Tuareg rebellion (2012)

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being hostile to Azawad separatism as well as the Islamists. In fact, many of these actually had only recently come to the "South", fleeing the violence in the North and ideological repression for not supporting Azawad separatism. By May, 60,000 people, mostly Tuaregs, had fled ethnic reprisals. One Tuareg interviewee, who had originally fled from the Northern town of Kidal to Bamako, and then to Mbera, said that "Some of them were saying the Tuareg people killed their relatives — and that now they must do the same to the Tuareg who are among them", and that the incident that prompted him to leave was watching policemen beat a Tuareg fellow policeman.

186: 2724:, a US-based think tank, challenged MNLA's statement that it represents all the ethnic groups of Azawad, stating that in practice, almost all of its members were Tuaregs, who saw in the rebellion a chance to establish a separate state for the Tuaregs of northern Mali, while other ethnic groups of the region—the Arabs/Moors as well as the various black groups (Fulani, Songhay, etc.)—were much less enthusiastic. By the late spring of 2012, they began forming their own, often ethnic-based, militias. Some Arabs/Moors opposed to the rebellion formed the 2213:(DRS) since 2003. There were also reports of an Algerian military presence in the area on 20 December 2011. Though Mali said they were in coordination against AQIM, there were no reported attacks in the region at the time; the MNLA even complained that the Malian government had not done enough to fight AQIM. Locals believed that the presence was due to the MNLA's promise to root out AQIM which was involved in drug trafficking allegedly with the connivance of high-ranking officers and threatened to turn Mali into a 2606:

ECOWAS and others. With ECOWAS troops on stand-by for a first-ever intervention in a membership country, Sanogo said: "As of today we are committed to restore the 1992 constitution and all the institutions of the republic. However given the multi-dimensional crisis we face, we'll need a transition period to preserve the national unity. We will start talks with all political entities to put into place a transitional body that will oversee free and transparent elections in which we won't take part."

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reported the capture of Timbuktu the day an ECOWAS imposed 72-hour deadline to start returning to civilian rule was set to expire. The defence of the city was left mostly to local Arab militias as most of the Malian Army fled. The MNLA then took over Timbuktu without much fighting, celebrating its victory carrying the Azawad flag on pickup trucks around the city.

2168:. Many of the returnees from Libya were said to have come back for financial reasons such as losing their savings, as well as due to the alleged racism of the NTC's fighters and militias. Another commentator described the US as a catalyst for the rebellion, citing the training of Tuareg rebels by the U.S. and the overthrow of Libya's government in 2011. 2684:

the region. We are stepping up our assistance to Malian refugees across the Sahel region who face acute water and food shortages. We'd like to reiterate that UNHCR is committed to helping neighbouring countries and host communities which have been providing safety and shelter to the refugees despite these shortages and the difficult conditions."

2381:, forcing Malian soldiers to escape into Algeria. A rebel spokesman said that they were able to gain weapons and military vehicles found in the military camps of the city. The fight for the town killed one government soldier and one rebel. During the month, Niafunké was also captured and then lost again by the rebels. 2355:, Mali's capital. Dozens of Malian soldiers were also killed in fighting in Aguelhok. Following the Bamako protests, the Interior minister took the place of the Defense minister. President Touré also called on the population to not attack any community after some Tuaregs' properties were attacked in the protests. 2590:

The next day, the rebels began attacking the outskirts of Timbuktu at dawn as reports indicated that government soldiers had deserted at least one of the bases. The attack occurred with the use of heavy arms and automatic weapons, which had been left by the Malian Army's deserters earlier. Al Jazeera

2443:, who was there to speak to them about the rebellion, at an army base near Bamako. The mutineers were dissatisfied with Touré's handling of the insurgency and the equipment they had received to fight the insurgents. Later that day, soldiers stormed the Presidential Palace, forcing Touré into hiding. 2148:

For decades prior to the 2012 rebellion, Tuareg political leaders had asserted that the nomadic Tuareg people were marginalized and consequently impoverished in both Mali and Niger, and that mining projects had damaged important pastoral areas. Issues such as climate change and a rooted background of

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Ansar Dine were also reported to have ransacked bars and establishments that served alcohol, while banning western music from being broadcast. Most hotels in the city were empty or closed, with the tourism industry in the doldrums. Similar reports of changing music on the radio to prayers chants was

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On 11 March, the MNLA re-took Tessalit and its airport after efforts by the government and its allies to re-supply the town failed, and the Malian military forces fled towards the border with Algeria. The MNLA announced that they had also captured several soldiers, as well as light and heavy weapons

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The conflict has strained the ethnic tolerance that Mali was once known for. The Tuaregs and Arabs who lived in Bamako and elsewhere in "South" Mali have been subjects of a rash of ethnic attacks by "black Malians" (as opposed to Mediterranean Arabs and racially mixed Tuaregs), despite many of them

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said that in addition to the roughly 200,000 displaced persons, up to 400 people a day were crossing the borders into Burkina Faso and Mauritania. The UNHCR's spokesperson Melissa Fleming said: "The north of the country is becoming more and more dangerous due to the proliferation of armed groups in

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as rebel forces encircled it with the MNLA saying that it sought to "dislodge Mali's remaining political and military administration" in the region. Malian soldiers with southern origins were reported to have started leaving Timbuktu, while Arab soldiers from the north were left to defend the city.

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also reported claims that the rebels controlled one third of Mali and that the Malian army was struggling to fight back. One of the three government helicopters manned by Ukrainian mercenaries had also broke down, while the two others were being kept to protect the south. Ansar Dine also claimed to

2157:. Many of the Tuaregs currently fighting in the rebellion have received training from Gaddafi's Islamic Legion during his tenure in Libya. Hence many of the combatants are experienced with a variety of warfare techniques that have posed major problems to the national governments of Mali and Niger. 3084:

negotiate with the MNLA; however, he was criticized for trying to legitimize a rebellion seen in the south as run by sectarian opportunists. After the coup and the advances by the rebels, the United States followed a warning that the region was becoming an Al Qaeda base with its support of ECOWAS'

3073:, along with Malian officials, claimed the MNLA worked with AQIM by citing the alleged massacre of soldiers. Algeria withdrew military advisors and suspended military aid to Mali at the end of January to increase pressure on the government as it also tried to mediate a resolution to the conflict. 2597:

Kidal-based Colonel El Haji Ag Gamou of the Malian Army announced his defection to the MNLA with 500 of his troops. Ag Gamou and his men later fled to Niger, Ag Gamou stating that he had pretended to join the MNLA only to save his men. His regiment was disarmed by the Nigerien army and placed in a

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amongst the Tuareg diaspora was reported to be euphoric at the imminent "liberation," while those in southern Mali were strongly against what they called "bandits" in the north who they said should be "killed". The Malian press was also quick to criticize the uprising. In late June, Reuters noted

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in the Gao region, as the army said it was leaving its positions in both cities to support the defence of Gao, which was the headquarters of the Malian Army in the north. One administrator in Bourem was reportedly killed by the rebels. In the morning of 31 March, rebels entered Gao carrying their

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The strength of this uprising and the use of heavy weapons, which were not present in the previous conflicts, were said to have "surprised" Malian officials and observers. Such issues arise from an illicit weapons trade around the Sahel region that is linked to a variety of factors, including the

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reported accounts of a refugee that "signs of disunity" had begun to appear between the MNLA and Ansar Dine, including the removal of MNLA flags from Kidal. Of the city's two military camps, the MNLA took control of Camp 1, the Malian Army's former operational centre against the rebellion, while

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was also under the control of the MNLA, who announced that the city was last capture in the region they claimed. The speed of capturing the larger towns was read as a consequence of the instability in Bamako with the junta's hands bound between the rebels and the threat of economic sanctions by

2517:, the latter group's contribution was slight: "What seems to happen is that when they move into a town, the MNLA take out the military base – not that there's much resistance – and Iyad goes into town and puts up his flag and starts bossing everyone around about sharia law." 2366:. Previously an estimated 10,000 civilians had fled to refugee camps in Niger after the fighting in Menaka and Andéramboukane. Official Malian sources reported that 20 Tuareg rebels have been killed by the army in the Timbuktu region, most of them being killed by helicopter gunships. 2388:

stated that a girl had been killed and ten other women and children injured when the Malian air force bombed a camp for IDPs in the north. The MNLA had repeatedly accused the Malian government of indiscriminate bombings by Malian attack helicopters piloted by foreign mercenaries.

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said, "There will not be a military solution with the Tuaregs. There needs to be a political solution." Juppé referred to the MNLA as a credible interlocutor in the ongoing dialogue between Paris and the feuding factions in Mali, acknowledging it as distinct from Ansar Dine and

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offices and the offices and warehouses of other unnamed aid groups. The WFP also stated that 200,000 had so far fled the fighting, predicting that the number would rise. Ansar Dine were reported to have intervened against looters. The spokesman of Mali's junta

2454:(CNRDR), made a television appearance in which he announced that the junta had suspended Mali's constitution and taken control of the nation. The CNRDR would serve as an interim regime until power could be returned to a new, democratically elected government. 2651:

As of 8 April, the MNLA was holding 400 Malian soldiers captured during the conflict. The prisoners suffered from a lack of hygiene, and an MNLA commander said that neither the government of Bamako nor the humanitarian organizations cared about them.

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and a Tuareg rebel group known as the 23 May 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change. The agreement called for a ceasefire and the opening of a dialogue. However, the MNLA rejected the agreement and said that they were not represented in these talks.

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The rebellion was described by BBC News as having adverse effects on Mali's impending food shortage, with more than 13 million Malians expected to be affected by drought. On 3 April, armed groups looted 2,354 tons of food from United Nations'

6264: 2105:, too, began fighting the government in later stages of the conflict, claiming control of vast swathes of territory, albeit disputed by the MNLA. As a consequence of the instability following the coup, Northern Mali's three largest cities— 2538:. Ansar Dine reportedly entered the town from the south after a day of heavy fighting. Responding to the loss, Sanogo called on Mali's neighbours to provide military aid to "save the civilian population and Mali's territorial integrity." 7284: 2275:

near the village of In-Esmal, killing between 50 and 101 Malian soldiers including several captains. On 24 January the rebels retook Aguelhok after the Malian army ran out of ammunition. On 24 January, after the rebels captured

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were reported. The Mali government claimed to have regained control of all three towns the next day. On 21 January, a Malian convoy bringing army reinforcements and an arsenal of weapons to the garrison in recently liberated

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reported from Kidal, while in Gao, shops and churches were ransacked, while Ansar Dine were also reported to have put the head of a dead soldier on a spike at a military base they briefly held before the MNLA took it over.

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said that an UN official had complained that the Malian government gave up ground to the rebels "without much of a fight." Juppé called for a collective response by the UNSC to the "Islamist threat" in the region.

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An agreement was mediated between the junta and ECOWAS negotiators on 6 April, in which both Sanogo and Touré would resign, sanctions would be lifted, the mutineers would be granted amnesty, and power would pass to

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ECOWAS warned the rebels and asked its member states to send logistical support to Mali, while also trying to negotiate a ceasefire. Mauritania denied working with Mali to quell the uprising; however, President

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forced modernization onto the northern Nomadic areas of Mali have caused much tension between the Tuareg peoples and the Malian government. Tuareg separatist groups had staged previous unsuccessful rebellions

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On 24 March, Amadou Sanogo, the leader of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State, announced his intention to seek peace talks with the MNLA. Negotiations reportedly took place in

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After the end of hostilities with the Malian Army, however, Tuareg nationalists and Islamists struggled to reconcile their conflicting visions for the intended new state. On 27 June, Islamists from the

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On 1 February, the MNLA took control of the city of Menaka when the Malian army operated what they called a tactical retreat. The violence in the north led to anti-rebellion protests which shut down

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without a fight, and the Malian Army reportedly abandoned their posts in several other northern towns as well. Though the offensive ostensibly included both the MNLA and Ansar Dine, according to

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As a result of the uncertainty following the coup, the rebels launched an offensive with the aim of capturing several towns and army camps abandoned by the Malian army. The MNLA took the town of

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reported statements by the Malian army that the MNLA had carried out executions of its soldiers on 24 January by slitting their throats or shooting them in the head. French Development Minister

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A prison was reportedly opened, while public buildings were said to have been looted by civilians. The rebels were also alleged to have looted bank safes, while Ansar Dine had begun imposing

5908: 5385: 2469:(ECOWAS), which announced on 29 March that the CNRDR had 72 hours to relinquish control before landlocked Mali's borders would be closed by its neighbours, its assets would be frozen by the 2628:. However, other African states and supranational bodies unanimously rejected the partition of Mali. The day before the UNSC had called for an end to hostilities. French Foreign Minister 2172:

funneling of weapons from Libya. Though dominated by Tuaregs, the MNLA claimed to represent other ethnic groups as well, and was reportedly joined by some Arab leaders. The MNLA's leader

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that in contrast to the Islamists who had "appropriated the uprising" from them, the Tuareg separatists were "regarded in the West as having some legitimate political grievances".

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On 4 March, a new round of fighting was reported near the formerly rebel-held town of Tessalit. The next day, three Malian army units gave up trying to lift the siege. The

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Mali launched air and land counter operations to take back seized territory, and President Touré then reorganized his senior commanders for the fight against the rebels.

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Though the Malian Army then used helicopters to respond to the attack, they abandoned their bases around Gao later in the day. The MNLA then took control of the city.

2493:. Following Traoré's inauguration, he pledged to "wage a total and relentless war" on the Tuareg rebels unless they released their control of northern Malian cities. 7470: 6169: 3234: 6642: 5060: 3494: 6841: 6048: 5217: 7193: 6724: 6390: 6202: 5582: 5243: 5034: 4633: 4543: 4282: 4168: 3922: 4953: 3659: 589: 7167: 6295: 4797: 3859: 6018: 4740: 3988: 3534: 1886: 6585: 5678: 5317: 5101: 4830: 3257: 6365: 5560: 5504: 5347: 6086: 5872: 5127: 4767: 6872: 5009: 2140:

On 14 February 2013 the MNLA renounced their claim of independence for Azawad and asked the Malian government to start negotiations on its future status.

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The MNLA is an offshoot of a Tuareg political movement known as the National Movement for Azawad (MNA) prior to the 2012 insurgency. After the end of the

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which date back at least to 1916. The MNLA was formed by former insurgents and a significant number of heavily armed Tuaregs who fought in the

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of uncritically accepting the government portrayal of the rebels as "armed bandits," "drug traffickers" and "Qaddafi mercenaries." The

2525:. France's Henri de Raincourt later said that the MNLA were in talks with the government under the auspices of ECOWAS in Burkina Faso. 2620:

After the fall of Douentza, amidst reports of tensions between secularists and Islamists in Timbuktu and Gao, the MNLA called for the

8271: 7523: 7084: 4655: 2728:, which held non-secessionist, non-Islamist views, and stated its intention to fight for "a return to peace and economic activity". 2466: 2425:

have control of the Mali-Algeria border. It was reported that its leaders were planning a prisoner swap with the Malian government.

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released a report alleging that fighters with the MNLA and Ansar Dine were "running riot" in Mali's north, documenting instances of

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claimed that "women and girls have been kidnapped and raped by the new occupants who are laying down their own law." On 6 April,

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Both MNLA and Ansar Dine flags were reported around the city, leading to conflicting reports of which group was in control. The

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summarily executed 97 Malian soldiers after they surrendered. The next day the Mali government once again recaptured the city.

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Ansar Dine ordered the Tuareg MNLA group to leave the historical city of Timbuktu ... backed by al-Qaeda's north African branch

2514: 575: 526: 5149: 2420:. A Malian military source said that as the cities were overrun the military planned to defend Niafunké. The French newspaper 2176:

said that the onus was in Mali to either give the Saharan peoples their self-determination or they would take it themselves.

8368: 7348: 6905: 6811: 6698: 6529: 6398: 6237: 6116: 5841: 5747: 5444: 5269: 4255: 3900: 3591: 3471: 3358: 1644: 1609: 858: 17: 7137: 6447: 4395: 3411: 2190:), also fought against the government. However, unlike the MNLA it does not seek independence but rather the impositions of 8385: 8089: 4369: 541: 6638: 5806: 2574:. Shops in the city also closed. Gao MP Abdou Sidibe said that Gao's residents were not being allowed to leave the city. 8391: 8220: 7907: 3230: 2641: 2615: 1842: 1520: 1440: 531: 190: 8626: 8032: 7691: 6138: 5038: 3926: 655: 470: 4425: 3980: 1691: 8490: 8362: 8055: 8026: 7163: 2328:

that 97 soldiers had been killed. However, the evidence was unverified and partly denied as fabricated by the MNLA.

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and taking control of the city. By 17 July, MOJWA and Ansar Dine had pushed the MNLA out of all the major cities.

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mentioned that there had been about 60 deaths, while a Malian officer involved in burying the dead told the

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refugee camp, pushing the numbers of Malian soldiers who have sought refuge in Niger to more than 1,000.

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In early April, the AU said it had imposed targeted sanctions on the leaders of the rebel groups. The

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Dimitris, Christopoulos; Walther, Olivier (2015). "Islamic Terrorism and the Malian Rebellion".

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held an emergency session over the dual crisis on 4 April after France called for the meeting.

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Disputed Desert: Decolonisation, Competing Nationalisms and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali

6963:"Intervening in Mali: West African Nations Plan Offensive against Islamists and Tuareg Rebels" 2258:

on 16 and 17 January, which left 2 Malian soldiers and 1 rebel dead. On 17 January attacks in

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Map of Azawad, as claimed by the MNLA. Dark grey dots indicate regions with a Tuareg majority.

8601: 8095: 7672: 7428:." in Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa. University of Calgary Press. 2702: 2656: 2594:

The MNLA then stated that it had succeeded in the "full liberation" of the Timbuktu region.

2164:, an influx of weaponry led to the arming of the Tuareg in their demand for independence for 2161: 1788: 1634: 1465: 1343: 1328: 1142: 938: 1852: 734: 8484: 8424: 8137: 3118: 2689: 2510: 2307: 1857: 1765: 1755: 1624: 1552: 1445: 1418: 1403: 1368: 1358: 1306: 1204: 1060: 1003: 973: 943: 913: 893: 749: 7373: 2490: 2481:

suspended development aid funds in support of ECOWAS and the AU's reactions to the coup.

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Stephen A. Emerson (2011). "Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion".

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suggested that even without international recognition the gains by the rebels would be a

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The coup was "unanimously condemned" by the international community, including by the

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and their advance was unchecked when they entered without fighting in the towns of

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On 26 January, rebels attacked and took control over the northern Mali towns of

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On 6 April, stating that it had secured all of its desired territory, the MNLA

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air-dropped supplies via a C-130 in support of the besieged Malian soldiers.

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Transnational Communities and Secession: The Azawad Secessionists, 1990-1996

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Conflict between the MNLA and Ansar Dine (the latter receiving support from

7491: 3414:(in French). National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. 4 April 2012. 3149: 2535: 2045: 1832: 1654: 1199: 2405:

and armored vehicles. About 600 Tuareg fighters took part in the battle.

8565: 8560: 8110: 7884: 7639: 7374:"A social network analysis of Islamic terrorism and the Malian rebellion" 3170: 2851: 2554:

also stated that it was part of the forces attacking and occupying Gao.

2378: 2214: 2060:(MNLA) and was part of a series of insurgencies by traditionally nomadic 7438: 3178: 2868: 2302: 8181: 5675:"The Associated Press: Mali state TV goes off air; fear of countercoup" 3104: 2474: 2363: 2183: 2102: 2086:

was to have taken place. Mutineering soldiers, under the banner of the

241: 132: 3981:"Coup threatens to plunge Mali back into the darkness of dictatorship" 2705:

warned that Mali was "on the brink of a major humanitarian disaster".

2609: 6360: 3023: 2660: 1910: 865: 201: 6609:"Mali rebels face backlash after months of instability and violence" 6378:

Tuareg rebels penetrated and seized ... Timbuktu ... heavy firefight

5213: 2756: 2534:

On 30 March, the rebels seized control of Kidal, the capital of the

2358:

On 4 February, the rebels said that they were attacking the city of

2255: 59: 8007: 7728: 7480: 7444:

All Peace and Ceasefire Agreements for Mali, UN Peacemaker database

3207: 3134: 3006: 2798: 2775: 2602: 2578: 2409: 2311:(AFP) reported that the rebels had captured Ménaka on 1 February. 2277: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2209:

Iyad Ag Ghaly was also said to have been affiliated with Algeria's

2180: 2118: 2114: 2098: 2037: 672: 235: 43: 6502:. InterPress News Service/Al Jazeera. 5 April 2012. Archived from 3711:

Herve Bisseleua; Shefa Siegel; Allison Greenberg (12 April 2012).

3322:"Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali" 4222:"Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali" 3950:"Triumphant Tuareg rebels fall out over al-Qaeda's jihad in Mali" 3838:"Mali Army, Riding U.S. Hopes, Is Proving No Match for Militants" 3103:

gave a brief to the UNSC, after which U.S. ambassador to the UN,

2955: 2904: 2542: 2417: 2340: 1995: 7053:"With military in disarray, Tuareg rebels gain in northern Mali" 5214:"Mali: Battle rages in Tessalit, battles and aerial bombardment" 4392:"Mali: 47 Die in Clashes Between Troops, Rebels – Ministry" 5613:"Mali's new leader threatens 'total war' against Tuareg rebels" 2972: 2921: 2625: 2546: 2502: 2377:

On 8 February, the MNLA seized the Mali-Algeria border town of

2352: 2165: 2053: 364: 353: 342: 331: 215: 139: 102: 7214: 6448:"Touareg capture Timbuktu as Mali junta restores constitution" 5708:"Gains of Mali's Tuareg rebels appear permanent, analysts say" 4279:"Islamists seize north Mali town, at least 21 dead in clashes" 3746:"Fierce clashes between Malian army and Tuareg rebels kill 47" 7371: 6578:"France urges talks with Mali rebels, unity against al Qaeda" 3040: 2938: 2693: 2522: 2452:

National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State

2359: 2106: 2088:

National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State

6748:"WFP suspends some operations in Mali after food aid looted" 5292:"Mali army claims upper hand over rebels amid coup disarray" 5063:. 9news.com. Associated Press. 14 March 2012. Archived from 4946:"Malian soldiers battle Tuareg rebels in northeast: sources" 4916:"Girl killed in Mali airstrike on displaced camp – MSF" 3558:"Mali's isolated junta seeks help to stop Tuareg juggernaut" 7190:"AFP: UN Council hammers out condemnation of Mali conflict" 6865:"Analysis: Mali's north feared new "rogue state" in Sahara" 6076: 5583:"Mali awaits next step after president, coup leader resign" 4656:"Tuareg rebels behind January killings, confirms Mali army" 4073:"Mali soldiers say president toppled in coup – Africa" 3412:"Communiqué N°14-04-04-2012- Fin des Opérations Militaires" 3145: 2281: 2049: 640: 305: 291: 277: 263: 178: 3857: 3660:"Al-Qaeda unlikely to profit from Mali rebellion: experts" 3085:

efforts as it was further worried by the rebel advances.

3076:

On a 26 February visit to Bamako, French Foreign Minister

2040:; from January to April 2012, a war was waged against the 142:

declared by the MNLA and initially supported by Ansar Dine

6901: 5437:"Ecowas gives Mali leaders ultimatum to relinquish power" 5008:. News24. South African Press Association. 4 March 2012. 4306:"Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali" 4189: 2989: 2110: 5990:"Administrator in Northern Mali Killed by Tuareg Rebels" 5644:"Mali rebels advance in north, mutineers seek president" 5527:"International condemnation for Mali coup – Africa" 3897:"Mali: Timbuktu heritage may be threatened, Unesco says" 2541:

On the same day, the MNLA took control of the cities of

6526:"Mali junta caught between rebels and Ecowas sanctions" 5898: 5240:"Armed Islamist group claims control in northeast Mali" 4632:. Agence France-Presse. 31 January 2012. Archived from 4573:"Tuareg rebels attack fifth town in Mali – Africa" 3779:"Des prisonniers crient leur détresse – Actualité" 3464:"Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels agree on Sharia state" 2439:

On 21 March, Malian soldiers attacked defense minister

7215:

Philippe Rater & Sofia Bouderbala (3 April 2012).

6990:"New north Mali Arab force seeks to "defend" Timbuktu" 6987: 6721:"UN Council Hammers out Condemnation of Mali Conflict" 6691:"Mali Tuareg rebels declare independence in the north" 5740:"Mali coup leader Amadou Sanogo 'in complete control'" 5348:"Renegade Mali soldiers say seize power, depose Toure" 4630:"AFP: Tuareg rebels take Mali town after army pullout" 3351:"Mali Tuareg rebels declare independence in the north" 3291:"Ansar Dine Salafists chase MNLA rebels from Timbuktu" 3258:"New north Mali Arab force seeks to "defend" Timbuktu" 2408:

The rebels advanced to about 125 kilometers away from

7478: 7343:. Afrika-Studiecentrum series. Vol. 19. Leiden. 7338: 6230:"Mali Tuareg rebels enter Timbuktu after troops flee" 6079:"Mali army abandons northern town after rebel attack" 5242:. Agence France-Presse. 20 March 2012. Archived from 4831:"Malian rebels seize key border town, civilians flee" 3858:

Tiemoko Diallo & Adama Diarra (5 February 2012).

7112:"ECOWAS Seeks Cease-Fire Over Mali Tuareg Rebellion" 6892: 6890: 6804:"Amnesty warns Mali is 'on brink of major disaster'" 6780:. Agence France-Presse. 3 April 2012. Archived from 6723:. Agence France-Presse. 3 April 2012. Archived from 6397:. Agence France-Presse. 1 April 2012. Archived from 6391:"Timbuktu bombarded as Mali constitution 'restored'" 6201:. Agence France-Presse. 1 April 2011. Archived from 6199:"Rebels seize Mali's main northern city: Witnessses" 6139:"Mali rebels attack northern town in coup aftermath" 5960:"Timbuktu bombarded as Mali constitution 'restored'" 5094:"Mauritania denies collusion as Mali rebels advance" 5035:"Tuareg rebels take Mali garrison town, say sources" 4540:"AFP: Islamist fighters call for Sharia law in Mali" 4165:"Mali junta denounces 'rights violations' by rebels" 3923:"Tuareg rebels take Mali garrison town, say sources" 3160: 1908: 6476:(in French). Mali@ctu. 1 April 2012. Archived from 6109:"Mali Tuareg rebels seize key garrison town of Gao" 6077:Cheick Dioura & Tiemoko Diallo (1 April 2012). 5901:"Mali coup leader seeks help as rebels seize towns" 5672: 5150:"Les rebelles touaregs contrôlent un tiers du Mali" 5061:"Mali Tuaregs say they control major military base" 5037:. Trust.org. Reuters. 11 March 2012. Archived from 4976:"Mali govt forces fail to lift garrison town siege" 4768:"Mali capital paralysed by anti-rebellion protests" 3811:"Mali: le MNLA proclame l'indépendance de l'Azawad" 3781:(in French). El Watan. 8 April 2012. Archived from 3653: 3651: 3588:"Mali Tuareg rebels' call on independence rejected" 2610:

Declaration of independence and escalating tensions

2585: 7309: 6925: 6923: 6423:. Xinhua News Agency. 1 April 2012. Archived from 6326:"Mali junta pledges to cede power, rebels advance" 5865:"Tuareg rebels enter strategic northern Mali town" 4861:"UN calls on Mali's Tuareg rebels to halt advance" 4190:Cheick Dioura & Adama Diarra (31 March 2012). 2206:(AQIM) that is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama. 2082:over his handling of the crisis, a month before a 7372:Walther, Olivier; Christopoulos Dimitris (2012). 7277:"Mali: Islamist Militants Claim Control in North" 6887: 6834:"Timbuktu: from city of myth to rebel stronghold" 6639:"Mali's worst human rights situation in 50 years" 6051:(in French). Agence France-Presse. 1 April 2012. 5828: 5826: 5824: 5553:"US cuts off aid to Mali's government after coup" 5318:"Renegade Mali soldiers declare immediate curfew" 4739:. News24. Agence France-Presse. 7 February 2012. 3773: 3771: 3495:"Trouble in Timbuktu as Islamists extend control" 3382:"Mali rebels claim to have ousted regime in coup" 8583: 7023:"Libération Complète de la Région de Tinbouctou" 6954: 6421:"Tuareg rebels enter Mali's Timbuktu: witnesses" 6271:. Associated Press. 1 April 2012. Archived from 5899:David Lewis & Adama Diarra (30 March 2012). 5378:"Au Mali, le front des putschistes se fragilise" 4658:. Radio France International. 13 February 2012. 3657: 3648: 2637:, groups with which he ruled out negotiations. 597: 7395: 6988:Bate Felix & Adama Diarra (10 April 2012). 6960: 6929: 6920: 6745: 5992:. English.cri.cn. 15 April 2005. Archived from 4798:"Heavy weapons fire rocks town in Mali's north" 4446: 4129:"Islamist group plants flag in Mali's Timbuktu" 2392: 2094:, although this move was reversed on 1 April. 7247:"NATO nations must help restore order in Mali" 6965:. Terrorism Monitor via Jamestown Foundation. 6356:"Mali coup leader reinstates old constitution" 5834:"Mali coup: Rebels seize desert town of Kidal" 5821: 4419: 4248:"Mali: Islamists seize Gao from Tuareg rebels" 4047:"Ex-Gaddafi Tuareg fighters boost Mali rebels" 3768: 3531:"Mali: Fighting in North; The New Touareg War" 2211:Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité 2058:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad 7464: 7217:"France fears Al-Qaeda allied to Mali rebels" 7164:"War and peace – Mali repeats the cycle" 7109: 6668:"Mali coup leaders call for transition talks" 6296:"Timbuktu encircled as Mali coup intensifies" 5340: 4477: 4303: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4021:"The Causes of the Uprising in Northern Mali" 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3813:. Radio France Internationale. 6 April 2012. 3627: 3319: 3231:"Mali: nouveau groupe armé créé dans le Nord" 3138:partitioning of Mali. The editorial board of 3116:Amongst the media reactions to the uprising, 3094:Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations 2202:, is believed to be linked to an offshoot of 2127:Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa 1894: 656: 583: 492: 478: 6688: 6259: 6257: 6255: 5923: 5472:"Malian coup leader to restore constitution" 5284: 5181: 5029: 5027: 4683:"Mali steps up battle against Tuareg revolt" 4449:"America and the rebellion and coup in Mali" 4276: 4270: 4192:"Mali Rebels Assault Gao, Northern Garrison" 4162: 3860:"Mali says 20 rebels killed, thousands flee" 3555: 3256:Felix, Bate; Diarra, Adama (10 April 2012). 7424:Charles G. Thomas and Toyin Falola. 2020. " 6898:"Mali coup: Tuaregs tell of ethnic attacks" 6862: 6606: 6445: 6293: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5702: 5641: 5466: 5464: 5462: 4890:"Le MNLA continue sa conquête du nord-Mali" 4884: 4882: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4422:"West Africa: Mali and the Azawad Question" 4018: 3978: 3805: 3803: 3379: 3255: 2735: 2731: 2681:United Nations High Commission for Refugees 2339:In early February 2012, talks were held in 547:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity 135:take control of all Northern Mali territory 7471: 7457: 7363:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6224: 6222: 6220: 6167: 5862: 5495: 5493: 5411:"International condemnation for Mali coup" 5266:"Renegade Mali soldiers announce takeover" 4762: 4760: 4758: 4415: 4413: 4151: 4126: 4099:"Malian coup leaders restore constitution" 4065: 3882: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3345: 3343: 3148:military intervention against the Tuareg. 2194:across united Mali. The movement's leader 1901: 1887: 663: 649: 590: 576: 485: 471: 7182: 6252: 6193: 6191: 6172:(in French). Malijet.com. Jeune Afrique. 5931:"Malians back coup as rebels gain ground" 5177: 5175: 5126:(in French). Fratmat.info. Archived from 5024: 4604:"Mali Besieged by Fighters Fleeing Libya" 4122: 4120: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3853: 3851: 3740: 3738: 3492: 2674: 2467:Economic Community of West African States 2314:On 13 February, the French radio station 2220: 439:1,000–1,500+ killed, captured or deserted 8632:Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011) 7620:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 7439:Cartogracy: Tuareg Independence Movement 7017: 7015: 6662: 6660: 6552:"Tuareg fighters declare Mali ceasefire" 6500:"Tuareg Fighters Declare Mali Ceasefire" 6287: 6019:"Rebels enter northern Mali town of Gao" 5887: 5666: 5459: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 4879: 4737:"Tuareg rebels not bound by truce talks" 4680: 4648: 4591: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4297: 3947: 3925:. Reuters. 11 March 2012. Archived from 3835: 3800: 3438:"Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali" 3373: 3198:List of modern conflicts in North Africa 2471:West African Economic and Monetary Union 2368: 2239: 8162:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 7837:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 7138:"Algeria freezes Mali military support" 7085:"Mali News: ECOWAS warns Tuareg rebels" 6217: 6041: 5490: 4825: 4823: 4755: 4410: 3606: 3340: 14: 8584: 7257:from the original on 10 September 2012 7144:from the original on 11 September 2012 6713: 6682: 6641:. Amnesty International. 16 May 2012. 6188: 6170:"La mutinerie a gagné la ville de Gao" 6149:from the original on 18 September 2016 6072: 6070: 6013: 6011: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5732: 5519: 5172: 5142: 4998: 4952:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 4662:from the original on 29 September 2012 4281:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 4167:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 4117: 4003: 3848: 3735: 3225: 3223: 2515:School of Oriental and African Studies 8351:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 8272:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 7452: 7065:from the original on 23 February 2013 7047: 7012: 6875:from the original on 28 February 2013 6856: 6844:from the original on 28 February 2013 6657: 6588:from the original on 28 February 2013 6466: 6368:from the original on 9 September 2014 5954: 5952: 5875:from the original on 28 February 2013 5777:"Tuareg rebels enter key Malian town" 5698: 5696: 5545: 5533:from the original on 7 September 2012 5417:from the original on 7 September 2012 5405: 5403: 5370: 5298:. Agence France-Presse. 25 March 2012 5160:from the original on 24 November 2012 5079: 4717:from the original on 23 November 2012 4579:from the original on 24 February 2012 4558: 4490:from the original on 15 November 2012 4079:from the original on 7 September 2012 3636:from the original on 7 September 2012 3630:"Mali's Tuareg rebellion: What next?" 3528: 3456: 3301:from the original on 23 November 2012 3285: 3283: 3237:from the original on 14 November 2012 2671:by both Tuareg and Islamist groups. 2496: 2129:(MOJWA) clashed with the MNLA in the 2044:by rebels with the goal of attaining 1882: 644: 571: 466: 8652:2010s coups d'état and coup attempts 7227:from the original on 2 November 2012 7170:from the original on 4 November 2012 7118:from the original on 3 February 2016 7029:from the original on 19 October 2012 6908:from the original on 31 October 2012 6739: 6701:from the original on 30 October 2012 6645:from the original on 5 December 2012 6240:from the original on 23 October 2012 6055:from the original on 3 February 2016 5911:from the original on 9 November 2013 5844:from the original on 23 October 2012 5783:from the original on 29 January 2013 5720:from the original on 3 November 2012 5681:from the original on 26 January 2013 5623:from the original on 16 January 2013 5447:from the original on 23 October 2012 5272:from the original on 4 November 2012 5220:from the original on 9 November 2013 5104:from the original on 1 February 2013 5012:from the original on 9 November 2013 5006:"Malian forces battle Tuareg rebels" 4820: 4711:"Mali: Rebellion claims a president" 4610:from the original on 17 October 2012 4520:from the original on 26 January 2012 4459:from the original on 3 February 2016 4398:from the original on 23 January 2012 4372:from the original on 2 December 2012 4316:from the original on 4 November 2012 4258:from the original on 23 October 2012 4228:from the original on 31 January 2013 4202:from the original on 9 February 2013 4139:from the original on 2 February 2013 4023:. Think Africa Press. Archived from 3903:from the original on 23 October 2012 3723:from the original on 6 February 2013 3692:(in French). France 24. 21 June 2012 3594:from the original on 23 October 2012 3568:from the original on 6 November 2013 3537:from the original on 31 January 2013 3474:from the original on 23 October 2012 3444:from the original on 6 November 2012 3392:from the original on 31 October 2012 3361:from the original on 30 October 2012 3328:from the original on 19 January 2013 3313: 3297:. Xinhua News Agency. 4 April 2012. 3233:. Europe1.fr. Agence France-Presse. 2567:Ansar Dine took control of Camp 2. 2179:Another Tuareg-dominated group, the 542:2011 Israeli social justice protests 8441:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 8392:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 7908:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 7140:. Magharebia.com. 31 January 2012. 6814:from the original on 23 August 2012 6532:from the original on 23 August 2012 6454:from the original on 2 January 2013 6145:. Associated Press. 31 March 2012. 6131: 6119:from the original on 23 August 2012 6067: 6008: 5809:from the original on 1 October 2013 5762: 5750:from the original on 23 August 2012 5706:& Labous, Jane (4 April 2012). 5559:. Associated Press. 26 March 2012. 5507:from the original on 5 October 2012 5216:. Reliefweb.int. 17 February 2012. 4471: 4428:from the original on 1 January 2013 3991:from the original on 27 August 2012 3670:from the original on 7 October 2012 3220: 2726:National Liberation Front of Azawad 2616:Azawadi declaration of independence 2244:Azawad rebels in Mali, January 2012 1414:Tinabaw and Tabangout-Tissalatatene 532:2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests 24: 8156:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 7692:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 7303: 7091:from the original on 10 April 2012 6364:. Associated Press. 1 April 2012. 5949: 5693: 5563:from the original on 11 March 2013 5400: 5388:from the original on 24 March 2012 4922:. 23 February 2012. Archived from 4394:. allAfrica.com. 19 January 2012. 3817:from the original on 15 April 2012 3280: 2712: 2295:after clashes with the military. 2254:, the first attacks took place in 2133:, wounding MNLA secretary-general 527:2011–2013 Chilean student protests 25: 8663: 8386:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 8090:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7432: 7287:from the original on 20 June 2022 7253:. Editorial Board. 6 April 2012. 6942:from the original on 23 July 2012 6930:Andrew McGregor (20 April 2012). 6619:from the original on 22 June 2012 6558:from the original on 15 June 2012 6332:. 9 February 2009. Archived from 6306:from the original on 29 June 2012 5937:from the original on 3 April 2012 5478:from the original on 4 April 2012 5324:. 9 February 2009. Archived from 4837:. 9 February 2012. Archived from 4804:. 4 February 2012. Archived from 4774:. 2 February 2012. Archived from 4478:Adam Nossiter (5 February 2012). 4447:Okey C. Iheduru (29 March 2012). 4105:from the original on 4 April 2012 3960:from the original on 16 June 2012 3756:from the original on 16 June 2012 3658:Sofia Bouderbala (2 April 2012). 3507:from the original on 13 July 2012 3418:from the original on 16 June 2012 3193:Aftermath of the Libyan civil war 2601:On 6 April, it was reported that 8216:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 7398:Terrorism and Political Violence 7269: 7239: 7208: 7156: 7130: 7103: 7077: 7041: 6981: 6969:from the original on 30 May 2013 6826: 6796: 6770: 6746:George Fominyen (3 April 2012). 6631: 6600: 6570: 6544: 6518: 6492: 6439: 6413: 6383: 6348: 6318: 6176:from the original on 20 May 2012 6161: 6089:from the original on 2 July 2012 5966:. 4 January 2012. Archived from 5673:Baba Ahmed & Michelle Faul. 5654:from the original on 26 May 2024 5593:from the original on 1 July 2012 4743:from the original on 3 June 2012 4420:Jibrin Ibrahim (26 March 2012). 3177: 3163: 2586:Capture of Timbuktu and Douentza 2577:Checkpoints were erected around 2343:between Malian Foreign Minister 522:Anti-austerity movement in Spain 418:MNLA: 3,000 – 9000(MNLA claime) 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 304: 290: 276: 262: 229: 208: 195: 184: 171: 93:(2 months and 3 weeks) 58: 8233:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 7087:. GlobalPost. 22 January 2012. 6961:Andrew McGregor (5 July 2012). 6101: 6025:. 31 March 2012. Archived from 5982: 5856: 5795: 5635: 5605: 5575: 5429: 5354:. 22 March 2012. Archived from 5310: 5258: 5232: 5206: 5116: 5053: 4968: 4938: 4908: 4867:from the original on 8 May 2013 4853: 4790: 4729: 4703: 4674: 4622: 4575:. Al Jazeera. 26 January 2012. 4542:. 13 March 2012. Archived from 4532: 4502: 4440: 4384: 4354: 4328: 4240: 4214: 4183: 4091: 4039: 4019:Andy Morgan (6 February 2012). 3972: 3941: 3915: 3836:Polgreen, Lydia (21 May 2018). 3829: 3704: 3682: 3628:Jeremy Keenan (20 March 2012). 3580: 3549: 3522: 3486: 3090:United Nations Security Council 2642:declared independence from Mali 2635:Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 2459:United Nations Security Council 2225: 2204:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 7339:Jean Sebastian Lecocq (2010). 5933:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2011. 5529:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2011. 5501:"Is Mali heading for a split?" 5182:Roger Kaplan (12 March 2012). 4982:. 5 March 2012. Archived from 4863:. FRANCE 24. 9 February 2012. 4516:(in French). 25 January 2012. 4304:Adam Nossiter (18 July 2012). 4075:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2011. 3556:Serge Daniel (30 March 2012). 3430: 3404: 3320:Couamba Sylla (4 April 2012). 3249: 3122:was accused by Andy Morgan of 2428: 84: – 6 April 2012 13: 1: 8534:2014 Lesotho political crisis 8491:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 7655:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 7312:Small Wars & Insurgencies 7110:Peter Clottey (10 May 2010). 6689:Thomas Fessy (6 April 2012). 5805:. africa1.com. 5 April 2012. 5642:David Lewis (23 March 2012). 5413:. Al Jazeera. 23 March 2012. 4681:Xan Rice (19 February 2012). 4277:Serge Daniel (27 June 2012). 4163:Serge Daniel (4 April 2012). 3979:Andy Morgan (23 March 2012). 3380:Afua Hirsch (22 March 2012). 3213: 2143: 2014:Riffian independence movement 859:Chadian military intervention 8528:SADC intervention in Lesotho 8131:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 8085:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 7842:ECOWAS military intervention 7562:2011–2014 factional violence 7410:10.1080/09546553.2013.809340 7324:10.1080/09592318.2011.573406 6863:David Lewis (4 April 2012). 6554:. Al Jazeera. 5 April 2012. 6446:Jemal Oumar (2 April 2012). 6294:Mike Pflanz (1 April 2012). 5863:Felix Bate (30 March 2012). 5503:. Al Jazeera. 2 April 2012. 5474:. Al Jazeera. 1 April 2012. 5384:(in French). 24 March 2012. 4224:. Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012. 4101:. Al Jazeera. 1 April 2012. 3440:. Al Jazeera. 6 April 2012. 3058: 2624:to protect what they called 2393:March: until the coup d'état 670: 599:Tuareg rebellions since 1900 454:internally displaced persons 442:~165 killed (Malian sources) 411:(overall military strength) 7: 8205:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 8061:Insurgency in Northern Chad 6607:Afua Hirsch (15 May 2012). 6168:Baba Ahmed (1 April 2011). 5716:. Johannesburg and London. 4127:Baba Ahmed (2 April 2012). 3752:. London. 19 January 2012. 3156: 2909:~13 March (unsure if held) 2892:~13 March (unsure if held) 2334: 2301:also reported an attack on 2048:for the northern region of 2036:was the early phase of the 791:Internal conflict in Azawad 27:Early stage of the Mali War 10: 8668: 8496:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 8317:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 8172:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 8038:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 7849:Western Togoland Rebellion 7378:CEPS/INSTEAD Working Paper 7025:(in French). Mnlamov.net. 6670:. Al Jazeera. 4 April 2012 4892:. MaliActu. Archived from 3493:Zoe Flood (29 June 2012). 3324:. middle-east-online.com. 2613: 2527: 2450:, the chairman of the new 2446:The next morning, Captain 2432: 2229: 537:2011–2012 Iranian protests 319:Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt 8627:Impact of the Arab Spring 8548: 8505: 8477: 8468: 8407: 8378: 8333:Second Sudanese Civil War 8325: 8287: 8241: 8197: 8118: 8109: 8077: 8048: 8017: 7977: 7894: 7871: 7862: 7811: 7785: 7759: 7738: 7701: 7647: 7638: 7606: 7577: 7539: 7499: 7490: 7283:. Reuters. 28 June 2012. 6754:. Reuters. Archived from 3948:Nick Meo (7 April 2012). 3529:MISNA (20 January 2012). 3063: 2487:National Assembly of Mali 1922: 1441:Taghatert and West Inekar 779:2012 counter-coup attempt 680: 605: 512:2011 Azerbaijani protests 502: 495:Impact of the Arab Spring 446: 424: 397: 254: 163: 76:16 January 2012 68: 57: 52:impact of the Arab Spring 41: 36: 8436:2008 invasion of Anjouan 8033:Civil War (2012–present) 8002:Pool Department conflict 6938:. Jamestown Foundation. 4362:"Q&A: Tuareg unrest" 3564:. Agence France-Presse. 3111: 2732:Towns captured by rebels 2722:The Jamestown Foundation 2665:extrajudicial executions 2479:African Development Bank 2386:Médecins Sans Frontières 2090:, (CNRDR) suspended the 450:~100,000 refugees abroad 114:MNLA/Ansar Dine victory 8592:Tuareg rebellion (2012) 8431:Hanish Islands conflict 7968:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 7819:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 7661:Herder–farmer conflicts 7585:Western Sahara conflict 7166:. IRIN. 29 March 2012. 4713:. IRIN. 22 March 2012. 4699:(subscription required) 3796:(subscription required) 3203:Libyan civil war (2011) 2622:international community 2435:2012 Malian coup d'état 2399:United States Air Force 2345:Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga 2071:On 22 March, President 697:Tuareg rebellion (2012) 517:2011 Burkinabé protests 430:200+ killed or missing, 359:Moussa Ag Acharatoumane 8622:Military coups in Mali 8254:Somali–Kenyan conflict 8150:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 8144:Second Afar insurgency 7751:Sierra Leone Civil War 5268:. BBC. 22 March 2012. 3713:"Making sense of Mali" 3001:MNLA/Ansar Dine/MOJWA 2675:Human rights situation 2530:Battle of Kidal (2012) 2374: 2373:Tuareg rebels in 2012 2245: 2221:Course of the conflict 2198:, who was part of the 1610:Boulikessi and Mondoro 507:2011 Armenian protests 255:Commanders and leaders 8513:Bophuthatswana crisis 8177:Oromia–Somali clashes 8096:Boko Haram insurgency 8056:Civil War (2005–2010) 7673:Boko Haram insurgency 7596:Clashes, 2020–present 6528:. BBC. 2 April 2012. 3899:. BBC. 3 April 2012. 3590:. BBC. 6 April 2012. 3533:. Eurasiareview.com. 2703:Amnesty International 2679:On 4 April 2012, the 2657:Amnesty International 2614:Further information: 2372: 2243: 2200:early 1990s rebellion 2084:presidential election 2034:2012 Tuareg rebellion 1751:Diafarabé and Koumara 1051:Inabohane and Ebahlal 425:Casualties and losses 407:4,800 paramilitaries, 405:7,000–7,800 regulars, 138:Independent state of 37:2012 Tuareg rebellion 18:2012 Tuareg rebellion 8642:Wars of independence 8485:Mozambican Civil War 8445:Burundian conflicts 8425:Djiboutian Civil War 8138:Insurgency in Ogaden 7766:Liberian Civil Wars 7679:Niger Delta conflict 7114:. Voice of America. 6401:on 11 September 2012 5246:on 10 September 2012 4546:on 10 September 2012 4135:. Associated Press. 3119:Agence France-Presse 2690:World Food Programme 2511:University of London 2308:Agence France-Presse 2280:the Islamists group 2092:constitution of Mali 2073:Amadou Toumani Touré 2056:. It was led by the 1707:Tadjalalt and Haroum 1640:Karou and Ouatagouna 836:Foreign intervention 434:1,000–1,600 defected 269:Amadou Toumani Touré 120:Amadou Toumani Touré 8524:Lesothan conflicts 8449:1993–2005 Civil War 8167:Afar–Somali clashes 7955:2022–2024 offensive 7950:2012–2013 rebellion 7792:Ivorian Civil Wars 7625:Tunisian revolution 7567:2014–2020 civil war 7547:2008 Kufra conflict 7484:conflicts in Africa 7251:The Washington Post 6758:on 24 November 2012 6269:The Washington Post 6029:on 11 November 2013 5358:on 14 November 2012 5194:on 16 November 2012 5188:The Weekly Standard 3500:The Daily Telegraph 3141:The Washington Post 2305:on 31 January. The 625:2007–2009 rebellion 620:1990–1995 rebellion 615:1962–1964 rebellion 610:1916–1917 rebellion 8617:Civil wars in Mali 8597:Rebellions in Mali 8571:Colour revolutions 8369:Sudanese civil war 8221:2009–present phase 7962:Batwa–Luba clashes 7831:Casamance conflict 7708:Tuareg rebellions 7668:Religious violence 7614:Algerian Civil War 7530:Terrorism in Egypt 7281:The New York Times 7196:on 1 February 2013 6727:on 1 February 2013 6336:on 9 November 2013 6205:on 30 January 2014 5996:on 3 February 2016 5779:. 4 October 2011. 5184:"Mischief in Mali" 4926:on 9 November 2013 4841:on 9 November 2013 4808:on 9 November 2013 4778:on 9 November 2013 4484:The New York Times 4310:The New York Times 4285:on 1 February 2013 4171:on 1 February 2013 4027:on 24 October 2012 3870:on 1 November 2013 3842:The New York Times 3268:on 19 October 2013 3124:Think Africa Press 3082:government of Mali 2497:Renewed offensives 2375: 2322:Henri de Raincourt 2246: 2236:Battle of Aguelhok 2232:Battle of Tessalit 2188:Defenders of Faith 2008:Hirak Rif Movement 1843:2nd Wagadou Forest 1692:2nd Andéramboukane 1521:1st Wagadou Forest 1491:Gangafani and Yoro 1262:2nd Gourma-Rharous 1158:1st Gourma-Rharous 725:1st Andéramboukane 314:(since March 2012) 8637:History of Azawad 8612:Tuareg rebellions 8607:Conflicts in 2012 8579: 8578: 8544: 8543: 8464: 8463: 8415:Rwandan Civil War 8363:Blue Nile clashes 8345:Nomadic conflicts 8301:Nomadic conflicts 8105: 8104: 7944:March 23 Movement 7879:Angolan Civil War 7858: 7857: 7634: 7633: 7350:978-90-04-13983-1 7058:Los Angeles Times 7051:(23 March 2012). 6936:Terrorism Monitor 6450:. Maghrebia.com. 6427:on 12 August 2014 6115:. 31 March 2012. 5840:. 30 March 2012. 5746:. 24 March 2012. 5713:Los Angeles Times 5619:. 13 April 2012. 5589:. 10 April 2012. 5443:. 29 March 2012. 5100:. 14 March 2012. 4636:on 3 January 2013 4424:. allAfrica.com. 4133:The Seattle Times 4053:. 17 October 2011 3129:Los Angeles Times 3098:political affairs 3056: 3055: 2667:, and the use of 2550:Azawad flag. The 2491:Dioncounda Traoré 2042:Malian government 2027: 2026: 2022: 2021: 1928:Tuareg rebellions 1912:Berber separatism 1876: 1875: 1605:Wedding airstrike 1364:Aklaz and Awkassa 1123:Bamako restaurant 690:ICC investigation 638: 637: 565: 564: 461: 460: 337:Mahmoud Ag Aghaly 324:Housseine Khoulam 159: 158: 118:Malian president 48:Tuareg rebellions 16:(Redirected from 8659: 8519:Caprivi conflict 8475: 8474: 8454:2015–2018 unrest 8260:Likoni massacres 8249:Ethnic conflicts 8211:Somali Civil War 8116: 8115: 7914:Second Congo War 7869: 7868: 7645: 7644: 7524:Post-coup unrest 7518:Sinai insurgency 7497: 7496: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7450: 7449: 7421: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7368: 7362: 7354: 7335: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7192:. 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South Africa. 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4368:. 7 April 2007. 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4342:on 13 April 2013 4338:. Archived from 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4254:. 27 June 2012. 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4160: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4016: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3929:on 14 April 2012 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3893: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3866:. 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Archived from 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3227: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3045:10 January 2013 3018:MNLA/Ansar Dine 2748:Date recaptured 2736: 2563:Associated Press 2384:On 23 February, 2174:Bilal Ag Acherif 2162:Libyan Civil War 2135:Bilal Ag Acherif 2066:Libyan Civil War 1959:Kabylie Conflict 1925: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1896: 1889: 1880: 1879: 1645:Dangarous Forest 1436:2nd Serma Forest 1277:1st Serma Forest 1183:5th Kidal attack 1128:4th Kidal attack 1019:3rd Kidal attack 969:2nd Kidal attack 929:1st Kidal attack 845:Operation Serval 675: 665: 658: 651: 642: 641: 600: 592: 585: 578: 569: 568: 557:Tuareg rebellion 497: 487: 480: 473: 464: 463: 420:Ansar Dine: ~300 392:Omar Ould Hamaha 390: 389: 388: 379: 378: 377: 370:Mohamed Ag Najem 368: 367: 357: 356: 348:Bilal Ag Acherif 346: 345: 335: 334: 315: 309: 308: 301: 297:El Hadj Ag Gamou 295: 294: 287: 281: 280: 273: 267: 266: 234: 233: 232: 214: 212: 211: 200: 199: 198: 189: 188: 187: 177: 175: 174: 91: 89: 83: 81: 70: 69: 62: 34: 33: 21: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8540: 8501: 8470:Southern Africa 8460: 8403: 8374: 8321: 8306:Ethnic violence 8283: 8278:Baragoi clashes 8237: 8193: 8101: 8073: 8063:(2016–present) 8044: 8019: 8018:Central African 8013: 7979: 7973: 7902:First Congo War 7890: 7854: 7807: 7781: 7755: 7746:Ndogboyosoi War 7734: 7697: 7681:(2003–present) 7657:(1998–present) 7630: 7602: 7587:(1970–present) 7573: 7535: 7513:2011 revolution 7507:Egyptian Crisis 7486: 7477: 7435: 7386: 7384: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7306: 7304:Further reading 7301: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7173: 7171: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7003: 7001: 7000:on 25 July 2012 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6928: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6904:. 17 May 2012. 6896: 6895: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6784:on 6 April 2012 6776: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6480:on 4 April 2012 6472: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6275:on 2 April 2012 6263: 6262: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6228: 6227: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6075: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6017: 6016: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5970:on 20 June 2012 5964:Hindustan Times 5958: 5957: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5897: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5832: 5831: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5775: 5774: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5701: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5677:. Yahoo! News. 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5328:on 2 March 2014 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5092: 5091: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5067:on 20 July 2012 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4956:on 5 March 2012 4944: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4691: 4689: 4687:Financial Times 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4418: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4161: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4017: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3856: 3849: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3785:on 9 April 2012 3777: 3776: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3656: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3626: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3562:ModernGhana.com 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3527: 3523: 3510: 3508: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3470:. 26 May 2012. 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3185:Politics portal 3183: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3114: 3071:Ould Abdel Aziz 3066: 3061: 2786: 2781: 2734: 2715: 2713:Ethnic tensions 2677: 2618: 2612: 2588: 2532: 2499: 2437: 2431: 2395: 2337: 2238: 2230:Main articles: 2228: 2223: 2146: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2023: 1918: 1916:in North Africa 1915: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1877: 1872: 1863:2nd Tinzaouaten 1677:Danguèrè Wotoro 1506:5th In-Delimane 1476:Tiésaba-Bourgou 1329:4th In-Delimane 1267:Foulsaré Forest 809:1st In-Delimane 740:1st Tinzaouaten 676: 671: 669: 639: 634: 601: 598: 596: 566: 561: 552:Occupy movement 498: 493: 491: 457:Total: ~250,000 456: 451: 435: 433: 431: 413: 408: 406: 386: 384: 383: 375: 373: 372: 362: 361: 351: 350: 340: 339: 329: 322: 317: 313: 303: 302: 299: 289: 288: 285: 275: 274: 271: 261: 230: 228: 226: 209: 207: 196: 194: 193: 185: 183: 182: 172: 170: 122:is ousted by a 105: 92: 87: 85: 79: 77: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8665: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8549:Related topics 8546: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8522: 8516: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8498:(2017–present) 8493: 8488: 8481: 8479: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8398:Kasese clashes 8395: 8394:(1996–present) 8389: 8388:(1987–present) 8382: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8371:(2023–present) 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8347:(2009–present) 8342: 8336: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8256:(1963–present) 8251: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8208: 8207:(1998–present) 8201: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8126:Oromo conflict 8122: 8120: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8098:(2009–present) 8093: 8092:(1987–present) 8087: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8067:2021 offensive 8058: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8030: 8023: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7983: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7941: 7940:(2009–present) 7938:Ituri conflict 7935: 7932:Dongo conflict 7929: 7928:(2004–present) 7923: 7920:Ituri conflict 7917: 7911: 7910:(1996–present) 7905: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7887:(1975–present) 7882: 7875: 7873: 7866: 7864:Central Africa 7860: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7851:(2020–present) 7846: 7845: 7844: 7834: 7833:(1982–present) 7828: 7825:Guinea clashes 7822: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7731:(2012–present) 7726: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7694:(2021–present) 7689: 7688: 7687: 7676: 7675:(2009–present) 7670: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7651: 7649: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7617: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7591:War, 1975–1991 7581: 7579: 7578:Western Sahara 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7557:2011 civil war 7549: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7532:(2013–present) 7527: 7521: 7520:(2011–present) 7515: 7510: 7503: 7501: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7476: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7433:External links 7431: 7430: 7429: 7422: 7404:(3): 497–519. 7393: 7369: 7349: 7336: 7318:(4): 669–687. 7305: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7268: 7238: 7221:The Daily Star 7207: 7181: 7155: 7129: 7102: 7076: 7040: 7011: 6980: 6953: 6919: 6886: 6855: 6825: 6795: 6769: 6738: 6712: 6681: 6656: 6630: 6599: 6569: 6543: 6517: 6506:on 8 June 2013 6491: 6465: 6438: 6412: 6382: 6347: 6317: 6286: 6251: 6216: 6187: 6160: 6130: 6100: 6066: 6040: 6007: 5981: 5948: 5922: 5886: 5855: 5820: 5794: 5761: 5731: 5692: 5665: 5634: 5604: 5587:The Daily Star 5574: 5544: 5518: 5489: 5458: 5428: 5399: 5369: 5339: 5309: 5283: 5257: 5231: 5205: 5171: 5141: 5115: 5078: 5052: 5023: 4997: 4986:on 26 May 2024 4967: 4937: 4907: 4878: 4852: 4819: 4789: 4754: 4728: 4702: 4673: 4647: 4621: 4590: 4557: 4531: 4501: 4470: 4439: 4409: 4383: 4353: 4327: 4296: 4269: 4239: 4213: 4182: 4150: 4116: 4090: 4064: 4038: 4002: 3971: 3940: 3914: 3881: 3847: 3828: 3799: 3767: 3734: 3703: 3681: 3664:The Daily Star 3647: 3632:. Al Jazeera. 3605: 3579: 3548: 3521: 3485: 3455: 3429: 3403: 3372: 3339: 3312: 3295:Shanghai Daily 3279: 3248: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3174: 3158: 3155: 3113: 3110: 3101:B. Lynn Pascoe 3080:suggested the 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818:Andéramboukane 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2761:16–17 January 2759: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2742:Date captured 2740: 2733: 2730: 2714: 2711: 2676: 2673: 2669:child soldiers 2646:European Union 2611: 2608: 2587: 2584: 2528:Main article: 2498: 2495: 2433:Main article: 2430: 2427: 2394: 2391: 2336: 2333: 2289:Andéramboukane 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2145: 2142: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2005: 2002:1958 Rif riots 1999: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1824: 1823: 1821:2nd Farabougou 1818: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1583:3rd Boulikessi 1580: 1575: 1573:1st Farabougou 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1553:2nd Talahandak 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1501:2nd Boulikessi 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1320: 1319: 1317:3rd Indelimane 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1257:1st Boulikessi 1254: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1235:2nd Goumakoura 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1191: 1190: 1188:1st Talahandak 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1076:2nd Indelimane 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 832: 831: 826: 821: 816: 814:Tagarangabotte 811: 806: 801: 787: 786: 781: 768: 767: 762: 757: 752: 750:1st Goumakoura 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 693: 692: 687: 681: 678: 677: 668: 667: 660: 653: 645: 636: 635: 633: 632: 630:2012 rebellion 627: 622: 617: 612: 606: 603: 602: 595: 594: 587: 580: 572: 563: 562: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 503: 500: 499: 490: 489: 482: 475: 467: 459: 458: 444: 443: 440: 427: 426: 422: 421: 415: 400: 399: 395: 394: 327: 257: 256: 252: 251: 250: 249: 244: 225: 224: 204: 166: 165: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 143: 136: 126: 111: 107: 106: 101: 99: 95: 94: 74: 66: 65: 55: 54: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8664: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8556:War on terror 8554: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8357:Heglig Crisis 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8339:War in Darfur 8337: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8295:Heglig Crisis 8293: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8266:Kenyan crisis 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8187:War in Amhara 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8016: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7926:Kivu conflict 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786:Côte d'Ivoire 7784: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7685:2016 conflict 7683: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7552:Libyan Crisis 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7474: 7469: 7467: 7462: 7460: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 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6225: 6223: 6221: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6012: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5622: 5618: 5617:The Telegraph 5614: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5176: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4896:on 4 May 2015 4895: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4414: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3954:The Telegraph 3951: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3869: 3865: 3861: 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2448:Amadou Sanogo 2444: 2442: 2441:Sadio Gassama 2436: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2248:According to 2242: 2237: 2233: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:Iyad Ag Ghaly 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2131:Battle of Gao 2128: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973:Berber Spring 1971: 1968: 1967:FFS rebellion 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 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London. 3214:References 3105:Susan Rice 2873:~February 2785:18 January 2780:17 January 2745:Date lost 2477:, and the 2475:World Bank 2465:, and the 2422:Libération 2364:Mauritania 2215:narcostate 2184:Ansar Dine 2144:Background 2103:Ansar Dine 2076:was ousted 1816:Labbezanga 1789:2nd Dioura 1772:Tombouctou 1734:Bandiagara 1697:3rd Tessit 1620:2nd Tessit 1558:Bouka Weré 1516:3rd Ménaka 1466:1st Dioura 1419:Abanguilou 1297:2nd Djebok 1168:4th Anéfis 1138:Tin Telout 1066:3rd Anéfis 1009:Amazragane 989:2nd Anéfis 984:1st Anéfis 949:1st Djebok 944:Tigharghâr 819:2nd Ménaka 755:1st Tessit 705:1st Ménaka 448:Displaced: 242:Ansar Dine 133:Ansar Dine 88:2012-04-06 80:2012-01-16 8311:Civil War 7995:1997–1999 7990:1993–1994 7946:conflict 7801:2010–2011 7796:2002–2007 7775:1999–2003 7770:1989–1996 7717:2007–2009 7712:1990–1995 7418:144772977 7359:cite book 7332:144592351 7004:31 August 6752:alert.net 6361:USA Today 6143:USA Today 5557:USA Today 4376:31 August 3365:28 August 3059:Reactions 2994:31 March 2977:30 March 2960:30 March 2943:30 March 2926:23 March 2876:February 2809:11 March 2661:gang rape 2010:(2016–17) 2004:(1958–59) 1998:(1921–26) 1969:(1963–64) 1804:4th Kidal 1794:2nd Bamba 1774:and Bamba 1588:Tadamakat 1548:1st Bamba 1533:Dioungani 1486:Sobane Da 1471:Ogossagou 1461:Diankabou 1456:Dialloubé 1384:Inabelbel 1312:Tin Biden 1302:Takellote 1220:3rd Kidal 1118:Tabrichat 1056:2nd Kidal 1036:Tamkoutat 924:Timetrine 919:In Khalil 784:Djicoroni 772:2012 coup 765:1st Kidal 745:Tinsalane 452:100,000+ 236:Islamists 202:Ganda Iso 8647:Mali War 8419:genocide 8119:Ethiopia 8027:Bush War 8020:Republic 8008:Pool War 7978:Republic 7895:DR Congo 7729:Mali War 7481:Cold War 7285:Archived 7255:Archived 7225:Archived 7168:Archived 7148:23 March 7142:Archived 7122:22 March 7116:Archived 7095:22 March 7089:Archived 7069:24 March 7063:Archived 7061:. 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