1993 Canadian federal election

1417:, both experienced Mulroney loyalists. It was the best-funded campaign, but it quickly ran into organizational problems. The party failed to get literature distributed to the local campaigns, forcing all the PC candidates to print their own material and thus preventing the party from putting forth a unified message. The Progressive Conservative campaign was focused on three issues: job creation, deficit reduction, and improving quality of life; the party, however, had little credibility on the first two, as over their time in office both unemployment and the deficit had increased dramatically. The party was also reluctant to propose new fiscal or social programs, as in Quebec they had to appeal to nationalists who opposed federal government intervention, and in the West had to appeal to Reform supporters who opposed government intervention in general. 1254: 424: 2166:, argue that the proliferation of minor parties was an outgrowth of the single-issue political movements that had come to prominence in Canada in the 1980s. For instance, the environmentalist, anti-abortion, and anti-free trade movements all had closely associated parties. Each candidate required a $ 1000 deposit, an increase from $ 200 in the last election. If the candidate did not win 15% of the vote, which none of the minor parties did, these deposits would be forfeit. Parties that nominated 50 candidates qualified as official parties and, most importantly, received government subsidies for advertising. The smaller parties were not invited to the main leaders debate, something 156: 615: 1317: 174: 167: 4784: 4772: 630: 2135:, encouraging such pledges. The Conservatives had the largest budget, spending $ 10.4 million on their national campaign; the Liberals spent $ 9.9 million, while the NDP spent $ 7.4 million. The Bloc and Reform both spent less than $ 2 million on their national campaigns. Actual election spending is far larger than these numbers indicate: each candidate raised substantial amounts of money independently of the national campaign. In this era there were also large expenses, such as polling and fundraising costs, that did not need to be disclosed. 5047:—their only victory east of Manitoba, ever—but even this win came by a wafer-thin 123-vote margin over the Liberals. They were also shut out of Atlantic Canada and did not run candidates in Quebec. It is not likely they would have won any seats in Quebec in any case due to Manning's inability to speak fluent French, its uncompromising federalism, and opposition to official bilingualism. Nonetheless, the election was a tremendous success for a party that had only won 2.1 per cent of the national vote in the previous election. 5386: 32: 605: 2343: 1402: 5362:. The party nearly tied its 1993 vote total in 2004, but lost support to a resurgent Conservative Party in 2006. The Bloc's position continued to erode in 2008. The BQ won with 47 of Quebec's 75 seats but, saw its popular vote decline, although it remained an important force in federal politics for Quebec. 2011 saw massive change in the province, with the Bloc falling to just 4 seats in the Commons, losing official party status. They however, made a modest comeback in the 1374: 5400: 1389:, a portion of the NDP vote was attracted to the right-wing Reform party as a protest vote, as that party's populism struck a chord despite the sharp ideological differences between the two parties (as the centre-left NDP and right-wing Reform were on completely opposite sides of the political spectrum), and some went to the Liberals as well. Nationally, frustration with the PC party was also so high that some traditional NDP voters moved to the Liberals as a 1285: 1171:-area riding to become the first Reform MP. This came as a considerable shock to the Tories, who had dominated Alberta's federal politics for a quarter-century, and as Grey had finished a distant fourth in the general election held a few months earlier. As Conservative support collapsed over the next four years, Reform party support increased. Reform also picked up support from many longtime NDP voters. The NDP (and its predecessor, the 5152: 4719: 1956: 585: 574: 539: 531: 385: 369: 328: 320: 312: 117: 5233:

even a minority government without considerable support in one or both provinces. The Liberals were the only party with a strong base in both provinces, making them the only party with a realistic chance to form government. The Liberals dominated Canadian politics for the next decade, retaining almost all of its Ontario ridings while making steady gains in Quebec. They would not be seriously challenged until

2320:(or first past the post) system in which the country was carved into 295 electoral districts, or ridings, with each one electing one representative to the House of Commons. Those eligible to vote cast their ballot for a candidate in their electoral district and the candidate with the most votes in that district became that riding's Member of Parliament. The party that elects the most candidates forms the 5217:

folded into the NDP in 1961, by which time it had clearly established itself as the nation's third major party. It eventually gained enough strength to wield the balance of power in the Liberal minority governments of the 1960s and 1970s. After the 1984 election the NDP only lost one seat and finished only 10 seats behind the Liberals. This led to considerable talk that Canada was headed for a UK-style

2143:. The Reform Party relied almost wholly on individual donations, with only some 12% coming from corporations. The Bloc relied almost solely on individual donations, as its party charter barred donations from corporations. The NDP had by far the most donors, with over 65,000, but the average donation was only $ 80. By contrast the 45,000 Conservative donors gave more than $ 200 on average. 1200:

leadership, and their polling numbers were roughly equal to the Liberals, while Reform had been reduced to single digits. It was nevertheless thought likely that Reform would hold the balance of power in the event of neither the Progressive Conservatives nor Liberals winning a majority, as the NDP were polling even worse than Reform, while the Bloc were considered unlikely to enter into a

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the deficit or unemployment would be much reduced before the "end of the century". Later in the campaign, a reporter claimed she stated "an election is no time to discuss serious issues." Campbell denied the report and declared her sentence was distorted; her actual quote meant that 47 days were not enough to discuss the overhaul in social policy that she thought Canada needed.

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advantage the Progressive Conservatives still had over him. The Tories also pointed out that Chrétien himself had used his half-paralyzed face in the campaign, with Liberal signs in Quebec that translated as "Strange-looking face, but reflect on what's inside." Furthermore, most newspapers and magazines had used similar photos that highlighted Chrétien's facial deformity.

1230:, Campbell made the first of a series of remarks that would dog the Conservative campaign. When she was running for the party leadership, Campbell's frank honesty was seen as an important asset and a sharp contrast from Mulroney's highly polished style (Mulroney was criticized for waiting until the last year of his mandate before resigning, leaving office only 1175:) had been the traditional Western protest party for most of the last 40 years, but since the 1990s, they had attempted to make inroads in Quebec and had joined the Progressive Conservatives and Liberals in supporting the Charlottetown Accord. Despite sharp ideological differences, Reform's populism struck a responsive chord in disaffected NDP supporters. 417: 2204:(NAFTA). The party ran 171 candidates, and for a time polling indicated it could potentially have an impact. However, the party failed to make a significant impression and imploded due to internal party turmoil. Some time after the election it applied to Canada's Chief Election officer to de-register the party. Another prominent minor party was the 4797:

absolute terms and in terms of percentage of seats lost, for a governing party at the federal level in Canada, and among the worst ever suffered for a governing party in a Westminster system. It is also one of the few instances of a governing party in any country going from a strong majority to being almost wiped off the electoral map.

2150:. The Conservatives, despite cutting back on spending late in the campaign, were some $ 7.5 million in debt by the end of the election, and it took years to clear this burden. The heavy debt load would hamper the party's ability to campaign in subsequent elections, and this would lead to its eventual merger with Reform's successor, the 5277:(successor to the Reform Party) merged in 2003. From 2004 to 2006, a Liberal minority government faced three opposition parties, the new Conservatives, NDP, and Bloc. In 2006, the Conservatives became the Government, the Liberals relegated to official opposition, while the NDP and Bloc retained a significant opposition presence. 761:. However, this momentum did not last, and the Progressive Conservatives suffered the most lopsided defeat for a Canadian governing party at the federal level, which was also the worst ever suffered by a governing party in the Western democratic world, losing all but 2 of their 156 seats and more than half of their vote from 5086:

Not coincidentally, the federal NDP was decimated in both of those provinces; it lost all 10 of its Ontario MPs and all but two of its British Columbia MPs, more than half of the party's caucus in the Commons. The party also lost its only seat in Alberta, where the Alberta NDP had also been wiped out

5023:

Reform had a major breakthrough, gaining a substantial portion of the Tories' previous support in the West. The party won all but four seats in Alberta and dominated British Columbia as well. Reform also finished second in the popular vote in Saskatchewan, where they won four seats, and picked up one

2037:

Aside from raising Chrétien's personal popularity, it is unclear what effect the ad had on the election. Prior to the controversy, the Campbell Tories were already beset by many problems; notably the recession, the unpopular GST, and their support bases moving to Reform and the Bloc. Nonetheless, the

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months before the Tories' five-year term ended, as well as for his international farewell tour devoid of any official business). During the campaign, however, Campbell repeatedly made statements that caused problems for the party. At the Rideau Hall event, she told reporters that it was unlikely that

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was defeated by the Canadian people in an October 1992 referendum. In the case of the Charlottetown Accord, the majority of Canada's population voted against an agreement endorsed by every First Minister and most other political groups. This stinging rebuke against the "political class" in Canada was

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The NDP recovered somewhat, regaining official party status in 1997. However, it would take another decade for the party to reach the same level of support it enjoyed in the 1980s. The NDP supported the Liberal minority government after the 2004 election but moved towards differentiating itself from

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in British Columbia, which reflected badly on their federal counterpart. In 1988, the peak of federal NDP support was a major asset to the success of provincial affiliates; however, by 1993, they were a considerable liability to the federal party because of recessions, social policies, and scandals.

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denied the Liberals the first clean sweep of Canada's most populous province by a single party. In both Ontario and Atlantic Canada, the Liberals gained support from many centre-right voters who were fed up with the Tories but found Reform too extreme for comfort. Ontario replaced Quebec (see below)

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was over. When in office, the Liberals signed on to NAFTA with little opposition. Similarly, while constitutional issues had dominated the national debate for several years, two failed reform proposals led most to support giving the issue a rest. Chrétien promised not to reopen the constitution, and

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agreement with either of the two largest parties. Campbell was therefore seen as having a good chance of remaining in power if the Progressive Conservatives could at least finish with a similar number of seats to the Liberals, and that Reform would support a continuation of her government (likely in

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The NDP won the fewest votes of any major party, and only nine seats — three short of the requirement for official party status. This was a substantial drop from its record performance in 1988. Those members who were elected were in heavily divided ridings, mostly in the party's traditional Western

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Reform had built up a large base of support in rural central Ontario, which had been the backbone of past provincial Tory governments. This area is very socially conservative—in some cases, almost as socially conservative as rural Western Canada. However, this support did not translate into actual

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On paper, the Bloc was in a rather precarious position. Most of the Tories' support in Quebec was built on flipping ridings that had voted Liberal for decades. However, francophone anger at Chrétien's staunch federalism caused PC support in Quebec to transfer virtually en masse to the Bloc. Most of

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as the solution to most of Canada's ills. It ran 231 candidates, more than some major parties. Its campaign was also accompanied by several million dollars of advertising, and it was successful in attracting media attention. Some accused its efforts of actually being government-subsidized marketing

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Chrétien turned the situation to his advantage, comparing his opponents to the children who teased him when he was a boy. "When I was a kid people were laughing at me. But I accepted that because God gave me other qualities and I'm grateful." Chrétien's approval ratings shot up, nullifying the only

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Mulroney's "grand coalition" completely fell apart. The Tories' support in the West, with few exceptions, transferred to Reform, while their party's support in Quebec was split between the Liberals and the Bloc, and their support in Atlantic Canada and Ontario largely migrated to the Liberals. The

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In addition, what remained of the initial euphoria over Campbell quickly wore off as the campaign progressed. Her style was initially seen as frank and honest, but as her numbers dropped she was seen as condescending and pretentious. The Tories also continued to be dogged by the long shadow of the

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The 1993 election fundamentally changed the balance of power among the parties. Together Ontario and Quebec are guaranteed a majority of seats in the Commons under both Constitution Acts. Both provinces constitute nearly two-thirds of the Canadian population. Thus, it is nearly impossible to form

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The NDP had never been a force in Quebec, but they had been supported by those who would not vote for either the Liberals or Progressive Conservatives. While McLaughlin made efforts to make inroads in Quebec, this proved fruitless and likely contributed to Western discontent. These voters largely

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with the Liberals and Conservatives alternating in government. Since the 1920s there had generally been one or more third parties in the House of Commons. None of these parties came close to winning power and of those parties, the CCF was the only one that achieved long-term success. The CCF was

2054:

was especially high. The federal deficit was also extremely high, and both the Reform and Progressive Conservatives focused on cutting it as the path to economic health. Reform proposed deep cuts to federal programs in order to do this, while the Progressive Conservatives were less specific. The

1393:. Although McLaughlin was returned in her own seat (Yukon), elsewhere the NDP was only truly competitive in Saskatchewan - even there, they finished third place in the popular vote although it was still enough to tie the Liberals for a plurality of seats at five (one more than the Reform Party). 880:

led the Progressive Conservatives to a majority government with the most seats in Canadian history, winning a majority of the seats in every province. The Liberals lost 95 seats in the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level at the time. The PCs made a strong showing in Quebec, a

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A significant number of NDP voters also switched to Reform. Despite sharp differences in ideology, Reform's populism struck a chord with many NDP voters; twenty-four per cent of those who voted NDP in 1988 switched to Reform. In 1989, while running for the federal NDP leadership, former British

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was likewise deregistered after they declined to contest the election, in protest of new electoral laws that required parties to run 50 candidates at a cost of $ 1,000 per riding. Unlike the Socreds, however, the Rhinos would eventually reform in 2006, once the 50-candidate requirement had been

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Small-"c" conservatives in the West and Ontario who traditionally supported the Progressive Conservatives were drawn to Reform for several reasons. These conservative voters were disenchanted with the PCs for imposing the Goods and Services Tax and failing to reduce Canada's growing deficit and

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pressed him on the issue back in 1990. Chrétien's reputation in his home province never recovered, especially when the Bloc Québécois rallied on the issue. As a result, the Liberals were unable to capitalize on the collapse of Tory support in the province. The Tories had swept to power in 1984

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The election was a debacle for the Tories. Their popular vote plunged from 43% to 16%, losing more than half their vote from 1988. They lost all but two of the 156 seats they held when Parliament was dissolved—far surpassing the Liberals' 95-seat loss in 1984. It was the worst defeat, both in

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Reform had little money and few resources, with its candidates and campaign staff flying economy class, staying in cheap hotels, and relying on pre-packaged lunches, all which helped endear them to money-conscious fiscal conservatives. The campaign was managed by seasoned political strategist

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These factors combined to make Mulroney the least popular leader since opinion polling began in the 1940s. The Progressive Conservative Party's popularity reached a low of just over 15% in 1991. With polls showing him facing almost certain defeat in the next election, Mulroney announced his

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An election had to be called in the fall of 1993, since Parliament's term would expire some time in September. By the end of the summer, Campbell's personal popularity was far ahead of that of Chrétien. Support for the Progressive Conservative Party had also increased after Campbell won the

1266:. This document gave a detailed account of exactly what a Liberal government would do in power. Several years of effort had gone into the creation of the document, which was unprecedented for a Canadian party. Several days later, the Progressive Conservatives released the hastily assembled 5126:, which Barrett called a mistake since it was unpopular in Western Canada. In contrast, Barrett raised the issue of Western alienation and strongly opposed the Accord. Barrett's warning proved to be remarkably prescient, as the NDP was severely punished in its former Western stronghold. 4961:

largely by flipping many long-time Liberal bastions in Quebec, and held onto most of them in 1988. However, with few exceptions, most of that support bled to the Bloc in 1993. While the Liberals dominated the Montreal area (home to almost 75% of the province's anglophones) and the

1034:, but Chrétien was unpopular, especially in his native Quebec, after declaring his opposition to the Meech Lake Accord, being rocked by caucus defections. The federal Liberals were disorganized, near bankruptcy, and dropped in the polls from 50 to 32 per cent, so Chrétien appointed 1038:

as chief of staff to reinvigorate his leadership and reorganize his office. As the ruling Tories suffered the most backlash from the unsuccessful constitutional amendments in 1990 and 1992, the Liberals rapidly picked up support and surged to a wide lead in opinion polling.

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Mulroney had also promised to change the constitutional status quo in favour of increasing provincial autonomy; this was one of the most important reasons for his party's support in Quebec. He attempted to amend the constitution twice, but both reform proposals failed. The

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The Progressive Conservatives never regained their former standing in Canadian politics. In December 1993, Campbell resigned as Conservative leader and was replaced by Charest, the only surviving member of the previous Cabinet. Under Charest, they rebounded to 20 seats in

5300:. Although Reform was now the major right-wing party in Canada, it was seen as too extreme by most Ontarians and thus had little chance of dislodging the Liberals. It was also hampered in Quebec because Manning could not speak French. In 2000, the party evolved into the 5035:, two issues that the NDP made unpopular stands on. In one stroke, Reform had replaced the Progressive Conservatives as the major right-wing party in Canada (despite being virtually nonexistent east of Manitoba) and supplanted the NDP as the voice of Western discontent. 2067:

program. The Reform Party called for a "Zero in Three" plan that would reduce the deficit to zero in three years. The Liberals had a far more modest plan to reduce the deficit to 3% of GDP by the end of their first term. All opposition parties pledged to repeal the

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party. The Liberals, along with several commentators, considered the Reform Party the de facto opposition on issues that did not pertain to Quebec and national unity. Some political scientists felt that the new five-party parliament was an example of a

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In the year of the election, two traditional parties, the Liberals and Conservatives, each received about 60% of their funding from corporations and the rest from individuals. For the NDP half of the funding came from individuals, and a third came from

2022:. While the ad's creators claim they had meant for the line "I would be very embarrassed if he became Prime Minister of Canada" to refer to Chrétien's policies and ethics, the intercutting with images of his face and its facial deformity (caused by 4896:

The Liberals swept Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, with only Wayne's win in New Brunswick denying them a clean sweep of Atlantic Canada. They also won all but one seat in Ontario; only a 123-vote loss to Reform's Ed Harper in

2015:, and would probably win a majority without dramatic measures. Despite this, Campbell was still far more personally popular than Chrétien. Polling found that a considerable number of potential Liberal voters held negative opinions about Chrétien. 702:

parties emerged, finishing second and third in seat count. Most notably, the election marked the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level and among the worst ever suffered by a governing party in the Western democratic world. In a

6600: 841:, collapsed to nine seats only one election after having what was then its best performance. It remains the NDP's worst result in a federal election since its formation and the only election where the party polled fewer than one million votes. 1308:, campaigned on promising that the Bloc would represent Quebec's interests at the federal level, with the party running candidates exclusively in Quebec while endorsing and supporting Quebec sovereignty (political independence from Canada). 1328:

policies, such as a democratically elected and regionally equal Senate and more plebiscites and referendums in the political process, was very popular in Western Canada. In addition, Reform's backing of smaller government, lower taxes, the

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and the Liberal leadership supported the Meech Lake Accord, there was significant internal disagreement, with Trudeau returning from retirement to speak out against it. After the Liberals' disappointing showing in the 1988 election, Turner

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heartland. On average, winning NDP MPs only got 35.1% of the vote. Ultimately, the NDP only retained 34.99% of the votes it received in the 1988 election, even less than the 38.58% of the vote that the Progressive Conservatives retained.

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system, which awards power solely on the basis of seats won, the Tories' support was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into seats. The party was shut out of Ontario for the first time in its history. Mulroney's former riding,

5370:, they more than tripled their seat count and became the third-largest party in the House, once again becoming a strong force in Canadian politics. They repeated kept all of their seats and did not lose their vote share in the following 1261:

The Liberals had long prepared for the campaign. They had amassed a substantial campaign war chest, almost as large as that of the Tories. On September 19, the Liberals released their entire platform, which the media quickly named the

1046:, who retired the next year. In the following few years, their support continued to grow, at one point leading in the opinion polls. This helped the NDP win a series of victories at the provincial level. In a surprise victory in 1990, 2268:. Campbell briefly changed the party's name to the "Christian Freedom Party" in an attempt to appeal to social conservatives. However, the party failed to nominate the minimum 50 candidates and was deregistered by Elections Canada. 1223:, this was the last day that the election could legally be held with the then-current enumeration still valid. In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Hnatyshyn granted the dissolution, beginning the seven-week campaign. 1070:. Within a few years, however, the NDP provincial ministries in both Ontario and British Columbia became deeply unpopular, and support for the federal NDP also began to fall. In a deviation from their traditional position as staunch 6718: 6655: 4952:

Despite being led by a Quebecker, the Liberals were unable to recover their dominant position in Quebec. This was in part due to the staunchly federalist Chrétien's opposition to the Meech Lake Accord, which was revealed when

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By October, the Progressive Conservatives were considerably behind the Liberals in the polls, and it was obvious that they would not be reelected. The consensus was that the Liberals were on their way to at least a

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grew. Despite the government's pledges to reduce the federal deficit, it grew from $ 34.5 billion in 1984, when Mulroney took power, to more than $ 40 billion by the time Mulroney stepped down in 1993. The federal

2087:(NAFTA). The Liberals opposed NAFTA and promised to try to renegotiate the FTA, but this was not a central campaign theme. The NDP did focus on opposition to NAFTA, but the Canadian people mostly felt that the 1349:

policies, and its repeated failed attempts to officially bring Quebec into the Constitution, a focus that was seen as coming at the expense of attention to the concerns of other regions, especially the West.

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negative backlash over the television spot proved to be the final nail in the Tories' coffin. Their support plummeted into the teens, all but assuring that the Liberals would win a majority government.

1155:". Reform had nominated candidates in the 1988 election, but had failed to win any seats, and garnered only 2.5 per cent of the popular vote. Many Western voters had never forgiven the Liberals for the 757:. The PCs were further weakened by the emergence of new parties that were competing for its core supporters. Campbell's initial efforts helped the party recover somewhat in pre-election polls before the 1345:

national debt. There was also the PC government's failure to deliver a democratically elected Senate as it had promised (while appointing unelected Senators in 1990, as it was obligated to do), its

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Reform's heavy concentration of Western support netted it 52 seats. However, the Bloc's concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, leaving Reform three seats short of making Manning

2072:. Once elected, however, the Liberals reneged on this pledge to much outcry, stating the Conservatives had understated the size of the deficit. Instead the GST remained. In some provinces it was 6671: 5011:

Despite only running candidates in Quebec, the Bloc's strong showing in that province and the fragmentation of the national vote made them the second-largest party in the Commons and gave them

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status. As the Official Opposition, they enjoyed considerable privileges over other parties; for instance, Question Periods in the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of national unity.

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won 60 seats. The Bloc's results were considered very impressive since the party had only been formed three years before, and because there were lingering questions about its viability.

1270:, but the Liberals had captured the reputation of being the party with ideas. The Liberals were also consistently well organized and on message, in contrast to the PC campaign, which the 5343:

the Liberals, including uniting with the other opposition parties to bring down the Liberals and force the 2006 election in which the NDP made substantial gains in the House of Commons.

5054:. Though the Bloc was the Official Opposition, the Liberals reckoned Reform as their main opposition on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. Also, in 1995 when Bloc leader 5619: 2083:

The 1988 election had been almost wholly focused on the issue of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, and similarly, the 1993 election was preceded by the agreement on the

837:. To date, this is the only time that a party committed to the political secession of a region of Canada has become the Official Opposition of Canada. The traditional third party, the 5027:

While Reform was expected to win over PC support, it also won around a quarter of voters who had voted for the NDP in the previous election. They did this by raising the problem of

6703: 2300: 1090:, who had campaigned for the opposite policies. These positions gained the NDP little headway in Quebec and hurt the party's standing as the traditional voice of Western protest. 5471: 2128: 5094:

had called upon Rae to resign, having spent the 1993 election campaign disassociating himself from the provincial NDP's measures. The Ontario NDP would be heavily defeated in

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immediately contacted media outlets. This generated a severe backlash from all sides of the spectrum, including some PC candidates, and Campbell ordered them off the air.

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The greatest difference from 1988 was the rise of two new parties that cut into the Progressive Conservatives' support and caused Mulroney's "grand coalition" to implode.

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Woolstencroft, Peter (1994). "Doing Politics Differently': The Conservative Party and the Campaign of 1993". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.).

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reduced them to a minority government with continued strong support from Ontario. The Liberals retained the majority of the province's ridings, despite being defeated in

4980:. This gave them an overwhelming majority in the Commons; no other party crossed the 60-seat mark. The Liberals were also the only party to win seats in every province. 881:

province where they had held few seats for much of the century. Between 1896 and 1984, they had only managed to win the majority of seats in that province once, in their

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Even with these disappointments, the Liberals won 177 seats — the third-best performance in party history, and their best performance since their record of 190 seats in

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The NDP and Conservatives had more problems after the vote. The NDP found itself deeply in debt, but recouped some of it by selling their Ottawa headquarters to the new

6441: 2099:

The Reform Party advanced proposals in a number of areas that challenged the status quo. It proposed extensive reform to Canada's parliamentary system, including more

2131:. This forced parties to disclose most donations, but put few limits on who could donate and how much could be given. Individual donations up to $ 1,150 were given a 5461: 4801:

PCs did win over two million votes, almost as many as Reform and far ahead of the Bloc or NDP. However, this support was spread out across the country. Due to the

1151:. Originally broadly focused on Western Canadian interests, it had quickly moved far to the right after its formation. It originally campaigned under the slogan " 1996:

debates were held on the first night. Manning, who did not speak French, read prepared opening and closing remarks, but did not participate in the debate itself.

5481: 5441: 5972: 4965:(home to a large number of civil servants who work across the river in Ottawa), they only won two seats elsewhere. One of them belonged to Chrétien, who won in 1424:

Following their devastating defeat, Campbell joked "Gee, I'm glad I didn't sell my car" during her concession speech. She resigned as party leader in December.

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with Harper as prime minister, just over two years after the merger. Key to its victory was being able to make inroads into the eastern part of Canada. In the

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Reform found itself embroiled in controversy when Toronto-area candidate John Beck made a series of anti-immigrant remarks in an interview with Excalibur, the

1184: 104: 1358:. Some Reformers had been annoyed that a moderate former Liberal and Ottawa insider had been made campaign manager, but he soon proved his political ability. 1365:

student paper. York students confronted Manning with the remarks, who immediately denounced them. Within an hour, Beck was forced to withdraw his candidacy.

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and would never be a major force in Canadian politics again. In 2003, the Progressive Conservative Party disappeared entirely when it merged with the larger

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ridings there. In many cases, they pushed Tory cabinet ministers from the province into third place. This was the best showing by a third party since the

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attempted to run candidates in an election. The party had been in headlong decline since losing its last Member of Parliament in 1980, and was now led by

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as Opposition Leader from 1990 to 1993). The Liberals also did not do as well as hoped in British Columbia, winning almost no seats outside Vancouver.

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in the Commons. Without official party status, the Progressive Conservatives lost access to funding and had a considerably reduced role in Parliament.

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as the main bastion of Liberal support for the next two decades; the party easily won a majority of the province's seats in the next four elections.

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that under the Liberals any change would be incremental in nature. In Quebec the election was seen as a prelude to the next Quebec election and the

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were held October 3 and 4, and were generally regarded as inconclusive, with no party gaining a boost from them. The most memorable moment involved

7293: 6592: 5293:, they were reduced to 12 seats mostly in the Atlantic provinces and Quebec, winning only two seats outside this region in the next two elections. 4954: 4651: 4500: 2980: 2946: 2288: 2226: 224: 5169: 4922: 4736: 4557: 4877:, was also re-elected, but was forced to run as an independent after Campbell barred him from running under the PC banner due to fraud charges. 1304:

in 1990, which resulted in a number of Liberal and Progressive Conservative Members of Parliament (MPs) organizing the Bloc. The Bloc's leader,

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As no party other than the Liberals had a realistic chance of forming government after 1993, some commentators felt that Canada had moved to a

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a preview of things to come, as the upcoming election would be held on October 25, 1993, a year less a day after the Charlottetown referendum.

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into third-party status. However, the Liberals recovered enough ground in 1988 to firmly reestablish themselves as the main opposition party.

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moved to the Bloc, with 14% of NDP voters supporting the Bloc in 1993. The NDP lost their only seat in the province, which it had gained in a

6713: 5115: 2311: 2026:) were interpreted by many as an attack on Chrétien's appearance. The ad quickly received widespread attention as the Liberal war room under 913: 464: 885:—the only other time besides 1984 that a party won more than 200 seats in an election. After winning only one seat in Quebec (out of 75) in 235: 7288: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 5098:(in which it was reduced to third place), while the British Columbia NDP rebounded long enough to survive until it was almost wiped out in 860:

The Liberal Party had dominated Canadian politics for much of the 20th century. The party had been in office for all but 22 years between

7319: 7283: 7147: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 4787:

The shape of the House of Commons after the 1993 election. The two new parties are represented with Reform in Green and the Bloc in cyan

6779: 6756: 5413: 4966: 246: 6218:(1994). "Yesterday's Man and His Blue Grists: Backward into the Future". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.). 4905:

In the West, the Liberals dominated Manitoba, winning all but two seats. They also won seats in Saskatchewan for the first time since

6427: 5745: 6647: 6237:

Ellis, Faron; Archer, Keith (1994). "Reform: Electoral Breakthrough". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.).

5587: 3789: 2567: 2178:

Chief Agent Greg Vezina organized a debate between the leaders of seven of the minor parties on October 5, which was broadcast on

1446: 1125:

won a 1990 by-election, and throughout the period leading up to the election, the Bloc polled as the most popular party in Quebec.

979:

quickly emerged as the leading candidate to replace Mulroney as party leader and prime minister. Despite a vigorous challenge from

723: 654: 454: 7334: 958:

adjourned without bringing the issue to a vote; all 10 provincial legislatures had to ratify the accord for it to become law. The

7314: 5242: 5138:, a Quebec nationalist, opted not to see re-election because he disagreed with the party's support for the Charlottetown Accord. 4842: 4807: 4665: 1220: 1031: 1253: 7329: 7019: 5502: 5099: 2055:

Liberals also promised cuts, focusing on the unpopular and expensive plan to buy new military helicopters to replace the aging

6026: 7265: 6408: 6303: 6284: 6265: 6246: 6227: 6205: 6131: 6108: 5955: 1164: 4880:

In addition, 147 PC candidates failed to win 15% of the vote, losing their deposits and failing to qualify for funding from

7260: 6535: 5077:

The New Democrats lost support in several directions. One factor was the unpopularity of NDP provincial governments led by

4846: 4448: 2941: 2246: 2189:

Few of these parties were expected to win a seat. One exception was the National Party. Founded by Mel Hurtig, a prominent

1355: 1172: 980: 972:

retirement from politics in February 1993. While several senior Cabinet members had passed over contesting the leadership,

5043:

with the PCs allowed the Liberals to sneak up the middle and take all but one seat in the area. Reform did manage to take

1219:

on September 8, only a few weeks before Parliament was due to expire. The election date was set for October 25. Under the

1159:

in the 1980s, and Mulroney's attempt to pacify Quebec caused them to rethink their support for the Tories. In early 1989,

5418: 2201: 2084: 1330: 916:) with a considerably smaller mandate. Over the next five years, the popularity of Mulroney and his party collapsed. The 6384: 6376: 5319:. The new party, led by Harper, was able to reduce the Liberals to a minority government in 2004 by capitalizing on the 2198: 997:

Campbell enjoyed a brief period of high popularity upon being sworn in, becoming the eponym of "Campbellmania", just as

423: 6521: 4870: 4241: 2788: 2230: 1381:

The New Democratic Party suffered badly in the election. With the rising unpopularity of the Ontario NDP government of

1324:

The Reform Party developed an extensive grassroots network in much of western Canada and Ontario. Reform's support for

1263: 6154:"Markets as Predictors of Election Outcomes: Campaign Events and Judgement Bias in the 1993 UBC Election Stock Market" 4970: 7324: 6329: 6275:

Whitehorn, Alan (1994). "The NDP's Quest for Survival". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.).

5986: 5191: 5051: 4758: 2162:

Fourteen registered political parties contested the election, a Canadian record. Jackson and Jackson, in their book

5131: 2217:

for yogic flying centres, which are non-profit, non-religious meditation centres. Other minor parties included the

1992:

continuously questioning Campbell about the real deficit in the 1993 budget and Campbell dodging the question. The

1005:. Campbell campaigned extensively during the summer, touring the nation and attending barbecues and other events. 5918: 5816: 3089: 2069: 2018:

Believing they had no other way to keep the Liberals from winning a majority, Gregg and Tory decided to launch a

1338: 934: 750: 4941:), which has historically been friendlier to the Liberals than the rest of Alberta. The Liberals also held onto 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6749: 6365: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5297: 5282: 5250: 5246: 5234: 5173: 5059: 5005: 4993: 4977: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4834: 4830: 4776: 4740: 2371: 2277: 1984:

Over the course of the campaign, Progressive Conservative support steadily bled away to the other parties. The

886: 882: 865: 861: 808: 804: 762: 63: 46: 6144:

Cognitive assimilation-contrast effects among partisan identifiers: An analysis of the 1993 Canadian election

5791: 5095: 5087: 4567: 2526: 2257: 838: 788: 780: 5004:

those seats would remain in Bloc hands for two decades, until nearly all of them were lost to the NDP at an

4861:

did not seek re-election. The only other Progressive Conservative besides Charest to win a Commons seat was

6481: 6256:

Pammett, Jon H. (1994). "Tracking the Votes". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.).

5316: 5261: 5012: 4345: 2864: 2242: 2147: 1985: 973: 834: 816: 791:

who were dissatisfied with the Mulroney government's deficit spending and tax increases. The popularity of

5620:"'An election is no time to discuss serious issues': Five comments that sank Canadian political campaigns" 6620: 6582: 4997: 4969:, a strongly nationalist riding that he had previously represented from 1963 to 1986 (he had represented 4874: 4293: 4138: 2827: 2681: 2222: 2205: 1276:

on September 25 stated was "shaping up to be the most incompetent campaign in modern political history."

1114: 868:, with the Conservatives/Progressive Conservatives only forming government six times during this period. 849: 823: 5366:, managing to increase their seat count to 10, 2 seats short of regaining official party status. In the 3078:*Party did not nominate candidates in the previous; "% change" refers to change from previous election. 6684: 5358:, however, it remained a significant presence in the House of Commons bolstered in recent years by the 2284: 1209: 687: 479: 229: 95: 6698: 6316: 4913:. In Saskatchewan, the Liberals won the popular vote for the first (and, as of 2021, only) time since 2019: 2005: 912:. This coalition helped him win reelection in 1988 (an election almost wholly focused on the proposed 766: 6742: 5977: 5567: 4917:

and tied the NDP for a plurality of the seats. All of their Alberta seats were in the Edmonton area (

4866: 4679: 4637: 3382: 2265: 1216: 951: 925: 795:, and profound Western discontent with the PCs, led the Reform Party to replace the PCs as the major 1968: 614: 6606: 6468: 6462: 5065:, Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage. 4086: 2642: 2377: 2336: 2325: 2261: 2171: 991: 727: 691: 83: 78: 4945:, the lone seat in Alberta they held when the writ was dropped, which they picked up in 1990 when 6567: 6361: 5222: 5162: 4729: 3405: 2403: 2317: 1451: 1156: 708: 669: 204: 1316: 6663: 5347: 5209: 3597: 2485: 2321: 2093: 1466: 1129: 776: 699: 214: 6734: 5945: 155: 7252: 6770: 6545: 5257: 5205: 4885: 4692: 4189: 3387: 2749: 2237:. The election saw three minor parties focused on radical reform to the monetary system: the 2218: 2209: 2175: 2116: 2047: 1201: 754: 695: 6097: 5260:. The opposition was divided between four parties. Many commentators thought it ironic that 4988:

The Bloc won 54 seats, capturing just under half the vote in Quebec and nearly sweeping the

7270: 6631: 5123: 5032: 4589: 3693: 3377: 2194: 2190: 2077: 2073: 2046:

The most important issue of the 1993 election was the economy. The nation was mired in the

1456: 1346: 1118: 1075: 1019: 959: 930: 917: 746: 449: 6153: 5753: 4814:

in a landslide; the Tory candidate only received 6,800 votes and almost lost his deposit.

8: 6766: 6496: 5970: 5359: 5320: 5238: 4802: 3501: 2444: 2012: 1461: 1334: 1293: 1110: 1071: 826: 796: 716: 209: 5712: 5304:, but even then won only two seats outside its Western Canadian base (both in Ontario). 4821:—only the third time in Canadian history that a sitting prime minister lost an election 1074:, the NDP chose to align itself with the Liberals and PCs on the "yes" side of the 1992 889:, the Tories won 58 seats in 1984, leaving the Liberals with almost no seats outside of 6397: 6184: 6120: 5886: 5834: 5688: 5654: 5270: 5226: 5111: 5028: 4942: 4623: 1297: 1272: 1152: 1145: 1083: 909: 896:

Mulroney's government was based on a coalition of socially conservative populists from

784: 4669: 6635: 6511: 6404: 6325: 6299: 6280: 6261: 6242: 6223: 6201: 6176: 6127: 6104: 5951: 5301: 5274: 5265: 5218: 5119: 5091: 4783: 4771: 2907: 2531: 2329: 2183: 2151: 2088: 1301: 1102: 1079: 947: 812: 742: 741:

and assumed office in June, the party was deeply unpopular due to the failure of the

704: 629: 434: 256: 5331:, the Conservatives won a stronger minority government before winning a majority in 4811: 173: 166: 6525: 6215: 6168: 6034: 5904: 5213: 4881: 3337: 2793: 2272: 2108: 2080:, while in other provinces the GST and the Provincial Sales Tax remained separate. 1385:, many traditional NDP voters were disenchanted and moved to the Liberal Party. In 1067: 1022:

for a couple of years before resigning. The party then selected veteran politician

758: 589: 578: 484: 416: 389: 373: 121: 6571: 2408: 2027: 1964: 1023: 712: 665: 184: 6667: 6500: 6419: 6099:

Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney

5562: 5405: 5055: 4850: 4696: 4617: 3096: 2490: 2449: 2250: 2104: 2023: 1993: 1989: 1390: 1362: 1305: 1141: 1106: 901: 792: 194: 189: 6395:

LeDuc, Lawrence; Pammett, Jon H.; McKenzie, Judith L.; Turcotte, André (2010).

5807:"without a doubt" the most important issue. Frizzell, Pammett, & Westell 2. 5308: 5135: 5114:

rather than focusing its attention on Quebec. However, Barrett was defeated at

5040: 4930: 4884:. The party as a whole was left deeply in debt, and came up ten seats short of 4826: 4683: 4581: 1386: 1148: 1133: 1122: 1035: 998: 897: 877: 773: 738: 604: 251: 6152:

Forsythe, Robert; Frank, Murray; Krishnamurthy, Vasu; Ross, Thomas W. (1998).

5532:

80% of Canadians disapproved of the GST in a June 1993 poll. Woolstencroft 32.

933:

had also grown to $ 500 billion. Mulroney had brought in the highly unpopular

7308: 6596: 6180: 6092: 5391: 5346:

The Bloc Québécois failed to propel the sovereigntist side to victory in the

5082: 5044: 4946: 4938: 4918: 4898: 4687: 4673: 4655: 4609: 4603: 4595: 4575: 4571: 4561: 3367: 2985: 2179: 1401: 1212: 1063: 1062:

in Quebec to take its first-ever seat in that province. The next year, under

5122:, and his platform was not adopted by the party. The NDP also supported the 844:

The turnover of MPs was stark and unprecedented for Canadian politics, with

6651: 6507: 5982: 5971:

Warren Caragata in Ottawa with Carl Mollins in Washington (March 6, 1995).

5312: 5107: 5062: 4858: 4838: 4779:. The blue is Progressive Conservative, the red Liberal, and the orange NDP 4659: 4641: 4627: 4396: 3347: 2902: 2572: 2342: 2316:

This election, like all previous Canadian elections, was conducted under a

2238: 2213: 2056: 2051: 1160: 1087: 1043: 1002: 983: 976: 921: 730: 650: 439: 6485: 6399:

Dynasties and Interludes: Past and Present in Canadian Electoral Politics

4989: 4957: 4934: 4862: 4645: 4613: 3372: 2869: 2276:

dropped, and began contesting federal elections again beginning with the

2140: 2112: 2060: 1414: 1227: 1205:

return for some concessions on fiscal policy) over one lead by Chrétien.

1059: 1027: 1014: 698:, it was one of the most eventful elections in Canada's history. Two new 5399: 2283:

Several unrecognized parties also contested the election, including the

1082:

made efforts to expand party support into Quebec instead of focusing on

6610: 6188: 5176: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4926: 4743: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4585: 2647: 2167: 2132: 2064: 1284: 1042:

The New Democratic Party (NDP) had won a record 43 seats in 1988 under

5922: 1963:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

1373: 6549: 5713:"PM Kim Campbell Leads PC Party to Defeat - Wins 2 Seats Only (1993)" 5286: 5058:'s position as Opposition Leader granted him a meeting with visiting 4962: 4854: 4599: 2754: 2100: 1410: 6172: 5151: 4718: 1109:

led a group of Progressive Conservative and Liberal MPs to form the

4818: 4631: 3352: 2234: 1325: 1168: 1137: 1055: 1054:–the first time the NDP had formed a provincial government east of 955: 890: 800: 6314: 6142: 5717: 5078: 3357: 3342: 1382: 1051: 1047: 905: 803:. Though the Progressive Conservatives recovered slightly in the 6196:

Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H., eds. (1994).

4817:

Campbell was defeated in her Vancouver riding by rookie Liberal

2301:

List of MPs who stood down at the 1993 Canadian federal election

6764: 6074: 6061: 3362: 1013:

The other traditional parties were also not faring well. While

830: 6151: 5902:

Chris Cobb "Maharishi had Last Laugh over Canadian Taxpayer."

5273:. The five parties were reduced to four when the PC Party and 4873:, who had served two terms as a Progressive Conservative from 3392: 2335:

For a complete list of MPs elected in the 1993 election, see

1320:

English version logo of the Reform Party during the election.

6394: 5323:. It then formed its first government, a minority, in early 4775:

The distribution of seats in the House of Commons after the

799:

party in the Commons, although it won only one seat east of

5873:

Richard Mackie "Voters Find Uncommon Views on the Fringe."

5817:"2015 election campaign is eerily similar to the 1993 race" 3086: 2249:, which was formed by supporters of U.S. fringe politician 5943: 5208:

election with lasting effects on Canadian politics. Since

2199:

broadly centre-left platform focusing on opposition to the

733:, near the end of her party's five year mandate. When she 5947:

Women's Organizing and Public Policy in Canada and Sweden

4837:). All other Cabinet members lost their seats except for 4825:

was unseated at the same time (it previously happened to

722:

The election was called on September 8, 1993, by the new

1405:

Progressive Conservative Party logo during the election.

6360: 6348:

Pivot or pirouette?: The 1993 Canadian general election

5296:

The Reform Party became the Official Opposition in the

6195: 5285:. Despite the brief comeback of former prime minister 4949:

crossed the floor from the Progressive Conservatives.

1185:

Opinion polling for the 1993 Canadian federal election

950:

collapsed in 1990 when the provincial legislatures of

686:

was held on October 25, 1993, to elect members to the

6324:(Rev. and augm. ed.). Ottawa: Elections Canada. 1341:

won over many conservatives in the West and Ontario.

5798:, (Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997), p. 367. 5503:"Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums" 5381: 2059:. They also promised new programs such as a limited 1979:

Graph of opinion polls conducted during the campaign

5937: 5008:in which the Bloc was cut down to only four seats. 6449: 6396: 6126:(2nd ed.). Toronto: Oxford University Press. 6119: 6096: 815:(successor of the Reform Party) to create the new 779:won over many traditional PC voters, particularly 6377:How to solve Canada's economic mess without raisi 6367:Creating Opportunity: The Liberal Plan for Canada 5944:Linda Briskin; Mona Eliasson (October 25, 1999). 5919:"1993 Canadian Federal Election Results (Detail)" 5425:Articles on parties' candidates in this election: 7306: 5549: 5547: 641: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5110:argued that the party should be concerned with 1288:Logo of the Bloc Québécois during the election. 940: 634:The Canadian parliament after the 1993 election 6683:indicates parties with members elected to the 5752:. October 18, 1993. p. 15. Archived from 2256:This election was also the last time that the 924:increased dramatically and the federal budget 765:. The Progressive Conservatives also launched 6750: 6435: 6293: 5777:Forsythe, Frank, Krishnamurthy, and Ross 337. 5544: 4845:; moreover, many prominent ministers such as 2312:Results of the 1993 Canadian federal election 1909: 1117:and access to the networks of the provincial 966: 6388:. Montréal : National Party of Canada. 5950:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 189. 5787: 5785: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5725: 5570:: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister. 5225:division, with the Liberals following their 4791: 2289:Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) 6236: 6167:(3). University of Toronto Press: 329–351. 5350:and lost Official Opposition status in the 3881: 3785: 3689: 3593: 3497: 3401: 1396: 1113:. This party quickly gained the support of 6757: 6743: 6442: 6428: 6355:47 Days: The Election that Changed Canada. 6315:Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (2001). 6147:(M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University. 5414:List of Canadian federal general elections 4810:in eastern Quebec, fell to Bloc candidate 4564:(LIB) def Richard Kayler (REF) by 12 votes 3104: 2111:. The party also advocated a reduction in 1337:policies as well as its opposition to the 6274: 5869: 5867: 5780: 5768: 5192:Learn how and when to remove this message 4759:Learn how and when to remove this message 2233:, which was mainly dedicated to opposing 1377:The federal NDP logo during the election. 914:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 6385:ng personal taxes or increasing the debt 6214: 5617: 5311:and the Progressive Conservatives under 4909:and in Alberta for the first time since 4782: 4770: 2020:series of commercials attacking Chrétien 1400: 1372: 1315: 1283: 1252: 6255: 1221:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 829:won almost half of the popular vote in 7307: 7294:Historical federal electoral districts 6117: 5864: 5857:Robert J. Jackson and Doreen Jackson. 5249:, finally relinquishing their lead in 4550: 3326: 1296:benefited from a surge in support for 1257:Liberal Party logo during the election 920:badly harmed the Canadian economy, as 6738: 6423: 6298:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6296:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6279:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6277:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6260:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6258:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6241:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6239:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6222:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6220:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6200:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6198:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6140: 6091: 5307:In 2003, the Canadian Alliance under 3090:History of Federal Ridings since 1867 2351: 2328:and its Members of Parliament to the 2186:. The National Party did not attend. 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1008: 986:, Campbell emerged victorious in the 5618:Ferreira, Victor (August 12, 2015). 5586:. The Globe and Mail. Archived from 5354:. It continued to lose seats in the 5174:adding citations to reliable sources 5145: 4741:adding citations to reliable sources 4712: 2287:(which was closely aligned with the 2247:Party for the Commonwealth of Canada 1949: 1409:The PC campaign was headed by chair 1173:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1066:, the New Democrats were elected in 694:of Canada. Considered to be a major 6122:Canadian Democracy: An Introduction 5500: 5419:List of political parties in Canada 4983: 4708: 2305: 2202:North American Free Trade Agreement 2085:North American Free Trade Agreement 1331:North American Free Trade Agreement 1001:had been the subject of late-1960s 13: 7320:Canadian federal elections by year 6370:. Ottawa: Liberal Party of Canada. 6340: 6016:Support numbers come from Pammett. 5581: 5572:Random House Canada, 2005, p. 363. 5204:The 1993 election is considered a 2341: 2324:by appointing its party leader as 1427: 1208:With this in mind, Campbell asked 1178: 14: 7346: 7168:29th (1973–1974; no by-elections) 6463:Progressive Conservative majority 6374:National Party of Canada (1993). 5823:, Haydn Watters · October 8, 2015 5335:. However, they were defeated in 2174:complained vehemently about. The 1279: 990:and became Canada's first female 749:Accords, the introduction of the 609:Results by province and territory 5398: 5384: 5150: 5068: 4717: 2227:Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada 2157: 2127:The election was held under the 1954: 1058:. That same year, the NDP won a 628: 613: 603: 584: 583: 573: 572: 538: 537: 530: 529: 422: 415: 384: 383: 368: 367: 327: 326: 319: 318: 311: 310: 172: 165: 154: 116: 115: 30: 18:Selection of the 35th Parliament 6019: 6010: 6001: 5964: 5911: 5896: 5880: 5851: 5842: 5826: 5810: 5801: 5705: 5696: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5646: 5637: 5611: 5602: 5161:needs additional citations for 4728:needs additional citations for 1368: 1194: 871: 99:148 seats needed for a majority 7315:1993 Canadian federal election 6451:1993 Canadian federal election 6067: 6054: 5832:Ron Eade "Election Spending." 5575: 5556: 5535: 5526: 5517: 5494: 5262:Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition 2193:, it campaigned on a strongly 1999: 1093: 724:Progressive Conservative Party 684:1993 Canadian federal election 646:Prime Minister before election 24:1993 Canadian federal election 1: 7330:October 1993 events in Canada 6084: 5796:The Prime Ministers of Canada 2294: 2129:Election Expenses Act of 1974 855: 661:Prime Minister after election 619:Results by electoral district 7335:Premiership of Jean Chrétien 5921:. Esm.ubc.ca. Archived from 5317:Conservative Party of Canada 941:Quebec constitutional status 900:, fiscal conservatives from 817:Conservative Party of Canada 7: 7289:Federal electoral districts 5659:September 25, 1993, pg. D6. 5377: 5018: 4891: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3021: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2223:Libertarian Party of Canada 2122: 1189: 1050:led the party to office in 848:. In total, 194 out of 295 10: 7351: 6403:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 6103:. Toronto: HarperCollins. 5686:"Reform Candidate Quits." 4077:Parties that won no seats: 4075: 3082: 3074: 2309: 2298: 2285:Canadian Party for Renewal 2115:levels and a retreat from 2003: 1435:Polls during the campaign 1248: 1182: 967:Campbell replaces Mulroney 846:132 MPs losing their seats 839:New Democratic Party (NDP) 52:October 25, 1993 7284:Federal political parties 7279: 7251: 7018: 6778: 6694: 6477: 6457: 6318:Canada's electoral system 6073:Did not contest seats in 5978:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5973:"Clinton visits Chrétien" 5908:October 29, 1993. pg. B.3 5693:October 14, 1993, pg. A6. 5568:The Secret Mulroney Tapes 5477:Progressive Conservatives 5141: 5031:and rallying against the 4971:Beauséjour, New Brunswick 4867:Saint John, New Brunswick 4841:, who won re-election in 4792:Progressive Conservatives 3975: 3884: 3882: 3788: 3786: 3692: 3690: 3596: 3594: 3500: 3498: 3404: 3402: 3333: 3313: 3305: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3279: 3274: 3266: 3261: 3253: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3203: 3195: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3156: 3151: 3143: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3095:December 4, 2008, at the 3029: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3015: 2717: 2607: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2221:which ran 79 candidates, 2096:that was sure to follow. 2063:programme and a national 2041: 1470: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1311: 1300:after the failure of the 1101:After the failure of the 767:a controversial attack ad 639: 626: 599: 395: 128: 110: 103: 92: 74: 40: 28: 7325:1993 elections in Canada 6648:Progressive Conservative 6357:Independently Published. 6353:Holden, Brandon (2023). 6118:Brooks, Stephen (1996). 6060:Only contested seats in 5877:October 5, 1993. pg. A6. 5488: 5052:Leader of the Opposition 3790:Progressive Conservative 2568:Progressive Conservative 2337:35th Canadian parliament 2262:fundamentalist Christian 2231:Christian Heritage Party 2195:economically nationalist 1397:Progressive Conservative 1030:as party leader after a 988:June leadership election 737:longtime Prime Minister 655:Progressive Conservative 455:Progressive Conservative 6709:MPs who lost their seat 6699:1993 Chrétien attack ad 6362:Liberal Party of Canada 5839:April 29, 1994. pg. A.1 5746:"A Struggle to Survive" 4865:, the popular mayor of 3105:Vote and seat summaries 3087:http://www.elections.ca 2318:single-member plurality 2094:referendum on secession 2006:1993 Chrétien attack ad 1157:National Energy Program 787:Western Canadians, and 6561:Independent candidates 6161:Canadian Public Policy 6141:Colby, Jordan (1997). 5887:"1993 leaders’ debate" 5652:"Fill in the Blanks." 5348:1995 Quebec referendum 5212:in 1867, Canada had a 5090:. Defeated Ontario MP 4788: 4780: 2346: 2070:Goods and Services Tax 1406: 1378: 1339:Goods and Services Tax 1321: 1289: 1258: 1130:Reform Party of Canada 1078:. As well, new leader 935:Goods and Services Tax 751:Goods and Services Tax 6346:Flanagan, T. (2022). 5315:merged, creating the 5258:dominant-party system 5206:political realignment 4886:official party status 4786: 4774: 4680:Souris—Moose Mountain 4638:Moose Jaw—Lake Centre 2345: 2219:Green Party of Canada 2210:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 2176:Green Party of Canada 2117:official bilingualism 2048:early 1990s recession 1413:and chief strategist 1404: 1376: 1319: 1287: 1256: 1202:confidence and supply 1115:Quebec sovereigntists 807:, they lost seats in 769:during the campaign. 755:early 1990s recession 696:political realignment 5677:Ellis and Archer 69. 5668:Ellis and Archer 67. 5584:"Jean Pelletier, 73" 5170:improve this article 5124:Charlottetown Accord 5033:Charlottetown Accord 4737:improve this article 3694:New Democratic Party 2527:New Democratic Party 2107:, and change to the 2078:Provincial sales tax 1421:unpopular Mulroney. 1347:socially progressive 1144:, the son of former 1076:Charlottetown Accord 981:Environment Minister 960:Charlottetown Accord 918:late 1980s recession 789:fiscal conservatives 781:social conservatives 7243:44th (2021–present) 5891:CBC Television News 5875:The Globe and Mail. 5590:on January 21, 2009 5360:sponsorship scandal 5321:sponsorship scandal 5239:sponsorship scandal 5088:earlier in the year 5013:Official Opposition 4803:first past the post 4690:(REF) by 499 votes 4652:Edmonton—Strathcona 4551:Ten closest ridings 3327:Results by province 2258:Social Credit Party 2013:minority government 1335:social conservative 1268:A Taxpayer's Agenda 1226:At the ceremony at 1217:dissolve parliament 974:Minister of Justice 910:Quebec nationalists 835:Official Opposition 717:majority government 493:Last election 476:Leader's seat 263:Last election 243:Leader's seat 25: 6704:MPs who stood down 6522:Christian Heritage 5925:on August 30, 2017 5859:Politics in Canada 5835:The Ottawa Citizen 5756:on August 30, 2020 5689:The Globe and Mail 5655:The Globe and Mail 5505:. Elections Canada 5271:multi-party system 5112:Western alienation 5029:Western alienation 5024:seat in Manitoba. 4943:Edmonton Southeast 4923:Edmonton Northwest 4843:Sherbrooke, Quebec 4789: 4781: 4676:(LIB) by 476 votes 4662:(LIB) by 418 votes 4648:(NDP) by 310 votes 4634:(LIB) by 219 votes 4624:Winnipeg Transcona 4620:(REF) by 203 votes 4606:(LIB) by 123 votes 4558:Edmonton Northwest 4242:Christian Heritage 2789:Christian Heritage 2347: 2243:Abolitionist Party 2164:Politics in Canada 1820:Leger & Leger 1700:Leger & Leger 1518:Comquest Research 1407: 1379: 1322: 1298:Quebec nationalism 1290: 1259: 1086:, having defeated 1084:Western alienation 1009:Opposition parties 547:Popular vote 504:Seats before 499:169 seats, 43.02% 461:Leader since 336:Popular vote 279:Seats before 221:Leader since 105:Opinion polls 23: 7302: 7301: 6780:General elections 6732: 6731: 6719:Results by riding 6636:Audrey McLaughlin 6538:(Gilles Gervais, 6512:Joseph Thauberger 6410:978-1-55488-886-3 6305:978-0-88629-228-7 6286:978-0-88629-228-7 6267:978-0-88629-228-7 6248:978-0-88629-228-7 6229:978-0-88629-228-7 6216:Clarkson, Stephen 6207:978-0-88629-228-7 6133:978-0-19-541205-5 6110:978-0-00-255071-0 5989:on April 28, 2009 5957:978-0-7735-6789-4 5893:, October 4, 1993 5702:Woolstencroft 17. 5608:Woolstencroft 15. 5339:by the Liberals. 5302:Canadian Alliance 5275:Canadian Alliance 5202: 5201: 5194: 5120:Audrey McLaughlin 5106:Columbia Premier 4998:Progressive Party 4769: 4768: 4761: 4703:(BQ) by 499 votes 4693:Verdun—Saint-Paul 4592:(REF) by 83 votes 4578:(LIB) by 67 votes 4548: 4547: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3102: 3101: 2908:Joseph Thauberger 2532:Audrey McLaughlin 2330:Cabinet of Canada 2206:Natural Law Party 2152:Canadian Alliance 2148:Ukrainian Embassy 2089:free trade debate 1976: 1975: 1945: 1944: 1790:Compass Research 1640:Compass Research 1302:Meech Lake Accord 1153:the West wants in 1103:Meech Lake Accord 1080:Audrey McLaughlin 948:Meech Lake Accord 813:Canadian Alliance 759:writs were issued 680: 679: 676: 675: 595: 594: 526:Seat change 496:43 seats, 20.38% 435:Audrey McLaughlin 307:Seat change 266:83 seats, 31.92% 257:Calgary Southwest 94:295 seats in the 70: 69: 7342: 7238:43rd (2019–2021) 7233:42nd (2015–2019) 7228:41st (2011–2015) 7223:40th (2008–2011) 7218:39th (2006–2008) 7213:38th (2004–2006) 7208:37th (2000–2004) 7203:36th (1997–2000) 7198:35th (1994–1997) 7193:34th (1988–1993) 7188:33rd (1984–1988) 7183:32nd (1980–1984) 7173:30th (1974–1979) 7169: 7163:28th (1968–1972) 7158:27th (1965–1968) 7153:26th (1963–1965) 7148:25th (1962–1963) 7143:24th (1958–1962) 7138:23rd (1957–1958) 7133:22nd (1953–1957) 7128:21st (1949–1953) 7123:20th (1945–1949) 7118:19th (1940–1945) 7113:18th (1936–1940) 7108:17th (1930–1935) 7103:16th (1926–1930) 7093:14th (1921–1925) 7088:13th (1918–1921) 7083:12th (1911–1917) 7078:11th (1909–1911) 7073:10th (1905–1908) 6759: 6752: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6714:Results overview 6688: 6685:House of Commons 6623:(Neil Paterson, 6593:Marxist–Leninist 6526:Heather Stilwell 6469:Liberal majority 6444: 6437: 6430: 6421: 6420: 6414: 6402: 6371: 6335: 6323: 6309: 6290: 6271: 6252: 6233: 6211: 6192: 6158: 6148: 6137: 6125: 6114: 6102: 6078: 6071: 6065: 6058: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6037:on June 25, 2011 6033:. Archived from 6029:Chronicle Herald 6023: 6017: 6014: 6008: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5985:. Archived from 5968: 5962: 5961: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5915: 5909: 5905:Montreal Gazette 5900: 5894: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5862: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5830: 5824: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5799: 5792:Gordon Donaldson 5789: 5778: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5742: 5723: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5579: 5573: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5542: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5498: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5243:party infighting 5214:two-party system 5197: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5154: 5146: 5132:1990 by-election 4955:leadership rival 4882:Elections Canada 4764: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4721: 4713: 4709:Results analysis 4501:Marxist–Leninist 3331: 3330: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3108: 2981:Marxist–Leninist 2794:Heather Stilwell 2380: 2349: 2348: 2306:National results 2273:Rhinoceros Party 2105:recall elections 1958: 1957: 1950: 1432: 1431: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1210:Governor General 1068:British Columbia 688:House of Commons 642: 632: 620: 617: 610: 607: 587: 586: 576: 575: 541: 540: 533: 532: 485:Vancouver Centre 465:December 5, 1989 426: 419: 387: 386: 371: 370: 330: 329: 322: 321: 314: 313: 238: 236:November 1, 1987 176: 169: 158: 130: 129: 119: 118: 96:House of Commons 79:outgoing members 59: 57: 42: 41: 35: 34: 33: 26: 22: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7275: 7247: 7167: 7068:9th (1901–1904) 7063:8th (1896–1900) 7058:7th (1891–1896) 7053:6th (1887–1891) 7048:5th (1883–1887) 7043:4th (1879–1882) 7038:3rd (1874–1878) 7033:2nd (1873–1874) 7028:1st (1867–1872) 7014: 6774: 6763: 6733: 6728: 6724:Opinion polling 6690: 6679: 6668:Preston Manning 6585:(Hilliard Cox, 6501:Lucien Bouchard 6473: 6453: 6448: 6411: 6343: 6341:Further reading 6338: 6332: 6321: 6306: 6287: 6268: 6249: 6230: 6208: 6173:10.2307/3551972 6156: 6134: 6111: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6072: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5992: 5990: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5901: 5897: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5831: 5827: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5790: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5744: 5743: 5726: 5721:. June 6, 2017. 5711: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5580: 5576: 5563:Peter C. Newman 5561: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5406:Politics portal 5404: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5264:consisted of a 5227:UK counterparts 5198: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5167: 5155: 5144: 5081:in Ontario and 5071: 5056:Lucien Bouchard 5039:seats; massive 5021: 4986: 4894: 4851:Don Mazankowski 4794: 4765: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4734: 4722: 4711: 4706: 4697:Raymond Lavigne 4691: 4670:Richard Bélisle 4618:Linda Robertson 4553: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3298: 3285: 3272: 3259: 3246: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3188: 3175: 3162: 3149: 3136: 3107: 3097:Wayback Machine 2718:No affiliation 2491:Preston Manning 2450:Lucien Bouchard 2376: 2359: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2251:Lyndon LaRouche 2212:, it advocated 2160: 2125: 2044: 2008: 2002: 1990:Lucien Bouchard 1986:leaders debates 1982: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1959: 1955: 1915:Election result 1430: 1428:Leaders debates 1399: 1371: 1363:York University 1314: 1306:Lucien Bouchard 1282: 1251: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1181: 1179:Opinion polling 1146:Alberta Premier 1142:Preston Manning 1119:Parti Québécois 1107:Lucien Bouchard 1096: 1032:divisive battle 1011: 969: 943: 937:(GST) in 1991. 902:Atlantic Canada 874: 858: 852:changed hands. 833:and became the 793:Preston Manning 692:35th Parliament 668: 663: 653: 648: 640: 635: 627: 622: 621: 618: 611: 608: 600: 515:Seats won 487: 396: 293:Seats won 274:0 seats, 2.09% 234: 195:Preston Manning 190:Lucien Bouchard 162: 161: 160: 159: 98: 93: 88: 87: 84:elected members 81: 55: 53: 36: 31: 29: 19: 12: 11: 5: 7348: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 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3973: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3502:Bloc Québécois 3499: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3454:Popular vote: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3254:Bloc Québécois 3251: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3170:Bloc Québécois 3167: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2947:Gilles Gervais 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686:Neil Paterson 2684: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2600:−26.97% 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2559:−13.50% 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2445:Bloc Québécois 2442: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2326:Prime Minister 2310:Main article: 2307: 2304: 2299:Main article: 2296: 2293: 2271:The satirical 2172:National Party 2159: 2156: 2124: 2121: 2043: 2040: 2004:Main article: 2001: 1998: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1962: 1960: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1426: 1398: 1395: 1391:strategic vote 1387:Western Canada 1370: 1367: 1313: 1310: 1294:Bloc Québécois 1281: 1280:Bloc Québécois 1278: 1273:Globe and Mail 1250: 1247: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1183:Main article: 1180: 1177: 1149:Ernest Manning 1123:Gilles Duceppe 1111:Bloc Québécois 1095: 1092: 1036:Jean Pelletier 1010: 1007: 999:Pierre Trudeau 992:prime minister 968: 965: 942: 939: 883:1958 landslide 878:Brian Mulroney 873: 870: 857: 854: 827:Bloc Québécois 739:Brian Mulroney 728:Prime Minister 678: 677: 674: 673: 658: 637: 636: 633: 624: 623: 612: 602: 601: 597: 596: 593: 592: 581: 570: 566: 565: 562: 559: 555: 554: 551: 548: 544: 543: 535: 527: 523: 522: 519: 516: 512: 511: 508: 505: 501: 500: 497: 494: 490: 489: 482: 477: 473: 472: 467: 462: 458: 457: 452: 450:New Democratic 447: 443: 442: 437: 432: 428: 427: 420: 413: 409: 408: 405: 402: 398: 397: 393: 392: 381: 376: 365: 361: 360: 357: 354: 351: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 333: 332: 324: 316: 308: 304: 303: 300: 297: 294: 290: 289: 286: 283: 280: 276: 275: 272: 267: 264: 260: 259: 254: 252:Lac-Saint-Jean 249: 244: 240: 239: 232: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 210:Bloc Québécois 207: 202: 198: 197: 192: 187: 182: 178: 177: 170: 163: 153: 152: 151: 150: 148: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 126: 125: 112: 108: 107: 101: 100: 90: 89: 82: 76: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 61: 49: 38: 37: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7347: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6632:New Democrats 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6597:Hardial Bains 6594: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6572:Jean Chrétien 6569: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6412: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6333: 6331:0-662-65352-1 6327: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6076: 6070: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6036: 6032: 6030: 6022: 6013: 6007:Whitehorn 52. 6004: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5861:1998 ed. 400. 5860: 5854: 5845: 5838: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5804: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5699: 5692: 5690: 5683: 5674: 5665: 5658: 5656: 5649: 5640: 5625: 5624:National Post 5621: 5614: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5550: 5548: 5538: 5529: 5520: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5472:New Democrats 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:Abolitionists 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5392:Canada portal 5382: 5375: 5373: 5372:2021 election 5369: 5368:2019 election 5365: 5364:2015 election 5361: 5357: 5356:2000 election 5353: 5352:1997 election 5349: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5329:2008 election 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5298:1997 election 5294: 5292: 5289:as leader in 5288: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5210:Confederation 5207: 5196: 5193: 5185: 5182:November 2021 5175: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5159:This section 5157: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5083:Mike Harcourt 5080: 5075: 5069:New Democrats 5066: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5045:Simcoe Centre 5042: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4994:1921 election 4991: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967:Saint-Maurice 4964: 4959: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4947:David Kilgour 4944: 4940: 4939:Edmonton East 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4919:Anne McLellan 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4900: 4899:Simcoe Centre 4889: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4785: 4778: 4777:1988 election 4773: 4763: 4760: 4752: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4726:This section 4724: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4688:Doug Heimlick 4685: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674:Jacques Saada 4671: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4656:Hugh Hanrahan 4653: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610:Edmonton East 4608: 4605: 4604:Janice Laking 4601: 4597: 4596:Simcoe Centre 4594: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4576:Denis Coderre 4573: 4572:Osvaldo Nunez 4569: 4566: 4563: 4562:Anne McLellan 4559: 4556: 4555: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3601: 3599: 3592: 3549: 3548: 3505: 3503: 3496: 3453: 3452: 3409: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3014: 2987: 2986:Hardial Bains 2984: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2856:−0.14% 2832:Hilliard Cox 2831: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2819:−0.55% 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2780:−0.12% 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2714: 2713: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2622: 2604: 2603: 2591:−98.8% 2588: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2550:−79.1% 2547: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2506: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2465: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2424: 2410: 2409:Jean Chrétien 2407: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2366:Popular vote 2355:Party leader 2350: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2278:2008 election 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2180:CBC Newsworld 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2158:Minor parties 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2028:Roméo LeBlanc 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1970: 1969:MediaWiki.org 1966: 1961: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1733:September 28 1732: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1703:September 26 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673:September 26 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1643:September 26 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1613:September 25 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1583:September 22 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551:September 16 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521:September 14 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1356:Rick Anderson 1351: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1318: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1246: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Ray Hnatyshyn 1211: 1206: 1203: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1140:party led by 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Mike Harcourt 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024:Jean Chrétien 1021: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 982: 978: 975: 964: 961: 957: 953: 949: 938: 936: 932: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 879: 869: 867: 863: 853: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 825: 824:sovereigntist 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:1997 election 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 775: 774:Western-based 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 747:Charlottetown 744: 740: 736: 732: 729: 726:(PC) leader, 725: 720: 718: 714: 713:Jean Chrétien 710: 709:Liberal Party 706: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 672: 671: 667: 666:Jean Chrétien 662: 659: 657: 656: 652: 647: 644: 643: 638: 631: 625: 616: 606: 598: 591: 582: 580: 571: 568: 567: 563: 560: 557: 556: 552: 549: 546: 545: 536: 528: 525: 524: 520: 517: 514: 513: 509: 506: 503: 502: 498: 495: 492: 491: 486: 483: 481: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470:June 13, 1993 468: 466: 463: 460: 459: 456: 453: 451: 448: 445: 444: 441: 438: 436: 433: 430: 429: 425: 421: 418: 414: 411: 410: 406: 404:Fourth party 403: 400: 399: 394: 391: 382: 380: 377: 375: 366: 363: 362: 358: 355: 352: 349: 348: 344: 341: 338: 335: 334: 325: 317: 309: 306: 305: 301: 298: 295: 292: 291: 287: 284: 281: 278: 277: 273: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 247:Saint-Maurice 245: 242: 241: 237: 233: 231: 230:July 25, 1990 228: 226: 225:June 23, 1990 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 185:Jean Chrétien 183: 180: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 157: 149: 146: 145: 141: 139:Second party 138: 135: 132: 131: 127: 123: 113: 109: 106: 102: 97: 91: 86: → 85: 80: 77:← 73: 66: → 65: 62: 60: 50: 48: 45:← 44: 43: 39: 27: 21: 16: 7020:By-elections 7008: 6957: 6680: 6678: 6662: 6652:Kim Campbell 6646: 6630: 6566: 6559: 6536:Commonwealth 6495: 6482:Abolitionist 6450: 6398: 6383: 6382: 6375: 6366: 6354: 6350:. UBC Press. 6347: 6317: 6295: 6276: 6257: 6238: 6219: 6197: 6164: 6160: 6143: 6121: 6098: 6069: 6056: 6039:. Retrieved 6035:the original 6028: 6021: 6012: 6003: 5991:. Retrieved 5987:the original 5976: 5966: 5946: 5939: 5929:September 9, 5927:. Retrieved 5923:the original 5913: 5903: 5898: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5858: 5853: 5844: 5833: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5803: 5795: 5758:. Retrieved 5754:the original 5749: 5716: 5707: 5698: 5687: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5653: 5648: 5643:Clarkson 36. 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5623: 5613: 5604: 5592:. Retrieved 5588:the original 5577: 5566: 5558: 5537: 5528: 5519: 5507:. Retrieved 5501:Pomfret, R. 5496: 5482:Reform Party 5457:Libertarians 5447:Commonwealth 5442:Canada Party 5432:Independents 5424: 5423: 5345: 5341: 5313:Peter MacKay 5306: 5295: 5279: 5255: 5231: 5203: 5188: 5179: 5168:Please help 5163:verification 5160: 5128: 5108:Dave Barrett 5104: 5076: 5072: 5063:Bill Clinton 5049: 5037: 5026: 5022: 5010: 5002: 4987: 4975: 4951: 4904: 4895: 4879: 4859:John Crosbie 4839:Jean Charest 4822: 4816: 4799: 4795: 4755: 4746: 4735:Please help 4730:verification 4727: 4701:Kim Beaudoin 4660:Chris Peirce 4642:Allan Kerpan 4628:Bill Blaikie 4449:Commonwealth 4397:Canada Party 4346:Abolitionist 4076: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3306:Independents 3215: 3118:Popular vote 3083: 3075: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 2942:Commonwealth 2903:Canada Party 2865:Abolitionist 2620: 2608:Independent 2586: 2573:Kim Campbell 2545: 2504: 2463: 2422: 2334: 2315: 2282: 2270: 2266:Ken Campbell 2255: 2239:Canada Party 2214:yogic flying 2208:. Linked to 2188: 2163: 2161: 2145: 2141:trade unions 2137: 2126: 2098: 2082: 2061:public works 2052:unemployment 2045: 2036: 2032: 2024:Bell's palsy 2017: 2009: 1983: 1939: 1925: 1914: 1903: 1889: 1873: 1859: 1843: 1829: 1813: 1799: 1783: 1769: 1753: 1739: 1723: 1709: 1693: 1679: 1663: 1649: 1633: 1619: 1603: 1589: 1573: 1559: 1554: 1541: 1524: 1511: 1497: 1491:September 9 1423: 1419: 1408: 1380: 1369:New Democrat 1360: 1352: 1343: 1323: 1291: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1225: 1207: 1198: 1195:Pre-campaign 1161:Deborah Grey 1127: 1100: 1097: 1088:Dave Barrett 1044:Ed Broadbent 1041: 1012: 1003:Trudeaumania 996: 984:Jean Charest 977:Kim Campbell 970: 952:Newfoundland 944: 922:unemployment 895: 875: 872:Mulroney era 859: 843: 821: 777:Reform Party 771: 731:Kim Campbell 721: 683: 681: 664: 660: 651:Kim Campbell 649: 645: 440:Kim Campbell 407:Fifth party 379:pre-creation 378: 270:pre-creation 269: 142:Third party 136:First party 51: 20: 15: 7253:Referendums 7178:31st (1979) 7098:15th (1926) 6771:referendums 6621:Natural Law 6583:Libertarian 6486:John Turmel 5848:Brooks 207. 5553:Brooks 194. 5509:January 11, 5467:Natural Law 5237:, with the 4996:, when the 4990:francophone 4958:Paul Martin 4935:Judy Bethel 4863:Elsie Wayne 4646:Rod Laporte 4614:Judy Bethel 4294:Libertarian 4139:Natural Law 3978:Total seats 3334:Party name 3228:Seat totals 2870:John Turmel 2828:Libertarian 2682:Natural Law 2360:candidates 2191:nationalist 2113:immigration 2000:Chrétien ad 1965:Phabricator 1919:October 25 1883:October 22 1853:October 22 1850:Angus Reid 1823:October 19 1793:October 16 1760:Angus Reid 1670:Environics 1548:Angus Reid 1488:Angus Reid 1415:Allan Gregg 1228:Rideau Hall 1165:by-election 1094:New parties 1072:federalists 1060:by-election 1028:Paul Martin 1015:John Turner 700:regionalist 558:Percentage 488:(defeated) 350:Percentage 7309:Categories 6672:candidates 6656:candidates 6640:candidates 6625:candidates 6615:candidates 6611:Mel Hurtig 6601:candidates 6587:candidates 6576:candidates 6554:candidates 6540:candidates 6530:candidates 6516:candidates 6490:candidates 6461:Outgoing: 6085:References 5993:August 25, 5760:August 25, 5541:Bliss 308. 5523:Bliss 312. 5266:separatist 4927:John Loney 4829:twice: in 4808:Charlevoix 4699:(LIB) def 4686:(LIB) def 4666:La Prairie 4658:(REF) def 4644:(REF) def 4630:(NDP) def 4616:(LIB) def 4602:(REF) def 4588:(LIB) def 4586:John Loney 3061:13,667,671 2648:Mel Hurtig 2594:2,186,422 2512:2,559,245 2471:1,846,024 2430:5,647,952 2322:government 2295:Candidates 2245:, and the 2168:Mel Hurtig 2133:tax credit 2101:free votes 2074:Harmonized 2065:child care 1763:October 6 856:Background 797:right-wing 753:, and the 743:Meech Lake 553:2,186,422 345:2,559,245 342:1,846,024 339:5,647,952 56:1993-10-25 6773:in Canada 6767:elections 6550:Chris Lea 6181:0317-0861 5983:Maclean's 5750:Maclean's 5594:April 20, 5287:Joe Clark 4963:Outaouais 4855:Joe Clark 4672:(BQ) def 4600:Ed Harper 4574:(BQ) def 2755:Chris Lea 2386:% Change 2264:preacher 2076:with the 2057:Sea Kings 1411:John Tory 1020:stayed on 876:In 1984, 785:alienated 735:succeeded 711:, led by 705:landslide 6765:Federal 6607:National 6467:Result: 6364:(1993). 6095:(1994). 6041:June 20, 5821:CBC News 5629:March 4, 5582:Canada. 5378:See also 5006:election 4892:Liberals 4819:Hedy Fry 4632:Art Miki 4568:Bourassa 4087:National 3093:Archived 3084:Sources: 2667:187,251 2643:National 2553:939,575 2518:+16.59% 2427:+113.3% 2383:Elected 2235:abortion 2229:and the 2123:Finances 1326:populist 1264:Red Book 1190:Campaign 1169:Edmonton 1138:populist 1056:Manitoba 956:Manitoba 898:the West 891:Montreal 801:Manitoba 715:, won a 550:939,575 6568:Liberal 6189:3551972 5718:YouTube 5079:Bob Rae 4590:Ron Mix 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4497: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4445: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4342: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4290: 4279: 4264: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4203: 4179: 4135: 4124: 4083: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3888:Seats: 3794:Seats: 3698:Seats: 3664: 3620: 3602:Seats: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506:Seats: 3410:Seats: 3406:Liberal 3310: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3245: 3241:Liberal 3200: 3187: 3174: 3161: 3148: 3135: 3131:Liberal 3070: 3025: 3019:Vacant 3011:+0.04% 2977: 2938: 2861: 2850:14,630 2824: 2813:30,358 2785: 2774:32,979 2742:−0.10% 2736:48,959 2715: 2704:84,743 2678: 2639: 2634:+0.56% 2628:60,434 2625: 2605: 2597:16.04% 2564: 2523: 2515:18.69% 2509: 2482: 2474:13.52% 2441: 2436:+9.32% 2433:41.24% 2404:Liberal 2400: 2395:Change 2378:Dissol. 2170:of the 1967:and on 1880:Gallup 1610:Gallup 1383:Bob Rae 1249:Liberal 1239:⁄ 1136:-based 1134:Western 1052:Ontario 1048:Bob Rae 926:deficit 906:Ontario 850:ridings 690:of the 670:Liberal 564:16.04% 431:Leader 412: 401: 359:18.69% 356:13.52% 353:41.24% 205:Liberal 181:Leader 147: 133: 114:70.9% ( 111:Turnout 54: ( 6664:Reform 6508:Canada 6407: 6328: 6302: 6283: 6264: 6245: 6226: 6204: 6187: 6179: 6130: 6107: 6075:Quebec 6062:Quebec 5954: 5452:Greens 5219:Labour 5142:Legacy 5019:Reform 4933:, and 4857:, and 4695:, QC: 4682:, SK: 4668:, QC: 4654:, AB: 4640:, SK: 4626:, MB: 4612:, AB: 4598:, ON: 4584:, AB: 4570:, QC: 4560:, AB: 4505:Vote: 4453:Vote: 4401:Vote: 4350:Vote: 4298:Vote: 4246:Vote: 4194:Vote: 4143:Vote: 4091:Vote: 3932:Vote: 3885:Other 3838:Vote: 3742:Vote: 3646:Vote: 3598:Reform 3550:Vote: 3397:Total 3275:17.63% 3267:Reform 3262:18.31% 3249:60.00% 3196:Others 3178:13.52% 3165:16.04% 3152:18.69% 3144:Reform 3139:41.24% 3076:Notes: 3008:0.04% 3005:5,136 2969:0.06% 2966:7,316 2930:0.06% 2927:7,506 2892:0.07% 2889:9,141 2853:0.11% 2816:0.22% 2777:0.24% 2739:0.09% 2707:0.63% 2670:1.38% 2631:0.73% 2556:6.88% 2486:Reform 2363:Seats 2352:Party 2241:, the 2225:, the 2109:Senate 2050:, and 2042:Issues 1994:French 1333:, and 1312:Reform 1167:in an 1163:won a 1132:was a 908:, and 831:Quebec 707:, the 569:Swing 561:6.88% 446:Party 364:Swing 215:Reform 201:Party 6546:Green 6322:(PDF) 6185:JSTOR 6157:(PDF) 5489:Notes 5134:, as 4190:Green 3877:16.0 3874:17.7 3871:16.2 3868:26.7 3865:32.0 3862:23.5 3859:27.9 3856:13.5 3853:17.6 3850:11.9 3847:11.3 3844:14.6 3841:13.5 3778:43.4 3754:16.7 3751:26.6 3745:15.5 3685:18.7 3682:13.1 3670:13.3 3661:20.1 3658:22.4 3655:27.2 3652:52.3 3649:36.4 3589:13.5 3568:49.3 3493:41.3 3490:23.2 3487:65.4 3484:67.3 3481:60.1 3478:52.0 3475:56.0 3472:33.0 3469:52.9 3466:45.0 3463:32.1 3460:25.1 3457:28.1 3314:0.34% 3301:0.68% 3288:3.05% 3204:3.63% 3191:6.88% 3056:±0.0% 3036:2,155 3031:Total 2750:Green 1936:18.7 1933:13.5 1922:16.0 1730:Ekos 1471:Lead 1443:Date 1440:Firm 1026:over 588:26.98 577:13.50 480:Yukon 388:16.60 7271:1992 7266:1942 7261:1898 7009:Next 7003:2021 6998:2019 6993:2015 6988:2011 6983:2008 6978:2006 6973:2004 6968:2000 6963:1997 6958:1993 6953:1988 6948:1984 6943:1980 6938:1979 6933:1974 6928:1972 6923:1968 6918:1965 6913:1963 6908:1962 6903:1958 6898:1957 6893:1953 6888:1949 6883:1945 6878:1940 6873:1935 6868:1930 6863:1926 6858:1925 6853:1921 6848:1917 6843:1911 6838:1908 6833:1904 6828:1900 6823:1896 6818:1891 6813:1887 6808:1882 6803:1878 6798:1874 6793:1872 6788:1867 6769:and 6681:Bold 6405:ISBN 6326:ISBN 6300:ISBN 6281:ISBN 6262:ISBN 6243:ISBN 6224:ISBN 6202:ISBN 6177:ISSN 6128:ISBN 6105:ISBN 6043:2011 5995:2019 5952:ISBN 5931:2009 5762:2020 5631:2022 5596:2010 5511:2014 5337:2015 5333:2011 5325:2006 5291:1998 5283:1997 5251:2008 5247:2006 5241:and 5235:2004 5223:Tory 5100:2001 5096:1995 4978:1949 4915:1949 4911:1968 4907:1974 4835:1926 4833:and 4831:1921 4544:0.0 4520:0.1 4492:0.1 4471:0.2 4440:0.1 4422:0.3 4413:0.3 4410:0.3 4407:0.1 4404:0.1 4389:0.1 4368:0.2 4365:0.1 4337:0.1 4316:0.1 4313:0.2 4301:0.3 4285:0.2 4282:0.4 4276:0.2 4273:0.7 4270:0.3 4267:0.3 4261:0.3 4258:0.3 4255:0.2 4252:0.2 4249:0.4 4233:0.2 4227:1.4 4221:0.3 4218:0.1 4212:0.1 4209:0.3 4200:0.3 4197:0.7 4182:0.6 4176:0.9 4173:0.8 4170:0.2 4167:0.9 4164:0.5 4161:0.8 4158:0.5 4155:0.4 4152:0.3 4149:0.6 4146:0.6 4130:1.4 4127:2.1 4121:0.5 4118:0.5 4115:1.1 4112:0.3 4109:0.1 4106:1.2 4103:3.1 4100:1.0 4097:2.4 4094:4.1 3971:0.8 3956:2.1 3953:1.3 3950:1.1 3947:0.8 3944:0.1 3941:1.0 3938:0.4 3935:0.3 3781:6.9 3775:7.7 3772:3.5 3769:5.2 3766:6.8 3763:4.9 3760:1.5 3757:6.0 3748:4.1 3679:8.4 3676:1.0 3673:1.0 3667:8.5 3449:177 3066:100% 2689:231 2652:170 2611:129 2583:154 2580:169 2577:295 2536:294 2495:207 2413:295 2372:1988 2358:# of 2184:CPAC 2182:and 1940:22.5 1930:6.9 1926:41.2 1580:CBC 1292:The 1128:The 954:and 931:debt 904:and 887:1980 866:1984 864:and 862:1896 822:The 809:2000 772:The 763:1988 745:and 682:The 542:154 510:156 372:9.32 296:177 64:1997 47:1988 6169:doi 5172:by 5118:by 4937:in 4929:in 4921:in 4823:and 4739:by 4069:295 3641:52 3608:22 3605:24 3545:54 3524:54 3434:11 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Knowledge

1993 Canadian federal election

Index