1070:) demanded the Indian authorities take immediate steps to quell the violence and order a probe to find out the perpetrators of the attacks. "The continuing attacks targeting Christians represent the second major outbreak of religious violence in Orissa since December which underlines the pressing need for Indian government to develop preventive strategies", USCIRF said. "State governments must be held accountable for violence and other unlawful acts that occur in their state" Commission Chair Felice D Gaer said in a statement. USCIRF called on the US State Department to urge the central government and its Human Rights and Minority Commissions to continue their investigations, issue reports on the status of their investigations, and take further appropriate measures to address the situation, including ensuring that perpetrators of the violence are brought to account.
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may have been lured by "nefarious elements" to launch the attack. But the local police force continued to maintain that
Maoists were behind the operation Soon after the appearance of the aforementioned letter, "Azad", another leader of the splinter Maoist People's Liberation Guerrilla Army group, claimed responsibility for the murder of Lakshmanananda in another letter. Azad was suspected by the police of leading the attack himself. Finally, on 9 September 2008 the Maoists, who work underground, made an official press release claiming responsibility for the killing of Lakshmanananda. Many Maoist sympathizers of south Odisha had initially denied the role of CPI-Maoist in the murder of VHP leaders that sparked off communal violence in Kandhamnal district.
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presence of a dozen policemen
Eventually, four men were arrested for the attack, and a senior police office suspended over the delayed investigation. After the complaint was launched, police had a medical examination of the nun carried out, which confirmed her rape. Police sent the clothes of the said nun to the state forensic laboratory for further verification. Police arrested nine people in connection with the crime while the nun in case was in hiding for fear of reprisals. The Crime branch took charge of the probe following a government decision after the medical report. On 22 October 2008, the
331:. According to government reports the violence resulted in at least 39 Christians killed. Reports indicate that more than 395 churches were razed or burnt down, between 5,600–6,500 houses plundered or burnt down, over 600 villages ransacked and more than 60,000 – 75,000 people left homeless. Other reports put the death toll at nearly 100 and suggested more than 40 women were sexually assaulted. Unofficial reports placed the number of those killed to more than 500. Many Christian families were burnt alive. Thousands of Christians were forced to convert to Hinduism under threat of violence. Many
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seriously, and now they are going to pay them back." A curfew was imposed in all towns in
Kandhamal. Despite this, violence continued in Phulbani, Tumudibandh, Baliguda, Udaygiri, Nuagaon and Tikabali towns. Many others fled into the jungle or into neighbouring districts and states. All nine towns in Kandhamal district were under a curfew, and the police had license to shoot. Curfew was also imposed in Jeypore town of Odisha's Koraput district. Five police personnel were injured in mob violence. The state government sought additional paramilitary forces to combat the continuing violence.
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in the riots. The plan to eliminate
Lakshmanananda was made in 2007, he added. Elaborating the probe by the crime branch, Ray said investigations also showed that a group had collected money from some villages in Kandhamal which was given to the Maoist group to train their youth for the purpose. The police said that they already arrested three persons, including two tribals and others who belong to the extremist Maoist groups and efforts were now on to arrest the other accused.
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families lost their houses. A mob of 500 strong attackers also torched a police station and burned the police vehicles and a
Congress parliamentarian's house was also attacked. Saffron activists and Kui tribals who opposed the tribal status to the predominantly Christian Pana tribals joined together in the attacks. According to various Non-Governmental Organizations, the VHP exploited the tensions between the Kui Samaj and Pana Christians to propel the Christmas attacks.
626:, the State BJP's president. Hundreds of people assembled along the way to pay their last respects. Enraged mobs there assaulted Christians in the towns that the procession went through. Christians who were considered to be supporters of Congress were assaulted everywhere and many Hindus were also assaulted in some places because they supported the congress. The attackers included the BJP, VHP, Bajrang Dal and other Sangh Parivar groups and the Biju Janata Dal.
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919:, Saraswati was not cremated but instead buried and entombed after death. Since no cremation ever took place, Togadia replied that there was no question of "ashes" being proposed to be carried in any procession at all, and therefore the claims of "asthi kalash yatra" (carrying of the ashes) were untrue. He also alleged that Archbishop Raphael Cheenath had therefore "lied under oath to the apex court", because no such procession ever took place.
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871:, was a coalition of the BJP and the Biju Janata Dal (BJD). In the 147-member state assembly the BJD-BJP combine had 93 members, 32 of whom are from the BJP. Some BJP legislators blamed the government for not providing adequate protection to Saraswati, despite other attempts on his life. They called for withdrawing support from the government, which would lead to its collapse. In the runup to the
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875:, Patnaik broke his ties with the BJP, saying that the alliance in the state had to be broken because it became impossible for him to stay with the BJP after the Kandhanmal riots which "horrified the entire world". In November 2009, after winning the elections again, this time without the support of the BJP and therefore free from political compulsions, re-elected chief minister of Odisha
406:, like tribal Kondhs or Kandhas. The district has been ethnically divided for decades between the tribal Kui-speaking Kandha tribals, and lower caste Kui-speaking Panas, who occupy a dominant position in their society. The Kui Samaj or the Kui association claimed to represent all the Kandha tribals, who were nearly 52% of the population in the district
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Sadhwi Bhakti Mata who was overall charge of the Kalyan Ashram, Kishore Baba, Amritanand Baba and a visitor guardian of an inmate of the school, were also killed. The dead body of Bhakti Mata was also defaced and ripped by brutal cut injuries. The attackers, estimated at thirty gunmen, were suspected of being Maoist insurgents but the
440:(ST) status after the Presidential Order of 2002 which mentioned the Kui tribes in the ST category since they also speak the kui language. This was opposed by the VHP, the Kui Samaj and other political leaders who depend on Hindu tribals to support their vote bank in the area. These tensions soon transformed into communal violence.
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relegated 200 corpses found from the forest and from fires after getting them loaded in a tractor and reported that depending on the severity and pace of murders the number of those slain is over 500 people. The report also claimed that the incidents took place in front of the police and the police were mute spectators.
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On 16 October 2008, in an interview to PTI the IG police Arun Ray told that "Maoists trained certain youths of the tribal community to eliminate
Saraswati", the "tribal community" believed by the Hindu Extremist to be a reference to the converted Christians of the region led to the "Fuel in the Fire"
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Archbishop
Raphael Cheenath moved the Supreme Court seeking ₹ 30 million as compensation to rebuild the demolished and vandalized churches in the riot-hit areas. He also sought ₹ 550,000 for the kin of those killed in the riots and compensation of ₹ 60,000 to those whose houses were damaged
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with the Kandha tribal people, were also attacked. No effort was made by the police on service to stop the demonstrators from targeting
Christians and their properties. The Kui Samaj, a Kandha tribal organisation which opposed this joined with the Sangh Parivar and the ruling alliance on the attacks.
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banks and all schools and universities stayed closed as directed by the government. The police in the state stood mostly as silent observers to the harassment of those who had stepped out of their homes during the bandh. On the same day, rioters attacked a
Christian orphanage at Khuntpalli village in
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Six days later the same court set free five non-Christians who were being tried for burning of a
Christian house in the riots following the murder. Sajan George, president of Global Council of Indian Christians alleged that the court is biased against the Christian minority. The defence lawyer, S.K.
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of Odisha, guilty of murder of Parikhita Digal, a Christian from Budedi village who was killed by the mob on 27 August 2008. Manoj Pradhan who was nominated by the BJP while imprisoned pending trial, was sentenced to seven years rigorous imprisonment. However, pending his appeal, he was granted bail
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On 28 August, a letter of denial (denying responsibility for the murder of Saraswati) was received by some media houses suspected to be from a Maoist group. While the letter denied that the Central Committee of the Kotagarha branch of the Maoists had approved the attack, it claimed that some Maoists
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for the communal violence in states of Karnataka and Odisha. Shafi Qureshi, member of the NCM team stated that the NCM teams had determined activists of Bajrang Dal were involved in these attacks in both in state of Odisha and Karnataka. Condemning the attack on churches in Kandhamal and other areas
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Initial reports suggested that more than 18,000 were injured and 50,000 displaced. Another report said that around 11,000 people were still living in relief camps, as of October 2008. Some tribals even fled away to border districts in neighbouring states. 310 villages were affected with 4,640 homes,
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In its report, a CPI fact-finding team quoted officials admitting that in the month-long anti-Church riots in which VHP and Bajrang Dal played a central role, not less than 500 individuals were killed. The report said a senior government official on the requesting anonymity stated that he personally
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reported that by March 2009, and at least 3,000 individuals were still in government camps, reportedly because of their inability to return to their family homes unless they "reconvert" to Hinduism. After two weeks, a month long series of "reconversion" rituals and processions with the slain Swami's
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On 4 September 2008 a group of nearly 2500 extremists barged into the Tikabali Government High School Relief Camp shouting at the Christian refugees and took away supplies meant for the refugees, while police remained as silent spectators. On the same day, over 300 VHP incited tribal women attacked
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and some were forced to damage churches and burn bibles to demonstrate that they had abandoned Christianity. As required by the anti-conversion law, they were made to sign "voluntary statements" asserting that they are now willingly becoming Hindus. District authorities said they had received dozens
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called for a statewide shutdown on Monday, 25 August 2008. Activists from the BJP, VHP, the Hindu Jagarana Samukhya and the Bajrang Dal staged protests and blocked traffic in nearly all district headquarters towns in the next morning demanding the detention of the Lakshmananda's killers. Businesses,
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At the midnight of August 23–24, hours after VHP chief Lakshmanananda Saraswati was killed, the chaos began. The police suspected the role of Maoists and announced it to the media at 11:00 pm. The news spread quickly and activists from Sangh Parivar groups, including the VHP and Bajrang Dal, erected
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on the frail body of 84 years old Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati at Jalespata Vanabashi Kanyashram in Kandhmal District of Orissa. After killing him brutally, the proxy militants allegedly also cut various parts of his body by chisel and axe as it appeared. Others who tried to rescue the Swami, namely
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convicted Pradhan for the murder of Bikram Nayak from Budedipada of Tiangia village under Raikia police station limits on 26 August 2008. ... for setting ablaze houses of people belonging to the minority community and inciting communal violence. ... the riots in Kandhamal which claimed at least 38
741:(CBI) probe into the incident and asked the victim to look at an identity parade of those accused to identify the culprit with the help of the state police itself. Reuters reported the nun's media conference under the headline '40 men gang-raped me, says nun'; though she had made no such statement.
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carried out a procession with Saraswati's ashes after his cremation, an act that clearly inflamed further communal tension and rioting. The Supreme Court, in its order, asked the state government to file an affidavit explaining the circumstances under which this procession was allowed. However, it
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Government reports suggested that the violence resulted in at least 39 killed, over 365 churches vandalized or destroyed, over 5,600 houses were looted or burnt down, 600 villages ransacked and more than 54,000 were left home less. While other reports put the death toll to nearly 100 and suggested
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of Mukundapur, a small village in Gajapati District. Hindus have also been attacked by members of their own faith, for having Christian relatives. One woman, who is herself a Hindu, says she was gang-raped by her grandparents' neighbors due to her uncle's refusal to renounce his Christian beliefs.
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The Kui Samaj called for a shutdown on December 25, 2007 to protest against allowing ST caste status to SC Pana Christians. With the shutdowns on Christmas Day, Christians, Christian institutions and Churches were targeted by activists belonging to the Kui Samaj and the VHP. Christians were killed
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claimed that they killed Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati and four of his disciples at his Jalespeta ashram on 23 August, for his Anti-Maoist hate speech, in the state of Odisha and the tribal Kandhamal region in particular. Finally, on 7 October 2008, the Odisha police announced they arrested three
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blamed the Bajrang Dal of the attacks and said that within an hour after the swami's murder the Bajrang Dal and the VHP armed with swords and spears started to attack the Christians and burnt-down their houses. Orissa's Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik said that the Sangh Parivar was involved in the
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Neighbors became rivals in many areas and burned Christian families alive. The houses belonging to the Christians who escaped into the nearby woods and hills were also robbed and torched by people from the surrounding villages. Many of the victims stayed up to seven days hidden in the jungles and
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The historical context of the Kandhamal violence is the spread of the ideology of Hindutva... A planned attack on the Christian minority in Orissa was a tragedy in the waiting period following the Gujarat pogrom of 2002 that killed over 2,000 Muslims and destroyed the community. Kandhamal was an
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reported that the first wave of violence occurred on December 24, 2007 during an argument between Christians and Hindus over Christmas celebrations in the Kandhamal district. A Christian group attacked a vehicle belonging to VHP leader Lakshmanananda Saraswati and in retaliation 19 churches were
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The violence was led by the Bajrang Dal, VHP and the RSS. The Government of Orissa and police, military and paramilitary forces deployed in the state failed to respond efficiently, effectively or appropriately. The VHP claimed that Hindu people in the area had taken the death of the Swami "very
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On 1 September 2008 the state government of Odisha claimed that the situation was under control. However, several houses and places of worship were burnt in the riots, especially in worst-hit Kandhamal district. 12,539 people were fed in relief camps, 783 people were fed in two relief camps in
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About 2,000 Christians are estimated to have been forced to leave their religion in the violence. Thousands of Christians were herded into temples and were forced to perform conversion rituals with their heads shaved, according to a fact-finding tribunal led by Justice AP Shah. As a gesture of
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While the government held the Maoist insurgents of being responsible for the attacks, the Sangh Parivar groups blamed the incident on the Christians. The VHP state general secretary, Gouri Ram Prasad blamed the murder on the Christians and also said that the organization would retaliate on the
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The Kui Samaj and the VHP called for a bandh on December 25 to protest against the granting of ST status to the Pana Christians. The VHP also called for a bandh on Christmas Day for the attack on Lakshmananda's car. This led to Clashes between both the groups which continued for days where 837
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at Nuagaon in Kandhamal district. During a press conference she said that a group of unidentified persons, dragged her along with Fr Thomas Chellan to the deserted Jana Vikas building. The priest was doused with petrol and beaten up. She reported that the mob paraded her on the streets in the
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A senior Home Department official said that the present struggle between the mostly Christian-Dalit Panas and the Kandh tribe, mostly pro-Hindus, was the outcome of the ethnic, social and religious divide that helped Maoists to set up their base. While over 1200 churches and 400 Christian
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condemned the violence and expressed solidarity with the priests, nuns, and laypeople being victimized. He "firmly condemned" the violence and called upon Indian religious and civil authorities "to work together to restore peaceful co-existence and harmony between the different religious
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seeking a CBI enquiry and dismissal of the state government. The order refused to dismiss the Odisha state government but asked it to report on steps taken to stop the wave of communal rioting that had claimed at least 16 lives. In his petition, the Archbishop claimed that VHP leader
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came out only when the police found them and reassured them of protection. Soon, the relief camps set up by the government wasn't enough to house the homeless. People were inquiring about the whereabouts of their loved ones in the overpopulated camps, 10 days after the riots.
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a relief camp for the Christian riot victims in Tikabali, demanding food, employment and relief for non-Christian population, who they said had been starving following the 12-day-old curfew order clamped by the district administration to contain communal violence.
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20,000 people were sheltered in 14 relief camps built by the state government from 23 August onwards. Approximately 50,000 people were hiding in the district's forest areas, and nearly 500 people went to Bhubaneswar and Cuttack to stay in relief camps made by the
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by the High court on 6 July. A number of others have also been sentenced in riot-related cases. On 9 September 2010, another judge found Pradhan guilty in the murder of Bikram Nayak from Budedipada on 26 August 2008. In December 2010, 18 people were convicted.
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leader claimed responsibility for the murder, and the police also confirmed that the Maoists hadtrained tribal youth to carry out the murder. On 30 September 2013, Additional district judge Rajendra Kumar Tosh at an Additional district and sessions court in
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The report by the Centre for Child Rights reported that at least 300 churches were destroyed; 13 Colleges, schools and 5 NGO offices were damaged. About 30,000 people lived in relief camps for months. About 2,000 people were forced to convert to Hinduism.
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The funeral procession which passed through hundreds of villages, was organized from Lakshmanananda's ashram at Jalespata to Chakapad. The procession began on the noon of August 24 and ended at the afternoon of the next day after stopping for the night at
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252 churches, and 13 educational institutes torched during attacks. Multiple Hindu temples and an unknown number of Hindus were also killed during the riots, excluding the five Hindu sadhus (including Saraswati) who were killed in the beginning itself.
602:. The police theory of suspected Maoist involvement was denied by Sangh Parivar leaders who accused militant Christians of murdering Lakshmanananda. On August 23, about midnight, demonstrators burned down a private bus and also damaged many churches.
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communities." In doing so he said: "I learnt with great sorrow the information concerning the violence against the Christian community in Orissa which broke out after the reprehensible assassination of the Hindu leader, Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati.
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of Odisha and in Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Chikmagalur and Mangalore in Karnataka, the Commission stressed the need for immediate confidence building measures to allay the fear from the minds of the minorities in both states of Odisha and Karnataka.
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convicted seven Christians for the murder: Gadanath Chalanseth, Bijaya Kumar Shyamseth, Buddha Nayak, Sanatan Badamajhi, Duryadhan Sunamajhi, Bhaskar Sunamajhi and Munda Badamajhi. However, on 1 October 2013, the same court also convicted a
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called the Odisha violence a "shame" and offered all help from the centre to end the communal clashes and restore normalcy. He said he would speak to Odisha chief minister Naveen Patnaik to urge him to take all necessary steps to end the
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On 7 September 2008 VHP leader Praveen Togadia announced that an all-India agitation would be launched if the killers of Saraswati were not arrested. The Church and Christian groups in turn demanded dismissal of the state government.
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of complaints of forced conversions to Hinduism. Some victims have put saffron flags atop their home to prevent any future attacks and those sheltered in the refugee camps have been told they can go home only if they become Hindus.
1031:, a US-based outfit, expressed extreme dismay at the mob violence against Christians instigated by the VHP. The organization also expressed concern at the state government's lack of action following the Christmas 2007 violence.
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The government officials and government offices were attacked and police and civil administration vehicles were damaged by the demonstrators. In the entire district, prohibition orders were tightened and curfews were enforced.
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family blamed it upon local Christian evangelical groups. Both the manner of attack and a letter found at the attack provided the basis for this. The government announced a special investigative probe into the attack.
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From December 24 to 27, 2007, at least three persons were killed and over 100 churches and church institutions, including convents and hostels, about 700 houses and other structures were burnt during the riots.
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Hateful anti-Christian campaigns in Kandhamal had already begun in the late 1960s, and continued for a long time, creating violence against minorities at frequent intervals including the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.
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ideal place for such an attack because of the possibility to manipulate the strained dynamics of the relationship between both the Dalit and the Adivasi populations to satisfy the aims of religious extremists.
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leaders followed the same technique in the Kandhamal riots by linking local politics and clashes with broader national fears like extinction of Hinduism, a Christian demographic increase and even a 'Christian
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According to a research by the Kandhamal Committee for Peace and Justice, 395 churches and places of worship and more than 6,500 homes were ransacked and razed to the ground during the August 2008 attacks.
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In October 2008, a senior Maoist leader claimed responsibility for the murder of Laxmanananda and police officials confirmed that the Maoists trained youth in the tribal community to murder Laxmanananda.
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were mostly involved in the 2007 attacks. Following the riots, 20,000 people were sheltered in 14 government established relief camps and 50,000 people fled to the surrounding districts and states. The
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which resulted in the burning of over 100 churches and church institutions, including hostels, convents, and over 700 houses. Three persons were also killed during the three days after Christmas. The
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ashes were announced. There was no immediate police response. Many Christians allegedly took place in these ceremonies due to the fear of additional violence, property destruction and harassment.
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was convicted in the violence in 2010. 18 people were also convicted in the same year. Seven Christians and a Maoist leader were convicted for the murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati on 2013.
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groups blamed the local Christian tribals for the murder of Lakshmanananda even-though the killers were suspected of being Maoist insurgents by the government. Later a senior
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argued that the generally insignificant, local communal conflicts in India are made into larger communal violence by groups he terms as 'conversion specialists'. In his book
807:. The Director general of police of Gujarat, CP Singh, stated on record that "organisations like the VHP and Bajrang Dal are clearly behind the violence. The CPM member
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Rayagada district. In all, 12 companies of para-military forces, 24 platoons of Odisha State Armed Police, two sections of Armed Police Reserve forces and two teams of
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district. A local Hindu woman employee in her 20s was gang-raped and burnt alive by the mob after she was mistaken for a Christian, when the orphanage was set on fire.
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Orissa Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik says, "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Viswa Hindu Parishad (VHP) and the Bajarang Dal (BD) were involved in the violence".
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915:, the holy man had already symbolically cast his physical body into fire while alive by wearing saffron robes, and set the soul free). As is the tradition of
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A young Christian girl who was bruised and burnt during the anti Christian violence. It occurred when a bomb was thrown into her house by the extremists.
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travelled across the state inciting violence. Christians who demanded tribal status they belonged to Scheduled Castes on the basis of their shared
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expressed concern over the violence against Christians in Odisha and hoped that the ruling government would bring the perpetrators to justice.
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The Sangh Parivar was also held responsible for the violence by the report of the fact-finding commission led by Justice AP Shah in 2010.
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There is no place for Christians. If Christians don't become Hindus, they have to go. We don't care where they go. They must leave Orissa.
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On the evening of Saturday, 23 August 2008, unknown militants entered into the Ashram at around 8.00 p.m. and fired bullets from an
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and churches were burnt and damaged in the violence. It slowly calmed down till the murder of Swami Lakshmanananda, which created a
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Unjust Compensation - An Assessment of Damage and Loss of PrivateProperty during the Anti-Christian Violence in Kandhamal, India
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Italy's Foreign Ministry called on India's ambassador to demand 'incisive action' to prevent further attacks against Christians.
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more than 40 women were sexually assaulted and many Christians were forced to convert to Hinduism with the threat of violence.
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completely burned down and razed. Hindutva groups and the activists of the Kui Samaj were mostly involved in the 2007 attacks.
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On 1 January 2008 further violence was reported at several places. Police said at least 20 houses and shops were torched at
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reported that the tensions between the Kandha and the Pana tribals were partly responsible for the agitation and violence.
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According to the Constitution, reservation benefits are removed from SCs who convert, and the Pana Christians demanded
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A report by the National Commission for Minorities blamed the violence on Sangh Parivar outfits and the
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institutions became an eyesore for Hindutava forces, conversion was also a strong issue that had helped
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reported that by March 2009, and at least 3,000 individuals were still in government relief camps.
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1053:(NHRC) sought a report from the Odisha government on the ongoing religious violence in the state.
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On 15 September 2008, it was reported that there was an attack on two Hindu temples in Odisha's
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1140:"In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots"
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United States Commission on International Religious Freedom - Annual Report –Chapter on India
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1561:"'They don't feel sorry': Revisiting Kandhamal 10 years after the violence against Christians"
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In a press release made on 21 September, The National Commission for Minorities blamed the
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1372:"India: New and protracted displacement ongoing in absence of formalised response – India"
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Remains of a church property burnt down during communal violence in Orissa in August 2008
3970:"USCIRF Urges Decisive Action by Central Government to Stop Communal Violence in Orissa"
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district. One was attacked on the night of 14 September, and the other 2 weeks earlier.
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2503:"BBC News – Programmes – From Our Own Correspondent – Fear and fundamentalism in India"
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At the time of the Kandhamal riots in 2008, the ruling government of Odisha, headed by
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and also issuing a 'national call to arms' for the defense of the Khandamal Hindus.
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3461:
3387:
3231:
2922:"10 Years Post Kandhamal Riots: Let Us Not Forget How It Tore the Secular Fabric"
2281:
lives in the aftermath of the killing of VHP leader Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati.
2092:
2014:
1992:
1846:
1666:
1618:"10 Years Post Kandhamal Riots: Let Us Not Forget How It Tore the Secular Fabric"
1199:
808:
437:
2897:"10 years of Kandhamal riots: What happened and where do the cases stand today?"
2763:"Report confirming nun's rape sits for 38 days before Orissa police pick it up"
1083:
991:
962:
911:
later emerged that Saraswati was never cremated in the first place (as a Hindu
907:
876:
868:
865:
648:
636:
3815:
2315:"A Flashback to Kandhamal Targeted Violence against Christians, 9 Years Later"
1944:"A Flashback to Kandhamal Targeted Violence against Christians, 9 Years Later"
585:
4058:
4040:
1891:
1796:
1710:
1597:
928:
816:
644:
623:
554:
482:
477:
462:
370:
2053:
Dialogue, Sacrifice and Reconciliation:A Study of Kandhamal Violence, Odisha
3717:"The questionable convictions in the case of Swami Lakshmanananda's murder"
1227:"On the Anniversary of Kandhamal Violence, the Least We Can Do Is Remember"
1008:
927:
On 29 June 2010, a fast-track court set up after the Kandhamal riots found
737:, rejected an appeal by the Archbishop of Cuttack, Raphael Cheenath, for a
667:
A Christian institution in flames during the violence by Hindu Nationalists
100:
96:
2187:
1667:"Ethnic Violence and Communal Polarisation in Orissa's Kandhamal District"
3721:
3693:
2862:
2788:
884:
820:
804:
606:
599:
340:
78:
1874:
Constructing Indian Christianities : culture, conversion, and caste
899:
722:
469:
335:
families were also assaulted in some places because they supported the
1690:
663:
3946:(Press release). Press Trust of India. 29 August 2008. Archived from
3656:"India Christians Appeal Lifetime Sentence For 'Murder' Hindu Leader"
3304:
3206:
2995:
2837:
2687:
2274:
2168:
1845:
Robinson, Rowena; Kujur, Joseph Marianus (2010-08-17). "Section 12".
689:
3626:"Indian Christians sentenced to life for Orissa killing will appeal"
327:
of Orissa, India, in August 2008 after the murder of the Hindu monk
2833:"I don't want to be victimised by Orissa police, says Sister Meena"
2657:"Nun Meena Lalita Barwa tells of brutal rape by Hindu mob in India"
2551:"Relief Camps Attacked; Violence Erupts Again in Kandhamal, Orissa"
2525:"558 houses, 17 places of worship torched during riot: Orissa govt"
2192:
1779:
Religious freedom in India : sovereignty and (anti) conversion
1254:"10 years after Kandhamal riots, both sides say they await justice"
953:
944:
916:
912:
677:
676:
purification, the Christians were made to consume water mixed with
619:
445:
418:
414:
398:
houses more than 100,000 Christians, 60% of them converts from the
355:
320:
1168:"India: EFICOR responds to Communal Violence in Kandhamal, Orissa"
573:
Christians and also called for a ban on churches in the district.
3573:"Orissa HC grants bail to Kandhamal riot convict BJP MLA - India"
3405:
2867:
1871:
1204:
791:
685:
611:
595:
474:
Constructing Indian Christianities: Culture, Conversion and Caste
104:
2013:. Press Trust of India as seen in Indian Express. Archived from
2683:"Nun was gang raped and priest brutally assaulted in Kandhamal"
1067:
958:
948:
693:
562:
Christians have killed Swamiji. We will give a befitting reply.
426:
422:
410:
402:(SC) who are locally called Pana Christians (Pana). They speak
332:
63:
3843:(Press release). Reuters India. 27 August 2008. Archived from
2292:"Violence in India Is Fueled by Religious and Economic Divide"
1693:
Margins of faith : Dalit and tribal Christianity in India
3993:"India should bring Orissa violence perpetrators to book: EU"
2111:"Leader's death: VHP calls for Orissa bandh – Times of India"
1066:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (
622:. The event was attended by Sangh Parivar leaders, including
549:
3540:"2008 Kandhamal riots: BJP MLA sentenced to 7 years in jail"
3484:"AFP: India court demands report on anti-Christian violence"
3436:"Sangh parivar is behind Kandhamal riot: CM – News Oneindia"
2966:"Capturing the spark that led to communal riot in Kandhamal"
2402:"Thousands homeless after Hindu-Christian violence in India"
2065:"Orissa announces judicial probe into murder of VHP leaders"
2037:"Murder of revered 85 year old Hindu Saint Swami Laxmananda"
1535:"Orissa: 18 convicted, 64 acquitted in Kandhamal riot cases"
969:
Padhi said that the ruling would be appealed against in the
1200:"Christians seek justice seven years after Kandhamal riots"
1020:
759:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
751:
365:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
3246:"Maoists claim they killed 'fascist' VHP leader in Orissa"
2011:"Fresh violence in Kandhamal, Patil promises compensation"
1695:. New Delhi, India: Sage Publications. pp. 271–274.
3916:(Press release). Reuters. 28 August 2008. Archived from
3300:"Maoists claim responsibility for killing of VHP leader"
2803:"Orissa nun may have been raped during violence: police"
2340:"Kandhamal violence triggered by Hindu fanatics: Report"
1993:"2008 Report on International Religious Freedom - India"
1848:
Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India
4180:
Attacks on government buildings and structures in India
3173:"NCM blames Bajrang Dal for Karnataka, Orissa violence"
3099:"NCM blames Bajrang Dal for Karnataka, Orissa violence"
1691:
Robinson, Rowen; Kujūr, Josepha Marianus, eds. (2010).
643:
Hindu mobs angered by the murders allegedly incited by
3462:"SC directs Orissa govt to file affidavit on violence"
3148:"'Sangh parivar activists involved in Kandhamal riot'"
3910:"Italy calls Indian envoy over attacks on Christians"
3744:"Maoist leader convicted in Laxmanananda murder case"
2430:(Press release). Press Trust of India. 31 August 2008
3438:. News.oneindia.in. 24 November 2009. Archived from
3081:"Orissa archbishop seeks Rs 3cr to rebuild churches"
2650:
2648:
852:
Maoists in connection with the murder of the Swami.
3890:(Press release). Human Rights Watch. 28 August 2008
3888:"World Leaders Urged to Condemn Violence in Orissa"
3402:"Kandhamal caused BJP-BJD break-up: Naveen Patnaik"
2691:. Chennai, India. 30 September 2008. Archived from
3516:. Chennai, India. 5 September 2008. Archived from
2358:"Indian state erupts in violence after Hindu shot"
2188:"Christians face growing attacks in eastern India"
2164:"Maoists killed Lakshmanananda, say Orissa Police"
1969:"Outlook India Photo Gallery – Kandhamal Violence"
1872:Bauman, Chad M.; Young, Richard Fox, eds. (2014).
1098:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat
728:On 30 September 2008, a Christian nun accused the
202:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat
3841:"Pope deplores anti-Christian violence in Orissa"
3388:"Maoists hired to kill Laxmanandas Orissa police"
2940:"Orissa priest injured in communal violence dies"
2841:. Chennai, India. 25 October 2008. Archived from
2755:
2645:
2172:. Chennai, India. 17 October 2008. Archived from
537:
4056:
3686:"Pray for the end of legal persecution in India"
2576:"Orissa violence: VHP threatens nationwide stir"
1999:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
1503:"Kandhamal: 7 years' RI for BJP's Manoj Pradhan"
1454:"India: Stop Hindu-Christian Violence in Orissa"
1394:
1392:
1307:"Kandhamal beats Gujarat in violence statistics"
898:issued an order on a petition filed by Catholic
567:Gouri Prasad Rath, VHP state general secretary,
237:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
4165:Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances
3375:Maoists were hired to kill Laxmanananda: Police
3340:(Press release). 6 October 2008. Archived from
3308:(Press release). 5 October 2008. Archived from
3210:. Orrisa, India. 29 August 2008. Archived from
3196:
3194:
3041:
2655:Page, Jeremy; Blakely, Rhys (25 October 2008).
2595:
2593:
1586:"Life term for 8 in Lakshmanananda murder case"
765:
425:, and other faiths. The tribal Panas were also
2003:
1828:"Cong MP suspected behind VHP leader's murder"
1529:
1527:
859:
3762:"Life term for 8 in Lakshmananda Murder case"
3270:
2086:Protests in Orissa over killing of VHP leader
1844:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1389:
292:
160:5,600 – 6,500+ houses ransacked or burnt down
3940:"NHRC issues notice to Orissa over violence"
3648:
3561:Saffron party defends riot-tainted candidate
3191:
2737:"Medical reports confirm Kandhmal nun raped"
2590:
207:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district
4150:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2008
3867:"Pope 'firmly condemns' violence in Orissa"
3599:"We killed Swami Laxmananda: Maoist leader"
2942:. NDTV.com. 29 October 2008. Archived from
2654:
2543:
2270:"BJP MLA convicted in Kandhamal riots case"
2217:. Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 26 August 2008
2105:
2103:
2101:
1524:
429:before their conversion to Christianity by
3202:"Maoists deny role in VHP leader's murder"
3123:"Bajrang Dal planned Orissa violence: CPM"
1904:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1809:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1464:
922:
710:(SOG) were deployed to control the riots.
339:(INC) party. This violence was led by the
299:
285:
3972:(Press release). USCIRF. 3 September 2008
3620:
3618:
3390:(Press release). Rediff. 17 October 2008.
3225:Kandhmal: Mystery surrounds Swami's death
3049:"Microsoft Word – P&F Final Text.doc"
2781:
1398:
1051:National Human Rights Commission of India
837:Fact-finding tribunal by Justice AP Shah.
492:
242:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka
3278:"CPI Maoists claim VHP leader's killing"
3237:
2855:
2450:"Christians still afraid to return home"
2264:
2262:
2136:"Maoist leader claims they killed Swami"
2098:
662:
594:barriers in several locations including
584:
129:estimates range from 39 to more than 500
50:25 August 2008 – 28 August 2008 (4 days)
485:', thereby providing justification for
389:
114:
4057:
4023:Kandhamal, a blot on Indian secularism
4020:
3615:
3377:Press Trust of India – 16 October 2008
3363:3 arrested in Laxmanananda murder case
3243:
2856:Williams, Matthias (25 October 2008).
2309:
2307:
2236:
2234:
2232:
1558:
1479:"Twelve more churches razed in Orissa"
154:395+ churches burnt down or demolished
2382:(Press release). NDTV. 28 August 2008
2380:"Is violence affecting India's image"
2259:
2158:
2156:
2048:
2046:
1822:
1820:
1776:
1747:
1745:
1661:
1659:
1633:
1631:
1448:
1446:
1420:
1418:
1366:
1364:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1301:
1299:
1248:
1246:
1162:
1160:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
700:
352:violent incidents over Christmas 2007
4145:Violence against Christians in India
4100:Hinduism-motivated violence in India
3990:
3790:"PM calls Orissa violence a 'shame'"
3678:
3332:"We killed Swami, Maoists say again"
2991:"Christmas brings no cheer for them"
2573:
1426:"3,706 acquitted in Kandhamal riots"
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1108:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
1103:Violence against Christians in India
499:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
263:Violence against Christians in India
222:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
4125:Persecution of Christians by Hindus
2789:"Four arrested over India nun rape"
2715:"Four arrested over India nun rape"
2304:
2300:. TIANGIA, India. 3 September 2008.
2284:
2278:. Chennai, India. 9 September 2010.
2229:
1583:
1399:Chatterji, Angana (February 2009).
1343:Das, Prafulla (25 September 2008).
1342:
465:to strengthen its roots in Orissa.
13:
4014:
3486:. 3 September 2008. Archived from
3244:Mishra, Sandeep (30 August 2008).
3179:(Press release). 21 September 2008
2153:
2043:
1817:
1742:
1656:
1628:
1443:
1415:
1361:
1323:
1296:
1243:
1157:
1125:
1019:
937:Member of the Legislative Assembly
580:
544:Murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati
450:National Commission for minorities
75:Murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati
14:
4196:
4115:21st-century mass murder in India
3714:
3692:. 17 October 2013. Archived from
3662:. 18 October 2013. Archived from
3632:. 22 October 2013. Archived from
2999:. 8 December 2008. Archived from
1185:
1113:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case
845:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
798:
476:, Chad M. Bauman argued that the
350:Tensions reportedly started with
232:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case
16:Anti-Christian violence in Orissa
3984:
3962:
3932:
3902:
3880:
3859:
3830:
3808:
3780:
3754:
3736:
3708:
3591:
2858:"40 men gang-raped me, says nun"
2809:. 4 October 2008. Archived from
2071:. 24 August 2008. Archived from
1920:"Communal violence rocks Orissa"
1559:Ramani, Priya (26 August 2018).
1076:
1059:
1037:
1001:
983:
708:Special Operation Group (Odisha)
688:in rural areas were targeted by
455:
35:
3796:(Press release). 29 August 2008
3768:(Press release). 1 October 2013
3565:
3554:
3532:
3510:"The Hindu News Update Service"
3502:
3476:
3454:
3428:
3416:
3394:
3380:
3368:
3365:Indian Express - 7 October 2008
3356:
3324:
3292:
3218:
3165:
3140:
3115:
3091:
3073:
3015:
2983:
2958:
2932:
2914:
2889:
2878:
2849:
2825:
2795:
2729:
2707:
2675:
2619:
2578:(Press release). Economic Times
2567:
2495:
2469:
2460:
2442:
2420:
2408:(Press release). 29 August 2008
2394:
2372:
2350:
2332:
2242:"Where fear is still a reality"
2215:"The Hindu News Update Service"
2207:
2180:
2128:
2079:
2057:
2029:
1985:
1961:
1936:
1912:
1865:
1838:
1770:
1717:
1684:
1610:
1577:
1552:
1495:
891:were involved in the violence.
744:
739:Central Bureau of Investigation
3408:. 9 April 2009. Archived from
1271:
1219:
1011:On Wednesday, 27 August 2008,
730:mob of raping her on 25 August
538:Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
212:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence
157:60,000 – 75,000+ left homeless
1:
3023:"It's still religion, stupid"
2491:– via www.thehindu.com.
1639:"Quota fuel to communal fire"
1584:Das, Sib Kumar (2013-10-03).
1119:
684:During the riots, some small
468:American political scientist
380:
4080:Attacks on churches in India
2477:"Violence spreads in Orissa"
2406:International Herald Tribune
766:Total casualties and damages
358:groups and activists of the
142:40+ women sexually assaulted
29:Religious violence in Odisha
7:
4170:Forced religious conversion
4160:Churches destroyed by arson
4085:August 2008 events in India
3816:"The clout of Sonia Gandhi"
2791:. BBC News. 3 October 2008.
1753:"Tribals hold key to peace"
1725:"Conversion, that old prop"
1279:"Kandhamal without closure"
1090:
976:
889:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
860:Political and legal fallout
345:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
317:violence against Christians
268:Religious violence in India
10:
4201:
3991:IANS (28 September 2008).
2717:. BBC News. 3 October 2008
2360:. CNN Asia. 27 August 2008
1876:. New Delhi. p. 197.
541:
496:
3715:M, Rahul (October 2017).
3630:Christian Today Australia
2574:IANS (7 September 2008).
1851:. SAGE Publishing India.
894:On 4 September 2008, the
148:
133:
125:
120:
110:
92:
70:
54:
46:
34:
26:
21:
4130:Religious riots in India
3542:. Ndtv.com. 29 June 2010
3280:. NDTV. 9 September 2008
3230:6 September 2008 at the
448:during August 2008. The
337:Indian National Congress
329:Lakshmanananda Saraswati
87:anti-Christian sentiment
3234:NDTV - 4 September 2008
2140:Business Standard India
990:India's Prime Minister
923:Arrests and convictions
487:anti-Christian violence
319:purportedly incited by
313:2008 Kandhamal violence
227:2008 Kandhamal violence
163:600+ villages ransacked
22:2008 Kandhamal violence
4025:. Delhi: Media House.
2739:. NDTV. Archived from
2466:The Hindu, 27 Aug 2008
2091:27 August 2008 at the
1781:. London. p. 43.
1777:Osuri, Goldie (2013).
1507:The New Indian Express
1401:"A state of emergency"
1024:
933:Bharatiya Janata Party
896:Supreme Court of India
840:
735:Supreme Court of India
668:
641:
590:
570:
493:December 2007 violence
431:Christian missionaries
413:historically followed
375:Bharatiya Janata Party
121:Casualties and damages
4070:2008 murders in India
4021:Akkara, Anto (2009).
2095:NDTV – 24 August 2008
1023:
965:for the same crime.
881:Vishva Hindu Parishad
829:
666:
628:
588:
560:
323:organisations in the
315:refers to widespread
273:Religious persecution
217:1999 Ranalai violence
4185:Anti-Christian riots
4175:2008 in Christianity
4090:Hate crimes in India
3690:Mission Network News
3464:. Newstrackindia.com
3214:on 1 September 2008.
3103:www.outlookindia.com
790:On 14 October 2008,
390:Kandha–Pana tensions
4110:Mass murder in 2008
3920:on 1 September 2008
3490:on 7 September 2008
3003:on 11 December 2008
2874:on 25 October 2008.
2845:on 26 October 2008.
2176:on 20 October 2008.
2075:on 14 October 2008.
1924:specials.rediff.com
1541:. December 28, 2010
879:, claimed that the
258:Freedom of religion
187:Christians in India
4105:Kandhamal district
3950:on 29 January 2013
3847:on August 31, 2008
3750:. 31 October 2013.
3696:on 4 November 2013
3666:on 2 November 2013
3636:on 3 November 2013
3520:on 7 November 2012
3442:on 3 November 2013
3344:on 22 October 2012
3337:The Times of India
3258:on 22 October 2012
3251:The Times of India
3127:The Economic Times
3087:. 14 October 2008.
3085:The Times of India
3061:on 28 January 2012
2972:. 16 February 2017
2970:The Times of India
2946:on 1 December 2008
2813:on 23 January 2013
2633:on 23 January 2013
2627:"FinancialExpress"
2607:on 19 October 2008
2531:. 1 September 2008
2344:The Economic Times
2297:The New York Times
2115:The Times of India
1539:The Times of India
1458:Human Rights Watch
1405:Communalism Combat
1378:. 22 December 2008
1283:The Indian Express
1258:The Indian Express
1174:. 12 February 2009
1146:. 5 September 2018
1029:Human Rights Watch
1025:
701:Continued violence
692:. They killed the
669:
591:
504:Human Rights Watch
396:Kandhamal district
325:Kandhamal district
60:Kandhamal district
4032:978-81-7495-351-3
3412:on 10 April 2009.
3312:on 5 October 2008
2928:. 25 August 2018.
2807:Financial Express
2743:on 3 October 2008
2695:on 1 October 2008
2505:. 16 October 2008
2196:. 26 October 2008
2017:on 4 January 2008
1883:978-1-138-02018-4
1858:978-93-86042-93-4
1788:978-0-415-66557-5
1702:978-81-321-0604-3
1013:Pope Benedict XVI
971:Odisha High Court
935:politician and a
309:
308:
169:
168:
83:Saffron terrorism
4192:
4155:Looting in India
4120:Murder in Odisha
4044:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3569:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3254:. Archived from
3241:
3235:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3054:. Archived from
3053:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3029:. 4 October 2008
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:. 27 August 2018
2893:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2870:. Archived from
2853:
2847:
2846:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:. 3 October 2008
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2629:. Archived from
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2603:. Archived from
2597:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2547:
2541:
2540:
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2521:
2515:
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2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2483:. 27 August 2008
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2256:
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2238:
2227:
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2224:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:. 25 August 2008
2107:
2096:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1973:outlookindia.com
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1842:
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1835:
1824:
1815:
1814:
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1774:
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1749:
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1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1509:. Archived from
1499:
1493:
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1475:
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1450:
1441:
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1345:"Project Orissa"
1340:
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1303:
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1079:
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1043:
1041:
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1007:
1005:
1004:
989:
987:
986:
903:Raphael Cheenath
849:Sabyasachi Panda
838:
639:
568:
400:Scheduled Castes
301:
294:
287:
188:
185:Violence against
171:
170:
39:
19:
18:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4095:Hindu terrorism
4065:2000s in Orissa
4055:
4054:
4033:
4017:
4015:Further reading
4012:
4002:
4000:
3999:(Press release)
3989:
3985:
3975:
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3232:Wayback Machine
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2454:Hindustan Times
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2093:Wayback Machine
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839:
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809:Basudeb Acharia
801:
768:
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640:
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583:
581:Kandhamal riots
569:
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540:
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438:Scheduled tribe
392:
383:
373:, a MLA of the
305:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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4135:Arson in India
4132:
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3997:Economic Times
3983:
3961:
3944:Times of India
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3914:Indian Express
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3794:Times of India
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3014:
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2957:
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2767:Indian Express
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2618:
2589:
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2529:Times of India
2516:
2494:
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2283:
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2206:
2179:
2152:
2127:
2097:
2078:
2056:
2042:
2028:
2002:
1984:
1960:
1935:
1911:
1882:
1864:
1857:
1837:
1816:
1787:
1769:
1741:
1716:
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1683:
1671:The Daily Star
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1084:European Union
1072:
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1055:
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1046:
1045:
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1018:
1017:
997:
996:
992:Manmohan Singh
978:
975:
963:Andhra Pradesh
924:
921:
908:Pravin Togadia
877:Naveen Patnaik
873:2009 elections
869:Naveen Patnaik
866:Chief Minister
861:
858:
834:
800:
799:Investigations
797:
767:
764:
746:
743:
702:
699:
649:Pravin Togadia
637:Pravin Togadia
632:
582:
579:
564:
542:Main article:
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497:Main article:
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250:Related topics
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4140:Arson in 2008
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3579:. 7 July 2010
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2498:
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2472:
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2456:. 2008-10-09.
2455:
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2407:
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2397:
2381:
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2346:. 2010-08-25.
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2016:
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1624:. 2018-08-25.
1623:
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1599:
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1587:
1580:
1566:
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1513:on 2021-11-19
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1460:. 2007-12-29.
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