848:, and the refinery. The tsunami carried mussels into buildings, and damaged doors and windows. Körfez experienced flooding up to 35 m (115 ft) in some areas. Later, watermarks were seen on the walls of buildings, including the police station in Hereke, and at a restaurant near Körfez. Locals reported the first waves arrived at Kirazlıyalı from a southeastern direction, and at Körfez from a southern direction. Along the southern coast of the gulf between Değirmendere and Güzelyalı, run-up measured 0.8–2.5 m (2 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in). The tsunami was recorded as a leading depression wave to the west of Kavaklı up to Güzelyalı. There, the wave was noticed by locals immediately after the earthquake. There was severe coastal subsidence and slumping of a park near Değirmendere. The subsided area was 250 m (820 ft) along the shore and 70 m (230 ft) perpendicular to shore. The same area included two piers, a hotel, a restaurant, a cafe and several trees. Locals at the coast near Değirmendere observed the sea receding by about 150 m (490 ft) in less than two minutes. When the sea came back, it swept inland up to 35 m (115 ft), as shown by the mussels and dead fish left in the flooded areas. The tsunami also caused damage to the naval base nearby.
1087:
1404:
deploying a dense network of seismic stations and small arrays near the fault trace, south of the
Princes' Islands. This improved monitoring along the Princes' Islands segment, which is west of the İzmit 1999 rupture and southeast of Istanbul's city center. It has highlighted the location of likely rupture points for future earthquake. It also limits the maximum size of future events along the whole Marmara seismic gap in case of cascade behavior. Knowing this, a regional earthquake early warning system for Istanbul and surroundings could be beneficial. The aseismic part of the Princes' Islands segment represents a likely high-slip area for a future large earthquake. Fault characterization is likewise very relevant to determine the directivity of earthquake waves approaching Istanbul. Modelling of potential impacts to Istanbul from different scenarios have shown to improve the estimation of hazards that the seismic gaps pose. Improved and denser seismic monitoring is expected from on-going efforts to install an underground (borehole-based) seismograph network in the Sea of Marmara.
1492:
1062:
695:
48:
811:
1335:
415:
1420:
1456:
1468:
1511:
55:
1444:
1480:
1432:
775:
29:
434:
719:, at least 4,556 people died, 5,064 were injured, thousands more were left missing and at least 500 buildings collapsed, trapping about 20,000 families; overall, up to 80% of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed. About 200 sailors went missing after a naval base collapsed. There was also destruction in
1407:
Istanbul, being the most populated city in Turkey, lies right near the segments of the North
Anatolian Fault Zone, making it at very high risk to an earthquake-related disaster which could cause thousands of casualties and severe damage. Following the 1999 earthquake, there was an urgent need for the
495:
of 1–4 km (0.62–2.49 mi) in width. The maximum offset throughout the rupture was measured on the
Sapanca–Akyazı segment where the surface break displaced a road and a tree line by 5.2 m (17 ft). It also showed pure strike-slip, and the fault plane is almost vertical in most of the
1403:
Despite a long-term earthquake catalogue existing for the North
Anatolian Fault Zone and for the Istanbul area in particular, the basic understanding of the seismicity there is still lacking. The observation of a seismic gap in the vicinity of the Istanbul metropolitan area was made possible through
843:
and Tüpraş Petroleum
Refinery, the tsunami was recorded as a leading depression wave. The run-up wave heights in this area ranged from 1.5–2.6 m (4 ft 11 in – 8 ft 6 in). The first series of waves arrived at the north coast a few minutes after the earthquake, and had a
830:
that had spilled from a holding tank. Breakage in water pipelines and earthquake damage made firefighting attempts ineffective. Aircraft were called in to douse the flames with foam, but the fire spread for several days. An evacuation was warranted for an area within 5 km (3.1 mi) of the
398:
events increased stress on the
Marmara segment of the fault. An earthquake of up to magnitude 7.6 event was expected between 2005 and 2055 with a probability of 50 percent on this segment. Presently, the deformation of rocks by stress in the Marmara Sea region is asymmetric. This is conditioned by
393:
structure. It produced a series of earthquakes as large as 8.0 on the moment magnitude scale. Since the 17th century, it has shown cyclical behavior, with century-long large earthquake cycles beginning in the east and continuing westward. Although the record is less clear for earlier times, active
1399:
Segment of the North
Anatolian Fault off the southern coast of Istanbul. This suggests that the 150 km (93 mi) long submarine seismic gap below the Sea of Marmara could result in another large earthquake. These possibilities are quite important, with respect to the segmentation of major
790:
stated there were 18,373 deaths as a result. In the same report, it stated there were 48,901 injured, 505 permanently injured, 96,796 homes heavily damaged or destroyed, 15,939 businesses heavily damaged or destroyed, 107,315 homes moderately damaged, 16,316 businesses moderately damaged, 113,382
785:
Private contractors faced backlash for using cheap materials in their construction of residential buildings. Many of these contractors were prosecuted but few were found guilty. Government officials also faced backlash for not properly enforcing earthquake resistant building codes. Direct cost of
520:
of the mainshocks and larger aftershocks. As a result, most of the earthquakes were found to be split in segments, with the moment tensor's focal mechanism reading either a strike-slip on the fault which is west-east striking, or normal faulting which is between rupture segments. This also proves
512:
where the center of the town was located, which caused a slump measuring 300 m (980 ft) long and 100 m (330 ft) wide. As a result, part of the town center slid under the water, including a hotel and several shops and restaurants. At another fan delta east of Gölcük, which is
702:
Ten provinces were affected with deaths and collapsed buildings. An official
Turkish estimate dated 19 October 1999 reported casualties of 17,127 killed and 43,953 injured, but many sources suggest the actual figure may have been closer to 45,000 dead and a similar number injured. Reports from
707:
report from 2003 estimated that 320,000 homes and businesses were destroyed. More than 250,000 people became homeless. About 60 km (37 mi) of the
Istanbul-Ankara highway, almost 500 km (310 mi) electricity cables and over 3,000 electricity distribution towers were damaged.
831:
refinery. The fire was declared under control five days later after claiming at least 17 tanks and an unknown quantity of complex piping. People within 2–3 mi (3.2–4.8 km) of the refinery had to evacuate despite some areas still being in the process of search and rescue.
1400:
fault ruptures along the North
Anatolian Fault Zone in north-western Turkey. With the possible activation of segments towards the metropolitan areas of Istanbul, the Princes' Islands gap should be considered to have an impact on the large seismic hazard potential for Istanbul.
475:
which is located in the western part of the city, around 70 km (43 mi) away from the epicenter. Despite the distance, it killed about 1,000 people in the district. The earthquake caused a surface rupture comprising four segments; the Hersek/Karamürsel–Gölcük,
1078:
A massive international response was mounted to assist in digging for survivors and to assist the wounded and homeless. Rescue teams were dispatched within 24–48 hours of the disaster, and the assistance to the survivors was channeled through NGOs,
394:
seismicity was likely to have occurred. The 20th century earthquake record has shown that the earthquakes concentrate the stress at the western tips of the ruptured areas, leading to westward migration of larger earthquakes. The İzmit and
1408:
government to mitigate these risks. With the help of organizations like the World Bank, hundreds of buildings have been retrofitted and reconstructed, and thousands of citizens have been trained in disaster preparedness.
1681:
1086:
315:, Turkey on 17 August. Between 17,127 and 18,373 people died as a result, and the damage was estimated at US $ 6.5 billion. It was named for the epicenter's proximity to the northwestern city of
839:
At least 155 deaths were associated with the tsunami. Many field studies were made about the tsunami in the Gulf of İzmit. Along the northern coast of the gulf, in the basin between
2484:
2546:
331:) was observed. The earthquake lasted for 37 seconds, causing seismic damage, and is widely remembered as one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern Turkish history.
1357:
and deployed from the United Kingdom to the Tüpraş Refinery. Responders successfully contained the previously uncontrolled discharge of oil from the site into the sea.
2875:
2515:
Yalciner, A. C.; Synolakis, C. E.; Alpar, B.; Altinok, Y.; Imamura, F.; Tinti, S.; Ersoy, S.; Altinok, Y.; Kuran, U.; Pamukcu, S.; Kanoglu, U. (August 2011).
1717:
342:, causing large earthquakes that moved progressively from east to west over a period of 60 years. The earthquake encouraged the establishment of a so-called
1342:
In total, teams from 12 countries assisted in the rescue effort. Greece was the first nation to pledge aid and support. Within hours of the earthquake, the
734:
soil, it was prone to liquefaction. The approximately 200 drilling sites and boreholes, and many streams and rivers, factored in the severe liquefaction.
2485:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
1491:
1350:
sent a rescue team of 24 people and two trained rescue dogs, as well as fire-extinguishing planes to help put out the fire in the Tüpraş Oil refinery.
426:
The 17 August 1999 earthquake was the seventh in a sequence of westward-migrating seismic sequence along the NAFZ. This earthquake sequence began in
2471:
2382:
Riskinin Araştırılarak Deprem Yönetiminde Alınması Gereken Önlemlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Kurulan Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Raporu Temmuz 2010
3226:
1689:
2406:
2953:
536:, there is strong evidence that the rupture propagated eastwards from the epicenter at speeds in excess of the S-wave velocity, making this a
3046:
1065:
3008:
2381:
3510:
1824:[17 August Earthquake: What happened in 1999 and after, how many people lost their lives?] (in Turkish). BBC News. 12 August 2019
3590:
2538:
1761:
3465:
723:, where 2,501 people died, 4,472 were injured and 10,134 buildings collapsed. The cause of most damage in Yalova was suspected to be
1365:
2243:"Liquefaction-induced settlement, site effects and damage in the vicinity of Yalova City during the 1999 Izmit earthquake, Turkey"
516:
Data was used from seven broadband stations as well as some other short-period stations across the area to calculate the regional
496:
places where a surface break was observed. Most of the major aftershocks (M>4) were located near Düzce, south of Adapazarı, in
2130:
1347:
3495:
47:
2078:
1073:
175:
2157:
3751:
3736:
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2140:
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There has been an increased seismic activity in the Eastern Sea of Marmara since 2002 and a quiescence of earthquakes on the
3746:
255:
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3515:
2770:
Izmit (Kocaeli), Turkey, earthquake of August 17, 1999 including Duzce Earthquake of November 12, 1999 Lifeline Performance
1869:
786:
damage is estimated at US $ 6.5 billion, but secondary costs exceeded US $ 20 billion. In 2010, the research branch of the
3409:
2993:
3771:
3219:
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802:, including 20 viaducts, 5 tunnels, and several overpasses. Damage ranged from spalling concrete to total deck collapse.
3535:
3319:
2879:
1621:
703:
September 1999 stated 127,251 buildings were damaged to varying extents and at least 60,434 others collapsed, while an
79:
3791:
3705:
3264:
3072:
3039:
2850:
2447:
2416:
2114:
1549:
1343:
787:
741:, at least 978 people were killed and 3,547 others sustained injuries. Severe damage in the city was concentrated in
430:
and ruptured along a 1000-km part of the fault zone, with horizontal displacements of up to 7.5 m (25 ft).
324:
2049:
3786:
3685:
3645:
3620:
3490:
1685:
488:
and Gölyaka–Düzce segments. These segments altogether measured over 125 km. All the segments are separated by
93:
3485:
3776:
3505:
3500:
2982:
2728:
2702:
2676:
2650:
2624:
2598:
2572:
2357:
1843:
1718:"The Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault"
1646:
872: 5.9 aftershock hit on 13 September, killing seven and injuring 422 people. Another aftershock measuring M
3741:
3329:
3309:
3212:
2978:
892: 5.7 event on 11 November in the same province caused two deaths and 171 injuries. On 23 August 2000, a M
437:
The waveform showing the peak ground acceleration recorded by a station in Ambarlı, Avcılar district, Istanbul
3475:
3284:
3269:
3235:
1899:Şengör, A. M.; Tüysüz, O.; İmren, C.; Sakınç, M.; Eyidoğan, H.; Görür, N.; Le Pichon, X.; Rangin, C. (2005).
1534:
2486:
451:. The earthquake lasted 35–45 seconds according to various sources. The closest cities affected were İzmit,
3171:
3032:
2851:"Case study: Izmit domestic and industrial water supply project responds to a massive earthquake in Turkey"
1940:"Regional Moment Tensor Inversion for Strong Aftershocks of the August 17, 1999 Izmit Earthquake (Mw =7.4)"
1900:
759:, there were 86 deaths and 70 buildings collapsed. At least 263 people died and 333 others were injured in
3404:
1443:
505:
3781:
3680:
3650:
3144:
3081:
3061:
3058:
3055:
2724:
2698:
2672:
2646:
2620:
2594:
2568:
1529:
3570:
3525:
3520:
3099:
367:
3695:
3670:
3665:
3389:
1939:
1539:
1419:
355:
320:
68:
3655:
3455:
3429:
3419:
2753:
150:
140:
3756:
3726:
3530:
3414:
3359:
3690:
3640:
3580:
3565:
3369:
2422:
1800:
220:
3675:
3610:
3540:
3480:
3445:
3399:
3339:
1479:
1455:
447:
427:
339:
274:
3700:
3630:
3150:
1544:
1524:
3731:
3605:
3595:
3560:
3394:
3364:
3344:
3304:
3294:
3090:
1573:
1431:
1369:
792:
343:
1679:
3550:
3460:
3424:
3334:
3324:
3314:
3299:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3254:
3249:
3159:
3135:
3117:
2811:"The natech events during the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake: aftermath and lessons learned"
2797:
1993:"How Fast is Rupture During an Earthquake ? New Insights from the 1999 Turkey Earthquakes"
1061:
554:
308:
98:
3004:
2768:
1640:
1094:
The following table shows the breakdown of rescue teams by country in the affected locations:
85:
3635:
3615:
3575:
3555:
3545:
3470:
3384:
3379:
3354:
3349:
3165:
1787:
537:
513:
within the step-over area of the ruptures, the fault produced a 2 m-high normal fault scarp.
395:
335:
210:
2332:
2104:
1768:
1467:
959:
602:
3660:
3600:
3585:
3450:
3374:
3259:
3126:
2917:
2822:
2306:
2254:
2007:
1992:
1951:
1924:
1912:
1821:
1729:
1659:
1108:
1080:
864:
on 31 August, causing one additional fatality and 166 injuries, with tremors being felt in
779:
746:
716:
452:
241:
2987:
1368:
pledged £4.5 million to help victims. Blankets, medical supplies and food were flown from
1192:
742:
654:
472:
8:
1767:. ESC General Assembly Papers, Potsdam: European Seismological Commission. Archived from
1396:
2921:
2826:
2310:
2258:
2011:
1955:
1916:
1868:
Baysan, Reyhan; Saifi, Zeena; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Sariyuce, Isil (8 February 2023).
1733:
694:
2465:
2272:
1969:
1593:
1346:
contacted their counterparts in Turkey, and the minister sent his personal envoys. The
844:
period of around a minute. The hardest hit areas were Şirinyalı, Kirazlıyalı, Yarımca,
799:
704:
680:
358:(NAFZ), where the earthquake occurred, is a 1,200 km (750 mi) right-lateral
2935:
2778:
2516:
2453:
2443:
2412:
2291:
2276:
2242:
2213:
2185:
2136:
2110:
1973:
1597:
2925:
2830:
2490:
2314:
2262:
2015:
1959:
1920:
1822:"17 Ağustos Depremi: 1999 ve sonrasında neler yaşandı, kaç kişi hayatını kaybetti?"
1737:
1693:
1585:
1256:
1007:
991:
885:
826:
petroleum refinery. The fire began at a state-owned tank farm and was initiated by
768:
752:
641:
628:
489:
312:
3018:
1589:
501:
464:
2132:
Earthquake Insurance in Turkey: History of the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool
2106:
Earthquake Insurance in Turkey: History of the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool
1988:
1023:
667:
517:
379:
2393:
2318:
1870:"Emotions run high in Turkey amid questions over state response to deadly quake"
2835:
2810:
1289:
1165:
943:
589:
492:
463:, all of which are located near the eastern end of the Marmara Sea, within the
399:
the regional geology and is believed to be representative of most of the NAFZ.
2904:
Bohnoff, M.; Bulut, F.; Dresen, G.; Malin, P. E.; Eken, T.; Aktar, M. (2013).
2267:
1986:
900: 5.0 aftershock was recorded on 26 August 2001, causing two injuries in
3720:
2103:
Gurenko, Eugene; Lester, Rodney; Mahul, Olivier; Gonulal, Serap Oguz (2006).
1516:
1241:
927:
810:
576:
442:
419:
390:
363:
190:
177:
2457:
1296:
2939:
1387:
and İzmit to examine the level of destruction and meet with the survivors.
1380:
1373:
1361:
724:
509:
477:
382:-related movement in a rather broad zone which had already started in late
3024:
2994:
Initial Geotechnical Observations of the August 17, 1999, Izmit Earthquake
2903:
1898:
798:
There was extensive damage to several bridges and other structures on the
756:
745:
district. Avcılar was built on relatively weak ground, mainly composed of
460:
2020:
1964:
1680:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972).
1249:
1237:
1185:
1129:
823:
815:
533:
375:
359:
3204:
1615:
2930:
2905:
1741:
1334:
1321:
767:. At least 2,627 people were also killed and 5,084 others were hurt in
728:
2241:
Ozcep, F.; Karabulut S.; Ozel O.; Ozcep T.; Imre N.; Zarif H. (2014).
485:
414:
3014:
2494:
2161:
2082:
2053:
1697:
1090:
A team of Korean volunteers and locals helping with rescue operations
764:
508:, a small coastal town west of Gölcük, the rupture cut the edge of a
2437:
2289:
2158:"The wounds of the Marmara earthquake still healing after two years"
845:
481:
2218:
2190:
1987:
Bouchon, M.; M.-P. Bouin; H. Karabulut; M. N. Toksöz; M. Dietrich;
1384:
1360:
The UK announced an immediate grant of £50,000 to help the Turkish
1316:
1300:
1261:
975:
877:
865:
791:
homes slightly damaged, 14,657 businesses slightly damaged, 40,786
749:
738:
731:
615:
468:
371:
346:
aimed at providing assistance to those affected by the earthquake.
1280:
1212:
1208:
1112:
861:
712:
521:
that the main characteristic of the quake is dextral strike-slip.
370:. It formed around 13–11 million years ago in the eastern part of
316:
34:
2436:
J., Scawthorn, Charles. Eidinger, John M. Schiff, Anshel (2005).
1867:
1269:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1201:
1181:
1177:
1153:
1149:
1133:
1117:
827:
497:
383:
2240:
1762:"On the death toll of the 1999 Izmit (Turkey) major earthquake"
1312:
1285:
1225:
1217:
1197:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1144:
1137:
1125:
1121:
840:
720:
529:
525:
456:
374:
and developed westwards. The fault eventually developed at the
230:
896: 5.3 earthquake caused 22 injuries in Sakarya. Another M
774:
433:
28:
2954:"Preparing for the Big One: Learning from Disaster in Turkey"
2514:
2079:"Millions remember Turkish earthquakes as recovery continues"
1305:
1273:
1265:
1173:
760:
334:
The 1999 earthquake was part of a seismic sequence along the
2290:
Ergin, M.; Özalaybey S.; Aktar A. & Yalçin M.N. (2004).
1844:"The North Anatolian Fault Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory"
1617:
ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)
1330:
Search and Rescue Effort as of 19 August 1999. Source: USAID
323:) at a shallow depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). A maximum
2358:"GSA Today - 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake Was No Surprise"
2135:. World Bank Publications. 1 January 2006. pp. 15–16.
901:
876: 5.2 occurred on 29 September, killing one person in
2754:"Komenda Miejska Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w Nowym Sączu"
795:
distributed and 147,120 people rehoused into these homes.
2996:– National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering
2102:
884: 5.0 aftershock on 7 November killed one person in
3000:
1660:"Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute"
755:, which made the district vulnerable to earthquakes. In
2404:
1354:
389:
The fault zone is seismically active and has a diverse
2990:– The European Association for Earthquake Engineering
1497:
Classroom where the fault rupture went right under it
409:
Map of mainshock and aftershocks – Mw 4.0 or greater
319:. The earthquake occurred at 03:01 local time (00:01
3192:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
1506:
1937:
2748:
2746:
2076:
2050:"Turkey - Earthquake OCHA Situation Report No. 21"
1068:established in order to prepare for future events.
3718:
2539:"17 August 1999, Mw 7.6, Sea of Marmara, Turkey"
2394:"Seismic Assessment of the Mustafa Inan Viaduct"
1722:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
763:. Three deaths and 26 injuries were reported in
698:USGS ShakeMap showing the intensity of the event
2743:
2517:"Field surveys and modeling 1999 Izmit tsunami"
467:. The earthquake also caused serious damage in
3197:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
3220:
3040:
1905:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
422:image of the rupture caused by the earthquake
54:
2470:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2180:
2178:
1353:Oil Spill Response Limited was activated by
1066:Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency
3054:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1083:and local search and rescue organizations.
3227:
3213:
3047:
3033:
2899:
2897:
2405:Scawthorn; Eidinger; Schiff, eds. (2005).
2072:
2070:
727:-induced. Since the area mostly comprised
27:
3234:
2929:
2834:
2815:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
2808:
2398:
2292:"Site amplification at Avcılar, Istanbul"
2266:
2175:
2019:
1963:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1715:
1609:
1607:
1571:
1449:Fault scarp as a result of the earthquake
908:Damage assessment statistics by province
151:
141:
2543:International Tsunami Information Center
1711:
1709:
1707:
1627:
1366:International Red Cross and Red Crescent
1333:
1085:
1060:
809:
773:
693:
432:
413:
2894:
2569:"M 5.2 - 2 km NNE of Karşıyaka, Turkey"
2442:. American Society of Civil Engineers.
2067:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1980:
1901:"The North Anatolian Fault: A New Look"
1755:
1753:
1751:
1567:
1565:
822:The earthquake triggered a fire at the
3719:
2802:
2621:"M 5.2 - 8 km NNW of Ta?köprü, Turkey"
2478:
2109:. World Bank Publications. p. 1.
1931:
1925:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120415
1887:
1604:
16:Earthquake in Kocaeli Province, Turkey
3208:
3028:
2906:"An earthquake gap south of Istanbul"
2798:Greek and International Aid to Turkey
2549:from the original on 17 November 2021
2283:
2234:
2077:American Red Cross (15 August 2003).
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1759:
1704:
1574:"The 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake"
1376:went to help restore water supplies.
378:around 200,000 years ago despite the
2766:
2595:"M 5.9 - 4 km SE of Köseköy, Turkey"
2375:
2155:
2047:
2028:
1748:
1638:
1562:
860: 5.2 aftershock occurred near
805:
548:
2876:"Bill Clinton visits İzmit, Turkey"
2775:American Society of Civil Engineers
2673:"M 5.7 - 5 km N of Sapanca, Turkey"
1613:
349:
13:
3001:International Seismological Centre
2699:"M 5.3 - 8 km E of Akyazı, Turkey"
2647:"M 5.0 - 8 km E of Akyazı, Turkey"
2435:
2186:"Quake rescuers race against time"
1807:
1622:International Seismological Centre
1485:Destroyed buildings along a street
1074:Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy
14:
3803:
2988:17 August 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake
2972:
2725:"M 5.0 - 24 km N of Bolu, Turkey"
1682:"Significant Earthquake Database"
1344:Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs
818:refinery, where the fire occurred
788:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
711:Over 9,500 people were killed in
1686:National Geophysical Data Center
1509:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1437:Tsunami wave causing minor surge
1430:
1418:
1103:Foreign search and rescue teams
471:, especially in the district of
362:fault zone. It extends from the
53:
46:
2983:United States Geological Survey
2946:
2868:
2843:
2791:
2760:
2729:United States Geological Survey
2717:
2703:United States Geological Survey
2691:
2677:United States Geological Survey
2665:
2651:United States Geological Survey
2639:
2625:United States Geological Survey
2613:
2599:United States Geological Survey
2587:
2573:United States Geological Survey
2561:
2531:
2508:
2429:
2386:
2350:
2325:
2247:Journal of Earth System Science
2206:
2149:
2123:
2096:
1861:
1647:United States Geological Survey
1425:Flooded Kavaklı Beach in Gölcük
1348:Greek Ministry of Public Orders
560:Casualties by Turkish province
248:
2214:"Race to find quake survivors"
1938:Orgulu, G.; Aktar, M. (2001).
1836:
1673:
1652:
1390:
851:
1:
1590:10.1126/science.285.5435.1858
1555:
1550:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
1535:List of earthquakes in Turkey
402:
3752:History of Istanbul Province
3737:August 1999 events in Turkey
3706:2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş
3511:1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik
1944:Geophysical Research Letters
1642:PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog
7:
3767:History of Sakarya Province
3762:History of Kocaeli Province
2767:Tang, Alex K., ed. (2000).
2487:"Tsunami Event Information"
2319:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.021
1530:List of earthquakes in 1999
1502:
1056:
10:
3810:
3772:History of Yalova Province
3466:1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands
2836:10.5194/nhess-11-1129-2011
2411:. Reston, VA: ASCE, NFPA.
2333:"İzmit earthquake of 1999"
2048:OCHA (15 September 1999).
1540:Yalova Earthquake Monument
1461:Surface rupture in Sakarya
1411:
1071:
834:
552:
356:North Anatolian Fault Zone
165:15.0 km (9.3 mi)
3747:History of Düzce Province
3438:
3242:
3187:
3068:
2439:Fire following earthquake
2408:Fire Following Earthquake
2268:10.1007/s12040-013-0387-7
1760:Marza, Vasile I. (2004).
1639:USGS (4 September 2009),
679:
666:
653:
640:
627:
614:
601:
588:
575:
570:
567:
564:
543:
289:
285:2.52 m (8.3 ft)
281:
268:
247:
236:
226:
216:
206:
169:
161:
135:
127:
119:
104:
91:
78:
67:
41:
26:
3792:1999 disasters in Turkey
1372:airport. Engineers from
108:17 August 1999
3787:Strike-slip earthquakes
2337:Encyclopædia Britannica
2156:IFRC (17 August 2001).
800:Trans-European Motorway
778:Collapsed buildings in
33:Collapsed buildings in
3777:Supershear earthquakes
3591:1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye
1795:Cite journal requires
1339:
1338:A rescue dog in action
1091:
1069:
819:
782:
699:
555:Earthquake engineering
438:
423:
3742:Earthquakes in Turkey
3496:1943 Adapazarı–Hendek
3236:Earthquakes in Turkey
2979:M7.6 - western Turkey
2910:Nature Communications
2425:on 28 September 2013.
1848:www.ldeo.columbia.edu
1645:, Version 2008_06.1,
1545:2022 Düzce earthquake
1525:1999 Düzce earthquake
1337:
1089:
1064:
813:
777:
697:
538:supershear earthquake
441:The maximum observed
436:
417:
336:North Anatolian Fault
305:1999 İzmit earthquake
295:43,953–48,901 injured
211:North Anatolian Fault
22:1999 İzmit earthquake
2521:ITS 2001 Proceedings
2021:10.1029/2001GL013112
1965:10.1029/2000gl011991
1081:Turkish Red Crescent
500:, in İzmit, and the
3330:1668 North Anatolia
3310:1509 Constantinople
3059:Earthquakes in 1999
2922:2013NatCo...4.1999B
2827:2011NHESS..11.1129G
2627:. 29 September 1999
2601:. 13 September 1999
2311:2004Tectp.391..335E
2259:2014JESS..123...73O
2012:2001GeoRL..28.2723B
1956:2001GeoRL..28..371O
1917:2005AREPS..33...37S
1734:2002BuSSA..92...43B
1584:(5435): 1858–1859.
919:Moderately damaged
909:
793:prefabricated homes
747:poorly consolidated
561:
524:From the timing of
187: /
74:1999-08-17 00:01:38
23:
3782:Tsunamis in Turkey
3410:1899 Aydın–Denizli
3285:557 Constantinople
3270:447 Constantinople
3009:authoritative data
2931:10.1038/ncomms2999
2809:Girgin S. (2011).
2679:. 11 November 1999
2000:Geophys. Res. Lett
1742:10.1785/0120000841
1716:Barka, A. (2002).
1572:Barka, A. (1999).
1473:Collapsed building
1340:
1092:
1070:
907:
820:
783:
705:American Red Cross
700:
559:
439:
424:
325:Mercalli intensity
311:of 7.6 and struck
293:17,127–18,373 dead
21:
3714:
3713:
3621:1998 Adana–Ceyhan
3536:1953 Yenice–Gönen
3491:1942 Niksar–Erbaa
3320:1598 Amasya–Çorum
3202:
3201:
2784:978-0-7844-0494-2
2653:. 7 November 1999
2142:978-0-8213-6584-7
2006:(14): 2723–2726.
1327:
1326:
1193:Avcılar, Istanbul
1054:
1053:
922:Slightly damaged
888:, while another M
806:Oil refinery fire
753:sedimentary rocks
692:
691:
549:Earthquake damage
396:November 12, 1999
301:
300:
269:Peak acceleration
191:40.748°N 29.864°E
3799:
3757:History of Izmit
3727:1999 earthquakes
3646:2004 Doğubayazıt
3516:1946 Varto–Hınıs
3506:1944 Bolu–Gerede
3501:1943 Tosya–Ladik
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3025:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2882:on 10 March 2021
2878:. Archived from
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2821:(4): 1129–1140.
2806:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2731:. 26 August 2001
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2705:. 23 August 2000
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2575:. 31 August 1999
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2495:10.7289/V5PN93H7
2482:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2421:. Archived from
2402:
2396:
2392:Lusas software,
2390:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2222:. 18 August 1999
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2194:. 18 August 1999
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2026:
2025:
2023:
1997:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1698:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1620:, Version 1.05,
1611:
1602:
1601:
1569:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1397:Princes' Islands
1097:
1096:
910:
906:
886:Sakarya Province
769:Sakarya Province
562:
558:
391:geomorphological
350:Tectonic setting
338:that started in
313:Kocaeli Province
309:moment magnitude
264:
262:
250:
202:
201:
199:
198:
197:
192:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
156:
146:
115:
113:
57:
56:
50:
31:
24:
20:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3696:2020 Aegean Sea
3671:2017 Aegean Sea
3666:2014 Aegean Sea
3434:
3265:262 SW Anatolia
3238:
3233:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3108:(7.6, Aug 17)
3064:
3053:
3021:for this event.
3011:for this event.
2975:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2902:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2855:wateronline.com
2849:
2848:
2844:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2777:. p. 259.
2765:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2527:(4–6): 557–563.
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2483:
2479:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2029:
1995:
1985:
1981:
1936:
1932:
1897:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1774:on 9 April 2008
1771:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1714:
1705:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1637:
1628:
1612:
1605:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1414:
1393:
1076:
1059:
899:
895:
891:
883:
875:
871:
859:
854:
837:
808:
557:
551:
546:
480:, Lake Sapanca–
412:
411:
410:
405:
352:
296:
294:
256:
254:
195:
193:
189:
186:
181:
178:
176:
174:
173:
155:
148:
145:
120:Local time
111:
109:
105:Local date
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3807:
3806:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3732:1990s tsunamis
3729:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:1952 Hasankale
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:1941 Van–Erciş
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:1903 Manzikert
3412:
3407:
3405:1898 Balıkesir
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:1856 Heraklion
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3178:Aïn Témouchent
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3153:(7.2, Nov 12)
3148:
3142:
3138:(7.4, Sep 30)
3133:
3129:(7.6, Sep 21)
3124:
3120:(6.0, Sep 7)
3115:
3103:
3097:
3093:(6.6, Mar 29)
3088:
3084:(6.0, Feb 11)
3079:
3075:(6.2, Jan 25)
3069:
3066:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2974:
2973:External links
2971:
2968:
2967:
2945:
2916:(1999): 1999.
2893:
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2790:
2783:
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2385:
2374:
2362:geosociety.org
2349:
2324:
2299:Tectonophysics
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2148:
2141:
2122:
2115:
2095:
2066:
2027:
1979:
1950:(2): 371–374.
1930:
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1835:
1806:
1797:|journal=
1747:
1728:(1): 376–386.
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1410:
1392:
1389:
1383:later visited
1325:
1324:
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1292:
1290:United Kingdom
1283:
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344:earthquake tax
299:
298:
291:
287:
286:
283:
279:
278:
270:
266:
265:
252:
245:
244:
240:3–8.5 billion
238:
234:
233:
228:
227:Areas affected
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
196:40.748; 29.864
171:
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3699:
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3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:2019 Istanbul
3674:
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3614:
3612:
3611:1992 Erzincan
3609:
3607:
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3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
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3579:
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3571:1969 Alaşehir
3569:
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3524:
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3521:1949 Karlıova
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3509:
3507:
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3502:
3499:
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3479:
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3476:1938 Kırşehir
3474:
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3168:(7.3, Dec 11)
3167:
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3162:(7.4, Nov 26)
3161:
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1989:A. J. Rosakis
1983:
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518:moment tensor
514:
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465:Gulf of İzmit
462:
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443:ground motion
435:
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429:
421:
420:interferogram
416:
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364:Gulf of Saros
361:
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297:5,840 missing
292:
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107:
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100:
97:
95:
90:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
49:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
3656:2011 Kütahya
3625:
3606:1986 Malatya
3596:1983 Erzurum
3561:1967 Mudurnu
3541:1957 Fethiye
3456:1929 Suşehri
3439:Contemporary
3430:1919 Ayvalık
3420:1912 Mürefte
3395:1893 Malatya
3375:1872 Antioch
3365:1859 Erzurum
3345:1766 Marmara
3305:1269 Cilicia
3295:847 Damascus
3194:
3189:
3172:Sunda Strait
3154:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3005:bibliography
2958:. Retrieved
2956:. World Bank
2948:
2913:
2909:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:the original
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2793:
2769:
2762:
2733:. Retrieved
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2542:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2480:
2438:
2431:
2423:the original
2407:
2400:
2388:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:
2327:
2305:(1–4): 335.
2302:
2298:
2285:
2253:(1): 73–89.
2250:
2246:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2189:
2165:. Retrieved
2151:
2131:
2125:
2105:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2057:. Retrieved
2003:
1999:
1982:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1908:
1904:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1788:cite journal
1776:. Retrieved
1769:the original
1725:
1721:
1684:(Data Set).
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1654:
1641:
1616:
1614:ISC (2014),
1581:
1577:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1381:Bill Clinton
1378:
1374:Thames Water
1364:, while the
1362:Red Crescent
1359:
1352:
1341:
1329:
1328:
1093:
1077:
1039:
855:
838:
821:
797:
784:
736:
725:liquefaction
710:
701:
534:seismometers
532:arrivals at
523:
515:
506:Değirmendere
478:Lake Sapanca
446:
440:
425:
388:
353:
333:
328:
304:
302:
273:
258:
237:Total damage
18:
3691:2020 Bingöl
3681:2020 Elazığ
3651:2010 Elazığ
3641:2003 Bingöl
3581:1971 Bingöl
3566:1968 Bartın
3551:1964 Manyas
3461:1930 Salmas
3425:1914 Burdur
3370:1866 Bingöl
3335:1688 Smyrna
3325:1653 Smyrna
3315:1513 Marash
3300:1114 Marash
3290:840 Erzurum
3280:528 Antioch
3275:526 Antioch
3255:115 Antioch
3250:AD 17 Lydia
3145:Hector Mine
3082:Afghanistan
2960:30 November
2553:17 November
2367:29 November
2167:3 September
2088:3 September
1879:11 February
1391:Future risk
1250:South Korea
1238:Switzerland
1186:South Korea
1130:South Korea
868:. Another M
852:Aftershocks
376:Marmara Sea
360:strike-slip
221:Strike-slip
194: /
82: event
3721:Categories
3701:2022 Düzce
3636:2002 Afyon
3631:1999 Düzce
3626:1999 İzmit
3616:1995 Dinar
3576:1970 Gediz
3556:1966 Varto
3546:1957 Abant
3471:1935 Digor
3390:1883 Çeşme
3385:1881 Chios
3380:1875 Dinar
3355:1855 Bursa
3350:1840 Ahora
3243:Historical
2860:13 January
2342:13 October
1853:3 November
1828:15 October
1556:References
1322:Azerbaijan
1297:Bayrampaşa
1072:See also:
916:Destroyed
729:Quaternary
553:See also:
490:pull-apart
403:Earthquake
290:Casualties
182:29°51′50″E
179:40°44′53″N
131:37 seconds
112:1999-08-17
71: time
3601:1983 Biga
3586:1975 Lice
3451:1926 Kars
3260:141 Lycia
3019:main page
3015:ReliefWeb
2466:cite book
2277:130435029
2162:ReliefWeb
2083:ReliefWeb
2054:ReliefWeb
1974:128751123
1598:129752499
1100:Location
960:Eskişehir
913:Province
765:Zonguldak
757:Eskişehir
681:Zonguldak
603:Eskişehir
571:Injuries
565:Province
510:fan delta
504:area. At
493:stepovers
484:, Akyazı–
461:Adapazarı
445:was 0.45
251:intensity
170:Epicenter
136:Magnitude
3686:2020 Van
3661:2011 Van
3100:Tehuacán
2940:23778720
2547:Archived
2500:19 March
2458:55044755
2219:BBC News
2191:BBC News
1991:(2001).
1503:See also
1385:Istanbul
1370:Stansted
1317:Istanbul
1301:Istanbul
1262:Bulgaria
1057:Response
976:Istanbul
878:Istanbul
866:Istanbul
750:Cenozoic
739:Istanbul
732:alluvial
655:Tekirdağ
616:Istanbul
502:Çınarcık
469:Istanbul
372:Anatolia
368:Karlıova
128:Duration
3091:Chamoli
3073:Armenia
3007:and/or
2918:Bibcode
2886:24 June
2823:Bibcode
2307:Bibcode
2255:Bibcode
2008:Bibcode
1952:Bibcode
1913:Bibcode
1778:5 March
1730:Bibcode
1665:1 March
1578:Science
1412:Gallery
1270:Germany
1257:Sakarya
1246:Iceland
1234:Austria
1230:Germany
1222:Hungary
1213:Kocaeli
1202:Germany
1182:Romania
1178:Austria
1154:Hungary
1150:Germany
1134:Belgium
1118:Hungary
1113:Kocaeli
1050:68,391
1047:58,860
1044:60,434
1034:14,470
1028:10,134
1018:17,953
1015:11,381
1012:20,104
1008:Sakarya
1002:21,481
999:21,316
996:23,254
992:Kocaeli
986:10,630
983:12,370
835:Tsunami
828:naphtha
743:Avcılar
642:Sakarya
629:Kocaeli
568:Deaths
498:Sapanca
486:Gölyaka
473:Avcılar
384:Miocene
329:Extreme
282:Tsunami
259:Extreme
257:MMI X (
110: (
86:1655218
3160:Ambrym
3136:Oaxaca
3118:Athens
3003:has a
2938:
2781:
2735:12 May
2709:12 May
2683:12 May
2657:12 May
2631:12 May
2605:12 May
2579:12 May
2456:
2446:
2415:
2275:
2226:10 May
2198:10 May
2139:
2113:
2059:12 May
1972:
1596:
1313:Kartal
1286:Poland
1226:France
1218:Russia
1198:Greece
1170:France
1162:Poland
1158:Israel
1145:Yalova
1138:Russia
1126:France
1122:Israel
1109:Gölcük
1040:Total:
1031:8,870
1024:Yalova
980:3,614
938:3,233
935:4,782
932:3,226
846:Körfez
841:Hereke
824:Tüpraş
816:Tüpraş
780:Gölcük
721:Yalova
717:Gölcük
675:4,472
672:2,501
668:Yalova
649:5,084
646:2,627
636:9,211
633:8,644
623:3,547
584:1,163
544:Impact
530:S-wave
526:P-wave
482:Akyazı
476:İzmit–
459:, and
457:Yalova
453:Gölcük
327:of X (
307:had a
231:Turkey
99:ComCat
3166:Luzon
3151:Düzce
3106:İzmit
2295:(PDF)
2273:S2CID
1996:(PDF)
1970:S2CID
1772:(PDF)
1765:(PDF)
1594:S2CID
1306:Italy
1281:Düzce
1274:Spain
1266:Egypt
1209:İzmit
1174:Japan
944:Bursa
880:. A M
862:İzmit
761:Bursa
715:. In
713:İzmit
590:Bursa
380:shear
317:İzmit
272:0.45
207:Fault
162:Depth
123:03:01
92:USGS-
35:İzmit
3127:Jiji
3017:'s
2999:The
2962:2021
2936:PMID
2888:2017
2862:2022
2779:ISBN
2737:2023
2711:2023
2685:2023
2659:2023
2633:2023
2607:2023
2581:2023
2555:2021
2502:2024
2472:link
2454:OCLC
2444:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2369:2021
2344:2021
2228:2023
2200:2023
2169:2024
2137:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2090:2024
2061:2023
1881:2023
1855:2021
1830:2022
1801:help
1780:2008
1690:NOAA
1667:2023
970:204
954:431
951:109
928:Bolu
902:Bolu
814:The
620:978
597:333
594:263
581:264
577:Bolu
528:and
428:1939
354:The
340:1939
303:The
249:Max.
217:Type
149:7.8
139:7.6
94:ANSS
2926:doi
2831:doi
2491:doi
2315:doi
2303:391
2263:doi
2251:123
2016:doi
1960:doi
1921:doi
1874:CNN
1738:doi
1694:doi
1586:doi
1582:285
967:32
964:70
948:32
856:A M
737:In
688:26
662:35
610:83
607:86
418:An
366:to
321:UTC
242:USD
80:ISC
69:UTC
3723::
2981:–
2934:.
2924:.
2912:.
2908:.
2896:^
2853:.
2829:.
2819:11
2817:.
2813:.
2773:.
2745:^
2727:.
2701:.
2675:.
2649:.
2623:.
2597:.
2571:.
2545:.
2541:.
2523:.
2519:.
2489:.
2468:}}
2464:{{
2452:.
2360:.
2335:.
2313:.
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