141:
128:. A total of 13,516 people have been infected with meningitis, and 931 have died. Nigeria has been the most adversely affected, with over half of the total cases and deaths occurring in the nation. The WHO reported on 27 March 2009 that 1,100 had died and there were 25,000 suspected cases. It is the worst outbreak in the region since 1996, and a third of the world's emergency vaccine stockpile for the bacterial form has been consumed. The
370:, the Nigerian Minister of Health said that his nation was prepared for the expected epidemic: "On 3rd September 2008, we alerted all the States in the meningitis belt to intensify surveillance, preposition drugs and laboratory materials and sensitise the public on preventive measures. Indeed, right from August 2008, the Ministry had prepositioned all the states in the meningitis belt with
170:
West Africa is regularly struck by an annual meningitis epidemic, usually affecting between 25,000 and 200,000 inhabitants. However, this epidemic has been the deadliest outbreak since 1996. That year's meningitis infected over 100,000 people and killed 10,000 during a three-month period.
323:. Compared to the meningitis epidemic in 2008, more cases have been reported, but with a lower fatality rate. Five districts in Niger have been seriously affected by the outbreak, and eight others are "on alert," according to the
174:
According to
Doctors Without Borders, up to 400 vaccination teams of five people each immunized thousands of people every day in the region for a few weeks. In total, 2.8 million people were vaccinated in Zinder, Maradi,
179:, and 4.5 million people in Katsina, Jigawa, Bauchi, Kebbi, Sokoto, Niger, Zamfara, Kaduna, and Gombe States in Nigeria. Vaccination campaigns continued at some sites in Nigeria for a total of 255,000 people.
673:
1785:
647:
40:
886:
359:
Nigeria was struck especially hard, with 562 deaths in 9,086 cases. 333 deaths occurred in the country over a three-month period in twenty-two out of thirty-six states. 217
220:
In Mali, 54 people were infected with meningitis, six of whom died. At the time of the outbreak, several organizations were conducting clinical meningitis vaccine trials.
1656:
1821:
524:
447:
17:
669:
757:
724:
863:
702:
637:
1933:
1699:
1319:
1619:
1511:
876:
555:
2078:
1791:
1462:
1815:
1755:
1663:
1583:
1415:
1731:
1761:
1325:
610:
327:. A 1 May report from the remote towns of northern Niger described an increasing number of cases blamed on migrant workers from
816:
577:
1725:
1109:
2093:
1450:
1355:
1283:
1228:
940:
790:
393:
913:
842:
1705:
1649:
1474:
1421:
408:
1480:
2088:
1589:
1385:
1379:
1361:
1259:
1179:
980:
398:
383:
2083:
1643:
1403:
1289:
478:
2103:
2098:
1826:
1797:
1687:
1631:
1547:
1939:
1743:
1613:
1577:
1565:
1468:
1391:
455:
2018:
2013:
1809:
1803:
1773:
1693:
1595:
1535:
1498:
1486:
1397:
1222:
1008:
413:
388:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1767:
1711:
1681:
1669:
403:
339:
directorate of public health report reported 189 cases with 16 death is the Region, 99 cases with 4 deaths in
2053:
2028:
1637:
1553:
1155:
1607:
1427:
1313:
1307:
1216:
551:
1991:
1985:
1779:
1749:
1559:
1529:
1409:
1185:
698:
418:
761:
732:
1571:
1240:
1210:
1295:
958:
728:
335:
who travel through the region hoping to gain access to
Algeria and Libya, and from there Europe. The
324:
2068:
2043:
1963:
1945:
366:
Several states mounted large meningitis vaccination and information campaigns after the outbreak.
2048:
2023:
1969:
1873:
1867:
1234:
1167:
1149:
973:
125:
2063:
2038:
1915:
1861:
1675:
1266:
1252:
1069:
2058:
2033:
1897:
1855:
1433:
360:
1504:
1301:
1246:
1161:
451:
371:
367:
8:
2073:
1737:
1367:
1132:
1085:
1079:
193:
1718:
1625:
1373:
1204:
1173:
966:
881:
642:
582:
516:
201:
614:
495:
1975:
1456:
1121:
1058:
812:
587:
508:
500:
520:
1957:
1091:
1046:
997:
570:
490:
197:
629:
1541:
1097:
1052:
1025:
936:
909:
838:
786:
205:
140:
1033:
208:. About 15% of those infected have died from meningitis. In addition, a small
2007:
1951:
1103:
504:
336:
316:
145:
129:
512:
272:
176:
109:
61:
1927:
1115:
374:
as well as laboratory reagents and materials for confirmation of cases."
315:
The outbreak first began in late
January with several cases reported in
1492:
1340:
937:"Nigeria: We Anticipated CSM Epidemic And Prepared for It - Osotimehin"
105:
39:
988:
1847:
993:
989:
866:. Ibrahim Manzo DIALLO, AΓ―r Info. 1 May 2009. Accessed 2009-06-04.
101:
552:"Reuters:UPDATE 1-Meningitis kills over 1,100 West Africans - WHO"
699:"Burkina Faso: Meningitis and measles DREF operation nΒ° MDRBF007"
328:
246:
209:
121:
73:
343:
alone. In the even more remote areas further east, officials in
363:
also reported cases. Nigeria was the most adversely affected,
348:
340:
212:
outbreak occurred at the same time as the meningitis epidemic.
839:"West Africa: Meningitis Emergency Vaccine Stock Tapped Early"
869:
344:
332:
320:
259:
117:
69:
192:
The outbreak has affected four departments in
Burkina Faso:
611:"Health Officials Say Meningitis Ravaging Northern Nigeria"
479:"West African meningitis outbreak strains vaccine supplies"
285:
113:
65:
351:
reported 36 cases but with 10 of them resulting in death.
758:"931 Killed In West African Meningitis Outbreak: UNICEF"
725:"African countries to introduce new meningitis vaccine"
578:"West African meningitis epidemics driven by the wind"
638:"Wide Epidemic of Men Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa"
864:
Agadez : des migrants vecteurs de la mΓ©ningite
670:"West Africa: Major Meningitis Epidemic Nears End"
2005:
813:"In Brief: Meningitis infections climb in Niger"
910:"Nigeria: Jigawa Begins Meningitis Vaccination"
1979:
974:
787:"Nigeria: Battling the Lassa, CSM Outbreaks"
448:"West African meningitis outbreak kills 931"
981:
967:
394:2010 Zamfara State lead poisoning epidemic
124:since January 2009, an annual risk in the
98:2009β2010 West African meningitis outbreak
33:2009β2010 West African meningitis outbreak
1162:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
907:
760:. RTT News. 12 March 2009. Archived from
494:
132:has been trying to secure more vaccines.
934:
608:
546:
544:
542:
139:
14:
2006:
752:
750:
635:
476:
1229:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
962:
781:
779:
539:
442:
440:
438:
436:
182:
18:2009 West African meningitis outbreak
693:
691:
558:from the original on 22 January 2010
409:Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone
916:from the original on 7 October 2012
908:a Ibrahim, Yusha'u (9 March 2009).
889:from the original on 31 August 2021
845:from the original on 7 October 2012
747:
705:from the original on 9 January 2024
650:from the original on 31 August 2021
399:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa
384:2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic
24:
776:
731:. 4 September 2008. Archived from
609:de Costa, Gilbert (4 March 2009).
527:from the original on 27 April 2022
433:
44:Countries affected by the epidemic
27:2009 meningitis epidemic in Africa
25:
2115:
2079:Disease outbreaks in Burkina Faso
688:
477:Wakabi, Wairagala (30 May 2009).
224:Infections and deaths by country
1934:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
935:Ogundipe, Sola (10 March 2009).
636:French, Howard W. (8 May 1996).
38:
1712:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
1009:List of epidemics and pandemics
943:from the original on 1 May 2022
928:
901:
877:"Nigeria: Meningitis Kills 333"
857:
831:
819:from the original on 1 May 2022
805:
793:from the original on 1 May 2022
676:from the original on 1 May 2022
586:. 12 March 2009. Archived from
454:. 12 March 2009. Archived from
414:Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia
389:2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak
187:
717:
662:
602:
470:
404:Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea
13:
1:
1037:
789:. All Africa. 11 March 2009.
496:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61008-4
426:
135:
2094:Disease outbreaks in Nigeria
841:. All Africa. 5 March 2009.
7:
815:. IRIN News. 9 March 2009.
419:Ebola virus disease in Mali
377:
10:
2120:
2089:Disease outbreaks in Niger
1822:2024 Latin American dengue
1602:Western African meningitis
1416:Pacific Northwest smallpox
701:. IFRC. 25 February 2009.
354:
2084:Disease outbreaks in Mali
1846:
1522:
1443:
1428:Buenos Aires yellow fever
1348:
1339:
1326:Philadelphia yellow fever
1296:Great Plague of Marseille
1290:Great Northern War plague
1284:Iceland smallpox epidemic
1276:
1197:
1142:
1131:
1068:
1024:
1017:
1004:
729:World Health Organization
325:World Health Organization
165: sporadic cases only
89:
84:
79:
57:
49:
37:
2104:2010 disasters in Africa
2099:2009 disasters in Africa
1992:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
1986:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
1946:Seventh cholera pandemic
310:
1904:Fourth cholera pandemic
1886:Second cholera pandemic
1732:Γquateur province Ebola
1320:North American smallpox
1235:Great Plague of Seville
215:
126:African meningitis belt
2019:2010 disease outbreaks
2014:2009 disease outbreaks
1922:Sixth cholera pandemic
1910:Fifth cholera pandemic
1892:Third cholera pandemic
1880:First cholera pandemic
1862:Second plague pandemic
1422:Barcelona yellow fever
1267:Great Plague of Vienna
1253:Great Plague of London
1223:Massachusetts smallpox
361:Local Government Areas
177:Dosso regions in Niger
167:
90:25,000 suspected cases
1898:Third plague pandemic
1856:First plague pandemic
1650:Western African Ebola
1560:Chikungunya outbreaks
1512:Malaysian Nipah virus
1380:Great Plains smallpox
613:. VOA. Archived from
153: meningitis belt
143:
2054:2010 in Burkina Faso
2029:2009 in Burkina Faso
1958:Russian flu pandemic
1700:Angolan yellow fever
1451:San Francisco plague
1404:Broad Street cholera
1302:Great Plague of 1738
452:Agence France-Presse
372:oily chloramphenicol
368:Babatunde Osotimehin
159: epidemic zones
1864:(1348β19th century)
1792:New Zealand measles
1620:Darfur yellow fever
1463:LA pneumonic plague
1080:Plague of Justinian
735:on 5 September 2008
225:
34:
1874:Influenza pandemic
1868:Influenza pandemic
1816:Bangsamoro measles
1798:Singaporean dengue
1762:Pacific NW measles
1756:Philippine measles
1744:Madagascar measles
1726:Kerala Nipah virus
1719:Saudi Arabian MERS
1632:Singaporean dengue
1578:Zimbabwean cholera
1548:Singaporean dengue
1392:Copenhagen cholera
1374:Groningen epidemic
1168:Influenza pandemic
1150:Influenza pandemic
882:The New York Times
643:The New York Times
583:Medical News Today
458:on 9 February 2011
223:
202:Solenzo Department
183:Countries affected
168:
108:which occurred in
32:
2001:
2000:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1774:Kuala Koh measles
1688:South Korean MERS
1676:Polio declaration
1664:Madagascar plague
1596:Gujarat hepatitis
1584:Madagascar plague
1536:Midwest monkeypox
1487:Yugoslav smallpox
1457:Manchurian plague
1398:Stockholm cholera
1335:
1334:
1122:Sweating sickness
1110:Japanese smallpox
1059:Plague of Cyprian
998:disease outbreaks
590:on 4 January 2009
308:
307:
94:
93:
53:January 2009β2010
16:(Redirected from
2111:
1981:
1768:New York measles
1722:
1682:Indian swine flu
1670:Odisha hepatitis
1660:
1614:Pakistani dengue
1566:Pakistani dengue
1515:
1481:WrocΕaw smallpox
1434:Hong Kong plague
1368:Caragea's plague
1346:
1345:
1263:
1156:Mexican smallpox
1140:
1139:
1092:Plague of Sheroe
1047:Plague of Athens
1042:
1039:
1022:
1021:
983:
976:
969:
960:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
885:. 5 March 2009.
873:
867:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
783:
774:
773:
771:
769:
764:on 22 March 2009
754:
745:
744:
742:
740:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
695:
686:
685:
683:
681:
666:
660:
659:
657:
655:
633:
627:
626:
624:
622:
617:on 12 March 2009
606:
600:
599:
597:
595:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
548:
537:
536:
534:
532:
498:
474:
468:
467:
465:
463:
444:
226:
222:
198:Manni Department
194:BatiΓ© Department
164:
158:
152:
42:
35:
31:
21:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2069:2010 in Nigeria
2044:2009 in Nigeria
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1834:
1717:
1655:
1638:Swansea measles
1590:Bolivian dengue
1518:
1510:
1499:Indian smallpox
1469:Croydon typhoid
1439:
1331:
1272:
1258:
1193:
1134:
1127:
1098:Plague of Amwas
1071:
1064:
1053:Antonine Plague
1040:
1013:
1000:
987:
957:
956:
946:
944:
933:
929:
919:
917:
906:
902:
892:
890:
875:
874:
870:
862:
858:
848:
846:
837:
836:
832:
822:
820:
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
785:
784:
777:
767:
765:
756:
755:
748:
738:
736:
723:
722:
718:
708:
706:
697:
696:
689:
679:
677:
672:. 14 May 2009.
668:
667:
663:
653:
651:
634:
630:
620:
618:
607:
603:
593:
591:
576:
575:
571:
561:
559:
550:
549:
540:
530:
528:
475:
471:
461:
459:
446:
445:
434:
429:
380:
357:
313:
218:
206:Toma Department
190:
185:
166:
162:
160:
156:
154:
150:
138:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:2010 in Africa
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:2009 in Africa
2021:
2016:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1966:(1981βpresent)
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1819:
1818:(2023βpresent)
1813:
1810:Jamaica dengue
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1706:Yemeni cholera
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1657:DR Congo Ebola
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1362:Maltese plague
1359:
1356:Ottoman plague
1352:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1314:Persian Plague
1311:
1308:Russian plague
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1260:Maltese plague
1256:
1250:
1244:
1241:Maltese plague
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1217:Italian plague
1214:
1211:Maltese plague
1208:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1180:Maltese plague
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1034:Hittite plague
1030:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1001:
986:
985:
978:
971:
963:
955:
954:
939:. All Africa.
927:
912:. All Africa.
900:
868:
856:
830:
804:
775:
746:
716:
687:
661:
628:
601:
569:
538:
489:(9678): 1836.
469:
431:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
396:
391:
386:
379:
376:
356:
353:
319:, in southern
312:
309:
306:
305:
302:
299:
295:
294:
291:
288:
282:
281:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
262:
256:
255:
252:
249:
243:
242:
237:
232:
217:
214:
189:
186:
184:
181:
161:
155:
149:
144:Demography of
137:
134:
92:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2116:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:2010 in Niger
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:2009 in Niger
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1978:(2019βpresent
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:Hong Kong flu
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:Tonga measles
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:Samoa measles
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:Haiti cholera
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:Iraqi cholera
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:Indian dengue
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1410:Guam smallpox
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1247:Naples Plague
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1104:Plague of 664
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337:Agadez Region
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317:Zinder Region
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147:
146:meningococcal
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133:
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130:GAVI Alliance
127:
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107:
104:of bacterial
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48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2059:2010 in Mali
2034:2009 in Mali
1804:Uganda Ebola
1601:
1523:21st century
1505:Surat plague
1475:NYC smallpox
1444:20th century
1349:19th century
1277:18th century
1198:17th century
1164:(1545, 1576)
1143:16th century
1086:Roman Plague
1055:(165β180 AD)
1049:(429β426 BC)
996:and notable
945:. Retrieved
930:
918:. Retrieved
903:
891:. Retrieved
880:
871:
859:
847:. Retrieved
833:
821:. Retrieved
807:
795:. Retrieved
766:. Retrieved
762:the original
737:. Retrieved
733:the original
719:
707:. Retrieved
678:. Retrieved
664:
652:. Retrieved
641:
631:
619:. Retrieved
615:the original
604:
592:. Retrieved
588:the original
581:
572:
560:. Retrieved
529:. Retrieved
486:
482:
472:
460:. Retrieved
456:the original
365:
358:
314:
273:Burkina Faso
239:
234:
229:
219:
191:
188:Burkina Faso
173:
169:
110:Burkina Faso
97:
95:
62:Burkina Faso
29:
1994:(2023β2024)
1988:(2022β2023)
1972:(2009β2010)
1960:(1977β1979)
1954:(1968β1970)
1948:(1961β1975)
1942:(1957β1958)
1936:(1919β1930)
1930:(1918β1920)
1928:Spanish flu
1924:(1899β1923)
1918:(1889β1890)
1916:Russian flu
1912:(1881β1896)
1906:(1863β1879)
1900:(1855β1860)
1894:(1852β1860)
1888:(1829β1851)
1882:(1816β1826)
1876:(1557β1559)
1806:(2022β2023)
1794:(2019β2020)
1788:(2019β2020)
1786:DRC measles
1740:(2018β2020)
1708:(2016β2022)
1696:(2015β2016)
1652:(2013β2016)
1646:(2013β2014)
1644:Chikungunya
1610:(2010β2019)
1604:(2009β2010)
1586:(2008β2017)
1580:(2008β2009)
1544:(2003β2005)
1532:(2002β2004)
1514:(1998β1999)
1495:(1972β1973)
1459:(1910β1911)
1453:(1900β1904)
1418:(1862β1863)
1388:(1847β1848)
1382:(1837β1838)
1364:(1813β1814)
1358:(1812β1819)
1328:(1793β1798)
1322:(1780β1782)
1310:(1770β1772)
1298:(1720β1722)
1292:(1710β1712)
1286:(1707β1708)
1262:(1675β1676)
1255:(1665β1666)
1237:(1647β1652)
1231:(1633β1644)
1219:(1629β1631)
1188:(1592β1593)
1182:(1592β1593)
1176:(1563β1564)
1170:(1557β1559)
1124:(1485β1551)
1118:(1346β1353)
1116:Black Death
1041: 1330
680:1 September
148:meningitis.
2074:Meningitis
2008:Categories
1738:Kivu Ebola
1493:London flu
562:2 December
483:The Lancet
427:References
235:Infections
136:Background
106:meningitis
85:1,100 dead
80:Casualties
1970:Swine flu
1940:Asian flu
1858:(541β767)
1827:Argentina
1112:(735β737)
1106:(664β689)
1100:(638β639)
1094:(627β628)
1082:(541β542)
1072:classical
1061:(250β266)
994:epidemics
990:Pandemics
505:0140-6736
1976:COVID-19
1964:HIV/AIDS
1542:Bird flu
947:15 March
941:Archived
920:15 March
914:Archived
893:15 March
887:Archived
849:16 March
843:Archived
823:15 March
817:Archived
797:15 March
791:Archived
768:15 March
739:16 March
709:15 March
703:Archived
674:Archived
654:15 March
648:Archived
621:15 March
594:15 March
556:Archived
531:27 April
525:Archived
521:40532450
513:19504666
462:15 March
378:See also
102:epidemic
58:Location
1026:Ancient
355:Nigeria
329:Nigeria
247:Nigeria
230:Country
210:measles
122:Nigeria
100:was an
74:Nigeria
1870:(1510)
1848:Global
1829:(2024)
1812:(2023)
1800:(2020)
1782:(2019)
1776:(2019)
1770:(2019)
1764:(2019)
1758:(2019)
1752:(2019)
1746:(2018)
1734:(2018)
1728:(2018)
1721:(2018)
1714:(2017)
1702:(2016)
1690:(2015)
1684:(2015)
1678:(2014)
1672:(2014)
1666:(2014)
1659:(2014)
1640:(2013)
1634:(2013)
1628:(2012)
1622:(2012)
1616:(2011)
1598:(2009)
1592:(2009)
1574:(2007)
1568:(2006)
1562:(2006)
1556:(2006)
1550:(2005)
1538:(2003)
1507:(1994)
1501:(1974)
1489:(1972)
1483:(1963)
1477:(1947)
1471:(1937)
1465:(1924)
1436:(1894)
1430:(1871)
1424:(1870)
1412:(1856)
1406:(1854)
1400:(1853)
1394:(1853)
1386:Typhus
1376:(1829)
1370:(1813)
1341:Modern
1316:(1772)
1304:(1738)
1269:(1679)
1249:(1656)
1243:(1655)
1225:(1633)
1213:(1623)
1207:(1603)
1158:(1520)
1152:(1510)
1135:modern
519:
511:
503:
349:Dirkou
341:Agadez
301:13,516
240:Deaths
204:, and
163:
157:
151:
120:, and
72:, and
1133:Early
1088:(590)
1070:Post-
1018:Local
517:S2CID
345:Bilma
333:Ghana
321:Niger
311:Niger
298:Total
277:1,756
264:2,620
260:Niger
251:9,086
118:Niger
70:Niger
1694:Zika
1626:MERS
1530:SARS
949:2009
922:2009
895:2009
851:2009
825:2009
799:2009
770:2009
741:2009
711:2009
682:2021
656:2009
623:2009
596:2009
564:2019
533:2022
509:PMID
501:ISSN
464:2009
347:and
331:and
304:931
286:Mali
280:250
267:113
254:562
216:Mali
114:Mali
96:The
66:Mali
50:Date
1043:BC)
491:doi
487:373
2010::
1038:c.
992:,
879:.
778:^
749:^
727:.
690:^
646:.
640:.
580:.
554:.
541:^
523:.
515:.
507:.
499:.
485:.
481:.
450:.
435:^
293:6
290:54
200:,
196:,
116:,
112:,
68:,
64:,
1982:)
1980:*
1036:(
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951:.
924:.
897:.
853:.
827:.
801:.
772:.
743:.
713:.
684:.
658:.
625:.
598:.
566:.
535:.
493::
466:.
20:)
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