29:
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481:. The waves were reported to reach 2 meters (6.5 ft) and inundated up to 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) inland. Presumably, an underwater landslide contributed to the notable tsunami, taking place on the steep shores of the continental shelf in the area. Although there were no reported casualties or severe damage in the wake of the tsunami, it reaffirmed the existence of a tsunami in the Caspian Sea and suggested that an underwater landslide that could be caused by an earthquake near the area could cause a life-threatening and potent tsunami.
47:
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estimated that $ 8 billion in damage occurred in the affected area. Other earthquake catalogs presented estimates of the loss of life in the range of 35,000–50,000, with a further 60,000–105,000 that were injured and 400,000 rendered homeless. The earthquake struck 30 minutes after midnight when most
501:
and other western countries, but they were not in a position to launch an extensive relief effort on their own. The
Iranian government and the governments that responded to the earthquake issued over 2,900 tents for the unhoused and camps for hundreds of thousands of people affected by the disaster.
420:
to break and creating a large flood and landslide, flooding and wiping out huge swaths of farmland. Other landslides also made many roads unusable, with one landslide next to Rudbar moving up to 20 million cubic meters of land. There were at least 223 landslides recorded within a 11.3 km
456:
also caused extensive damage in an area of about 80 km (50 mi) to the northeast of the earthquake's epicenter, ruining irrigation canals, pipelines, and splitting pavements apart. Water wells were also filled with boiled sand. In some of the smaller, hard-to-reach towns in the
297:). Devastation occurred in a 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi) area, causing extensive damage in several cities. A large aftershock also added to the destruction. Between 35,000 and 50,000 people died in the earthquake; another 60,000–105,000 were injured.
725:
847:
Vanani, Ali Asghar Ghaedi; Shoaei, Gholamreza; Zare, Mehdi (2021). "Statistical analyses of landslide size and spatial distribution triggered by 1990 Rudbar-Manjil (Mw 7.3) earthquake, northern Iran: revised inventory, and controlling factors".
372:
from the 1983 source fault to the 1990 earthquake source fault was insufficient. Stress modelling showed the 1983 earthquake had decreased crustal stress in the epicenter area of the 1990 earthquake rather than increasing it.
348:
imagery and aerial photographs have given estimates of 220 cm left lateral movement, better matching the magnitude and suggesting that a significant proportion of the displacement may have occurred off the main fault strand.
344:. Displacements estimated in the field gave an average of 60 cm left lateral motion combined with 95 cm of vertical motion, much lower than would be estimated from the observed magnitude. Optical correlation techniques using
978:
509:(ARF) occurred in the aftermath of the earthquake, with the number of victims needing dialysis support rising to 156, with a mortality rate of 14 percent. Patients with ARF were more severely injured and usually had
986:
357:
320:. The Arabian Plate is moving northwards relative to the Eurasian Plate and the dominant style of faulting in the western Alborz Mountains involves movement on major
1123:"The Rudbar Mw 7.3 earthquake of 1990 June 20; seismotectonics, coseismic and geomorphic displacements, and historic earthquakes of the western 'High-Alborz', Iran"
631:"The Rudbār Mw 7.3 earthquake of 1990 June 20; seismotectonics, coseismic and geomorphic displacements, and historic earthquakes of the western 'High-Alborz', Iran"
953:
547:; in one of these scenes a man discusses his marriage having taken place a day after the earthquake. Critics and scholars often refer to these three films as the
465:, or UMBs, buildings made out of unsupported brick, cinderblock or other masonry elements which will collapse during strong earthquakes like the Iran earthquake.
169:
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in the
Country: Representations of Rural Space and Place in Abbas Kiarostami’s Life and Nothing More, Through the Olive Trees and The Wind Will Carry Us
806:
341:
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537:(1986), which was shot in a city that, by the time of the second film's production, is recovering from the earthquake. Kiarostami's next film
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that ended just two years prior. Due to anti-American sentiment in Iran at the time, with the earthquake taking place just 10 years after the
1420:
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28:
1098:"The Rudbar-Tarom earthquake of 20 June 1990 in NW Persia: Preliminary field and seismological observations, and its tectonic significance"
1023:
1230:
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Redmond, A. D.; Watson, S.; Nightingale, P. (1991), "The South
Manchester Accident Rescue Team and the Earthquake in Iran, June 1990",
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46:
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https://www.buffalo.edu/mceer/catalog.host.html/content/shared/www/mceer/publications/NCEER-90-0017.detail.html%7CReconnaissance
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Sarkarinejad, Khalil; Ansari, Shoja (2015). "Did the 1983 Charazeh earthquake trigger the destructive 1990 Rudbar earthquake?".
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364:, killing 30 people. That earthquake although situated just southwest of the 1990 earthquake's epicenter, is unlikely a
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726:"Characterizing Near-Field Surface Deformation in the 1990 Rudbar Earthquake (Iran) using Optical Image Correlation"
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of the earthquake indicate that the event corresponded with left-lateral strike-slip faulting with an epicenter in
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340:. Surface rupture of about 80 km (50 mi) was observed along three segments of the previously unknown
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10 cu ft). The earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in the densely populated region of the
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has fictionally incorporated the earthquake and its effects on northern Iran into multiple films of his. In
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people were sleeping in their basic mud dwellings, a major factor contributing to the high death toll.
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International
Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics
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404:. The total area of devastation was measured to be 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi). The
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http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/abbas-kiarostami/kiarostami_rural_space_and_place/%7CDays
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https://historycollection.com/today-history-earthquake-killed-thousands-iran-1990/%7CThis
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531:(1992), a director and his son search for child actors from a previous Kiarostami film;
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1047:"Acute renal failure in earthquake victims in Iran: epidemiology and management"
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277:(Persian: زمینلرزه ۱۳۶۹ رودبار و منجیل) occurred on Thursday, 21 June 1990 at
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Ajorlou, N.; Hollingsworth, J.; Mousavi, Z.; Ghods, A.; Masoumi, Z. (2021).
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The morning after the mainshock, a 6.5 magnitude aftershock hit the city of
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https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/201/2/621/573760?login=false%7CField
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421:(4.4 sq mi) area with a total volume of 380,000,000 m (1.3
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170,000 blankets were also sent in to protect
Iranians from the cold.
308:. Northwestern Iran, lies within northern part of the complex zone of
1021:
365:
1009:"This Day in History; an Earthquake Killed Thousands in Iran (1990)"
1024:
Medical supplies and equipment sent to
Iranian earthquake survivors
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Widespread damage occurred to the northwest of the capital city of
1096:; Qorashi, M.; Jackson, J. A.; Priestley, K.; Wallace, T. (1992),
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1092:
723:
708:
669:
1045:
Atef, M. R.; Nadjatfi, I.; Boroumand, B.; Rastegar, A. (1994).
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survey and modelling of the
Caspian Sea tsunami of 1990 June 20
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324:, combined with subordinate left-lateral strike-slip faulting.
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Iran is one of the most seismically active regions in the world
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Day In
History; An Earthquake Killed Thousands In Iran (1990)
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609:
ISC-GEM Global
Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)
224:
497:, Iranians initially did not want to accept help from the
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The earthquake took place as Iran was recovering from the
417:
1222:
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918:"June 20, 1990 Earthquake of Northern Iran: An Overview"
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956:
Report on the
Northern Iran Earthquake of June 21, 1990
1022:
UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs (21 June 1990).
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541:(1994) follows a film crew as they shoot scenes from
473:
The earthquake was accompanied by a small, localized
53:
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indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
558:
513:, elevated muscle enzymes, and abnormal urinalysis.
16:
1990 severe earthquake centered in northeastern Iran
850:
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
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551:, and rank them among the director's finest works.
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823:"Earthquake devastates Iran | June 21, 1990"
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1102:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
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1391:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
979:"Earthquake shakes Iran's view of its enemies"
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629:Berberian, Manuel; Walker, Richard (2010).
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803:This day. 1990 earthquake devastates Iran
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285:region of northern Iran. The shock had a
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762:International Journal of Earth Sciences
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448:also recorded significant damage. In
733:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
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432:Damage was extreme in the cities of
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300:
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1223:International Seismological Centre
1121:Berberian, M.; Walker, R. (2010),
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614:International Seismological Centre
14:
1812:
1206:
1131:Geophysical Journal International
635:Geophysical Journal International
1153:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04705.x
656:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04705.x
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406:National Geophysical Data Center
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697:United States Geological Survey
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1575:1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows
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463:unreinforced masonry buildings
62:
35:unreinforced masonry buildings
1:
1051:Quarterly Journal of Medicine
985:. 2 July 1990. Archived from
892:"Today in Earthquake History"
587:
327:
275:1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake
22:1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake
1162:BMJ: British Medical Journal
916:Nateghi, F. (20 June 1990).
692:PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog
485:Aftermath and relief efforts
7:
582:List of earthquakes in Iran
577:List of earthquakes in 1990
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534:Where Is the Friend's Home?
521:Acclaimed Iranian director
10:
1817:
1332:(6.7, 6.2, 6.1, May 30/31)
870:10.1007/s10064-021-02106-8
468:
396:, including the cities of
267:105,000–400,000 displaced
1750:2022–2023 West Azerbaijan
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1436:
1381:
1280:
1174:10.1136/bmj.302.6791.1521
782:10.1007/s00531-014-1072-z
689:USGS (4 September 2009),
544:Life, and Nothing More...
452:, the damage was slight.
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1791:June 1990 events in Iran
265:60,000–105,000 injured
1530:1923 Torbat-e Heydarieh
606:ISC (19 January 2015),
539:Through the Olive Trees
505:An unusual outbreak of
370:Coulomb stress transfer
368:to the 1990 event. The
159:15 km (9 mi)
1801:1990 disasters in Iran
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263:35,000–45,000 killed
120:21 June 1990
709:Berberian et al. 1992
695:, Version 2008_06.1,
672:, pp. 1752, 1753
670:Berberian et al. 1992
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377:Damage and casualties
1755:2024 Razavi Khorasan
1730:2019 East Azerbaijan
1690:2012 East Azerbaijan
746:10.1029/2021GC009704
386:Strong ground motion
352:On 22 July 1983, a M
1781:Earthquakes in Iran
1725:2018 Sarpol-e Zahab
1430:Earthquakes in Iran
1271:Earthquakes in 1990
1213:7.4 - northern Iran
1168:(6791): 1521–1523,
1144:2010GeoJI.182.1577B
1026:(Report). ReliefWeb
983:The Washington Post
896:earthquake.usgs.gov
862:2021BuEGE..80.3381G
809:1 June 2023 at the
774:2015IJEaS.104..309S
647:2010GeoJI.182.1577B
507:acute renal failure
362:Mazandaran province
279:00:30:14 local time
181: /
86:1990-06-20 21:00:14
23:
1620:1990 Manjil–Rudbar
1231:authoritative data
495:Iranian Revolution
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291:Mercalli Intensity
21:
1763:
1762:
1640:2002 Bou'in-Zahra
1396:
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454:Soil liquefaction
271:
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1796:History of Gilan
1776:1990 earthquakes
1685:2010 Hosseinabad
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528:And Life Goes On
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459:Alborz mountains
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1297:Bishop's Castle
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1786:1990 in Iran
1715:2014 Murmuri
1705:2013 Saravan
1700:2013 Bushehr
1680:2010 Damghan
1650:2004 Baladeh
1630:1997 Ardabil
1625:1997 Bojnurd
1619:
1605:1979 Ghaenat
1464:1679 Yerevan
1388:
1383:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1341:
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1315:
1306:
1299:(5.1, Apr 2)
1287:(6.8, Feb 8)
1227:bibliography
1165:
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1129:
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1101:
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1084:
1071:
1057:(1): 35–40.
1054:
1050:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1017:
1003:
993:30 September
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
982:
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937:
927:30 September
925:. Retrieved
921:
911:
901:30 September
899:. Retrieved
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832:30 September
830:. Retrieved
826:
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805:history.com
798:
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638:
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608:
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538:
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526:
520:
517:Use in media
511:nerve damage
504:
488:
472:
431:
416:, causing a
411:
391:
351:
342:Rudbar Fault
331:
312:between the
304:
294:
274:
272:
249:
234:$ 8 billion
231:Total damage
205:Rudbar Fault
190:37.07; 49.28
18:
1655:2005 Zarand
1610:1981 Golbaf
1590:1977 Naghan
1585:1977 Khurgu
1560:1957 Alborz
1540:1930 Salmas
1509:1895 Quchan
1504:1893 Quchan
1494:1853 Shiraz
1484:1780 Tabriz
1479:1778 Kashan
1474:1727 Tabriz
1469:1721 Tabriz
1459:1641 Tabriz
1449:893 Ardabil
1444:856 Damghan
1312:South Sudan
569:Iran portal
479:Caspian Sea
283:Caspian Sea
215:Strike-slip
188: /
94: event
1770:Categories
1695:2012 Zohan
1670:2008 Qeshm
1660:2005 Qeshm
1635:1997 Qayen
1615:1981 Sirch
1600:1978 Tabas
1555:1953 Torud
1489:1840 Ahora
1437:Historical
1372:Carlentini
1354:Lenin Peak
588:References
328:Earthquake
260:Casualties
124:1990-06-21
83: time
33:Collapsed
1735:2020 Khoy
1321:Alto Mayo
1285:Bohol Sea
1030:1 October
878:231682696
790:128759564
366:foreshock
310:collision
242:intensity
164:Epicenter
140:Magnitude
1645:2003 Bam
1580:1972 Qir
1182:29712007
807:Archived
555:See also
446:Nowshahr
442:Khalkhal
356:
1330:Vrancea
1229:and/or
1200:1855026
1191:1670205
1140:Bibcode
1086:Sources
1063:8140215
858:Bibcode
827:HISTORY
770:Bibcode
643:Bibcode
477:in the
475:tsunami
469:Tsunami
360:struck
295:Extreme
281:in the
250:Extreme
248:MMI X (
176:49°17′E
173:37°04′N
122: (
1518:Modern
1303:Gonghe
1291:Upland
1225:has a
1198:
1188:
1180:
1061:
876:
788:
450:Tehran
438:Rudbar
436:, and
434:Manjil
402:Manjil
398:Rudbar
394:Tehran
293:of X (
111:ComCat
98:366754
69:Tehran
1363:Luzon
1336:Panay
1178:JSTOR
1126:(PDF)
874:S2CID
786:S2CID
739:(6).
729:(PDF)
414:Rasht
201:Fault
156:Depth
104:USGS-
1221:The
1196:PMID
1059:PMID
1032:2023
995:2023
929:2023
903:2023
834:2023
444:and
400:and
332:The
316:and
273:The
240:Max.
225:Iran
211:Type
143:7.4
106:ANSS
1186:PMC
1170:doi
1166:302
1148:doi
1136:182
866:doi
778:doi
766:104
741:doi
651:doi
639:182
418:dam
388:map
92:ISC
81:UTC
1772::
1215:–
1194:,
1184:,
1176:,
1164:,
1146:,
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1128:,
1106:82
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716:^
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621:^
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440:;
429:.
1422:e
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1389:‡
1384:†
1367:†
1358:†
1349:‡
1346:†
1325:†
1316:†
1307:†
1274:→
1268:←
1260:e
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653::
645::
423:×
354:w
252:)
148:w
146:M
126:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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