, Brendan (19 November 2015). 2296: 1754:Shine, Rhiannon (30 November 2015). 1406:Corridon, Sarah (17 November 2015). 1040:that automatically updates (such as 818:1 million was raised by the appeal. 634: 463:McArthur Grassland Fire Danger Index 4625:List of Australian bushfire seasons 3735:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3687:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3563:Local Recovery Committee Newsletter 3491:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3444:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3434:Macmillan, Jade (21 January 2016). 3231:). 21 December 2015. Archived from 3200:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3163:Jorgensen, Cari (3 December 2015). 2961: 2811:Guardian Staff (20 November 2015). 2722:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2491:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2481:Powell, Graeme (23 November 2015). 2427:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2310:Bartlett, Liam (28 November 2015). 1955:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1801:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1764:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1702:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1557:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1521:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1084:List of Australian bushfire seasons 959: 884:Due to the failure of the Cascades 279:is retained post harvest to reduce 13: 3821:. 26 November 2015. Archived from 3190:Shine, Rhiannon (6 January 2016). 1612: 1019: 915: 203:region in the Australian state of 14: 4673: 3725:Martin, Lucy (20 November 2015). 3375:Leach, Daniel (13 January 2016). 3227:. Attorney-General's Department ( 3041: 2941:Pickles, Saskia (10 March 2016). 2712:Carter, Lucy (19 November 2015). 1309:"WA bushfires claim lives, crops" 1250:"Statement - Esperance Bushfires" 881:for hours or days in some areas. 771:subsidies for primary producers. 735: 547: 412:McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index 354: 32:View of the Esperance fires from 3919:Mercer, Daniel (29 March 2016). 3912: 3888: 2417:Martin, Lucy (9 December 2015). 1061: 623:, containing the remains of the 349: 4371:Eastern Victorian alpine (2003) 3974: 3803: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3627: 3592: 3553: 3504: 3481:Tomlin, Sam (22 January 2016). 3427: 3414:Government of Western Australia 3395: 3368: 3338: 3308: 3281: 3247: 3213: 3183: 3156: 3089: 3062: 3035: 2934: 2902: 2870: 2833: 2804: 2772: 2705: 2660: 2628: 2519: 2441: 2410: 2403:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2355:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2210: 2180: 2091: 2079: 2022: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1898: 1606: 1385:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1258:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1173:Government of Western Australia 1157: 1147: 1138: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1101: 56:15 – 26 November 46:(VIIRS) imagery on 17 November. 4657:Bushfires in Western Australia 3069:Curtis, Niki (December 2015). 1265: 510:The Cascades fire crossed the 433: 410:to the DFES on 16 November, a 383:areas of the northern part of 163:— 16 non-residential buildings 1: 3921:"Bumper crops lift fire risk" 1692:Tomlin, Sam (29 March 2016). 1182: 577: 246: 4143:Australian Capital Territory 4072:. Perth, Western Australia: 3677:Tomlin, Sam (1 April 2016). 2842:"Esperance farmer 'an icon'" 2126:. p. 14. Archived from 1163:As part of "Round 1" of the 857:Telecommunications and radio 597:— Winther was a graduate of 572: 512:Coolgardie–Esperance Highway 444:moderate gale to storm force 7: 4063:Nous Group (8 March 2016). 3737:. Event occurs at 18:25:41 2429:. Event occurs at 18:30:32 2074:Bureau of Meteorology 2015b 1987:Bureau of Meteorology 2015b 1975:Bureau of Meteorology 2015a 1165:Mobile Black Spot Programme 1052: 932:control, and harvesting of 586:Julia Kohrs-Lichte, 19, of 562:Coolgadie-Esperance Highway 10: 4678: 4391:Great Ocean Road (2015–16) 2974:"2015 Harvest of extremes" 554:gentle to moderate breezes 4619: 4454: 4399: 4314: 4284: 4219: 4160: 4140: 4036:Commonwealth of Australia 3995:Commonwealth of Australia 3263:Commonwealth of Australia 3229:Commonwealth of Australia 2821:. Guardian News and Media 183: 178: 167: 157: 149: 144: 124: 116: 111: 71: 61: 51: 25: 20: 4421:Western Australia (2015) 4411:Western Australia (1961) 3410:Public Sector Commission 2036:. Melbourne, Australia: 1619:monumentaustralia.org.au 1094: 1069:Western Australia portal 416:Black Saturday bushfires 207:. During the fires, the 197:2015 Esperance bushfires 21:2015 Esperance bushfires 4251:Ash Wednesday II (1983) 4182:Eastern seaboard (1994) 4034:. Melbourne, Victoria: 3993:. Melbourne, Victoria: 3609:Commonwealth Government 2978:Commonwealth Government 1169:Commonwealth Government 722:Cape Arid National Park 608:Thomas Butcher, 31, of 385:Cape Arid National Park 363:consisting of numerous 4261:Kangaroo Island (2007) 4246:Ash Wednesday I (1980) 4206:New South Wales (2013) 4187:Black Christmas (2001) 4133:Bushfires in Australia 1079:Bushfires in Australia 998:A pair of fixed-wing " 989:water-bombing aircraft 973: 957: 956: 862:Mobile phone reception 774:The lord mayor of the 692:and head loss in both 492: 491: 431: 430: 396:light to fresh breezes 311:lost during the fire. 95:33.10583°S 120.98389°E 4386:Black Saturday (2009) 4326:Black Thursday (1851) 4231:Adelaide Hills (1939) 4023:Bureau of Meteorology 3982:Bureau of Meteorology 2222:Early Warning Network 2038:Australian Government 967: 952: 951: 846:2016 Waroona bushfire 718:Western Ground Parrot 672:closed its Esperance 603:Amnesty International 593:Anna Winther, 29, of 487: 486: 426: 425: 408:Bureau of Meteorology 406:At a briefing by the 241:Western Ground Parrot 4662:Goldfields–Esperance 4361:Ash Wednesday (1983) 4296:Black Tuesday (1967) 4256:Black Tuesday (2005) 3071:"EPZ Harvest Update" 712:Environmental damage 601:and an activist for 344:Goldfields-Esperance 332:Southern Oscillation 201:Goldfields-Esperance 158:Structures destroyed 100:-33.10583; 120.98389 4346:Black Friday (1939) 4341:Black Sunday (1926) 4271:Sampson Flat (2015) 4236:Black Sunday (1955) 3926:The West Australian 3103:The West Australian 2947:businessnews.com.au 2884:The West Australian 2858:on 20 December 2015 2576:The West Australian 1323:on 20 December 2015 906:mobile phone towers 728:for inclusion in a 664:Agricultural damage 540:as well as several 440:low pressure system 340:Indian Ocean Dipole 91: / 4457:By national season 4416:Perth Hills (2014) 4376:Mount Lubra (2006) 4336:Red Tuesday (1898) 4266:Cherryville (2013) 3791:. 28 November 2015 3571:Shire of Esperance 3356:. 26 November 2015 3326:. 20 November 2015 3003:"January–February" 2760:. 20 November 2015 2693:. 20 November 2015 2459:. 17 November 2015 2228:. 16 November 2015 2124:Shire of Esperance 2010:. 1 September 2015 1670:. 20 November 2015 1559:. 20 November 2015 1485:. 20 November 2015 1452:. 19 November 2015 974: 515:approximately 200 253:Shire of Esperance 209:Shire of Esperance 66:Shire of Esperance 4652:2015 in Australia 4634: 4633: 4402:Western Australia 4331:Heytesbury (1886) 4191:Warragamba (2001) 3815:farmweekly.com.au 3785:Esperance Express 3651:. 9 December 2015 3320:Esperance Express 2980:. 18 January 2016 2687:Esperance Express 2453:Esperance Express 1613:Design, UBC Web. 1479:Esperance Express 1412:Esperance Express 1313:farmweekly.com.au 765:primary producers 635:Structural damage 599:Curtin University 496:Experance Express 448:relative humidity 438:The passage of a 369:Western Australia 334:event across the 205:Western Australia 193: 192: 4669: 4626: 4458: 4426:Esperance (2015) 4403: 4318: 4288: 4223: 4177:Chatsbury (1965) 4164: 4144: 4134: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3992: 3969: 3968:, pp. 53–54 3963: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3885:, pp. 29–31 3880: 3871: 3870:, pp. 26–27 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3722: 3713: 3712:, pp. 45–46 3707: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3674: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3611:. 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September 2015 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1913:Australian Grain 1910: 1906:"Grain Yearbook" 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1882:. Archived from 1868: 1862: 1856: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1823: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1788: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1751: 1736: 1730: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1689: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1666:. 9news.com.au. 1660: 1651: 1645: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1593:The Sunday Times 1578: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1545: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1508: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1446:Kalgoorlie Miner 1438: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1403: 1390: 1389: 1375: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1342: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1319:. Archived from 1304: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1254: 1245: 1230: 1224: 1209: 1203: 1176: 1161: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1064: 960:Fire suppression 810:10,000 from the 761:small businesses 730:captive breeding 478:private property 400:south-south-east 326:A strengthening 106: 105: 103: 102: 101: 96: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 57: 30: 18: 17: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4615: 4456: 4450: 4446:Wanneroo (2023) 4441:Beechina (2021) 4436:Wooroloo (2021) 4401: 4395: 4316: 4310: 4306:Tasmania (2016) 4301:Tasmania (2013) 4286: 4280: 4222:South Australia 4221: 4215: 4201:Pulletop (2006) 4163:New South Wales 4162: 4156: 4152:Canberra (2003) 4142: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4089: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4069: 4051: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4031: 4010: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3990: 3977: 3972: 3966:Nous Group 2016 3964: 3960: 3954:Nous Group 2016 3952: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3907:Nous Group 2016 3905: 3901: 3895:Nous Group 2016 3893: 3889: 3883:Nous Group 2016 3881: 3874: 3868:Nous Group 2016 3866: 3862: 3856:Nous Group 2016 3854: 3850: 3844:Nous Group 2016 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3768:Nous Group 2016 3766: 3762: 3756:Nous Group 2016 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3716: 3710:Nous Group 2016 3708: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3675: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3580:on 3 March 2016 3577: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3548:Nous Group 2016 3546: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3479: 3470: 3466:, pp. 1–68 3464:Nous Group 2016 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3235:on 3 March 2016 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3129: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3042:Hills, Andrea. 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2949:. Business News 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2667:Nous Group 2016 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2616:on 16 June 2016 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2567: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2514:Nous Group 2016 2512: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2479: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2397: 2391: 2380: 2374:Nous Group 2016 2372: 2363: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2308: 2297: 2291:Nous Group 2016 2289: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2269:on 16 June 2016 2253: 2252: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2158: 2157: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2119: 2111: 2104: 2098:Nous Group 2016 2096: 2092: 2086:Nous Group 2016 2084: 2080: 2072: 2065: 2059:Nous Group 2016 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1886:on 16 June 2016 1870: 1869: 1865: 1859:Nous Group 2016 1857: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1825: 1824: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1789: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1752: 1739: 1733:Nous Group 2016 1731: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1690: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1648:Nous Group 2016 1646: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1579: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1547: 1546: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1509: 1498: 1488: 1486: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1440: 1439: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1404: 1393: 1376: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1305: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1270: 1266: 1252: 1246: 1233: 1227:Nous Group 2016 1225: 1212: 1206:Nous Group 2016 1204: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1022: 1020:Recommendations 962: 918: 916:Fire mitigation 879:mobile coverage 859: 824: 812:City of Bunbury 738: 720:habitat within 714: 666: 637: 580: 575: 550: 456:west-north-west 436: 357: 352: 324: 249: 162: 140: 137:Forest reserves 99: 97: 93: 90: 85: 82: 80: 78: 77: 55: 47: 12: 11: 5: 4675: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4647:2015 wildfires 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4431:Waroona (2016) 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4351:WWII (1943–44) 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4241:Wandilo (1958) 4238: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4138: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4060: 4019: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3958: 3943: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3802: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3731:ABC Radio "PM" 3714: 3699: 3662: 3626: 3591: 3552: 3535: 3503: 3468: 3456: 3426: 3394: 3367: 3350:aurizon.com.au 3337: 3307: 3296:. Sunday Times 3280: 3246: 3212: 3182: 3155: 3120: 3088: 3061: 3034: 3023:on 4 June 2016 2991: 2960: 2933: 2901: 2869: 2832: 2803: 2771: 2734: 2704: 2671: 2659: 2627: 2593: 2550: 2518: 2503: 2470: 2440: 2423:ABC Radio "PM" 2409: 2378: 2361: 2334: 2295: 2280: 2239: 2209: 2179: 2144: 2133:on 3 June 2016 2102: 2090: 2078: 2063: 2051: 2021: 2004:dfes.wa.gov.au 1991: 1989:, pp. 7–8 1979: 1977:, pp. 7–8 1967: 1937: 1926:on 4 June 2016 1897: 1863: 1842: 1813: 1776: 1737: 1714: 1681: 1652: 1631: 1605: 1570: 1533: 1496: 1463: 1428: 1391: 1363: 1334: 1294: 1264: 1231: 1210: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1156: 1146: 1137: 1127: 1118: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1038:digital system 1034: 1021: 1018: 961: 958: 917: 914: 886:radio repeater 858: 855: 850:public inquiry 844:Following the 842: 841: 837: 834: 831: 823: 820: 742:Michael Keenan 737: 736:Aid and relief 734: 713: 710: 674:grain terminal 665: 662: 636: 633: 617: 616: 613: 606: 591: 579: 576: 574: 571: 549: 548:18–26 November 546: 435: 432: 356: 355:14–16 November 353: 351: 348: 323: 320: 296:Esperance town 248: 245: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 176: 175: 174:60–150 million 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 135: 132: 128: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 109: 108: 75: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4674: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4366:Linton (1998) 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4276:Pinery (2015) 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4211:Tathra (2018) 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4172:Seaham (1939) 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4095: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4045: 4037: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3825:on 7 May 2016 3824: 3820: 3819:Fairfax Media 3816: 3812: 3806: 3790: 3789:Fairfax Media 3786: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3650: 3646: 3645:Fairfax Media 3642: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3615:on 7 May 2016 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3325: 3324:Fairfax Media 3321: 3317: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2857: 2853: 2852:Fairfax Media 2849: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2792: 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1076: 1070: 1059: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1031:radio channel 1028: 1027: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1005: 1001: 1000:crop spraying 996: 994: 990: 987: 983: 978: 971: 966: 955: 950: 946: 942: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 913: 911: 907: 902: 900: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 871:battery power 868: 863: 854: 851: 847: 838: 835: 832: 829: 828: 827: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782:250,000 from 781: 777: 776:City of Perth 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 755: 754:interest rate 751: 747: 746:Colin Barnett 743: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 709: 707: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 632: 630: 626: 622: 614: 611: 607: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589: 585: 584: 583: 570: 566: 563: 558: 555: 545: 544:plantations. 543: 539: 535: 529: 525: 522: 518: 513: 508: 506: 502: 497: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 472: 466: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 429: 424: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 365:thunderstorms 362: 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