1993 Canadian federal election

1428:, both experienced Mulroney loyalists. It was the best-funded campaign, but it quickly ran into organizational problems. The party failed to get literature distributed to the local campaigns, forcing all the PC candidates to print their own material and thus preventing the party from putting forth a unified message. The Progressive Conservative campaign was focused on three issues: job creation, deficit reduction, and improving quality of life; the party, however, had little credibility on the first two, as over their time in office both unemployment and the deficit had increased dramatically. The party was also reluctant to propose new fiscal or social programs, as in Quebec they had to appeal to nationalists who opposed federal government intervention, and in the West had to appeal to Reform supporters who opposed government intervention in general. 1265: 435: 2177:, argue that the proliferation of minor parties was an outgrowth of the single-issue political movements that had come to prominence in Canada in the 1980s. For instance, the environmentalist, anti-abortion, and anti-free trade movements all had closely associated parties. Each candidate required a $ 1000 deposit, an increase from $ 200 in the last election. If the candidate did not win 15% of the vote, which none of the minor parties did, these deposits would be forfeit. Parties that nominated 50 candidates qualified as official parties and, most importantly, received government subsidies for advertising. The smaller parties were not invited to the main leaders debate, something 167: 626: 1328: 185: 178: 4767: 4755: 641: 2146:, encouraging such pledges. The Conservatives had the largest budget, spending $ 10.4 million on their national campaign; the Liberals spent $ 9.9 million, while the NDP spent $ 7.4 million. The Bloc and Reform both spent less than $ 2 million on their national campaigns. Actual election spending is far larger than these numbers indicate: each candidate raised substantial amounts of money independently of the national campaign. In this era there were also large expenses, such as polling and fundraising costs, that did not need to be disclosed. 5030:—their only victory east of Manitoba, ever—but even this win came by a wafer-thin 123-vote margin over the Liberals. They were also shut out of Atlantic Canada and did not run candidates in Quebec. It is not likely they would have won any seats in Quebec in any case due to Manning's inability to speak fluent French, its uncompromising federalism, and opposition to official bilingualism. Nonetheless, the election was a tremendous success for a party that had only won 2.1 per cent of the national vote in the previous election. 5369: 43: 616: 2354: 1413: 5345:. The party nearly tied its 1993 vote total in 2004, but lost support to a resurgent Conservative Party in 2006. The Bloc's position continued to erode in 2008. The BQ won with 47 of Quebec's 75 seats but, saw its popular vote decline, although it remained an important force in federal politics for Quebec. 2011 saw massive change in the province, with the Bloc falling to just 4 seats in the Commons, losing official party status. They however, made a modest comeback in the 1385: 5383: 1400:, a portion of the NDP vote was attracted to the right-wing Reform party as a protest vote, as that party's populism struck a chord despite the sharp ideological differences between the two parties (as the centre-left NDP and right-wing Reform were on completely opposite sides of the political spectrum), and some went to the Liberals as well. Nationally, frustration with the PC party was also so high that some traditional NDP voters moved to the Liberals as a 1296: 1182:-area riding to become the first Reform MP. This came as a considerable shock to the Tories, who had dominated Alberta's federal politics for a quarter-century, and as Grey had finished a distant fourth in the general election held a few months earlier. As Conservative support collapsed over the next four years, Reform party support increased. Reform also picked up support from many longtime NDP voters. The NDP (and its predecessor, the 5135: 4702: 1967: 596: 585: 550: 542: 396: 380: 339: 331: 323: 128: 5216:

even a minority government without considerable support in one or both provinces. The Liberals were the only party with a strong base in both provinces, making them the only party with a realistic chance to form government. The Liberals dominated Canadian politics for the next decade, retaining almost all of its Ontario ridings while making steady gains in Quebec. They would not be seriously challenged until

2331:(or first past the post) system in which the country was carved into 295 electoral districts, or ridings, with each one electing one representative to the House of Commons. Those eligible to vote cast their ballot for a candidate in their electoral district and the candidate with the most votes in that district became that riding's Member of Parliament. The party that elects the most candidates forms the 5200:

folded into the NDP in 1961, by which time it had clearly established itself as the nation's third major party. It eventually gained enough strength to wield the balance of power in the Liberal minority governments of the 1960s and 1970s. After the 1984 election the NDP only lost one seat and finished only 10 seats behind the Liberals. This led to considerable talk that Canada was headed for a UK-style

2154:. The Reform Party relied almost wholly on individual donations, with only some 12% coming from corporations. The Bloc relied almost solely on individual donations, as its party charter barred donations from corporations. The NDP had by far the most donors, with over 65,000, but the average donation was only $ 80. By contrast the 45,000 Conservative donors gave more than $ 200 on average. 1211:

leadership, and their polling numbers were roughly equal to the Liberals, while Reform had been reduced to single digits. It was nevertheless thought likely that Reform would hold the balance of power in the event of neither the Progressive Conservatives nor Liberals winning a majority, as the NDP were polling even worse than Reform, while the Bloc were considered unlikely to enter into a

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the deficit or unemployment would be much reduced before the "end of the century". Later in the campaign, a reporter claimed she stated "an election is no time to discuss serious issues." Campbell denied the report and declared her sentence was distorted; her actual quote meant that 47 days were not enough to discuss the overhaul in social policy that she thought Canada needed.

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advantage the Progressive Conservatives still had over him. The Tories also pointed out that Chrétien himself had used his half-paralyzed face in the campaign, with Liberal signs in Quebec that translated as "Strange-looking face, but reflect on what's inside." Furthermore, most newspapers and magazines had used similar photos that highlighted Chrétien's facial deformity.

1241:, Campbell made the first of a series of remarks that would dog the Conservative campaign. When she was running for the party leadership, Campbell's frank honesty was seen as an important asset and a sharp contrast from Mulroney's highly polished style (Mulroney was criticized for waiting until the last year of his mandate before resigning, leaving office only 1186:) had been the traditional Western protest party for most of the last 40 years, but since the 1990s, they had attempted to make inroads in Quebec and had joined the Progressive Conservatives and Liberals in supporting the Charlottetown Accord. Despite sharp ideological differences, Reform's populism struck a responsive chord in disaffected NDP supporters. 428: 2215:(NAFTA). The party ran 171 candidates, and for a time polling indicated it could potentially have an impact. However, the party failed to make a significant impression and imploded due to internal party turmoil. Some time after the election it applied to Canada's Chief Election officer to de-register the party. Another prominent minor party was the 4780:

absolute terms and in terms of percentage of seats lost, for a governing party at the federal level in Canada, and among the worst ever suffered for a governing party in a Westminster system. It is also one of the few instances of a governing party in any country going from a strong majority to being almost wiped off the electoral map.

2161:. The Conservatives, despite cutting back on spending late in the campaign, were some $ 7.5 million in debt by the end of the election, and it took years to clear this burden. The heavy debt load would hamper the party's ability to campaign in subsequent elections, and this would lead to its eventual merger with Reform's successor, the 5260:(successor to the Reform Party) merged in 2003. From 2004 to 2006, a Liberal minority government faced three opposition parties, the new Conservatives, NDP, and Bloc. In 2006, the Conservatives became the Government, the Liberals relegated to official opposition, while the NDP and Bloc retained a significant opposition presence. 772:. However, this momentum did not last, and the Progressive Conservatives suffered the most lopsided defeat for a Canadian governing party at the federal level, which was also the worst ever suffered by a governing party in the Western democratic world, losing all but 2 of their 156 seats and more than half of their vote from 5069:

Not coincidentally, the federal NDP was decimated in both of those provinces; it lost all 10 of its Ontario MPs and all but two of its British Columbia MPs, more than half of the party's caucus in the Commons. The party also lost its only seat in Alberta, where the Alberta NDP had also been wiped out

5006:

Reform had a major breakthrough, gaining a substantial portion of the Tories' previous support in the West. The party won all but four seats in Alberta and dominated British Columbia as well. Reform also finished second in the popular vote in Saskatchewan, where they won four seats, and picked up one

2048:

Aside from raising Chrétien's personal popularity, it is unclear what effect the ad had on the election. Prior to the controversy, the Campbell Tories were already beset by many problems; notably the recession, the unpopular GST, and their support bases moving to Reform and the Bloc. Nonetheless, the

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months before the Tories' five-year term ended, as well as for his international farewell tour devoid of any official business). During the campaign, however, Campbell repeatedly made statements that caused problems for the party. At the Rideau Hall event, she told reporters that it was unlikely that

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was defeated by the Canadian people in an October 1992 referendum. In the case of the Charlottetown Accord, the majority of Canada's population voted against an agreement endorsed by every First Minister and most other political groups. This stinging rebuke against the "political class" in Canada was

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The NDP recovered somewhat, regaining official party status in 1997. However, it would take another decade for the party to reach the same level of support it enjoyed in the 1980s. The NDP supported the Liberal minority government after the 2004 election but moved towards differentiating itself from

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in British Columbia, which reflected badly on their federal counterpart. In 1988, the peak of federal NDP support was a major asset to the success of provincial affiliates; however, by 1993, they were a considerable liability to the federal party because of recessions, social policies, and scandals.

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denied the Liberals the first clean sweep of Canada's most populous province by a single party. In both Ontario and Atlantic Canada, the Liberals gained support from many centre-right voters who were fed up with the Tories but found Reform too extreme for comfort. Ontario replaced Quebec (see below)

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was over. When in office, the Liberals signed on to NAFTA with little opposition. Similarly, while constitutional issues had dominated the national debate for several years, two failed reform proposals led most to support giving the issue a rest. Chrétien promised not to reopen the constitution, and

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agreement with either of the two largest parties. Campbell was therefore seen as having a good chance of remaining in power if the Progressive Conservatives could at least finish with a similar number of seats to the Liberals, and that Reform would support a continuation of her government (likely in

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The NDP won the fewest votes of any major party, and only nine seats — three short of the requirement for official party status. This was a substantial drop from its record performance in 1988. Those members who were elected were in heavily divided ridings, mostly in the party's traditional Western

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Reform had built up a large base of support in rural central Ontario, which had been the backbone of past provincial Tory governments. This area is very socially conservative—in some cases, almost as socially conservative as rural Western Canada. However, this support did not translate into actual

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On paper, the Bloc was in a rather precarious position. Most of the Tories' support in Quebec was built on flipping ridings that had voted Liberal for decades. However, francophone anger at Chrétien's staunch federalism caused PC support in Quebec to transfer virtually en masse to the Bloc. Most of

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as the solution to most of Canada's ills. It ran 231 candidates, more than some major parties. Its campaign was also accompanied by several million dollars of advertising, and it was successful in attracting media attention. Some accused its efforts of actually being government-subsidized marketing

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Chrétien turned the situation to his advantage, comparing his opponents to the children who teased him when he was a boy. "When I was a kid people were laughing at me. But I accepted that because God gave me other qualities and I'm grateful." Chrétien's approval ratings shot up, nullifying the only

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Mulroney's "grand coalition" completely fell apart. The Tories' support in the West, with few exceptions, transferred to Reform, while their party's support in Quebec was split between the Liberals and the Bloc, and their support in Atlantic Canada and Ontario largely migrated to the Liberals. The

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In addition, what remained of the initial euphoria over Campbell quickly wore off as the campaign progressed. Her style was initially seen as frank and honest, but as her numbers dropped she was seen as condescending and pretentious. The Tories also continued to be dogged by the long shadow of the

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The 1993 election fundamentally changed the balance of power among the parties. Together Ontario and Quebec are guaranteed a majority of seats in the Commons under both Constitution Acts. Both provinces constitute nearly two-thirds of the Canadian population. Thus, it is nearly impossible to form

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The NDP had never been a force in Quebec, but they had been supported by those who would not vote for either the Liberals or Progressive Conservatives. While McLaughlin made efforts to make inroads in Quebec, this proved fruitless and likely contributed to Western discontent. These voters largely

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with the Liberals and Conservatives alternating in government. Since the 1920s there had generally been one or more third parties in the House of Commons. None of these parties came close to winning power and of those parties, the CCF was the only one that achieved long-term success. The CCF was

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was especially high. The federal deficit was also extremely high, and both the Reform and Progressive Conservatives focused on cutting it as the path to economic health. Reform proposed deep cuts to federal programs in order to do this, while the Progressive Conservatives were less specific. The

1404:. Although McLaughlin was returned in her own seat (Yukon), elsewhere the NDP was only truly competitive in Saskatchewan - even there, they finished third place in the popular vote although it was still enough to tie the Liberals for a plurality of seats at five (one more than the Reform Party). 891:

led the Progressive Conservatives to a majority government with the most seats in Canadian history, winning a majority of the seats in every province. The Liberals lost 95 seats in the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level at the time. The PCs made a strong showing in Quebec, a

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A significant number of NDP voters also switched to Reform. Despite sharp differences in ideology, Reform's populism struck a chord with many NDP voters; twenty-four per cent of those who voted NDP in 1988 switched to Reform. In 1989, while running for the federal NDP leadership, former British

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was likewise deregistered after they declined to contest the election, in protest of new electoral laws that required parties to run 50 candidates at a cost of $ 1,000 per riding. Unlike the Socreds, however, the Rhinos would eventually reform in 2006, once the 50-candidate requirement had been

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Small-"c" conservatives in the West and Ontario who traditionally supported the Progressive Conservatives were drawn to Reform for several reasons. These conservative voters were disenchanted with the PCs for imposing the Goods and Services Tax and failing to reduce Canada's growing deficit and

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pressed him on the issue back in 1990. Chrétien's reputation in his home province never recovered, especially when the Bloc Québécois rallied on the issue. As a result, the Liberals were unable to capitalize on the collapse of Tory support in the province. The Tories had swept to power in 1984

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The election was a debacle for the Tories. Their popular vote plunged from 43% to 16%, losing more than half their vote from 1988. They lost all but two of the 156 seats they held when Parliament was dissolved—far surpassing the Liberals' 95-seat loss in 1984. It was the worst defeat, both in

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Reform had little money and few resources, with its candidates and campaign staff flying economy class, staying in cheap hotels, and relying on pre-packaged lunches, all which helped endear them to money-conscious fiscal conservatives. The campaign was managed by seasoned political strategist

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These factors combined to make Mulroney the least popular leader since opinion polling began in the 1940s. The Progressive Conservative Party's popularity reached a low of just over 15% in 1991. With polls showing him facing almost certain defeat in the next election, Mulroney announced his

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An election had to be called in the fall of 1993, since Parliament's term would expire some time in September. By the end of the summer, Campbell's personal popularity was far ahead of that of Chrétien. Support for the Progressive Conservative Party had also increased after Campbell won the

1277:. This document gave a detailed account of exactly what a Liberal government would do in power. Several years of effort had gone into the creation of the document, which was unprecedented for a Canadian party. Several days later, the Progressive Conservatives released the hastily assembled 5109:, which Barrett called a mistake since it was unpopular in Western Canada. In contrast, Barrett raised the issue of Western alienation and strongly opposed the Accord. Barrett's warning proved to be remarkably prescient, as the NDP was severely punished in its former Western stronghold. 4944:

largely by flipping many long-time Liberal bastions in Quebec, and held onto most of them in 1988. However, with few exceptions, most of that support bled to the Bloc in 1993. While the Liberals dominated the Montreal area (home to almost 75% of the province's anglophones) and the

1045:, but Chrétien was unpopular, especially in his native Quebec, after declaring his opposition to the Meech Lake Accord, being rocked by caucus defections. The federal Liberals were disorganized, near bankruptcy, and dropped in the polls from 50 to 32 per cent, so Chrétien appointed 1049:

as chief of staff to reinvigorate his leadership and reorganize his office. As the ruling Tories suffered the most backlash from the unsuccessful constitutional amendments in 1990 and 1992, the Liberals rapidly picked up support and surged to a wide lead in opinion polling.

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Mulroney had also promised to change the constitutional status quo in favour of increasing provincial autonomy; this was one of the most important reasons for his party's support in Quebec. He attempted to amend the constitution twice, but both reform proposals failed. The

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The Progressive Conservatives never regained their former standing in Canadian politics. In December 1993, Campbell resigned as Conservative leader and was replaced by Charest, the only surviving member of the previous Cabinet. Under Charest, they rebounded to 20 seats in

5283:. Although Reform was now the major right-wing party in Canada, it was seen as too extreme by most Ontarians and thus had little chance of dislodging the Liberals. It was also hampered in Quebec because Manning could not speak French. In 2000, the party evolved into the 5018:, two issues that the NDP made unpopular stands on. In one stroke, Reform had replaced the Progressive Conservatives as the major right-wing party in Canada (despite being virtually nonexistent east of Manitoba) and supplanted the NDP as the voice of Western discontent. 2078:

program. The Reform Party called for a "Zero in Three" plan that would reduce the deficit to zero in three years. The Liberals had a far more modest plan to reduce the deficit to 3% of GDP by the end of their first term. All opposition parties pledged to repeal the

5251:

party. The Liberals, along with several commentators, considered the Reform Party the de facto opposition on issues that did not pertain to Quebec and national unity. Some political scientists felt that the new five-party parliament was an example of a

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In the year of the election, two traditional parties, the Liberals and Conservatives, each received about 60% of their funding from corporations and the rest from individuals. For the NDP half of the funding came from individuals, and a third came from

2033:. While the ad's creators claim they had meant for the line "I would be very embarrassed if he became Prime Minister of Canada" to refer to Chrétien's policies and ethics, the intercutting with images of his face and its facial deformity (caused by 4879:

The Liberals swept Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, with only Wayne's win in New Brunswick denying them a clean sweep of Atlantic Canada. They also won all but one seat in Ontario; only a 123-vote loss to Reform's Ed Harper in

2026:, and would probably win a majority without dramatic measures. Despite this, Campbell was still far more personally popular than Chrétien. Polling found that a considerable number of potential Liberal voters held negative opinions about Chrétien. 713:

parties emerged, finishing second and third in seat count. Most notably, the election marked the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level and among the worst ever suffered by a governing party in the Western democratic world. In a

6583: 852:, collapsed to nine seats only one election after having what was then its best performance. It remains the NDP's worst result in a federal election since its formation and the only election where the party polled fewer than one million votes. 1319:, campaigned on promising that the Bloc would represent Quebec's interests at the federal level, with the party running candidates exclusively in Quebec while endorsing and supporting Quebec sovereignty (political independence from Canada). 1339:

policies, such as a democratically elected and regionally equal Senate and more plebiscites and referendums in the political process, was very popular in Western Canada. In addition, Reform's backing of smaller government, lower taxes, the

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and the Liberal leadership supported the Meech Lake Accord, there was significant internal disagreement, with Trudeau returning from retirement to speak out against it. After the Liberals' disappointing showing in the 1988 election, Turner

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heartland. On average, winning NDP MPs only got 35.1% of the vote. Ultimately, the NDP only retained 34.99% of the votes it received in the 1988 election, even less than the 38.58% of the vote that the Progressive Conservatives retained.

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system, which awards power solely on the basis of seats won, the Tories' support was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into seats. The party was shut out of Ontario for the first time in its history. Mulroney's former riding,

5353:, they more than tripled their seat count and became the third-largest party in the House, once again becoming a strong force in Canadian politics. They repeated kept all of their seats and did not lose their vote share in the following 1272:

The Liberals had long prepared for the campaign. They had amassed a substantial campaign war chest, almost as large as that of the Tories. On September 19, the Liberals released their entire platform, which the media quickly named the

1057:, who retired the next year. In the following few years, their support continued to grow, at one point leading in the opinion polls. This helped the NDP win a series of victories at the provincial level. In a surprise victory in 1990, 2279:. Campbell briefly changed the party's name to the "Christian Freedom Party" in an attempt to appeal to social conservatives. However, the party failed to nominate the minimum 50 candidates and was deregistered by Elections Canada. 1234:, this was the last day that the election could legally be held with the then-current enumeration still valid. In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Hnatyshyn granted the dissolution, beginning the seven-week campaign. 1081:. Within a few years, however, the NDP provincial ministries in both Ontario and British Columbia became deeply unpopular, and support for the federal NDP also began to fall. In a deviation from their traditional position as staunch 6701: 6638: 4935:

Despite being led by a Quebecker, the Liberals were unable to recover their dominant position in Quebec. This was in part due to the staunchly federalist Chrétien's opposition to the Meech Lake Accord, which was revealed when

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By October, the Progressive Conservatives were considerably behind the Liberals in the polls, and it was obvious that they would not be reelected. The consensus was that the Liberals were on their way to at least a

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grew. Despite the government's pledges to reduce the federal deficit, it grew from $ 34.5 billion in 1984, when Mulroney took power, to more than $ 40 billion by the time Mulroney stepped down in 1993. The federal

2098:(NAFTA). The Liberals opposed NAFTA and promised to try to renegotiate the FTA, but this was not a central campaign theme. The NDP did focus on opposition to NAFTA, but the Canadian people mostly felt that the 1360:

policies, and its repeated failed attempts to officially bring Quebec into the Constitution, a focus that was seen as coming at the expense of attention to the concerns of other regions, especially the West.

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negative backlash over the television spot proved to be the final nail in the Tories' coffin. Their support plummeted into the teens, all but assuring that the Liberals would win a majority government.

1166:". Reform had nominated candidates in the 1988 election, but had failed to win any seats, and garnered only 2.5 per cent of the popular vote. Many Western voters had never forgiven the Liberals for the 768:. The PCs were further weakened by the emergence of new parties that were competing for its core supporters. Campbell's initial efforts helped the party recover somewhat in pre-election polls before the 1356:

national debt. There was also the PC government's failure to deliver a democratically elected Senate as it had promised (while appointing unelected Senators in 1990, as it was obligated to do), its

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Reform's heavy concentration of Western support netted it 52 seats. However, the Bloc's concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, leaving Reform three seats short of making Manning

2083:. Once elected, however, the Liberals reneged on this pledge to much outcry, stating the Conservatives had understated the size of the deficit. Instead the GST remained. In some provinces it was 6654: 4994:

Despite only running candidates in Quebec, the Bloc's strong showing in that province and the fragmentation of the national vote made them the second-largest party in the Commons and gave them

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status. As the Official Opposition, they enjoyed considerable privileges over other parties; for instance, Question Periods in the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of national unity.

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won 60 seats. The Bloc's results were considered very impressive since the party had only been formed three years before, and because there were lingering questions about its viability.

1281:, but the Liberals had captured the reputation of being the party with ideas. The Liberals were also consistently well organized and on message, in contrast to the PC campaign, which the 5326:

the Liberals, including uniting with the other opposition parties to bring down the Liberals and force the 2006 election in which the NDP made substantial gains in the House of Commons.

5037:. Though the Bloc was the Official Opposition, the Liberals reckoned Reform as their main opposition on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. Also, in 1995 when Bloc leader 5602: 2094:

The 1988 election had been almost wholly focused on the issue of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, and similarly, the 1993 election was preceded by the agreement on the

848:. To date, this is the only time that a party committed to the political secession of a region of Canada has become the Official Opposition of Canada. The traditional third party, the 5010:

While Reform was expected to win over PC support, it also won around a quarter of voters who had voted for the NDP in the previous election. They did this by raising the problem of

6686: 2311: 1101:, who had campaigned for the opposite policies. These positions gained the NDP little headway in Quebec and hurt the party's standing as the traditional voice of Western protest. 5454: 2139: 5077:

had called upon Rae to resign, having spent the 1993 election campaign disassociating himself from the provincial NDP's measures. The Ontario NDP would be heavily defeated in

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immediately contacted media outlets. This generated a severe backlash from all sides of the spectrum, including some PC candidates, and Campbell ordered them off the air.

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The greatest difference from 1988 was the rise of two new parties that cut into the Progressive Conservatives' support and caused Mulroney's "grand coalition" to implode.

6277:

Woolstencroft, Peter (1994). "Doing Politics Differently': The Conservative Party and the Campaign of 1993". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.).

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reduced them to a minority government with continued strong support from Ontario. The Liberals retained the majority of the province's ridings, despite being defeated in

4963:. This gave them an overwhelming majority in the Commons; no other party crossed the 60-seat mark. The Liberals were also the only party to win seats in every province. 892:

province where they had held few seats for much of the century. Between 1896 and 1984, they had only managed to win the majority of seats in that province once, in their

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Even with these disappointments, the Liberals won 177 seats — the third-best performance in party history, and their best performance since their record of 190 seats in

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The NDP and Conservatives had more problems after the vote. The NDP found itself deeply in debt, but recouped some of it by selling their Ottawa headquarters to the new

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The Reform Party advanced proposals in a number of areas that challenged the status quo. It proposed extensive reform to Canada's parliamentary system, including more

2142:. This forced parties to disclose most donations, but put few limits on who could donate and how much could be given. Individual donations up to $ 1,150 were given a 5444: 4784:

PCs did win over two million votes, almost as many as Reform and far ahead of the Bloc or NDP. However, this support was spread out across the country. Due to the

1162:. Originally broadly focused on Western Canadian interests, it had quickly moved far to the right after its formation. It originally campaigned under the slogan " 2007:

debates were held on the first night. Manning, who did not speak French, read prepared opening and closing remarks, but did not participate in the debate itself.

5464: 5424: 5955: 4948:(home to a large number of civil servants who work across the river in Ottawa), they only won two seats elsewhere. One of them belonged to Chrétien, who won in 1435:

Following their devastating defeat, Campbell joked "Gee, I'm glad I didn't sell my car" during her concession speech. She resigned as party leader in December.

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with Harper as prime minister, just over two years after the merger. Key to its victory was being able to make inroads into the eastern part of Canada. In the

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Reform found itself embroiled in controversy when Toronto-area candidate John Beck made a series of anti-immigrant remarks in an interview with Excalibur, the

1195: 115: 1369:. Some Reformers had been annoyed that a moderate former Liberal and Ottawa insider had been made campaign manager, but he soon proved his political ability. 1376:

student paper. York students confronted Manning with the remarks, who immediately denounced them. Within an hour, Beck was forced to withdraw his candidacy.

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and would never be a major force in Canadian politics again. In 2003, the Progressive Conservative Party disappeared entirely when it merged with the larger

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ridings there. In many cases, they pushed Tory cabinet ministers from the province into third place. This was the best showing by a third party since the

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attempted to run candidates in an election. The party had been in headlong decline since losing its last Member of Parliament in 1980, and was now led by

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as Opposition Leader from 1990 to 1993). The Liberals also did not do as well as hoped in British Columbia, winning almost no seats outside Vancouver.

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in the Commons. Without official party status, the Progressive Conservatives lost access to funding and had a considerably reduced role in Parliament.

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as the main bastion of Liberal support for the next two decades; the party easily won a majority of the province's seats in the next four elections.

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that under the Liberals any change would be incremental in nature. In Quebec the election was seen as a prelude to the next Quebec election and the

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were held October 3 and 4, and were generally regarded as inconclusive, with no party gaining a boost from them. The most memorable moment involved

7276: 6575: 5276:, they were reduced to 12 seats mostly in the Atlantic provinces and Quebec, winning only two seats outside this region in the next two elections. 4937: 4634: 4483: 2991: 2957: 2299: 2237: 235: 5152: 4905: 4719: 4540: 4860:, was also re-elected, but was forced to run as an independent after Campbell barred him from running under the PC banner due to fraud charges. 1315:

in 1990, which resulted in a number of Liberal and Progressive Conservative Members of Parliament (MPs) organizing the Bloc. The Bloc's leader,

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As no party other than the Liberals had a realistic chance of forming government after 1993, some commentators felt that Canada had moved to a

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a preview of things to come, as the upcoming election would be held on October 25, 1993, a year less a day after the Charlottetown referendum.

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into third-party status. However, the Liberals recovered enough ground in 1988 to firmly reestablish themselves as the main opposition party.

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moved to the Bloc, with 14% of NDP voters supporting the Bloc in 1993. The NDP lost their only seat in the province, which it had gained in a

6696: 5098: 2322: 2037:) were interpreted by many as an attack on Chrétien's appearance. The ad quickly received widespread attention as the Liberal war room under 924: 475: 896:—the only other time besides 1984 that a party won more than 200 seats in an election. After winning only one seat in Quebec (out of 75) in 246: 7271: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 5081:(in which it was reduced to third place), while the British Columbia NDP rebounded long enough to survive until it was almost wiped out in 871:

The Liberal Party had dominated Canadian politics for much of the 20th century. The party had been in office for all but 22 years between

7302: 7266: 7130: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 4770:

The shape of the House of Commons after the 1993 election. The two new parties are represented with Reform in Green and the Bloc in cyan

6762: 6739: 5396: 4949: 257: 6201:(1994). "Yesterday's Man and His Blue Grists: Backward into the Future". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.). 4888:

In the West, the Liberals dominated Manitoba, winning all but two seats. They also won seats in Saskatchewan for the first time since

6410: 5728: 6630: 6220:

Ellis, Faron; Archer, Keith (1994). "Reform: Electoral Breakthrough". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.).

5570: 3800: 2578: 2189:

Chief Agent Greg Vezina organized a debate between the leaders of seven of the minor parties on October 5, which was broadcast on

1457: 1136:

won a 1990 by-election, and throughout the period leading up to the election, the Bloc polled as the most popular party in Quebec.

990:

quickly emerged as the leading candidate to replace Mulroney as party leader and prime minister. Despite a vigorous challenge from

734: 665: 465: 7317: 969:

adjourned without bringing the issue to a vote; all 10 provincial legislatures had to ratify the accord for it to become law. The

7297: 5225: 5121:, a Quebec nationalist, opted not to see re-election because he disagreed with the party's support for the Charlottetown Accord. 4825: 4790: 4648: 1231: 1042: 1264: 7312: 7002: 5485: 5082: 2066:

Liberals also promised cuts, focusing on the unpopular and expensive plan to buy new military helicopters to replace the aging

17: 6009: 7248: 6391: 6286: 6267: 6248: 6229: 6210: 6188: 6114: 6091: 5938: 1175: 4863:

In addition, 147 PC candidates failed to win 15% of the vote, losing their deposits and failing to qualify for funding from

7243: 6518: 5060:

The New Democrats lost support in several directions. One factor was the unpopularity of NDP provincial governments led by

4829: 4431: 2952: 2257: 2200:

Few of these parties were expected to win a seat. One exception was the National Party. Founded by Mel Hurtig, a prominent

1366: 1183: 991: 983:

retirement from politics in February 1993. While several senior Cabinet members had passed over contesting the leadership,

5026:

with the PCs allowed the Liberals to sneak up the middle and take all but one seat in the area. Reform did manage to take

1230:

on September 8, only a few weeks before Parliament was due to expire. The election date was set for October 25. Under the

1170:

in the 1980s, and Mulroney's attempt to pacify Quebec caused them to rethink their support for the Tories. In early 1989,

5401: 2212: 2095: 1341: 927:) with a considerably smaller mandate. Over the next five years, the popularity of Mulroney and his party collapsed. The 6367: 6359: 5302:. The new party, led by Harper, was able to reduce the Liberals to a minority government in 2004 by capitalizing on the 2209: 1008:

Campbell enjoyed a brief period of high popularity upon being sworn in, becoming the eponym of "Campbellmania", just as

434: 6504: 4853: 4224: 2799: 2241: 1392:

The New Democratic Party suffered badly in the election. With the rising unpopularity of the Ontario NDP government of

1335:

The Reform Party developed an extensive grassroots network in much of western Canada and Ontario. Reform's support for

1274: 6137:"Markets as Predictors of Election Outcomes: Campaign Events and Judgement Bias in the 1993 UBC Election Stock Market" 4953: 7307: 6312: 6258:

Whitehorn, Alan (1994). "The NDP's Quest for Survival". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.).

5969: 5174: 5034: 4741: 2173:

Fourteen registered political parties contested the election, a Canadian record. Jackson and Jackson, in their book

5114: 2228:

for yogic flying centres, which are non-profit, non-religious meditation centres. Other minor parties included the

2003:

continuously questioning Campbell about the real deficit in the 1993 budget and Campbell dodging the question. The

1016:. Campbell campaigned extensively during the summer, touring the nation and attending barbecues and other events. 5901: 5799: 3100: 2080: 2029:

Believing they had no other way to keep the Liberals from winning a majority, Gregg and Tory decided to launch a

1349: 945: 761: 4924:), which has historically been friendlier to the Liberals than the rest of Alberta. The Liberals also held onto 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6732: 6348: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5280: 5265: 5233: 5229: 5217: 5156: 5042: 4988: 4976: 4960: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4817: 4813: 4759: 4723: 2382: 2288: 1995:

Over the course of the campaign, Progressive Conservative support steadily bled away to the other parties. The

897: 893: 876: 872: 819: 815: 773: 74: 57: 6127:

Cognitive assimilation-contrast effects among partisan identifiers: An analysis of the 1993 Canadian election

5774: 5078: 5070: 4550: 2537: 2268: 849: 799: 791: 4987:

those seats would remain in Bloc hands for two decades, until nearly all of them were lost to the NDP at an

4844:

did not seek re-election. The only other Progressive Conservative besides Charest to win a Commons seat was

6464: 6239:

Pammett, Jon H. (1994). "Tracking the Votes". In Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H. (eds.).

5299: 5244: 4995: 4328: 2875: 2253: 2158: 1996: 984: 845: 827: 802:

who were dissatisfied with the Mulroney government's deficit spending and tax increases. The popularity of

5603:"'An election is no time to discuss serious issues': Five comments that sank Canadian political campaigns" 6603: 6565: 4980: 4952:, a strongly nationalist riding that he had previously represented from 1963 to 1986 (he had represented 4857: 4276: 4121: 2838: 2692: 2233: 2216: 1287:

on September 25 stated was "shaping up to be the most incompetent campaign in modern political history."

1125: 879:, with the Conservatives/Progressive Conservatives only forming government six times during this period. 860: 834: 5349:, managing to increase their seat count to 10, 2 seats short of regaining official party status. In the 3089:*Party did not nominate candidates in the previous; "% change" refers to change from previous election. 6667: 5341:, however, it remained a significant presence in the House of Commons bolstered in recent years by the 2295: 1220: 698: 490: 240: 106: 6681: 6299: 4896:. In Saskatchewan, the Liberals won the popular vote for the first (and, as of 2021, only) time since 2030: 2016: 923:. This coalition helped him win reelection in 1988 (an election almost wholly focused on the proposed 777: 6725: 5960: 5550: 4900:

and tied the NDP for a plurality of the seats. All of their Alberta seats were in the Edmonton area (

4849: 4662: 4620: 3393: 2276: 1227: 962: 936: 806:, and profound Western discontent with the PCs, led the Reform Party to replace the PCs as the major 1979: 625: 6589: 6451: 6445: 5048:, Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage. 4069: 2653: 2388: 2347: 2336: 2272: 2182: 1002: 738: 702: 94: 89: 4928:, the lone seat in Alberta they held when the writ was dropped, which they picked up in 1990 when 6550: 6344: 5205: 5145: 4712: 3416: 2414: 2328: 1462: 1167: 719: 680: 215: 1327: 6646: 5330: 5192: 3608: 2496: 2332: 2104: 1477: 1140: 787: 710: 225: 6717: 5928: 166: 7235: 6753: 6528: 5240: 5188: 4868: 4675: 4172: 3398: 2760: 2248:. The election saw three minor parties focused on radical reform to the monetary system: the 2229: 2220: 2186: 2127: 2058: 1212: 765: 706: 6080: 5243:. The opposition was divided between four parties. Many commentators thought it ironic that 4971:

The Bloc won 54 seats, capturing just under half the vote in Quebec and nearly sweeping the

7253: 6614: 5106: 5015: 4572: 3704: 3388: 2205: 2201: 2088: 2084: 2057:

The most important issue of the 1993 election was the economy. The nation was mired in the

1467: 1357: 1129: 1086: 1030: 970: 941: 928: 757: 460: 6136: 5736: 4797:

in a landslide; the Tory candidate only received 6,800 votes and almost lost his deposit.

8: 6749: 6479: 5953: 5342: 5303: 5221: 4785: 3512: 2455: 2023: 1472: 1345: 1304: 1121: 1082: 837: 807: 727: 220: 5695: 5287:, but even then won only two seats outside its Western Canadian base (both in Ontario). 4804:—only the third time in Canadian history that a sitting prime minister lost an election 1085:, the NDP chose to align itself with the Liberals and PCs on the "yes" side of the 1992 900:, the Tories won 58 seats in 1984, leaving the Liberals with almost no seats outside of 6380: 6167: 6103: 5869: 5817: 5671: 5637: 5253: 5209: 5094: 5011: 4925: 4606: 1308: 1283: 1163: 1156: 1094: 920: 907:

Mulroney's government was based on a coalition of socially conservative populists from

795: 4652: 6618: 6494: 6387: 6308: 6282: 6263: 6244: 6225: 6206: 6184: 6159: 6110: 6087: 5934: 5284: 5257: 5248: 5201: 5102: 5074: 4766: 4754: 2918: 2542: 2340: 2194: 2162: 2099: 1312: 1113: 1090: 958: 823: 753: 752:

and assumed office in June, the party was deeply unpopular due to the failure of the

715: 640: 445: 267: 5314:, the Conservatives won a stronger minority government before winning a majority in 4794: 184: 177: 6508: 6198: 6151: 6017: 5887: 5196: 4864: 3348: 2804: 2283: 2119: 2091:, while in other provinces the GST and the Provincial Sales Tax remained separate. 1396:, many traditional NDP voters were disenchanted and moved to the Liberal Party. In 1078: 1033:

for a couple of years before resigning. The party then selected veteran politician

769: 600: 589: 495: 427: 400: 384: 132: 6554: 2419: 2038: 1975: 1034: 723: 676: 195: 6650: 6483: 6402: 6082:

Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney

5545: 5388: 5038: 4833: 4679: 4600: 3107: 2501: 2460: 2261: 2115: 2034: 2004: 2000: 1401: 1373: 1316: 1152: 1117: 912: 803: 205: 200: 6378:

LeDuc, Lawrence; Pammett, Jon H.; McKenzie, Judith L.; Turcotte, André (2010).

5790:"without a doubt" the most important issue. Frizzell, Pammett, & Westell 2. 5291: 5118: 5097:

rather than focusing its attention on Quebec. However, Barrett was defeated at

5023: 4913: 4867:. The party as a whole was left deeply in debt, and came up ten seats short of 4809: 4666: 4564: 1397: 1159: 1144: 1133: 1046: 1009: 908: 888: 784: 749: 615: 262: 6135:

Forsythe, Robert; Frank, Murray; Krishnamurthy, Vasu; Ross, Thomas W. (1998).

5515:

80% of Canadians disapproved of the GST in a June 1993 poll. Woolstencroft 32.

944:

had also grown to $ 500 billion. Mulroney had brought in the highly unpopular

7291: 6579: 6163: 6075: 5374: 5329:

The Bloc Québécois failed to propel the sovereigntist side to victory in the

5065: 5027: 4929: 4921: 4901: 4881: 4670: 4656: 4638: 4592: 4586: 4578: 4558: 4554: 4544: 3378: 2996: 2190: 1412: 1223: 1074: 1073:

in Quebec to take its first-ever seat in that province. The next year, under

5105:, and his platform was not adopted by the party. The NDP also supported the 855:

The turnover of MPs was stark and unprecedented for Canadian politics, with

6634: 6490: 5965: 5954:

Warren Caragata in Ottawa with Carl Mollins in Washington (March 6, 1995).

5295: 5090: 5045: 4841: 4821: 4762:. The blue is Progressive Conservative, the red Liberal, and the orange NDP 4642: 4624: 4610: 4379: 3358: 2913: 2583: 2353: 2327:

This election, like all previous Canadian elections, was conducted under a

2249: 2224: 2067: 2062: 1171: 1098: 1054: 1013: 994: 987: 932: 741: 661: 450: 6468: 6382:

Dynasties and Interludes: Past and Present in Canadian Electoral Politics

4972: 4940: 4917: 4845: 4628: 4596: 3383: 2880: 2287:

dropped, and began contesting federal elections again beginning with the

2151: 2123: 2071: 1425: 1238: 1216:

return for some concessions on fiscal policy) over one lead by Chrétien.

1070: 1038: 1025: 709:, it was one of the most eventful elections in Canada's history. Two new 5382: 2294:

Several unrecognized parties also contested the election, including the

1093:

made efforts to expand party support into Quebec instead of focusing on

6593: 6171: 5159: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4909: 4726: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4568: 2658: 2178: 2143: 2075: 1295: 1053:

The New Democratic Party (NDP) had won a record 43 seats in 1988 under

5905: 1974:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

1384: 6532: 5696:"PM Kim Campbell Leads PC Party to Defeat - Wins 2 Seats Only (1993)" 5269: 5041:'s position as Opposition Leader granted him a meeting with visiting 4945: 4837: 4582: 2765: 2111: 1421: 6155: 5134: 4701: 1120:

led a group of Progressive Conservative and Liberal MPs to form the

4801: 4614: 3363: 2245: 1336: 1179: 1148: 1066: 1065:–the first time the NDP had formed a provincial government east of 966: 901: 811: 6297: 6125: 5700: 5061: 3368: 3353: 1393: 1062: 1058: 916: 814:. Though the Progressive Conservatives recovered slightly in the 6179:

Frizzell, Alan; Westell, Anthony; Pammett, Jon H., eds. (1994).

4800:

Campbell was defeated in her Vancouver riding by rookie Liberal

2312:

List of MPs who stood down at the 1993 Canadian federal election

6747: 6057: 6044: 3373: 1024:

The other traditional parties were also not faring well. While

841: 6134: 5885:

Chris Cobb "Maharishi had Last Laugh over Canadian Taxpayer."

5256:. The five parties were reduced to four when the PC Party and 4856:, who had served two terms as a Progressive Conservative from 3403: 2346:

For a complete list of MPs elected in the 1993 election, see

1331:

English version logo of the Reform Party during the election.

6377: 5306:. It then formed its first government, a minority, in early 4758:

The distribution of seats in the House of Commons after the

810:

party in the Commons, although it won only one seat east of

5856:

Richard Mackie "Voters Find Uncommon Views on the Fringe."

5800:"2015 election campaign is eerily similar to the 1993 race" 3097: 2260:, which was formed by supporters of U.S. fringe politician 5926: 5191:

election with lasting effects on Canadian politics. Since

2210:

broadly centre-left platform focusing on opposition to the

744:, near the end of her party's five year mandate. When she 5930:

Women's Organizing and Public Policy in Canada and Sweden

4820:). All other Cabinet members lost their seats except for 4808:

was unseated at the same time (it previously happened to

733:

The election was called on September 8, 1993, by the new

1416:

Progressive Conservative Party logo during the election.

6343: 6331:

Pivot or pirouette?: The 1993 Canadian general election

5279:

The Reform Party became the Official Opposition in the

6178: 5268:. Despite the brief comeback of former prime minister 4932:

crossed the floor from the Progressive Conservatives.

1196:

Opinion polling for the 1993 Canadian federal election

961:

collapsed in 1990 when the provincial legislatures of

697:

was held on October 25, 1993, to elect members to the

6307:(Rev. and augm. ed.). Ottawa: Elections Canada. 1352:

won over many conservatives in the West and Ontario.

5781:, (Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997), p. 367. 5486:"Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums" 5364: 2070:. They also promised new programs such as a limited 1990:

Graph of opinion polls conducted during the campaign

5920: 4991:in which the Bloc was cut down to only four seats. 6432: 6379: 6109:(2nd ed.). Toronto: Oxford University Press. 6102: 6079: 826:(successor of the Reform Party) to create the new 790:won over many traditional PC voters, particularly 6360:How to solve Canada's economic mess without raisi 6350:Creating Opportunity: The Liberal Plan for Canada 5927:Linda Briskin; Mona Eliasson (October 25, 1999). 5902:"1993 Canadian Federal Election Results (Detail)" 5408:Articles on parties' candidates in this election: 7289: 5532: 5530: 652: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5093:argued that the party should be concerned with 1299:Logo of the Bloc Québécois during the election. 951: 645:The Canadian parliament after the 1993 election 6666:indicates parties with members elected to the 5735:. October 18, 1993. p. 15. Archived from 2267:This election was also the last time that the 935:increased dramatically and the federal budget 776:. The Progressive Conservatives also launched 6733: 6418: 6276: 5760:Forsythe, Frank, Krishnamurthy, and Ross 337. 5527: 4828:; moreover, many prominent ministers such as 2323:Results of the 1993 Canadian federal election 1920: 1128:and access to the networks of the provincial 977: 6371:. Montréal : National Party of Canada. 5933:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 189. 5770: 5768: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5708: 5553:: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister. 5208:division, with the Liberals following their 4774: 2300:Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) 6219: 6150:(3). University of Toronto Press: 329–351. 5333:and lost Official Opposition status in the 3892: 3796: 3700: 3604: 3508: 3412: 1407: 1124:. This party quickly gained the support of 6740: 6726: 6425: 6411: 6338:47 Days: The Election that Changed Canada. 6298:Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (2001). 6130:(M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University. 5397:List of Canadian federal general elections 4793:in eastern Quebec, fell to Bloc candidate 4547:(LIB) def Richard Kayler (REF) by 12 votes 3115: 2122:. The party also advocated a reduction in 1348:policies as well as its opposition to the 6257: 5852: 5850: 5763: 5751: 5175:Learn how and when to remove this message 4742:Learn how and when to remove this message 2244:, which was mainly dedicated to opposing 1388:The federal NDP logo during the election. 925:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 6368:ng personal taxes or increasing the debt 6197: 5600: 5294:and the Progressive Conservatives under 4892:and in Alberta for the first time since 4765: 4753: 2031:series of commercials attacking Chrétien 1411: 1383: 1326: 1294: 1263: 6238: 1232:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 840:won almost half of the popular vote in 14: 7290: 7277:Historical federal electoral districts 6100: 5847: 5840:Robert J. Jackson and Doreen Jackson. 5232:, finally relinquishing their lead in 4533: 3337: 1307:benefited from a surge in support for 1268:Liberal Party logo during the election 931:badly harmed the Canadian economy, as 6721: 6406: 6281:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6279:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6262:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6260:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6243:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6241:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6224:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6222:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6205:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6203:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6183:. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 6181:The Canadian General Election of 1993 6123: 6074: 5290:In 2003, the Canadian Alliance under 3101:History of Federal Ridings since 1867 2362: 2339:and its Members of Parliament to the 2197:. The National Party did not attend. 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1019: 997:, Campbell emerged victorious in the 5601:Ferreira, Victor (August 12, 2015). 5569:. The Globe and Mail. Archived from 5337:. It continued to lose seats in the 5157:adding citations to reliable sources 5128: 4724:adding citations to reliable sources 4695: 2298:(which was closely aligned with the 2258:Party for the Commonwealth of Canada 1960: 1420:The PC campaign was headed by chair 1184:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1077:, the New Democrats were elected in 705:of Canada. Considered to be a major 6105:Canadian Democracy: An Introduction 5483: 5402:List of political parties in Canada 4966: 4691: 2213:North American Free Trade Agreement 2096:North American Free Trade Agreement 1342:North American Free Trade Agreement 1012:had been the subject of late-1960s 24: 7303:Canadian federal elections by year 6353:. Ottawa: Liberal Party of Canada. 6323: 5999:Support numbers come from Pammett. 5564: 5555:Random House Canada, 2005, p. 363. 5187:The 1993 election is considered a 2352: 2335:by appointing its party leader as 1438: 1219:With this in mind, Campbell asked 1189: 25: 7329: 7151:29th (1973–1974; no by-elections) 6446:Progressive Conservative majority 6357:National Party of Canada (1993). 5806:, Haydn Watters · October 8, 2015 5318:. However, they were defeated in 2185:complained vehemently about. The 1290: 1001:and became Canada's first female 760:Accords, the introduction of the 620:Results by province and territory 5381: 5367: 5133: 5051: 4700: 2238:Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada 2168: 2138:The election was held under the 1965: 1069:. That same year, the NDP won a 639: 624: 614: 595: 594: 584: 583: 549: 548: 541: 540: 433: 426: 395: 394: 379: 378: 338: 337: 330: 329: 322: 321: 183: 176: 165: 127: 126: 41: 29:Selection of the 35th Parliament 6002: 5993: 5984: 5947: 5894: 5879: 5863: 5834: 5825: 5809: 5793: 5784: 5688: 5679: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5629: 5620: 5594: 5585: 5144:needs additional citations for 4711:needs additional citations for 1379: 1205: 882: 110:148 seats needed for a majority 7298:1993 Canadian federal election 6434:1993 Canadian federal election 6050: 6037: 5815:Ron Eade "Election Spending." 5558: 5539: 5518: 5509: 5500: 5477: 5245:Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition 2204:, it campaigned on a strongly 2010: 1104: 735:Progressive Conservative Party 695:1993 Canadian federal election 657:Prime Minister before election 35:1993 Canadian federal election 13: 1: 7313:October 1993 events in Canada 6067: 5779:The Prime Ministers of Canada 2305: 2140:Election Expenses Act of 1974 866: 672:Prime Minister after election 630:Results by electoral district 7318:Premiership of Jean Chrétien 5904:. Esm.ubc.ca. Archived from 5300:Conservative Party of Canada 952:Quebec constitutional status 911:, fiscal conservatives from 828:Conservative Party of Canada 7: 7272:Federal electoral districts 5642:September 25, 1993, pg. D6. 5360: 5001: 4874: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3032: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2234:Libertarian Party of Canada 2133: 1200: 1061:led the party to office in 859:. In total, 194 out of 295 10: 7334: 6386:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 6086:. Toronto: HarperCollins. 5669:"Reform Candidate Quits." 4060:Parties that won no seats: 4058: 3093: 3085: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2296:Canadian Party for Renewal 2126:levels and a retreat from 2014: 1446:Polls during the campaign 1259: 1193: 978:Campbell replaces Mulroney 857:132 MPs losing their seats 850:New Democratic Party (NDP) 63:October 25, 1993 7267:Federal political parties 7262: 7234: 7001: 6761: 6677: 6460: 6440: 6301:Canada's electoral system 6056:Did not contest seats in 5961:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5956:"Clinton visits Chrétien" 5891:October 29, 1993. pg. B.3 5676:October 14, 1993, pg. A6. 5551:The Secret Mulroney Tapes 5460:Progressive Conservatives 5124: 5014:and rallying against the 4954:Beauséjour, New Brunswick 4850:Saint John, New Brunswick 4824:, who won re-election in 4775:Progressive Conservatives 3986: 3895: 3893: 3799: 3797: 3703: 3701: 3607: 3605: 3511: 3509: 3415: 3413: 3344: 3324: 3316: 3311: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3264: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3167: 3162: 3154: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3106:December 4, 2008, at the 3040: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3026: 2728: 2618: 2376: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2232:which ran 79 candidates, 2107:that was sure to follow. 2074:programme and a national 2052: 1481: 1453: 1450: 1445: 1322: 1311:after the failure of the 1112:After the failure of the 778:a controversial attack ad 650: 637: 610: 406: 139: 121: 114: 103: 85: 51: 39: 7308:1993 elections in Canada 6631:Progressive Conservative 6340:Independently Published. 6336:Holden, Brandon (2023). 6101:Brooks, Stephen (1996). 6043:Only contested seats in 5860:October 5, 1993. pg. A6. 5471: 5035:Leader of the Opposition 3801:Progressive Conservative 2579:Progressive Conservative 2348:35th Canadian parliament 2273:fundamentalist Christian 2242:Christian Heritage Party 2206:economically nationalist 1408:Progressive Conservative 1041:as party leader after a 999:June leadership election 748:longtime Prime Minister 666:Progressive Conservative 466:Progressive Conservative 6692:MPs who lost their seat 6682:1993 Chrétien attack ad 6345:Liberal Party of Canada 5822:April 29, 1994. pg. A.1 5729:"A Struggle to Survive" 4848:, the popular mayor of 3116:Vote and seat summaries 3098:http://www.elections.ca 2329:single-member plurality 2105:referendum on secession 2017:1993 Chrétien attack ad 1168:National Energy Program 798:Western Canadians, and 6544:Independent candidates 6144:Canadian Public Policy 6124:Colby, Jordan (1997). 5870:"1993 leaders’ debate" 5635:"Fill in the Blanks." 5331:1995 Quebec referendum 5195:in 1867, Canada had a 5073:. Defeated Ontario MP 4771: 4763: 2357: 2081:Goods and Services Tax 1417: 1389: 1350:Goods and Services Tax 1332: 1300: 1269: 1141:Reform Party of Canada 1089:. As well, new leader 946:Goods and Services Tax 762:Goods and Services Tax 18:1993 Canadian election 6329:Flanagan, T. (2022). 5298:merged, creating the 5241:dominant-party system 5189:political realignment 4869:official party status 4769: 4757: 4663:Souris—Moose Mountain 4621:Moose Jaw—Lake Centre 2356: 2230:Green Party of Canada 2221:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 2187:Green Party of Canada 2128:official bilingualism 2059:early 1990s recession 1424:and chief strategist 1415: 1387: 1330: 1298: 1267: 1213:confidence and supply 1126:Quebec sovereigntists 818:, they lost seats in 780:during the campaign. 766:early 1990s recession 707:political realignment 5660:Ellis and Archer 69. 5651:Ellis and Archer 67. 5567:"Jean Pelletier, 73" 5153:improve this article 5107:Charlottetown Accord 5016:Charlottetown Accord 4720:improve this article 3705:New Democratic Party 2538:New Democratic Party 2118:, and change to the 2089:Provincial sales tax 1432:unpopular Mulroney. 1358:socially progressive 1155:, the son of former 1087:Charlottetown Accord 992:Environment Minister 971:Charlottetown Accord 929:late 1980s recession 800:fiscal conservatives 792:social conservatives 7226:44th (2021–present) 5874:CBC Television News 5858:The Globe and Mail. 5573:on January 21, 2009 5343:sponsorship scandal 5304:sponsorship scandal 5222:sponsorship scandal 5071:earlier in the year 4996:Official Opposition 4786:first past the post 4673:(REF) by 499 votes 4635:Edmonton—Strathcona 4534:Ten closest ridings 3338:Results by province 2269:Social Credit Party 2024:minority government 1346:social conservative 1279:A Taxpayer's Agenda 1237:At the ceremony at 1228:dissolve parliament 985:Minister of Justice 921:Quebec nationalists 846:Official Opposition 728:majority government 504:Last election 487:Leader's seat 274:Last election 254:Leader's seat 36: 6687:MPs who stood down 6505:Christian Heritage 5908:on August 30, 2017 5842:Politics in Canada 5818:The Ottawa Citizen 5739:on August 30, 2020 5672:The Globe and Mail 5638:The Globe and Mail 5488:. Elections Canada 5254:multi-party system 5095:Western alienation 5012:Western alienation 5007:seat in Manitoba. 4926:Edmonton Southeast 4906:Edmonton Northwest 4826:Sherbrooke, Quebec 4772: 4764: 4659:(LIB) by 476 votes 4645:(LIB) by 418 votes 4631:(NDP) by 310 votes 4617:(LIB) by 219 votes 4607:Winnipeg Transcona 4603:(REF) by 203 votes 4589:(LIB) by 123 votes 4541:Edmonton Northwest 4225:Christian Heritage 2800:Christian Heritage 2358: 2254:Abolitionist Party 2175:Politics in Canada 1831:Leger & Leger 1711:Leger & Leger 1529:Comquest Research 1418: 1390: 1333: 1309:Quebec nationalism 1301: 1270: 1097:, having defeated 1095:Western alienation 1020:Opposition parties 558:Popular vote 515:Seats before 510:169 seats, 43.02% 472:Leader since 347:Popular vote 290:Seats before 232:Leader since 116:Opinion polls 34: 7285: 7284: 6763:General elections 6715: 6714: 6702:Results by riding 6619:Audrey McLaughlin 6521:(Gilles Gervais, 6495:Joseph Thauberger 6393:978-1-55488-886-3 6288:978-0-88629-228-7 6269:978-0-88629-228-7 6250:978-0-88629-228-7 6231:978-0-88629-228-7 6212:978-0-88629-228-7 6199:Clarkson, Stephen 6190:978-0-88629-228-7 6116:978-0-19-541205-5 6093:978-0-00-255071-0 5972:on April 28, 2009 5940:978-0-7735-6789-4 5876:, October 4, 1993 5685:Woolstencroft 17. 5591:Woolstencroft 15. 5322:by the Liberals. 5285:Canadian Alliance 5258:Canadian Alliance 5185: 5184: 5177: 5103:Audrey McLaughlin 5089:Columbia Premier 4981:Progressive Party 4752: 4751: 4744: 4686:(BQ) by 499 votes 4676:Verdun—Saint-Paul 4575:(REF) by 83 votes 4561:(LIB) by 67 votes 4531: 4530: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3113: 3112: 2919:Joseph Thauberger 2543:Audrey McLaughlin 2341:Cabinet of Canada 2217:Natural Law Party 2163:Canadian Alliance 2159:Ukrainian Embassy 2100:free trade debate 1987: 1986: 1956: 1955: 1801:Compass Research 1651:Compass Research 1313:Meech Lake Accord 1164:the West wants in 1114:Meech Lake Accord 1091:Audrey McLaughlin 959:Meech Lake Accord 824:Canadian Alliance 770:writs were issued 691: 690: 687: 686: 606: 605: 537:Seat change 507:43 seats, 20.38% 446:Audrey McLaughlin 318:Seat change 277:83 seats, 31.92% 268:Calgary Southwest 105:295 seats in the 81: 80: 16:(Redirected from 7325: 7221:43rd (2019–2021) 7216:42nd (2015–2019) 7211:41st (2011–2015) 7206:40th (2008–2011) 7201:39th (2006–2008) 7196:38th (2004–2006) 7191:37th (2000–2004) 7186:36th (1997–2000) 7181:35th (1994–1997) 7176:34th (1988–1993) 7171:33rd (1984–1988) 7166:32nd (1980–1984) 7156:30th (1974–1979) 7152: 7146:28th (1968–1972) 7141:27th (1965–1968) 7136:26th (1963–1965) 7131:25th (1962–1963) 7126:24th (1958–1962) 7121:23rd (1957–1958) 7116:22nd (1953–1957) 7111:21st (1949–1953) 7106:20th (1945–1949) 7101:19th (1940–1945) 7096:18th (1936–1940) 7091:17th (1930–1935) 7086:16th (1926–1930) 7076:14th (1921–1925) 7071:13th (1918–1921) 7066:12th (1911–1917) 7061:11th (1909–1911) 7056:10th (1905–1908) 6742: 6735: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6697:Results overview 6671: 6668:House of Commons 6606:(Neil Paterson, 6576:Marxist–Leninist 6509:Heather Stilwell 6452:Liberal majority 6427: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6397: 6385: 6354: 6318: 6306: 6292: 6273: 6254: 6235: 6216: 6194: 6175: 6141: 6131: 6120: 6108: 6097: 6085: 6061: 6054: 6048: 6041: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6020:on June 25, 2011 6016:. Archived from 6012:Chronicle Herald 6006: 6000: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5968:. Archived from 5951: 5945: 5944: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5898: 5892: 5888:Montreal Gazette 5883: 5877: 5867: 5861: 5854: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5823: 5813: 5807: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5775:Gordon Donaldson 5772: 5761: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5725: 5706: 5705: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5677: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5562: 5556: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5525: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5481: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5226:party infighting 5197:two-party system 5180: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5137: 5129: 5115:1990 by-election 4938:leadership rival 4865:Elections Canada 4747: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4704: 4696: 4692:Results analysis 4484:Marxist–Leninist 3342: 3341: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3119: 2992:Marxist–Leninist 2805:Heather Stilwell 2391: 2360: 2359: 2284:Rhinoceros Party 2116:recall elections 1969: 1968: 1961: 1443: 1442: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1221:Governor General 1079:British Columbia 699:House of Commons 653: 643: 631: 628: 621: 618: 598: 597: 587: 586: 552: 551: 544: 543: 496:Vancouver Centre 476:December 5, 1989 437: 430: 398: 397: 382: 381: 341: 340: 333: 332: 325: 324: 249: 247:November 1, 1987 187: 180: 169: 141: 140: 130: 129: 107:House of Commons 90:outgoing members 70: 68: 53: 52: 46: 45: 44: 37: 33: 21: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7258: 7230: 7150: 7051:9th (1901–1904) 7046:8th (1896–1900) 7041:7th (1891–1896) 7036:6th (1887–1891) 7031:5th (1883–1887) 7026:4th (1879–1882) 7021:3rd (1874–1878) 7016:2nd (1873–1874) 7011:1st (1867–1872) 6997: 6757: 6746: 6716: 6711: 6707:Opinion polling 6673: 6662: 6651:Preston Manning 6568:(Hilliard Cox, 6484:Lucien Bouchard 6456: 6436: 6431: 6394: 6326: 6324:Further reading 6321: 6315: 6304: 6289: 6270: 6251: 6232: 6213: 6191: 6156:10.2307/3551972 6139: 6117: 6094: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5884: 5880: 5868: 5864: 5855: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5814: 5810: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5773: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5727: 5726: 5709: 5704:. June 6, 2017. 5694: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5563: 5559: 5546:Peter C. Newman 5544: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5389:Politics portal 5387: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5247:consisted of a 5210:UK counterparts 5181: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5150: 5138: 5127: 5064:in Ontario and 5054: 5039:Lucien Bouchard 5022:seats; massive 5004: 4969: 4877: 4834:Don Mazankowski 4777: 4748: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4717: 4705: 4694: 4689: 4680:Raymond Lavigne 4674: 4653:Richard Bélisle 4601:Linda Robertson 4536: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3309: 3296: 3283: 3270: 3257: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3212: 3199: 3186: 3173: 3160: 3147: 3118: 3108:Wayback Machine 2729:No affiliation 2502:Preston Manning 2461:Lucien Bouchard 2387: 2370: 2325: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2262:Lyndon LaRouche 2223:, it advocated 2171: 2136: 2055: 2019: 2013: 2001:Lucien Bouchard 1997:leaders debates 1993: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1970: 1966: 1926:Election result 1441: 1439:Leaders debates 1410: 1382: 1374:York University 1325: 1317:Lucien Bouchard 1293: 1262: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1192: 1190:Opinion polling 1157:Alberta Premier 1153:Preston Manning 1130:Parti Québécois 1118:Lucien Bouchard 1107: 1043:divisive battle 1022: 980: 954: 948:(GST) in 1991. 913:Atlantic Canada 885: 869: 863:changed hands. 844:and became the 804:Preston Manning 703:35th Parliament 679: 674: 664: 659: 651: 646: 638: 633: 632: 629: 622: 619: 611: 526:Seats won 498: 407: 304:Seats won 285:0 seats, 2.09% 245: 206:Preston Manning 201:Lucien Bouchard 173: 172: 171: 170: 109: 104: 99: 98: 95:elected members 92: 66: 64: 47: 42: 40: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7331: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 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3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3513:Bloc Québécois 3510: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3465:Popular vote: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265:Bloc Québécois 3262: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3181:Bloc Québécois 3178: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2958:Gilles Gervais 2955: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697:Neil Paterson 2695: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2611:−26.97% 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2570:−13.50% 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2456:Bloc Québécois 2453: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2337:Prime Minister 2321:Main article: 2318: 2315: 2310:Main article: 2307: 2304: 2282:The satirical 2183:National Party 2170: 2167: 2135: 2132: 2054: 2051: 2015:Main article: 2012: 2009: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1973: 1971: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1437: 1409: 1406: 1402:strategic vote 1398:Western Canada 1381: 1378: 1324: 1321: 1305:Bloc Québécois 1292: 1291:Bloc Québécois 1289: 1284:Globe and Mail 1261: 1258: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1194:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1160:Ernest Manning 1134:Gilles Duceppe 1122:Bloc Québécois 1106: 1103: 1047:Jean Pelletier 1021: 1018: 1010:Pierre Trudeau 1003:prime minister 979: 976: 953: 950: 894:1958 landslide 889:Brian Mulroney 884: 881: 868: 865: 838:Bloc Québécois 750:Brian Mulroney 739:Prime Minister 689: 688: 685: 684: 669: 648: 647: 644: 635: 634: 623: 613: 612: 608: 607: 604: 603: 592: 581: 577: 576: 573: 570: 566: 565: 562: 559: 555: 554: 546: 538: 534: 533: 530: 527: 523: 522: 519: 516: 512: 511: 508: 505: 501: 500: 493: 488: 484: 483: 478: 473: 469: 468: 463: 461:New Democratic 458: 454: 453: 448: 443: 439: 438: 431: 424: 420: 419: 416: 413: 409: 408: 404: 403: 392: 387: 376: 372: 371: 368: 365: 362: 358: 357: 354: 351: 348: 344: 343: 335: 327: 319: 315: 314: 311: 308: 305: 301: 300: 297: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 278: 275: 271: 270: 265: 263:Lac-Saint-Jean 260: 255: 251: 250: 243: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 221:Bloc Québécois 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 189: 188: 181: 174: 164: 163: 162: 161: 159: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 137: 136: 123: 119: 118: 112: 111: 101: 100: 93: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 72: 60: 49: 48: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7330: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6751: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6615:New Democrats 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6580:Hardial Bains 6577: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6555:Jean Chrétien 6552: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6395: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6316: 6314:0-662-65352-1 6310: 6303: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6059: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6019: 6015: 6013: 6005: 5996: 5990:Whitehorn 52. 5987: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5844:1998 ed. 400. 5843: 5837: 5828: 5821: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5632: 5623: 5608: 5607:National Post 5604: 5597: 5588: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5533: 5531: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:New Democrats 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:Abolitionists 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5376: 5375:Canada portal 5365: 5358: 5356: 5355:2021 election 5352: 5351:2019 election 5348: 5347:2015 election 5344: 5340: 5339:2000 election 5336: 5335:1997 election 5332: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5312:2008 election 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5281:1997 election 5277: 5275: 5272:as leader in 5271: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5193:Confederation 5190: 5179: 5176: 5168: 5165:November 2021 5158: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5142:This section 5140: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5066:Mike Harcourt 5063: 5058: 5052:New Democrats 5049: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5028:Simcoe Centre 5025: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5008: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4977:1921 election 4974: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4950:Saint-Maurice 4947: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4930:David Kilgour 4927: 4923: 4922:Edmonton East 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902:Anne McLellan 4899: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4883: 4882:Simcoe Centre 4872: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4768: 4761: 4760:1988 election 4756: 4746: 4743: 4735: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4709:This section 4707: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4671:Doug Heimlick 4668: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4657:Jacques Saada 4654: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4639:Hugh Hanrahan 4636: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593:Edmonton East 4591: 4588: 4587:Janice Laking 4584: 4580: 4579:Simcoe Centre 4577: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4559:Denis Coderre 4556: 4555:Osvaldo Nunez 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545:Anne McLellan 4542: 4539: 4538: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3612: 3610: 3603: 3560: 3559: 3516: 3514: 3507: 3464: 3463: 3420: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3209: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3025: 2998: 2997:Hardial Bains 2995: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2867:−0.14% 2843:Hilliard Cox 2842: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830:−0.55% 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2791:−0.12% 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2725: 2724: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2633: 2615: 2614: 2602:−98.8% 2599: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2561:−79.1% 2558: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2517: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2476: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2435: 2421: 2420:Jean Chrétien 2418: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2377:Popular vote 2366:Party leader 2361: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2289:2008 election 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2191:CBC Newsworld 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169:Minor parties 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2039:Roméo LeBlanc 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2018: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1981: 1980:MediaWiki.org 1977: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1744:September 28 1743: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1714:September 26 1713: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684:September 26 1683: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654:September 26 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624:September 25 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1594:September 22 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562:September 16 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532:September 14 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1449: 1444: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1367:Rick Anderson 1362: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1297: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1257: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Ray Hnatyshyn 1222: 1217: 1214: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1151:party led by 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Mike Harcourt 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035:Jean Chrétien 1032: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 993: 989: 986: 975: 972: 968: 964: 960: 949: 947: 943: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 890: 880: 878: 874: 864: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 836: 835:sovereigntist 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816:1997 election 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 786: 785:Western-based 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 758:Charlottetown 755: 751: 747: 743: 740: 737:(PC) leader, 736: 731: 729: 725: 724:Jean Chrétien 721: 720:Liberal Party 717: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 683: 682: 678: 677:Jean Chrétien 673: 670: 668: 667: 663: 658: 655: 654: 649: 642: 636: 627: 617: 609: 602: 593: 591: 582: 579: 578: 574: 571: 568: 567: 563: 560: 557: 556: 547: 539: 536: 535: 531: 528: 525: 524: 520: 517: 514: 513: 509: 506: 503: 502: 497: 494: 492: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481:June 13, 1993 479: 477: 474: 471: 470: 467: 464: 462: 459: 456: 455: 452: 449: 447: 444: 441: 440: 436: 432: 429: 425: 422: 421: 417: 415:Fourth party 414: 411: 410: 405: 402: 393: 391: 388: 386: 377: 374: 373: 369: 366: 363: 360: 359: 355: 352: 349: 346: 345: 336: 328: 320: 317: 316: 312: 309: 306: 303: 302: 298: 295: 292: 289: 288: 284: 282: 279: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 258:Saint-Maurice 256: 253: 252: 248: 244: 242: 241:July 25, 1990 239: 237: 236:June 23, 1990 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 196:Jean Chrétien 194: 191: 190: 186: 182: 179: 175: 168: 160: 157: 156: 152: 150:Second party 149: 146: 143: 142: 138: 134: 124: 120: 117: 113: 108: 102: 97: → 96: 91: 88:← 84: 77: → 76: 73: 71: 61: 59: 56:← 55: 54: 50: 38: 32: 27: 19: 7003:By-elections 6991: 6940: 6663: 6661: 6645: 6635:Kim Campbell 6629: 6613: 6549: 6542: 6519:Commonwealth 6478: 6465:Abolitionist 6433: 6381: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6349: 6337: 6333:. UBC Press. 6330: 6300: 6278: 6259: 6240: 6221: 6202: 6180: 6147: 6143: 6126: 6104: 6081: 6052: 6039: 6022:. Retrieved 6018:the original 6011: 6004: 5995: 5986: 5974:. Retrieved 5970:the original 5959: 5949: 5929: 5922: 5912:September 9, 5910:. Retrieved 5906:the original 5896: 5886: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5841: 5836: 5827: 5816: 5811: 5803: 5795: 5786: 5778: 5741:. Retrieved 5737:the original 5732: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5670: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5636: 5631: 5626:Clarkson 36. 5622: 5610:. Retrieved 5606: 5596: 5587: 5575:. Retrieved 5571:the original 5560: 5549: 5541: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5490:. Retrieved 5484:Pomfret, R. 5479: 5465:Reform Party 5440:Libertarians 5430:Commonwealth 5425:Canada Party 5415:Independents 5407: 5406: 5328: 5324: 5296:Peter MacKay 5289: 5278: 5262: 5238: 5214: 5186: 5171: 5162: 5151:Please help 5146:verification 5143: 5111: 5091:Dave Barrett 5087: 5059: 5055: 5046:Bill Clinton 5032: 5020: 5009: 5005: 4993: 4985: 4970: 4958: 4934: 4887: 4878: 4862: 4842:John Crosbie 4822:Jean Charest 4805: 4799: 4782: 4778: 4738: 4729: 4718:Please help 4713:verification 4710: 4684:Kim Beaudoin 4643:Chris Peirce 4625:Allan Kerpan 4611:Bill Blaikie 4432:Commonwealth 4380:Canada Party 4329:Abolitionist 4059: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3317:Independents 3226: 3129:Popular vote 3094: 3086: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 2953:Commonwealth 2914:Canada Party 2876:Abolitionist 2631: 2619:Independent 2597: 2584:Kim Campbell 2556: 2515: 2474: 2433: 2345: 2326: 2293: 2281: 2277:Ken Campbell 2266: 2250:Canada Party 2225:yogic flying 2219:. Linked to 2199: 2174: 2172: 2156: 2152:trade unions 2148: 2137: 2109: 2093: 2072:public works 2063:unemployment 2056: 2047: 2043: 2035:Bell's palsy 2028: 2020: 1994: 1950: 1936: 1925: 1914: 1900: 1884: 1870: 1854: 1840: 1824: 1810: 1794: 1780: 1764: 1750: 1734: 1720: 1704: 1690: 1674: 1660: 1644: 1630: 1614: 1600: 1584: 1570: 1565: 1552: 1535: 1522: 1508: 1502:September 9 1434: 1430: 1419: 1391: 1380:New Democrat 1371: 1363: 1354: 1334: 1302: 1282: 1278: 1271: 1236: 1218: 1209: 1206:Pre-campaign 1172:Deborah Grey 1138: 1111: 1108: 1099:Dave Barrett 1055:Ed Broadbent 1052: 1023: 1014:Trudeaumania 1007: 995:Jean Charest 988:Kim Campbell 981: 963:Newfoundland 955: 933:unemployment 906: 886: 883:Mulroney era 870: 854: 832: 788:Reform Party 782: 742:Kim Campbell 732: 694: 692: 675: 671: 662:Kim Campbell 660: 656: 451:Kim Campbell 418:Fifth party 390:pre-creation 389: 281:pre-creation 280: 153:Third party 147:First party 62: 31: 26: 7236:Referendums 7161:31st (1979) 7081:15th (1926) 6754:referendums 6604:Natural Law 6566:Libertarian 6469:John Turmel 5831:Brooks 207. 5536:Brooks 194. 5492:January 11, 5450:Natural Law 5220:, with the 4979:, when the 4973:francophone 4941:Paul Martin 4918:Judy Bethel 4846:Elsie Wayne 4629:Rod Laporte 4597:Judy Bethel 4277:Libertarian 4122:Natural Law 3988:Total seats 3345:Party name 3239:Seat totals 2881:John Turmel 2839:Libertarian 2693:Natural Law 2371:candidates 2202:nationalist 2124:immigration 2011:Chrétien ad 1976:Phabricator 1930:October 25 1894:October 22 1864:October 22 1861:Angus Reid 1834:October 19 1804:October 16 1771:Angus Reid 1681:Environics 1559:Angus Reid 1499:Angus Reid 1426:Allan Gregg 1239:Rideau Hall 1176:by-election 1105:New parties 1083:federalists 1071:by-election 1039:Paul Martin 1026:John Turner 711:regionalist 569:Percentage 499:(defeated) 361:Percentage 7292:Categories 6655:candidates 6639:candidates 6623:candidates 6608:candidates 6598:candidates 6594:Mel Hurtig 6584:candidates 6570:candidates 6559:candidates 6537:candidates 6523:candidates 6513:candidates 6499:candidates 6473:candidates 6444:Outgoing: 6068:References 5976:August 25, 5743:August 25, 5524:Bliss 308. 5506:Bliss 312. 5249:separatist 4910:John Loney 4812:twice: in 4791:Charlevoix 4682:(LIB) def 4669:(LIB) def 4649:La Prairie 4641:(REF) def 4627:(REF) def 4613:(NDP) def 4599:(LIB) def 4585:(REF) def 4571:(LIB) def 4569:John Loney 3072:13,667,671 2659:Mel Hurtig 2605:2,186,422 2523:2,559,245 2482:1,846,024 2441:5,647,952 2333:government 2306:Candidates 2256:, and the 2179:Mel Hurtig 2144:tax credit 2112:free votes 2085:Harmonized 2076:child care 1774:October 6 867:Background 808:right-wing 764:, and the 754:Meech Lake 564:2,186,422 356:2,559,245 353:1,846,024 350:5,647,952 67:1993-10-25 6756:in Canada 6750:elections 6533:Chris Lea 6164:0317-0861 5966:Maclean's 5733:Maclean's 5577:April 20, 5270:Joe Clark 4946:Outaouais 4838:Joe Clark 4655:(BQ) def 4583:Ed Harper 4557:(BQ) def 2766:Chris Lea 2397:% Change 2275:preacher 2087:with the 2068:Sea Kings 1422:John Tory 1031:stayed on 887:In 1984, 796:alienated 746:succeeded 722:, led by 716:landslide 6748:Federal 6590:National 6450:Result: 6347:(1993). 6078:(1994). 6024:June 20, 5804:CBC News 5612:March 4, 5565:Canada. 5361:See also 4989:election 4875:Liberals 4802:Hedy Fry 4615:Art Miki 4551:Bourassa 4070:National 3104:Archived 3095:Sources: 2678:187,251 2654:National 2564:939,575 2529:+16.59% 2438:+113.3% 2394:Elected 2246:abortion 2240:and the 2134:Finances 1337:populist 1275:Red Book 1201:Campaign 1180:Edmonton 1149:populist 1067:Manitoba 967:Manitoba 909:the West 902:Montreal 812:Manitoba 726:, won a 561:939,575 6551:Liberal 6172:3551972 5701:YouTube 5062:Bob Rae 4573:Ron Mix 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4480: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4428: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4325: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4273: 4262: 4247: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4186: 4162: 4118: 4107: 4066: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3899:Seats: 3805:Seats: 3709:Seats: 3675: 3631: 3613:Seats: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517:Seats: 3421:Seats: 3417:Liberal 3321: 3308: 3295: 3282: 3269: 3256: 3252:Liberal 3211: 3198: 3185: 3172: 3159: 3146: 3142:Liberal 3081: 3036: 3030:Vacant 3022:+0.04% 2988: 2949: 2872: 2861:14,630 2835: 2824:30,358 2796: 2785:32,979 2753:−0.10% 2747:48,959 2726: 2715:84,743 2689: 2650: 2645:+0.56% 2639:60,434 2636: 2616: 2608:16.04% 2575: 2534: 2526:18.69% 2520: 2493: 2485:13.52% 2452: 2447:+9.32% 2444:41.24% 2415:Liberal 2411: 2406:Change 2389:Dissol. 2317:Results 2181:of the 1978:and on 1891:Gallup 1621:Gallup 1394:Bob Rae 1260:Liberal 1250:⁄ 1147:-based 1145:Western 1063:Ontario 1059:Bob Rae 937:deficit 917:Ontario 861:ridings 701:of the 681:Liberal 575:16.04% 442:Leader 423: 412: 370:18.69% 367:13.52% 364:41.24% 216:Liberal 192:Leader 158: 144: 125:70.9% ( 122:Turnout 65: ( 6647:Reform 6491:Canada 6390: 6311: 6285: 6266: 6247: 6228: 6209: 6187: 6170: 6162: 6113: 6090: 6058:Quebec 6045:Quebec 5937: 5435:Greens 5202:Labour 5125:Legacy 5002:Reform 4916:, and 4840:, and 4678:, QC: 4665:, SK: 4651:, QC: 4637:, AB: 4623:, SK: 4609:, MB: 4595:, AB: 4581:, ON: 4567:, AB: 4553:, QC: 4543:, AB: 4488:Vote: 4436:Vote: 4384:Vote: 4333:Vote: 4281:Vote: 4229:Vote: 4177:Vote: 4126:Vote: 4074:Vote: 3943:Vote: 3896:Other 3849:Vote: 3753:Vote: 3657:Vote: 3609:Reform 3561:Vote: 3408:Total 3286:17.63% 3278:Reform 3273:18.31% 3260:60.00% 3207:Others 3189:13.52% 3176:16.04% 3163:18.69% 3155:Reform 3150:41.24% 3087:Notes: 3019:0.04% 3016:5,136 2980:0.06% 2977:7,316 2941:0.06% 2938:7,506 2903:0.07% 2900:9,141 2864:0.11% 2827:0.22% 2788:0.24% 2750:0.09% 2718:0.63% 2681:1.38% 2642:0.73% 2567:6.88% 2497:Reform 2374:Seats 2363:Party 2252:, the 2236:, the 2120:Senate 2061:, and 2053:Issues 2005:French 1344:, and 1323:Reform 1178:in an 1174:won a 1143:was a 919:, and 842:Quebec 718:, the 580:Swing 572:6.88% 457:Party 375:Swing 226:Reform 212:Party 6529:Green 6305:(PDF) 6168:JSTOR 6140:(PDF) 5472:Notes 5117:, as 4173:Green 3888:16.0 3885:17.7 3882:16.2 3879:26.7 3876:32.0 3873:23.5 3870:27.9 3867:13.5 3864:17.6 3861:11.9 3858:11.3 3855:14.6 3852:13.5 3789:43.4 3765:16.7 3762:26.6 3756:15.5 3696:18.7 3693:13.1 3681:13.3 3672:20.1 3669:22.4 3666:27.2 3663:52.3 3660:36.4 3600:13.5 3579:49.3 3504:41.3 3501:23.2 3498:65.4 3495:67.3 3492:60.1 3489:52.0 3486:56.0 3483:33.0 3480:52.9 3477:45.0 3474:32.1 3471:25.1 3468:28.1 3325:0.34% 3312:0.68% 3299:3.05% 3215:3.63% 3202:6.88% 3067:±0.0% 3047:2,155 3042:Total 2761:Green 1947:18.7 1944:13.5 1933:16.0 1741:Ekos 1482:Lead 1454:Date 1451:Firm 1037:over 599:26.98 588:13.50 491:Yukon 399:16.60 7254:1992 7249:1942 7244:1898 6992:Next 6986:2021 6981:2019 6976:2015 6971:2011 6966:2008 6961:2006 6956:2004 6951:2000 6946:1997 6941:1993 6936:1988 6931:1984 6926:1980 6921:1979 6916:1974 6911:1972 6906:1968 6901:1965 6896:1963 6891:1962 6886:1958 6881:1957 6876:1953 6871:1949 6866:1945 6861:1940 6856:1935 6851:1930 6846:1926 6841:1925 6836:1921 6831:1917 6826:1911 6821:1908 6816:1904 6811:1900 6806:1896 6801:1891 6796:1887 6791:1882 6786:1878 6781:1874 6776:1872 6771:1867 6752:and 6664:Bold 6388:ISBN 6309:ISBN 6283:ISBN 6264:ISBN 6245:ISBN 6226:ISBN 6207:ISBN 6185:ISBN 6160:ISSN 6111:ISBN 6088:ISBN 6026:2011 5978:2019 5935:ISBN 5914:2009 5745:2020 5614:2022 5579:2010 5494:2014 5320:2015 5316:2011 5308:2006 5274:1998 5266:1997 5234:2008 5230:2006 5224:and 5218:2004 5206:Tory 5083:2001 5079:1995 4961:1949 4898:1949 4894:1968 4890:1974 4818:1926 4816:and 4814:1921 4527:0.0 4503:0.1 4475:0.1 4454:0.2 4423:0.1 4405:0.3 4396:0.3 4393:0.3 4390:0.1 4387:0.1 4372:0.1 4351:0.2 4348:0.1 4320:0.1 4299:0.1 4296:0.2 4284:0.3 4268:0.2 4265:0.4 4259:0.2 4256:0.7 4253:0.3 4250:0.3 4244:0.3 4241:0.3 4238:0.2 4235:0.2 4232:0.4 4216:0.2 4210:1.4 4204:0.3 4201:0.1 4195:0.1 4192:0.3 4183:0.3 4180:0.7 4165:0.6 4159:0.9 4156:0.8 4153:0.2 4150:0.9 4147:0.5 4144:0.8 4141:0.5 4138:0.4 4135:0.3 4132:0.6 4129:0.6 4113:1.4 4110:2.1 4104:0.5 4101:0.5 4098:1.1 4095:0.3 4092:0.1 4089:1.2 4086:3.1 4083:1.0 4080:2.4 4077:4.1 3982:0.8 3967:2.1 3964:1.3 3961:1.1 3958:0.8 3955:0.1 3952:1.0 3949:0.4 3946:0.3 3792:6.9 3786:7.7 3783:3.5 3780:5.2 3777:6.8 3774:4.9 3771:1.5 3768:6.0 3759:4.1 3690:8.4 3687:1.0 3684:1.0 3678:8.5 3460:177 3077:100% 2700:231 2663:170 2622:129 2594:154 2591:169 2588:295 2547:294 2506:207 2424:295 2383:1988 2369:# of 2195:CPAC 2193:and 1951:22.5 1941:6.9 1937:41.2 1591:CBC 1303:The 1139:The 965:and 942:debt 915:and 898:1980 877:1984 875:and 873:1896 833:The 820:2000 783:The 774:1988 756:and 693:The 553:154 521:156 383:9.32 307:177 75:1997 58:1988 6152:doi 5155:by 5101:by 4920:in 4912:in 4904:in 4806:and 4722:by 4053:295 3652:52 3619:22 3616:24 3556:54 3535:54 3445:11 3439:19 3436:98 3433:12 3291:NDP 3194:NDP 3062:295 3057:295 3052:295 3001:51 2962:59 2923:56 2885:80 2846:52 2809:59 2770:79 2732:23 2553:44 2550:43 2471:10 2465:75 2434:177 2430:79 2427:83 2302:). 1911:19 1908:12 1897:16 1881:18 1878:14 1867:18 1851:17 1848:14 1837:21 1821:16 1818:13 1807:22 1791:18 1788:12 1777:22 1761:17 1758:12 1747:25 1731:15 1728:12 1717:28 1701:13 1698:11 1687:31 1671:14 1668:12 1657:26 1641:13 1638:10 1627:30 1611:13 1608:11 1597:31 1585:Tie 1581:11 1578:11 1549:11 1546:10 1540:33 1519:10 1505:35 1478:Ref 1468:NDP 1463:LPC 1226:to 545:35 518:44 342:51 334:44 326:96 313:52 310:54 296:10 293:81 131:4.4 7294:: 6653:, 6637:, 6621:, 6596:, 6582:, 6557:, 6535:, 6511:, 6497:, 6471:, 6166:. 6158:. 6148:24 6146:. 6142:. 5964:. 5958:. 5872:. 5849:^ 5802:. 5777:, 5765:^ 5753:^ 5731:. 5710:^ 5698:. 5605:. 5548:, 5529:^ 5357:. 5236:. 5085:. 4908:, 4852:. 4836:, 4832:, 4028:11 4023:10 4018:75 4013:99 4008:14 4003:14 3998:26 3993:32 3938:1 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1993 Canadian federal election

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